1
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Mabato BG, Li YJ, Huang DD, Chan CK. Aqueous-Phase Photoreactions of Mixed Aromatic Carbonyl Photosensitizers Yield More Oxygenated, Oxidized, and less Light-Absorbing Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) than Single Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7924-7936. [PMID: 38652049 PMCID: PMC11080053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic carbonyls have been mainly probed as photosensitizers for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) and light-absorbing organic aerosol (i.e., brown carbon or BrC) formation, but due to their organic nature, they can also undergo oxidation to form aqSOA and BrC. However, photochemical transformations of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers, particularly in multicomponent systems, are understudied. This study explored aqSOA formation from the irradiation of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers in mixed and single systems under cloud/fog conditions. Mixed systems consisting of phenolic carbonyls only (VL + ActSyr + SyrAld: vanillin [VL] + acetosyringone [ActSyr] + syringaldehyde [SyrAld]) and another composed of both nonphenolic and phenolic carbonyls (DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld: 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde [DMB], a nonphenolic carbonyl, + ActSyr + SyrAld) were compared to single systems of VL (VL*) and DMB (DMB*), respectively. In mixed systems, the shorter lifetimes of VL and DMB indicate their diminished capacity to trigger the oxidation of other organic compounds (e.g., guaiacol [GUA], a noncarbonyl phenol). In contrast to the slow decay and minimal photoenhancement for DMB*, the rapid photodegradation and significant photoenhancement for VL* indicate efficient direct photosensitized oxidation (i.e., self-photosensitization). Relative to single systems, the increased oxidant availability promoted functionalization in VL + ActSyr + SyrAld and accelerated the conversion of early generation aqSOA in DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld. Moreover, the increased availability of oxidizable substrates countered by stronger oxidative capacity limited the contribution of mixed systems to aqSOA light absorption. This suggests a weaker radiative effect of BrC from mixed photosensitizer systems than BrC from single photosensitizer systems. Furthermore, more oxygenated and oxidized aqSOA was observed with increasing complexity of the reaction systems (e.g., VL* < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld + GUA). This work offers new insights into aqSOA formation by emphasizing the dual role of organic photosensitizers as oxidant sources and oxidizable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix
Rosette Go Mabato
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Ocean,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- Shanghai
Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Long B, Xia Y, Truhlar DG. Quantitative Kinetics of HO 2 Reactions with Aldehydes in the Atmosphere: High-Order Dynamic Correlation, Anharmonicity, and Falloff Effects Are All Important. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19910-19920. [PMID: 36264240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics provides the fundamental parameters for elucidating sources and sinks of key atmospheric species and for atmospheric modeling more generally. Obtaining quantitative kinetics in the laboratory for the full range of atmospheric temperatures and pressures is quite difficult. Here, we use computational chemistry to obtain quantitative rate constants for the reactions of HO2 with HCHO, CH3CHO, and CF3CHO. First, we calculate the high-pressure-limit rate constants by using a dual-level strategy that combines conventional transition state theory using a high level of electronic structure wave function theory with canonical variational transition state theory including small-curvature tunneling using density functional theory. The wave-function level is beyond-CCSD(T) for HCHO and CCSD(T)-F12a (Level-A) for XCHO (X = CH3, CF3), and the density functional (Level-B) is specifically validated for these reactions. Then, we calculate the pressure-dependent rate constants by using system-specific quantum RRK theory (SS-QRRK) and also by an energy-grained master equation. The two treatments of the pressure dependence agree well. We find that the Level-A//Level-B method gives good agreement with CCSDTQ(P)/CBS. We also find that anharmonicity is an important factor that increases the rate constants of all three reactions. We find that the HO2 + HCHO reaction has a significant dependence on pressure, but the HO2 + CF3CHO reaction is almost independent of pressure. Our findings show that the HO2 + HCHO reaction makes important contribution to the sink for HCHO, and the HO2 + CF3CHO reaction is the dominant sink for CF3CHO in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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3
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Lin LW, Denison MS, Rice RH. Woodsmoke Extracts Cross-Link Proteins and Induce Cornified Envelope Formation without Stimulating Keratinocyte Terminal Differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:128-138. [PMID: 34086961 PMCID: PMC8502463 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution poses a serious risk to human health. To help understand the contribution of smoke from wood burning to the harmfulness of air pollution toward the skin, we studied the effects of liquid smoke, aqueous extracts of wood smoke condensate, a commercially available food flavor additive, in cultured keratinocytes. We report that liquid smoke can react with and cross-link keratinocyte cellular proteins, leading to abnormal cross-linked envelope formation. Instead of inducing genes ordinarily involved in terminal differentiation, liquid smoke induced expression of genes associated with stress responses. When transglutaminase activity was inhibited, liquid smoke still promoted protein cross-linking and envelope formation in keratinocytes. This phenomenon likely results from oxidative stress and protein adducts from aldehydes as either preloading the cells with N-acetylcysteine or reducing the aldehyde content of liquid smoke decreased its ability to promote protein cross-linking and envelope formation. Finally, liquid smoke-induced envelopes were found to have elevated protein content, suggesting oxidative cross-linking and formation of protein adducts might impair barrier function by inducing abnormal incorporation of cellular proteins into envelopes. Since the cross-linked protein envelope provides structural stability to the stratum corneum and serves as a scaffold for the organization of the corneocyte lipid envelope (hydrophobic barrier to the environment), these findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which pro-oxidative air pollutants can impair epidermal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
| | | | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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4
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Felber T, Schaefer T, He L, Herrmann H. Aromatic Carbonyl and Nitro Compounds as Photosensitizers and Their Photophysical Properties in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5078-5095. [PMID: 34096724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmospheric aqueous/particulate phase by photosensitized reactions is currently subject to uncertainties. To understand the impact of photosensitized reactions, photophysical and -chemical properties of photosensitizers, kinetic data, and reaction mechanisms of these processes are required. The photophysical properties of acetophenones, benzaldehydes, benzophenones, and naphthalenes were investigated in aqueous solution using laser flash excitation. Quantum yields of excited photosensitizers were determined giving values between 0.06-0.80 at 298 K and pH = 5. Molar absorption coefficients (εmax(3PS*) = (0.8-13) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1), decay rate constants in water (k1st = (9.4 ± 0.5) × 102 to (2.2 ± 0.1) × 105 s-1), and quenching rate constants with oxygen (kq(O2) = (1.7 ± 0.1-4.4 ± 0.4) × 109 L mol-1 s-1) of the excited triplet states were determined at 298 K and pH = 5. Photosensitized reactions of carboxylic acids and alkenes show second-order rate constants in the range of (37 ± 7.0-0.55 ± 0.1) × 104 and (27 ± 5.0-0.04 ± 0.01) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The results show that different compound classes act differently as a photosensitizer and can be a sink for certain organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Chen Y, Chen M, Xiao C, Dong W, Yang X. Temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficient measurement for the reaction of CH2OO with CH3CH2CHO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25869-25875. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04316h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rate coefficients of the CH2OO + CH3CH2CHO reaction were studied at temperatures and pressures in the range of 283–318 K and 5–200 Torr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education)
- School of Physics
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Lasers, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
| | - Maodu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education)
- School of Physics
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Chunlei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Wenrui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology
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6
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Hu YN, Chen D, Zhang TY, Ding J, Feng YQ. Use of ammonium sulfite as a post-column derivatization reagent for rapid detection and quantification of aldehydes by LC-MS. Talanta 2020; 206:120172. [PMID: 31514828 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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7
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Braga AL, Siciliano B, Dantas G, André M, da Silva CM, Arbilla G. Levels of Volatile Carbonyl Compounds in the Atlantic Rainforest, in the City of Rio de Janeiro. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:757-762. [PMID: 30982106 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When Europeans arrived in America, the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest covered approximately 1,290,000 km2. Now, only 8% of the biome's original vegetation remains. One of the largest areas is Tijuca Forest National Park. In this work, the concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds in an isolated area inside Tijuca Forest, in an urban park with primary and secondary vegetation (Gericinó Natural Park) and in two typical urban areas (Tijuca District and the city of Nilópolis) were determined. The main compounds were formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The formaldehyde mean concentrations were 0.98 ± 1.00, 1.27 ± 1.67, 3.09 ± 1.60 and 2.33 ± 2.17 μg m-3 for Tijuca Forest, Gericinó Natural Park, Tijuca District and the city of Nilópolis, respectively. The mean acetaldehyde concentrations were, for the same locations, 0.93 ± 1.05, 2.94 ± 2.54, 2.78 ± 0.91 and 5.48 ± 1.90 μg m-3. The results indicate that the compounds measured within the forest are transported from the city and that the trees play an important role in removing air pollutants. In contrast, the Gericinó protected area is heavily affected by urban emissions, and its capacity to dilute or absorb pollutants is low because of the sparse vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Braga
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Campus Maracanã, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Siciliano
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dantas
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle André
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cleyton Martins da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Campus Maracanã, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Graciela Arbilla
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 402A, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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8
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Sinharoy P, McAllister SL, Vasu M, Gross ER. Environmental Aldehyde Sources and the Health Implications of Exposure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:35-52. [PMID: 31368096 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes, which are present within the air as well as food and beverage sources, are highly reactive molecules that can be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. To prevent harm from reactive aldehyde exposure, the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) metabolizes reactive aldehydes to a less toxic form. However, the genetic variant of ALDH2, ALDH2*2, significantly reduces the ability to metabolize reactive aldehydes in humans. Therefore, frequent environmental aldehyde exposure, coupled with inefficient aldehyde metabolism, could potentially lead to an increased health risk for diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disease.Here, we discuss the environmental sources of reactive aldehydes and the potential health implications particularly for those with an ALDH2*2 genetic variant. We also suggest when considering the ALDH2*2 genetic variant the safety limits of reactive aldehyde exposure may have to be reevaluated. Moreover, the ALDH2*2 genetic variant can also be used as an example for how to implement precision medicine in the field of environmental health sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Sinharoy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stacy L McAllister
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Megana Vasu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Silva LK, Hile GA, Capella KM, Espenship MF, Smith MM, De Jesús VR, Blount BC. Quantification of 19 Aldehydes in Human Serum by Headspace SPME/GC/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10571-10579. [PMID: 30133279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sources of human aldehyde exposure include food additives, combustion of organic matter (tobacco smoke), water disinfection byproducts via ozonation, and endogenous processes. Aldehydes are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic, and chronic human aldehyde exposure has raised concerns about potential deleterious health effects. To aid investigations of human aldehyde exposure, we developed a novel method to measure 19 aldehydes released from Schiff base protein adducts in serum using controlled acid hydrolysis, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography (GC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Aldehydes are released from Schiff base protein adducts through acid hydrolysis, and are quantified in trace amounts (μg/L) using stable isotope dilution. Detection limits range from 0.1 to 50 μg/L, with calibration curves spanning 3 orders of magnitude. The analysis of fortified quality control material over a three-month period showed excellent precision and long-term stability (3-22% CV) for samples stored at -70 °C. The intraday precision is also excellent (CV, 1-10%). The method accuracy ranges from 89 to 108% for all measured aldehydes, except acrolein and crotonaldehyde, two aldehydes present in tobacco smoke; their analysis by this method is not considered robust due in part to their reactivity in vivo. However, results strongly suggest that propanal, butanal, isobutanal, and isopentanal levels in smokers are higher than levels in nonsmokers, and thus may be useful as biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure. This method will facilitate large epidemiological studies involving aldehyde biomonitoring to examine nonoccupational environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalith K Silva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Grace A Hile
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Capella
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Michael F Espenship
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Mitchell M Smith
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia 30341 , United States
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10
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Guerra FD, Campbell ML, Attia MF, Whitehead DC, Alexis F. Capture of Aldehyde VOCs Using a Series of Amine-Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda D. Guerra
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center; Clemson, SC 29634 USA
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília - DF 70040-020 Brazil
| | - McKenzie L. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories; Clemson, SC, 29634 USA
| | - Mohamed F. Attia
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center; Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Daniel. C. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories; Clemson, SC, 29634 USA
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center; Clemson, SC 29634 USA
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech; San Miguel de Urcuquí Ecuador
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11
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Wang L, Yang Z, Xu L, Pan X, Liu X, Zhao J, Li X, Zhu M, Xie J. Acute exposure to crotonaldehyde induces dysfunction of immune system in male Wistar rats. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:33-44. [PMID: 29415950 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Crotonaldehyde is a ubiquitous air pollutant in the environment. It is reported to be harmful to the biosystems in vivo and in vitro. The exposure to crotonaldehyde irritates the mucous membranes and induces edema, hyperemia, cell necrosis, inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the lungs. However, the effects of crotonaldehyde on the immune system have not been reported. In the present study, 6-8 weeks old male Wistar rats were exposed to crotonaldehyde by intratracheal instillation at doses of 4, 8, and 16 μL/kg body weight (b.w.). The general damage in the animals was investigated; the cell counting and the biochemical analysis in the peripheral blood were tested. Furthermore, we investigated the functions of alveolar macrophages (AMs), the alterations of the T-lymphocyte subsets, and the cell composition in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We found that the activities of the animals were changed after exposure to crotonaldehyde, the cellular ratios and the biochemical components in the peripheral blood were altered, the ratio of mononuclear phagocytes decreased, and the ratios of lymphocytes and granulocytes elevated significantly in BALF. Meanwhile, crotonaldehyde altered the ratio of the T-lymphocyte subsets, and the phagocytic rates and indices of AMs increased obviously. In conclusion, crotonaldehyde induces dysfunction of immune system in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Long Xu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xiujie Pan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Corporation of CNTC, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, China
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12
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Aizenbud D, Aizenbud I, Reznick AZ, Avezov K. Acrolein-an α,β-Unsaturated Aldehyde: A Review of Oral Cavity Exposure and Oral Pathology Effects. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2016; 7:RMMJ.10251. [PMID: 27487309 PMCID: PMC5001796 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde widely present in the environment, particularly as a product of tobacco smoke. Our previous studies indicated the adverse consequences of even short-term acrolein exposure and proposed a molecular mechanism of its potential harmful effect on oral cavity keratinocytic cells. In this paper we chose to review the broad spectrum of acrolein sources such as pollution, food, and smoking. Consequently, in this paper we consider a high level of oral exposure to acrolein through these sources and discuss the noxious effects it has on the oral cavity including on salivary quality and contents, oral resistance to oxidative stress, and stress mechanism activation in a variety of oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Aizenbud
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Oral Biology Research Laboratory, Technion–Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Itay Aizenbud
- Hebrew University, Hadassah, School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Z. Reznick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Katia Avezov
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Oral Biology Research Laboratory, Technion–Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Cheng JH, Lee YS, Chen KS. Carbonyl compounds in dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams in restaurants with varying cooking methods in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 41:218-226. [PMID: 26969068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen carbonyl species in C1-C10 were measured in the dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams of six different restaurant types in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. Measured results in the dining areas show that Japanese barbecue (45.06ppb) had the highest total carbonyl concentrations (sum of 18 compounds), followed by Chinese hotpot (38.21ppb), Chinese stir-frying (8.99ppb), Western fast-food (8.22ppb), Chinese-Western mixed style (7.38ppb), and Chinese buffet (3.08ppb), due to their different arrangements for dining and cooking spaces and different cooking methods. On average, low carbon-containing species (C1-C4), e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and butyraldehyde were dominant and contributed 55.01%-94.52% of total carbonyls in the dining areas of all restaurants. Meanwhile, Chinese-Western mixed restaurants (45.48ppb) had high total carbonyl concentrations in kitchens mainly because of its small kitchen and poor ventilation. However, high carbon-containing species (C5-C10) such as hexaldehyde, heptaldehyde and nonanaldehyde (16.62%-77.00% of total carbonyls) contributed comparatively with low carbon-containing compounds (23.01%-83.39% of total carbonyls) in kitchens. Furthermore, Chinese stir-frying (132.10ppb), Japanese barbecue (125.62ppb), Western fast-food (122.67ppb), and Chinese buffet (119.96ppb) were the four restaurant types with the highest total carbonyl concentrations in exhaust streams, indicating that stir-frying and grilling are inclined to produce polluted gases. Health risk assessments indicate that Chinese hotpot and Japanese barbecue exceeded the limits of cancer risk (10(-6)) and hazard index (=1), mainly due to high concentrations of formaldehyde. The other four restaurants were below both limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, "National" Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Chinese Taipei.
| | - Yi-Shiun Lee
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, "National" Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Chinese Taipei
| | - Kang-Shin Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, "National" Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Chinese Taipei.
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Campbell ML, Guerra FD, Dhulekar J, Alexis F, Whitehead DC. Target-Specific Capture of Environmentally Relevant Gaseous Aldehydes and Carboxylic Acids with Functional Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2015; 21:14834-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Altemose B, Gong J, Zhu T, Hu M, Zhang L, Cheng H, Zhang L, Tong J, Kipen HM, Strickland PO, Meng Q, Robson MG, Zhang J. Aldehydes in Relation to Air Pollution Sources: A Case Study around the Beijing Olympics. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 109:61-69. [PMID: 25883528 PMCID: PMC4394383 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to characterize three aldehydes of health concern (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) at a central Beijing site in the summer and early fall of 2008 (from June to October). Aldehydes in polluted atmospheres come from both primary and secondary sources, which limits the control strategies for these reactive compounds. Measurements were made before, during, and after the Beijing Olympics to examine whether the dramatic air pollution control measures implemented during the Olympics had an impact on concentrations of the three aldehydes and their underlying primary and secondary sources. Average concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were 29.3±15.1 μg/m3, 27.1±15.7 μg/m3 and 2.3±1.0 μg/m3, respectively, for the entire period of measurements, all being at the high end of concentration ranges measured in cities around the world in photochemical smog seasons. Formaldehyde and acrolein increased during the pollution control period compared to the pre-Olympic Games, followed the changing pattern of temperature, and were significantly correlated with ozone and with a secondary formation factor identified by principal component analysis (PCA). In contrast, acetaldehyde had a reduction in mean concentration during the Olympic air pollution control period compared to the pre-Olympic period and was significantly correlated with several pollutants emitted from local emission sources (e.g., NO2, CO, and PM2.5). Acetaldehyde was also more strongly associated with primary emission sources including vegetative burning and oil combustion factors identified through the PCA. All three aldehydes were lower during the post-Olympic sampling period compared to the before and during Olympic periods, likely due to seasonal and regional effects. Our findings point to the complexity of source control strategies for secondary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Altemose
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Jian Tong
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Environmental and Occupational Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Mark G Robson
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Katsoyiannis A, Anda EE, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Leva P, Goetsch A, Sandanger TM, Huber S. Indoor air characterization of various microenvironments in the Arctic. The case of Tromsø, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:1-7. [PMID: 25042029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study monitored for the first time volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosols in domestic and occupational microenvironments in the Arctic Region. Differences between the two categories of samples are noted with domestic environments exhibiting higher concentrations of VOCs (total VOCs ranging between 106 and 584 μg m(-3)), while total particulate matter was highest in workplace non-office environments (ranging between 132 and 284 μg m(-3)). The terpenes were the most abundant class of VOCs, while a variety of other compounds exhibited 100% frequency of occurrence (i.e. naphthalene, D5-volatile methyl siloxane). Compared to results from other studies/regions, the concentrations of VOCs are considered as relatively low. Based on the results and the knowledge of the typical characteristics of the Arctic lifestyle, some important sources are identified. As this is the first study that deals with indoor air quality in the coldest region globally, it is expected that it will trigger the interest of Authorities to proceed to more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Erik Eik Anda
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Leva
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via E. Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Arntraut Goetsch
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Granvogl M. Development of three stable isotope dilution assays for the quantitation of (E)-2-butenal (crotonaldehyde) in heat-processed edible fats and oils as well as in food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1272-1282. [PMID: 24428123 DOI: 10.1021/jf404902m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) were developed for the quantitation of (E)-2-butenal (crotonaldehyde) in heat-processed edible fats and oils as well as in food using synthesized [¹³C₄]-crotonaldehyde as internal standard. First, a direct headspace GC-MS method, followed by two indirect methods on the basis of derivatization with either pentafluorophenylhydrazine (GC-MS) or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (LC-MS/MS), was developed. All methods are also suitable for the quantitation of acrolein using the standard [¹³C₃]-acrolein. Applying these three methods on five different types of fats and oils varying in their fatty acid compositions revealed significantly varying crotonaldehyde concentrations for the different samples, but nearly identical quantitative data for all methods. Formed amounts of crotonaldehyde were dependent not only on the type of oil, e.g., 0.29-0.32 mg/kg of coconut oil or 33.9-34.4 mg/kg of linseed oil after heat-processing for 24 h at 180 °C, but also on the applied temperature and time. The results indicated that the concentration of formed crotonaldehyde seemed to be correlated with the amount of linolenic acid in the oils. Furthermore, the formation of crotonaldehyde was compared to that of its homologue acrolein, demonstrating that acrolein was always present in higher amounts in heat-processed oils, e.g., 12.3 mg of crotonaldehyde/kg of rapeseed oil in comparison to 23.4 mg of acrolein/kg after 24 h at 180 °C. Finally, crotonaldehyde was also quantitated in fried food, revealing concentrations from 12 to 25 μg/kg for potato chips and from 8 to 19 μg/kg for donuts, depending on the oil used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Granvogl
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straβe 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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18
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Yang BC, Yang ZH, Pan XJ, Wang LM, Liu XY, Zhu MX, Xie JP. Transcript profiling analysis of in vitro cultured THP-1 cells after exposure to crotonaldehyde. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:487-97. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-cheng Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhi-hua Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| | - Xiu-jie Pan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| | - Li-meng Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xing-yu Liu
- Beijing Work Station, Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Corporation
| | - Mao-xiang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
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19
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Cahill TM. Ambient acrolein concentrations in coastal, remote, and urban regions in California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8507-13. [PMID: 24992452 DOI: 10.1021/es5014533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (2-propenal) is a reactive chemical that is very toxic and has many sources. Acrolein is commonly detected in the atmosphere, but understanding the ambient concentrations of this compound has been hampered by analytical difficulties. The objective of this research was to utilize an analytical method specifically designed for acrolein to determine acrolein concentrations in remote regions. The purpose was to determine the natural background concentrations of acrolein which were simply lacking in the literature. In addition, rural and urban areas were sampled to determine the degree of anthropogenic enrichment in polluted environments. The results from the coastal and remote inland areas suggest that the median natural summertime background of acrolein was near 40 ng/m(3), which was higher than the Environmental Protection Agency's Reference Concentration (RfC) of 20 ng/m(3). Acrolein concentrations in urban areas were approximately 3- to 8-fold higher than background concentrations, which was a lower degree of urban enrichment than expected. The results suggest that additional research is needed to understand the natural background concentrations of acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Cahill
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University , West Campus, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
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Sassine M, Picquet-Varrault B, Perraudin E, Chiappini L, Doussin JF, George C. A new device for formaldehyde and total aldehydes real-time monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1258-1269. [PMID: 23892614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new sensitive technique for the quantification of formaldehyde (HCHO) and total aldehydes has been developed in order to monitor these compounds, which are known to be involved in air quality issues and to have health impacts. Our approach is based on a colorimetric method where aldehydes are initially stripped from the air into a scrubbing solution by means of a turning coil sampler tube and then derivatised with 3-methylbenzothiazolinone-2-hydrazone in acid media (pH = -0.5). Hence, colourless aldehydes are transformed into blue dyes that are detected by UV-visible spectroscopy at 630 nm. Liquid core waveguide LCW Teflon® AF-2400 tube was used as innovative optical cells providing a HCHO detection limit of 4 pptv for 100 cm optical path with a time resolution of 15 min. This instrument showed good correlation with commonly used techniques for aldehydes analysis such as DNPH derivatisation chromatographic techniques with off-line and on-line samplers, and DOAS techniques (with deviation below 6%) for both indoor and outdoor conditions. This instrument is associated with simplicity and low cost, which is a prerequisite for indoor monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sassine
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Yang BC, Pan XJ, Yang ZH, Xiao FJ, Liu XY, Zhu MX, Xie JP. Crotonaldehyde induces apoptosis in alveolar macrophages through intracellular calcium, mitochondria and p53 signaling pathways. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:225-35. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-cheng Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,China
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, China
| | - Xiu-jie Pan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Zhi-hua Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Feng-jun Xiao
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xing-yu Liu
- Beijing Work Station, Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Mao-xiang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
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22
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Abstract
Acrolein is a respiratory irritant that can be generated during cooking and is in environmental tobacco smoke. More plentiful in cigarette smoke than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), acrolein can adduct tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) DNA and may contribute to TP53-mutations in lung cancer. Acrolein is also generated endogenously at sites of injury, and excessive breath levels (sufficient to activate metalloproteinases and increase mucin transcripts) have been detected in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because of its reactivity with respiratory-lining fluid or cellular macromolecules, acrolein alters gene regulation, inflammation, mucociliary transport, and alveolar-capillary barrier integrity. In laboratory animals, acute exposures have lead to acute lung injury and pulmonary edema similar to that produced by smoke inhalation whereas lower concentrations have produced bronchial hyperreactivity, excessive mucus production, and alveolar enlargement. Susceptibility to acrolein exposure is associated with differential regulation of cell surface receptor, transcription factor, and ubiquitin-proteasome genes. Consequent to its pathophysiological impact, acrolein contributes to the morbidly and mortality associated with acute lung injury and COPD, and possibly asthma and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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Portable formaldehyde monitoring device using porous glass sensor and its applications in indoor air quality studies. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:247-53. [PMID: 21839205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a portable device for formaldehyde monitoring with both high sensitivity and high temporal resolution, and carried out indoor air formaldehyde concentration analysis. The absorbance difference of the sensor element was measured in the monitoring device at regular intervals of, for example, one hour or 30 min, and the result was converted into the formaldehyde concentration. This was possible because we found that the lutidine derivative that was formed as a yellow product of the reaction between 1-phenyl-1,3-butandione and formaldehyde was stable in porous glass for at least six months. We estimated the reaction rate and to be 0.049 min(-1) and the reaction occurred quickly enough for us to monitor hourly changes in the formaldehyde concentration. The detection limit was 5 μg m(-3) h. We achieved hourly formaldehyde monitoring using the developed device under several indoor conditions, and estimated the air exchange rate and formaldehyde adsorption rate, which we adopted as a new term in the mass balance equation for formaldehyde, in one office.
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Maruo YY, Yamada T, Nakamura J, Izumi K, Uchiyama M. Formaldehyde measurements in residential indoor air using a developed sensor element in the Kanto area of Japan. INDOOR AIR 2010; 20:486-493. [PMID: 20636334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We undertook this to determine the formaldehyde concentration in Japanese houses and the relationship between formaldehyde levels and the age and temperature of a house using a sensor element that we developed for time-integrated measurements of formaldehyde concentration in actual environments. We evaluated the correlation between the formaldehyde concentration estimated by the dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-derivatization method and that obtained with our sensor element. We found a linear relationship between the two results indicating that reliable measurements can be performed using the developed sensor element in actual environments. The indoor concentration of formaldehyde was determined in a study of 34 homes in the Kanto area of Japan, between September 28 and October 27, 2007. We obtained the highest formaldehyde concentrations of 92 ± 15 μg/m(3) for apartments 0-2 years after their renovation, and a simple linear relationship was found between formaldehyde concentration and the age of the apartment. We also found that the formaldehyde concentration in a room containing furniture increased by 10% when the temperature increased by 1°C. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This study contributed to the measurements of indoor formaldehyde levels. We have used a newly developed sensor for time-integrated measurements of formaldehyde concentrations. This sensor does not need a power supply during exposure to air, and does not need special skills to use. This research showed that homeowners successfully deployed the sensor at the desired place and desired period in their house by themselves. Formaldehyde is emitted by various off-gassing sources, such as furniture. Therefore, for example, homeowners may want to measure the change of formaldehyde levels in their house before and after installing new furniture. This sensor may also be deployed by occupants to reduce the cost of a large-scale exposure assessment study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Maruo
- NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan. mail:
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Xu Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liang P, Mu Y. Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1348-1356. [PMID: 21174965 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 +/- 15.2), (36.6 +/- 14.5) and (23.4 +/- 12.3) microg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Chacon-Madrid HJ, Presto AA, Donahue NM. Functionalization vs. fragmentation: n-aldehyde oxidation mechanisms and secondary organic aerosol formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13975-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Faroon O, Roney N, Taylor J, Ashizawa A, Lumpkin MH, Plewak DJ. Acrolein environmental levels and potential for human exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 24:543-64. [PMID: 19039083 DOI: 10.1177/0748233708098124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article provides environmental information on acrolein including environmental fate, potential for human exposure, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations and advisories. Acrolein may be released to the environment in emissions and effluents from its manufacturing and use facilities, in emissions from combustion processes (including cigarette smoking and combustion of petrochemical fuels), from direct application to water and waste water as a slimicide and aquatic herbicide, as a photooxidation product of various hydrocarbon pollutants found in air (including propylene and 1,3-butadiene), and from land disposal of some organic waste materials. Acrolein is a reactive compound and is unstable in the environment. The general population may be exposed to acrolein through inhalation of contaminated air and through ingestion of certain foods. Important sources of acrolein exposure are via inhalation of tobacco smoke and environmental tobacco smoke and via the overheating of fats contained in all living matter. There is potential for exposure to acrolein in many occupational settings as the result of its varied uses and its formation during the combustion and pyrolysis of materials such as wood, petrochemical fuels, and plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Faroon
- ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Spada N, Fujii E, Cahill TM. Diurnal cycles of acrolein and other small aldehydes in regions impacted by vehicle emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:7084-90. [PMID: 18939530 DOI: 10.1021/es801656e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This research determined the diurnal and seasonal differences in the ambient atmospheric concentrations of acrolein and several small aldehydes and attempted to link the chemicals to their potential sources. Two summertime and two wintertime sampling episodes were conducted in Roseville, CA at a site located near several busy roadways. One additional sampling episode was conducted at a remote site in the summer to estimate regional background concentrations of aldehydes. Each sampling episode consisted of duplicate samples collected every two hours around the clock for three days. Acrolein concentrations did not correlate with traffic density, ozone concentrations, or tracers of direct vehicle emissions, which argues against vehicles being a dominant source of ambient acrolein through primary emissions or secondary oxidation products. The results showed that wintertime acrolein concentrations correlated well with 2-furaldehyde, which is a tracer of biomass burning, thus suggesting that wood smoke is an important source of ambient acrolein. Other regularly detected carbonyls were tentatively assigned to different source classes (direct vehicle emissions, photochemical oxidation, wood smoke or transport from the Sierra Nevada Mountains) based on time series patterns and correlations with indicators of potential sources (e.g., ozone, traffic density, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Spada
- DELTA Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Cabañas B, Tapia A, Villanueva F, Salgado S, Monedero E, Martín P. Kinetic study of 2-furanaldehyde, 3-furanaldehyde, and 5-methyl-2-furanaldehyde reactions initiated by Cl atoms. INT J CHEM KINET 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Hong SB, Kim GS, Jung YG, Lee JH. The determination of ambient formaldehyde using a dual coil system and an assessment of dominant factors that influence its abundance in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 138:1-15. [PMID: 17562204 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced dual coil 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization method (dual coil/DNPH) allowed the quantitative determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) in ambient air. In this method, traceable HCHO was collected using a coil sampler connected in series and lacking a long sampling tube. It was then analyzed using liquid chromatography followed by UV detection of the DNPH derivatives. The method is based on the reaction of formaldehyde with DNPH to produce 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The detection limits (3sigma) were 0.10-0.40 ppbv with a precision ranging from 0.84 to 4.09% RSD. The results of dual coil/DNPH and conventional DNPH cartridge methods were generally well correlated: HCHO (dual coil/DNPH)=0.97 (+/-0.13) vs. HCHO (DNPH Cartridge)+0.33 (+/-0.33), r=0.82. The dual coil/DNPH method was used to measure gaseous HCHO in the atmosphere of Metropolitan Seoul during the summer 2000 and 2001, and in Gwangju during the fall of 2001 and 2002. The daytime mean concentration of HCHO was 4.52 (+/-5.69) and 3.21 (+/-1.27) ppbv in Metropolitan Seoul for 10-12 August 2000 and 29-31 May 2001, respectively, and 1.73 (+/-0.98), 3.04 (+/-2.25), 2.70 (+/-1.70), and 2.01 (+/-2.28) ppbv in Gwangju City during 22-27 September 2001, 17-24 October 2001, 9-13 October 2002, and 28 October to 2 November 2002, respectively. The HCHO in Seoul from 10-12 August 2000 was mainly the result of photochemical processes, while direct emissions from vehicles and long-range transport of air from China contributed during 29-31 May 2001. During 22-27 September 2001, 17-24 October 2001, and 9-13 October 2002 in Gwangju, the HCHO came primarily from photochemical processes, although some air affected by biomass burning admixed in the late afternoon. The increase in the HCHO concentration on 20 October 2001 and from 28 October to 2 November 2002 was attributed mainly to direct emissions from biomass burning in farmland near the measurement site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang B Hong
- Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADERC), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-701, South Korea
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Sudhakar R S, Unnikrishn K, George S, Remashree A, Udayan P, Tushar K, Balachandr I. Variation in Vasicine Content and Pharmacognostic Characters of Morphotypes of Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2008.61.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Muthomi J, Riungu G, Ndung`u J, Narla R, Gathumbi J, Wagacha J. Head Blight of Wheat in Kenya and Contamination of Grain with Mycotoxin Producing Fusarium Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2008.52.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pourmirza AA. Fumigant action of acrolein on insects and seed viability. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:2213-2218. [PMID: 19070184 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2213.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In laboratory experiments toxicity of acrolein vapors was investigated against 4 species of stored-product insects. In empty-space trials, estimated of the median lethal dosages of acrolein against adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were 1.87, 2.35, 3.12 and 6.65 mg L(-1), respectively. Penetration tests revealed that acrolein vapors could penetrate into the wheat mass and kill concealed insects in interkernel spaces. Comparison of LC50 values between empty-space tests and penetration experiments after 24 h exposure indicated that the increase in penetration toxicity was 6.34, 6.31, 7.17 and 4.54-fold for O. surinamensis, S. oryzae, R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively. In the hidden infestation trials, the acrolein vapors destroyed all the developmental stages of S. oryzae and R. dominica concealed inside the wheat kernels, resulted in a complete control with dosage of 80 mg L(-1) for 24 h and subsequently observed during 8 weeks after the exposure. Wheat germination rate was diminished by fumigation with acrolein. The plumule length was reduced following exposure to all dosages of acrolein. It is concluded that acrolein could be considered as a potential compound for empty-space fumigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghr Pourmirza
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box 57135-165, Urmia, Iran
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Gilbert NL, Gauvin D, Guay M, Héroux ME, Dupuis G, Legris M, Chan CC, Dietz RN, Lévesque B. Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in Quebec City, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:1-8. [PMID: 16620807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde were determined in a study of 96 homes in Quebec City, Canada, between January and April 2005. In addition, relative humidity, temperature, and air change rates were measured in homes, and housing characteristics were documented through a questionnaire to occupants. Half of the homes had ventilation rates below 7.5 L/s person. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 29.1 microg/m3 (geometric mean 8.3 microg/m3) and from 9.6 to 90.0 microg/m3 (geometric mean of 29.5 microg/m3), respectively. The housing characteristics documented in the study explained approximately half of the variance of NO2 and formaldehyde. NO2 concentrations in homes were positively correlated with air change rates (indicating a significant contribution of outdoor sources to indoor levels) and were significantly elevated in homes equipped with gas stoves and, to a lesser extent, in homes with gas heating systems. Formaldehyde concentrations were negatively correlated with air change rates and were significantly elevated in homes heated by electrical systems, in those with new wooden or melamine furniture purchased in the previous 12 months, and in those where painting or varnishing had been done in the sampled room in the previous 12 months. Results did not indicate any significant contribution of indoor combustion sources, including wood-burning appliances, to indoor levels of formaldehyde. These results suggest that formaldehyde concentrations in Quebec City homes are caused primarily by off-gassing, and that increasing air change rates in homes could reduce exposure to this compound. More generally, our findings confirm the influence of housing characteristics on indoor concentrations of NO2 and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L Gilbert
- Air Health Effects Division, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, PL 4903B, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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O'Brien PJ, Siraki AG, Shangari N. Aldehyde sources, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and possible effects on human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 35:609-62. [PMID: 16417045 DOI: 10.1080/10408440591002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are organic compounds that are widespread in nature. They can be formed endogenously by lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbohydrate or metabolism ascorbate autoxidation, amine oxidases, cytochrome P-450s, or myeloperoxidase-catalyzed metabolic activation. This review compares the reactivity of many aldehydes towards biomolecules particularly macromolecules. Furthermore, it includes not only aldehydes of environmental or occupational concerns but also dietary aldehydes and aldehydes formed endogenously by intermediary metabolism. Drugs that are aldehydes or form reactive aldehyde metabolites that cause side-effect toxicity are also included. The effects of these aldehydes on biological function, their contribution to human diseases, and the role of nucleic acid and protein carbonylation/oxidation in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity mechanisms, respectively, as well as carbonyl signal transduction and gene expression, are reviewed. Aldehyde metabolic activation and detoxication by metabolizing enzymes are also reviewed, as well as the toxicological and anticancer therapeutic effects of metabolizing enzyme inhibitors. The human health risks from clinical and animal research studies are reviewed, including aldehydes as haptens in allergenic hypersensitivity diseases, respiratory allergies, and idiosyncratic drug toxicity; the potential carcinogenic risks of the carbonyl body burden; and the toxic effects of aldehydes in liver disease, embryo toxicity/teratogenicity, diabetes/hypertension, sclerosing peritonitis, cerebral ischemia/neurodegenerative diseases, and other aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Brien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gilbert NL, Guay M, David Miller J, Judek S, Chan CC, Dales RE. Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 99:11-7. [PMID: 16053923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in air samples taken in some Canadian houses and to determine the association between aldehyde levels and housing characteristics. Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein were measured in 59 homes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, during the winter of 2002. Housing characteristics were documented through inspection and by interviews of occupants. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 87.5 microg/m(3) (median, 29.6 microg/m(3)), from 4.4 to 79.1 microg/m(3) (median, 18.9 microg/m(3)), and from 0.1 to 4.9 microg/m(3) (median, 0.9 microg/m(3)), respectively. Formaldehyde levels were elevated in homes built after 1970. Acetaldehyde and acrolein levels were elevated in homes inhabited by at least one smoker and in homes built 1970--1985 and were correlated with absolute humidity and carbon dioxide, two variables likely to be surrogates for lower air exchange rates. In conclusion, lower air exchange rates appear to be important determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein levels in homes. These data also confirm that smoking is a significant source of acetaldehyde and acrolein and indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L Gilbert
- Air Health Effects Division, Health Canada, 400 Cooper Street, PL 4602C, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0K9.
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Dasgupta PK, Li J, Zhang G, Luke WT, McClenny WA, Stutz J, Fried A. Summertime ambient formaldehyde in five U.S. metropolitan areas: Nashville, Atlanta, Houston, Philadelphia, and Tampa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4767-83. [PMID: 16053074 DOI: 10.1021/es048327d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
First, we briefly review the atmospheric chemistry and previous intercomparison measurements for HCHO, with special reference to the diffusion scrubber Hantzsch reaction based fluorescence instrument used in the field studies reported herein. Then we discuss summertime HCHO levels in five major U.S. cities measured over 1999-2002, primarily from ground-based measurements. Land-sea breeze circulations play a major role in observed concentrations in coastal cities. Very high HCHO peak mixing ratios were observed in Houston (>47 ppb) where the overall median mixing ratio was 3.3 ppb; the corresponding values in Atlanta were approximately >18 and 7.9 ppb, respectively. The peak and median mixing ratios (9.3 and 2.3 ppb) were the lowest for Tampa, where the land-sea breeze also played an important role. In several cities, replicate HCHO measurements were made by direct spectroscopic instruments; the instruments were located kilometers from each other and addressed very different heights (e.g., 106 vs 10 m). Even under these conditions, there was remarkable qualitative and often quantitative agreement between the different instruments, when they were all sampling the same air mass within a short period of each other. Local chemistry dominates how HCHO is formed and dissipated. The high concentrations in Houston resulted from emissions near the ship channel; the same formaldehyde plume was measured at two sites and clearly ranged over tens of kilometers. Local micrometeorology is another factor. HCHO patterns measured at a high-rise site in downtown Nashville were very much in synchrony with other ground sites 12 km away until July 4 celebrations whence HCHO concentrations at the downtown site remained elevated for several days and nights. The formation and dissipation of HCHO in the different cities are discussed in terms of other concurrently measured species and meteorological vectors. The vertical profiles of HCHO in and around Tampa under several different atmospheric conditions are presented. The extensive data set represented in this paper underscores that urban HCHO measurements can now be made easily; the agreement between disparate instruments (that are independently calibrated or rely on the absolute absorption cross section) further indicates that such measurements can be done reliably and accurately for this very important atmospheric species. The data set presented here can be used as a benchmark for future measurements if the use of formaldehyde precursors such as methanol or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as oxygenated fuel additives increases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.
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Pandey AK, Bajpayee M, Parmar D, Rastogi SK, Mathur N, Seth PK, Dhawan A. DNA damage in lymphocytes of rural Indian women exposed to biomass fuel smoke as assessed by the Comet assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 45:435-441. [PMID: 15662701 DOI: 10.1002/em.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Comet assay has found wide acceptance in monitoring human genotoxicity caused by lifestyle and occupational and environmental factors. In the present study, we have used the Comet assay to measure the DNA damage in a population of rural Indian women cooking with biomass fuels (BMFs; fire wood and cow dung cakes). Out of 144 volunteers, 70 used BMFs for domestic cooking, while the remaining 74 used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and served as a reference population. All the individuals had comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and were between 20 and 55 years of age. Significantly higher levels of DNA damage were observed for BMF users than for LPG users. For BMF users in comparison with the reference population, Olive tail moment was 3.83 +/- 0.15 (arbitrary units) vs. 2.77 +/- 0.07 (P < 0.001); % tail DNA was 11.19 +/- 0.35 vs. 8.29 +/- 0.20 (P < 0.001); and comet tail length (microm) was 51.15 +/- 1.37 vs. 40.26 +/- 0.88 (P < 0.001). Similar significant differences were found when the groups were stratified by age and length of exposure. This study suggests that exposure to BMF smoke leads to greater levels of DNA damage than exposure to LPG combustion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Pandey
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India.
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Cabañas B, Baeza MT, Salgado S, Martín P, Taccone R, Martínez E. Oxidation of Heterocycles in the Atmosphere: Kinetic Study of Their Reactions with NO3 Radical. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046524t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cabañas
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - M. Teresa Baeza
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Sagrario Salgado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Pilar Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Raul Taccone
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Martínez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad-Real, Spain, and Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Aranda A, Díaz de Mera Y, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez D, Martínez E. A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of Cl Atoms with Acrolein: Temperature Dependence for Abstraction Channel. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027767t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Aranda
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, no. 10. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yolanda Díaz de Mera
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, no. 10. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, no. 10. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Diana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, no. 10. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, no. 10. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Zelikoff JT, Chen LC, Cohen MD, Schlesinger RB. The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2002; 5:269-282. [PMID: 12162869 DOI: 10.1080/10937400290070062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In addition to developing nations relying almost exclusively upon biomass fuels, such as wood for cooking and home heating, North Americans, particularly in Canada and the northwestern and northeastern sections of the United States, have increasingly turned to woodburning as an alternate method for domestic heating because of increasing energy costs. As a result, the number of households using woodburning devices has increased dramatically. This has resulted in an increase in public exposure to indoor and outdoor woodsmoke-associated pollutants, which has prompted widespread concern about the adverse human health consequences that may be associated with prolonged woodsmoke exposure. This mini-review article brings together many of the human and animal studies performed over the last three decades in an attempt to better define the toxicological impact of inhaled woodsmoke on exposed children and adults; particular attention is given to effects upon the immune system. General information regarding occurrence and woodsmoke chemistry is provided so as to set the stage for a better understanding of the toxicological impact. It can be concluded from this review that exposure to woodsmoke, particularly for children, represents a potential health hazard. However, despite its widespread occurrence and apparent human health risks, relatively few studies have focused upon this particular area of research. More laboratory studies aimed at understanding the effects and underlying mechanisms of woodsmoke exposure, particularly on those individuals deemed to be at greatest risk, are badly needed, so that precise human health risks can be defined, appropriate regulatory standards can be set, and accurate decisions can be made concerning the use of current and new woodburning devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Zelikoff
- New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA.
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42
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Park BI, Bozzelli JW, Booty MR. Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Cellulose in a Continuous-Feed and -Flow Reactor: Effects of NaCl. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie011036i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ik Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science and Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science and Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Michael R. Booty
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science and Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Meller R, Moortgat GK. Temperature dependence of the absorption cross sections of formaldehyde between 223 and 323 K in the wavelength range 225-375 nm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martos PA, Pawliszyn J. Sampling and Determination of Formaldehyde Using Solid-Phase Microextraction with On-Fiber Derivatization. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2311-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9711394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Khare P, Satsangi GS, Kumar N, Kumari KM, Srivastava SS. Surface measurements of formaldehyde and formic and acetic acids at a subtropical semiarid site in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ben-Jebria A, Crozet Y, Eskew ML, Ultman JS. Epithelium-linked smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in ferret tracheae exposed to acrolein. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 2:49-57. [PMID: 21781701 DOI: 10.1016/1382-6689(96)00029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/1996] [Revised: 05/17/1996] [Accepted: 06/11/1996] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acrolein exposure on tissue uptake and airway responses to substance P (SP) and nitroprusside (NIP) were determined in excised ferret tracheae exposed for 60 min to a constant flow of air or 0.3 and 3.5 ppm acrolein-air mixtures. Histological examination indicated that whereas the epithelium of an air-exposed trachea was intact with no apparent injury, acrolein-induced epithelium damage was more pronounced at 3.5 than at 0.3 ppm vapor concentration. The fractional uptake of acrolein into the tracheal tissue continually decreased during the 1 h of exposure and was found to be significantly concentration dependent at the 60 min measurement point. This suggests that the uptake process of acrolein in the mucosal layer is not linear and is dominated by irreversible reaction. In the absence of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, acrolein significantly increased the maximal response to SP. Pretreatment with phosphoramidon abolished the differential effect of acrolein on airway smooth muscle response to SP. Nitroprusside relaxed acrolein-exposed tracheal rings precontracted with carbachol to their baseline tone, but it induced relaxation of air-exposed tracheal rings below their initial resting tension, indicating the presence of endogenous as well as induced tone. Pretreatment with NIP also abolished the differential effect of acrolein on airway response to carbachol and modified the potency of this agonist. We conclude that acrolein-induced hyperresponsiveness of the underlying airway smooth muscle is linked to inactivation of neutral endopeptidase synthesis as well as to loss of epithelium-derived relaxation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben-Jebria
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Resources Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Ghilarducci DP, Tjeerdema RS. Fate and effects of acrolein. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1995; 144:95-146. [PMID: 8599034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2550-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly toxic, reactive, and irritating aldehyde that occurs as a product of organic pyrolysis, as a metabolite of a number of compounds, and as a residue in water when used for the control of aquatic organisms. It is an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid, DL-methionine, and numerous other agents. Its major direct use is as a biocide for the control of aquatic flora and fauna. It is introduced to the environment from a variety of sources, including organic combustion such as automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, and manufacturing and cooking emissions, as well as direct biocidal applications. Organic combustion from both fixed and mobile sources is the significant source of acrolein in the atmosphere; it represents up to 8% of the total aldehydes generated from vehicles and residential fireplaces and 13% of total atmospheric aldehydes. This reactive aldehyde also occurs in organisms as a metabolite of allyl alcohol, allylamine, spermine, spermidine, and the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide, and as a product of UV radiation of the skin lipid triolein. Furthermore, small amounts are found in foods; when animal or vegetable fats are overheated, however, large amounts are produced. Most human contact occurs during exposure to smoke from cigarettes, automobiles, industrial processes, and structural and vegetation fires. Besides cigarette smoke, occupational exposures are a common mode of human contact, particularly in industries that involve combustion of organic compounds. Firefighters, in particular, are exposed to extremely high levels during the extinguishment and overhaul phases of their work. Water may contain significant levels of the herbicide. It has been found in paper mill and municipal effluents at 20-200 micrograms/L, and at 30 micrograms/L as far as 64 km downstream from the point of application. The USEPA-recommended water quality criteria for freshwater are only 1.2 micrograms/L (24-hr avg) and 2.7 micrograms/L (maximum ceiling). Acrolein is highly reactive, and intercompartmental transport is limited. However, it is eliminated from aqueous environments by volatilization and hydration to beta-hydroxypropanal, after which biotransformation occurs, with a half-life of 7-10 d. The Koc for acrolein is 24, and it is not likely to be retained in soil; activated carbon adsorbs only 30% from solution. Thus, the aldehyde is either leached extensively in moist soil or volatilizes quickly from dry soil. It is eliminated from air by reaction with .OH (half-life, 0.5-1.2 d), NOx (half-life, 16 d), and O3 (half-life, 59 d), as well as by photolysis and wet deposition. As expected from its high water solubility, bioaccumulation is low. Acrolein is highly toxic by all routes of exposure. The respiratory system is the most common target: exposure causes localized irritation, respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, cellular necrosis, and increased susceptibility to microbial diseases. Additionally, acute inhalation studies verify that it is a severe respiratory irritant that affects respiratory rates. Respiratory rate depression may have a protective effect by minimizing vapor inhalation, thereby explaining the subadditive effect of acrolein when combined with the other toxic combustion by-products CO and HCHO. Liquid contact with the skin and eyes causes severe irritation, opaque or cloudy corneas, and localized epidermal necrosis, but no allergic contact dermatitis. The cardiovascular system is affected, resulting in increased blood pressure, platelet aggregation, and quick cessation of beating in perfused rat hearts. It may also inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the myocardium. Acute LD50s and LC50s are low. Levels are 7-46 mg/kg and 18-750 mg/m3, respectively, in rats; aquatic organisms are affected above 11.4 micrograms/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Ghilarducci
- Santa Clara County Central Fire Protection District, Hazardous Materials Program, Los Gatos, CA 95030, USA
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Field investigations on the snow chemistry in central and southern california—II. Carbonyls and carboxylic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90501-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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