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Zhang J, Wei C, Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Lei D, Wilcke W. A 150 years record of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China: impacts of socio-economic developments and pollution control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39291851 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The geochemical composition of sediment cores can serve as a proxy for reconstructing past human and nature-driven environmental and climatic changes. We investigated the temporal variation in the concentrations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake and found that they remained low before 1950. The PAC concentrations and fluxes increased substantially since 1950, which was in good agreement with the fast socio-economic development, industrialization, and associated growth in fossil fuel consumption in China, particularly since the 1980s. After 2010, the PAC fluxes decreased, which was consistent with the implementation of air pollution control policies in China at that time. The concentration ratios of the sums of low to high molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs), benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione/benzo[a]anthracene all decreased from bottom to top of the sediment core, reflecting the rapidly increasing contribution of emissions derived from high-temperature fossil fuel combustion (energy, transport and industry) to the PAC emissions in recent times at the expense of biomass burning. In addition, these data reflect the increasing local sources of PACs in more recent times because of the enhanced human activities in the area surrounding the Maar lake. Our results demonstrate that PAC fluxes and concentrations in sediment cores reflect the regional and national economic development and the efficiency of pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhang J, Han Y, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Lei D, Wilcke W. Sediment record of polycyclic aromatic compounds and black carbon over the last ~400 years in Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake, northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167438. [PMID: 37778557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fuel usage is an important catalyst for socio-economic development and human well-being. Human activities have resulted in significant increases in emissions from biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel (FF) combustion which have significantly adversely affected human, ecosystem, and planetary health in this era of the Anthropocene. Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake (SJLW), as a typical crater lake, uniquely receives atmospheric deposition from long-distance transport, and thus, its sediments reflect environmental change and human impacts on a broad scale. In this study, the concentrations and compositions of combustion products, including polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated (OPAHs) and nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives (AZAs)) and black carbon (BC and its constituents char and soot), in SJLW over the past 400 years were investigated. The results showed that the PACs and soot concentrations and fluxes in SJLW have rapidly increased since 1950. The concentrations of the total PACs increased ~4 times after the 1950s. Such a fast increase is consistent with the rapid industrialization after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which has further accelerated beginning with the implementation of the reform and opening up policy of the PRC in 1978. Moreover, the variations in the compositions of PACs, as well as the decrease in the char/soot ratio, demonstrate a transition in energy usage from BB to FF combustion. The decrease in the benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene ratio indicated an increase in local emissions (because of increasing industrialization in northeast China). The temporal profile of perylene concentrations, fluxes, and perylene/5-ring PAHs ratios strongly suggest that perylene mainly originated from non-pyrogenic sources. The records of PACs and BC in SJLW offer valuable perspectives on human impacts and provide important references for the start of the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Matsunaka T, Nagao S, Inoue M, Mundo R, Tanaka S, Tang N, Yoshida MA, Nishizaki M, Morita M, Takikawa T, Suzuki N, Ogiso S, Hayakawa K. Seasonal variations in marine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons off Oki Island, Sea of Japan, during 2015-2019. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113749. [PMID: 35596998 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 13 phase-partitioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were monitored monthly off Oki Island, Japan, during 2015-2019 to elucidate seasonal variations, main source, and transport pathways of PAHs in the southwestern Sea of Japan. Total PAH (dissolved plus particulate) concentrations in surface seawater at 36°09.0'N, 133°17.3'E (site OK) were in the range 0.49-9.36 ng L-1 (mean 2.77, SD 2.05 ng L-1) with higher levels in summer-autumn, an order of magnitude lower than those in the East China Sea during 2005 and 2009-2011 and about one-third of those recorded in the Sea of Japan in 2008 and 2010. The main sources of dissolved and particulate PAHs were combustion products. Increasing dissolved PAH levels during July-October indicate that the area around southern Oki Island is impacted by PAH-rich summer continental-shelf water transported by the Tsushima Warm Current flowing from the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsunaka
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Mutsuo Inoue
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Rodrigo Mundo
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Tanaka
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Division of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima-cho, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nishizaki
- Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima-cho, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan.
| | - Masaya Morita
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan.
| | - Tetsutaro Takikawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
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Wang L, Du W, Yun X, Chen Y, Zhu X, Shen H, Shen G, Liu J, Wang X, Tao S. On-site measured emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for different types of marine vessels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118782. [PMID: 34979173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A portable emission sampling system was used to perform on-site measurements of the emission factors (EFs; quantities of pollutants emitted per unit of energy consumed) of 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for five types of marine vessels using light diesel in Hainan Province, China. Both gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs from vessel emissions were sampled and measured using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the PAH EFs were calculated based on the carbon mass balance method. The average EFs of gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs were 6.2 ± 7.8 and 17 ± 26 mg/kg, with naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) dominating the gaseous- and particulate-phase PAH emissions, respectively. Among the five types of vessels, the EFs for small fishing boats were significantly higher than those for other types of vessels, and the lowest EFs were found for tug boats. Composition profiles and typical isomer ratios of PAHs were calculated for five types of vessels. Particulate-phase PAHs accounted for 63 ± 16% of the total emissions of 29 PAH species, and the particulate/gaseous-phase partitioning of PAHs was dominated by organic carbon (OC) absorption rather than black carbon (BC) adsorption. Emission factors of PAHs under different activity conditions were measured and calculated, and relatively higher EFs were found in the maneuvering mode for medium fishing boats and in the operating mode for engineering vessels. No significant differences were found among the PAH composition profiles under different activity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Škrbić BD, Antić I, Živančev J, Vágvölgyi C. Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4201-4218. [PMID: 33818683 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive characterization of occurrence and levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils used for conventional and organic production in northern and central part of Serbia as well as cross-border region with Hungary. Furthermore, this study includes a characterization of PAH sources and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic human health risk for PAHs accumulated in analysed arable soils. The total concentration of 16 PAHs varied between 55 and 4584 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for conventional production and between 90 and 523 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for organic production. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant compounds with similar contribution in both soil types (86% and 80% in conventional and in organic soil, respectively). Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs were used for identification of PAH sources in the analysed soils. Additionally, positive matrix factorization was applied for quantitative assessment. The results indicated that the major sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions, biomass and wood combustion, accounting for ~ 93% of PAHs. Exposure of farmers assessed through carcinogenic (TCR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk did not exceed the acceptable threshold (TCR < 10-6 and THQ < 1). Oral ingestion was the main exposure route which accounted for 57% of TCR and 80% of THQ. It was followed by dermal contact. This investigation gives a valuable data insight into the PAHs presence in arable soils and reveals the absence of environmental and health risk. It also acknowledges the importance of comprehensive monitoring of these persistent pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Pongpiachan S, Surapipith V, Hashmi MZ, Aukkaravittayapun S, Poshyachinda S. An application of aromatic compounds as alternative tracers of tsunami backwash deposits. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06883. [PMID: 33997408 PMCID: PMC8099755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript provides some comprehensive technical insights regarding the application of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) characterized by using Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Although numerous chemical species such as water soluble ionic species (e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+) and acid leachable heavy metal fractions (e.g. Fe, Cd, Al, Mo, Sb, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mn) can be used to characterize tsunami deposits, the knowledge of PAH congeners as alternative chemical species for identifying tsunami backwash deposits is strictly limited. This manuscript is exclusive because it aims to find some alternative chemical proxies in order to distinguish tsunami backwash deposits from typical marine sediments. A wide range of diagnostic binary ratios of PAH congeners have been selected in order to characterize Typical Marine Sediments (TMS), Tsunami backwash deposits (TBD), Onshore Tsunami Deposits (OTD) and Coastal Zone Soils (CZS). The state of the art and future perspectives coupled with both advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned chemical tracers will be critically reviewed and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Moo-3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240 Thailand
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), 260 Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand
| | - Vanisa Surapipith
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), 260 Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand
| | | | - Suparerk Aukkaravittayapun
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), 260 Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand
| | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), 260 Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand
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Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Schneider T, Pongpiachan S, Ho SSH, Wei C, Wang Q, Xing L, Wilcke W. A 150-year record of black carbon (soot and char) and polycyclic aromatic compounds deposition in Lake Phayao, north Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116148. [PMID: 33310199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the historical variation in the emissions and sources (biomass burning, BB vs. fossil fuel, FF combustion) of soot and char, the two components of black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) may help in assessing the environmental effects of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) in SE Asia. We therefore determined historical variations of the fluxes of soot, char, and PACs (24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and 4 azaarenes) in a dated sediment core (covering the past ∼150 years) of Phayao Lake in Thailand. The soot fluxes have been increasing in recent times, but at a far lower rate than previously estimated based on BC emission inventories. This may be associated with a decreasing BB contribution as indicated by the decreasing char fluxes from old to young sediments. The fluxes of high- and low-molecular-weight (HMW and LMW) PAHs, OPAHs, and azaarenes all sharply increased after ∼1980, while the ΣLMW-/ΣHMW-PAHs ratios decreased, further supporting the reduction in BB contribution at the expense of increasing FF combustion emissions. We also suggest that the separate record of char and soot, which has up to now not been done in aerosol studies, is useful to assess the environmental effects of ABC because of the different light-absorbing properties of these two BC components. Our results suggest that besides the establishment of improved FF combustion technology, BB must be further reduced in the SE Asian region in order to weaken the ABC haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Geosciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Social & Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Sereethai Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chong Wei
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Xing
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Characterization of outdoor air pollution from solid fuel combustion in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, a rural region of China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11335. [PMID: 32647370 PMCID: PMC7347641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is a growing public health concern, particularly in urban settings. However, there are limited epidemiological data on outdoor air pollution in rural areas with substantial levels of air pollution attributed to solid fuel burning for household cooking and heating. Xuanwei and Fuyuan are rural counties in China where the domestic combustion of locally sourced bituminous (“smoky”) coal has been associated with the highest lung cancer rates in China. We previously assessed indoor and personal air pollution exposures in this area; however, the influence of indoor coal combustion and household ventilation on outdoor air pollution has not been assessed. Therefore, we measured outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5), species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including naphthalene (NAP) and the known carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over two consecutive 24-h sampling periods in 29 villages. Just over half of the villages were revisited two to nine months after the initial sampling period to repeat all measurements. The overall geometric mean (GM) of outdoor PM2.5, BaP, NAP, and NO2 were 45.3 µg/m3, 9.7 ng/m3, 707.7 ng/m3, and 91.5 µg/m3, respectively. Using linear mixed effects models, we found that burning smoky coal was associated with higher outdoor BaP concentrations [GM ratio (GMR) = 2.79] and lower outdoor SO2 detection rates (GMR = 0.43), compared to areas burning smokeless coal. Areas with predominantly ventilated stoves (> 50% of stoves) had higher outdoor BaP (GMR = 1.49) compared to areas with fewer ventilated stoves. These results show that outdoor air pollution in a rural region of China was associated with the type of coal used for cooking and heating indoors and the presence of stove ventilation. Our findings suggest that efforts of household stove improvement to reduce indoor air pollution have resulted in higher outdoor air pollution levels. Further reducing adverse health effects in rural villages from household coal combustion will require the use of cleaner fuel types.
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Temporal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Seawater at Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030873 10.3390/ijerph18041574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of phase-partitioning 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were investigated in the Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018, to improve the understanding of the environmental behavior of PAHs in the coastal areas of the Japan Sea. Total PAH (particulate plus dissolved) concentrations in surface seawater were in the range 0.24–2.20 ng L−1 (mean 0.89 ng L−1), an order of magnitude lower than the mean values observed in the Japan Sea in 2008 and 2010. Although the PAH contamination levels during 2014–2018 were significantly lower than those in the East China Sea, the levels increased from 2014 to 2017 and were maintained at the higher level during 2017–2018. The main sources of particulate and dissolved PAHs during 2014–2018 were combustion products, of which the former were more influenced by liquid fossil-fuel combustion and the latter by biomass or coal combustion. The increase in particulate PAH concentrations in October–December during 2014–2018 was due to the impact of PAH-rich airmasses transported from the East Asian landmass in the northwesterly winter monsoon winds. The increase in dissolved PAH levels during July–September in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018 indicates that the Tsukumo Bay is possibly impacted by the PAH-rich summer continental shelf water transported by the Coastal Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, which flows into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea.
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Temporal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Seawater at Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030873. [PMID: 32019251 PMCID: PMC7037195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of phase-partitioning 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were investigated in the Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018, to improve the understanding of the environmental behavior of PAHs in the coastal areas of the Japan Sea. Total PAH (particulate plus dissolved) concentrations in surface seawater were in the range 0.24–2.20 ng L−1 (mean 0.89 ng L−1), an order of magnitude lower than the mean values observed in the Japan Sea in 2008 and 2010. Although the PAH contamination levels during 2014–2018 were significantly lower than those in the East China Sea, the levels increased from 2014 to 2017 and were maintained at the higher level during 2017–2018. The main sources of particulate and dissolved PAHs during 2014–2018 were combustion products, of which the former were more influenced by liquid fossil-fuel combustion and the latter by biomass or coal combustion. The increase in particulate PAH concentrations in October–December during 2014–2018 was due to the impact of PAH-rich airmasses transported from the East Asian landmass in the northwesterly winter monsoon winds. The increase in dissolved PAH levels during July–September in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018 indicates that the Tsukumo Bay is possibly impacted by the PAH-rich summer continental shelf water transported by the Coastal Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, which flows into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea.
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Miersch T, Czech H, Hartikainen A, Ihalainen M, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Tissari J, Streibel T, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Impact of photochemical ageing on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (Oxy-PAH/OH-PAH) in logwood stove emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:382-392. [PMID: 31181524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of spruce logwood in a modern residential stove was found to emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAH) with emission factors of 404 μg MJ-1 of 35 analysed PAH, 317 μg MJ-1 of 11 analysed Oxy-PAH and 12.5 μg MJ-1 of 5 analysed OH-PAH, most of which are known as potential mutagens and carcinogens. Photochemical ageing in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) degraded particle-bound PAH, which was also reflected in declining PAH toxicity equivalent (PAH-TEQ) values by 45 to 80% per equivalent day of photochemical ageing in the atmosphere. OPAH concentrations decreased less than PAH concentrations during photochemical ageing, supposedly due to their secondary formation, while 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene and 1,8-naphthalaldehydic acid were significantly increased after ageing. Furthermore, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aromatic compounds not included in targeted analysis were investigated by thermal-optical carbon analysis (TOCA) hyphenate to resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). The commonly used PAH-source indicators phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, retene/chrysene, and indeno[cd]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene remained stable during photochemical ageing, enabling identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air. On the other hand, benz[a]pyrene/benz[e]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene/chrysene were found to decrease with increasing photochemical age. Retene/chrysene was not a proper classifier for the wood combustion emissions of this study, possibly due to more efficient combustion than in open wood burning, from which this diagnostic ratio was initially derived. This study motivates in-depth investigation of degradation kinetics of particle-bound species on different combustion aerosol as well as the consequences of photochemical ageing on toxicity and identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Miersch
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 1, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
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Ray D, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Impacts of photochemical ageing on the half-lives and diagnostic ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons intrinsic to PM 2.5 collected from 'real-world' like combustion events of wood and rice straw burning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:10-15. [PMID: 30500693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present experimental study describes the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted with PM2.5 particles during wood and rice straw burning as well as impacts of photochemical ageing on the half lives of particulate PAHs and their diagnostic ratio values. The photochemical degradation kinetics experiments were carried out by exposing the PM2.5 to light and synthetic air flow. Pseudo first order rate constants were calculated based on PAH loss as a function of exposure time. Relatively quick degradation of lighter PAHs (3-rings) [(0.2-0.5)h-1] than heavier PAHs (4-6 rings) [(0.0005-0.03)h-1] indicates substantial impact of PAH-substrate interaction through π-π stacking with the carbonaceous substrates. Moreover, our results showed distinct PAH diagnostic ratios (DR) for wood and rice straw burnings which, however, change with time due to photochemical degradation. The later may add uncertainties in the applications of DR values for source apportionment. Furthermore, considerably large half lives (100-3000 h) of the carcinogenic PAHs as estimated under ambient solar radiation may cause poor and adverse air quality in long range and therefore demands immediate regulations against uncontrolled biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ray
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Sanjay K Ghosh
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India; Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
| | - Sibaji Raha
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India; Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India; Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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Qu C, Albanese S, Lima A, Hope D, Pond P, Fortelli A, Romano N, Cerino P, Pizzolante A, De Vivo B. The occurrence of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs in the soil, air, and bulk deposition of the Naples metropolitan area, southern Italy: Implications for sources and environmental processes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:89-97. [PMID: 30640133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
I am often reminded of the famous saying of Goethe: "Vedi Napoli e poi muori! - See Naples and die!". Sadly, Naples is now confronted with a number of serious, ongoing problems with a need to alleviate pressure on the worsening environment. One serious problem facing the environment is the presence of the potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs), although few systematic studies at regional scale have been conducted. In this study, samples of soil, air, and bulk deposition were collected in Naples metropolitan area (NMA) to characterize the status of POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results obtained showed that most of these compounds are pervasive in all the studied environmental matrices, especially in some hotspot areas, such as the Bagnoli Brownfield Site and the infamous "Triangle of the Death", where unwanted ecological risk conditions for PAHs and Endosulfan were determined, respectively. The interactional complexity between urban and the surrounding rural areas was also confirmed, as is the role that urban areas play in the migration and transformation process of POPs. High urban-rural gradients for atmospheric PAHs and PCBs were observed in the NMA, and the urban areas were identified as the emission source of these contaminants. Similarly, the OCP residues, historically originated from the nearby agricultural regions, experience long-term soil re-emission and continuously influence the connected urban environment via atmospheric transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Dave Hope
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Pat Pond
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Alberto Fortelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Nunzio Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
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Adams JK, Martins CC, Rose NL, Shchetnikov AA, Mackay AW. Lake sediment records of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern Siberia mirror the changing fortunes of the Russian economy over the past 70 years. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:528-538. [PMID: 30005265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have previously been detected in the surface sediments, water, and endemic organisms of Lake Baikal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Selenga River is the primary source of freshwater to Lake Baikal, and transports pollutants accumulating in the Selenga River basin to the lake. Sources of POPs and PAHs in the Selenga River basin grew through the 20th century. In the present study, temporal changes in the concentrations of PAHs and POPs were reconstructed from two lakes in the Selenga River basin over the past 150 years using paleolimnological techniques. Increased concentrations in PAHs and PCBs were recorded initially in the 1930s. The 1940s-1980s was the period of greatest exposure to organic contamination, and concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and many PAHs peaked between the 1960s and 1980s in the two lakes. Declines in concentrations and fluxes were recorded for most PAHs and POPs in the 1980s and 1990s. Temporal trends in concentrations of total and individual compounds/congeners of PAH, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) indicate the contribution of both local and regional sources of contamination in the 20th and 21st centuries. Temporal variations in contaminants can be linked to economic and industrial growth in the former USSR after World War II and the economic decline of Russia in the late-1980s and early-1990s, as well as global trends in industrialization and development during the mid-20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Adams
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-000, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexander A Shchetnikov
- Institute of the Earth's Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia; Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia; Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Anson W Mackay
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Gong X, Xiao L, Zhao Z, Li Q, Feng F, Zhang L, Deng Z. Spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from rivers in hilly regions of Southern China in the wet and dry seasons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:322-329. [PMID: 29571110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments from 13 rivers in hilly regions of southern China were studied. Concentrations of PAHs analyzed in the wet season were higher than those analyzed in the dry season, with residues ranging from 74.3 to 1930.9 ng g-1 dw in the wet season and from 96.9 to 1388.9 ng g-1 dw in the dry season. The primary contributors were 3- and 4-ringed congeners accounting for 59.8% ± 10.1% and 58.3% ± 9.3% of the identified PAHs in the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. Proximity to sources and locations susceptible to high atmospheric depositional inputs results in high concentrations of PAH. Diagnostic ratios have indicated that the sources of PAHs in different seasons make no apparent difference. Furthermore, a principal component analysis and multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) studies indicate that combustion sources such as vehicle emissions and coal combustion are the primary sources of PAHs. Toxicological risk assessments based on TEQcare suggested that Benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene could pose high ecological risks in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghu Gong
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liping Xiao
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Qianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Fan Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Deng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
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16
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Lewandowska AU, Staniszewska M, Witkowska A, Machuta M, Falkowska L. Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM 1 and PM 2.5 in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19458-19469. [PMID: 29728975 PMCID: PMC6061507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Parallel measurements of PM1 and PM2.5 aerosols were conducted in the urbanized coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main aim of the research was to assess and determine annual, seasonal (heating and non-heating), and daily concentration variability of benzo(a)pyrene in aerosols, these being the most dangerous constituents to human health. The average annual concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was equal to 2.6 ng·m-3 in PM1 and 4.6 ng·m-3 in PM2.5, and both values were several times higher than the level of 1 ng·m-3 which was set out in the CAFE Directive. High mean daily concentrations of B(a)P persisted for 50 and 65% of the study period in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. In order to determine the sources of B(a)P in both aerosol fractions, organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon concentrations were examined. The highest concentrations of all carbon species were reported during the heating season under local or regional land advection and at low air temperatures. The origin of pollutants was the same and was primarily related to the combustion of fossil fuels in the communal-utility sector. During the non-heating period, the role of transportation, both land and marine, increased and may have been significant in creating higher concentrations of carbon compounds in PM1 and PM2.5. Regardless of the size of the aerosol fractions, B(a)P loads introduced into the Baltic coastal zone were several times higher during the heating period compared to the non-heating season. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Urszula Lewandowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Marta Staniszewska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Witkowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Machuta
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Lucyna Falkowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
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Irei S, Stupak J, Gong X, Chan TW, Cox M, McLaren R, Rudolph J. Molecular Marker Study of Particulate Organic Matter in Southern Ontario Air. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:3504274. [PMID: 29075550 PMCID: PMC5623806 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3504274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the origins of airborne particulate organic matter in southern Ontario, molecular marker concentrations were studied at Hamilton, Simcoe, and York Gateway Tunnel, representing industrial, rural, and heavy traffic sites, respectively. Airborne particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter was collected on quartz filters, and the collected samples were analyzed for total carbons, 5-6 ring PAHs, hopanes, n-alkanes (C20 to C34), and oxygenated aromatic compounds. Results showed that PAH concentrations at all three sites were highly correlated, indicating vehicular emissions as the major source. Meanwhile, in the scatter plots of α,β-hopane and trisnorhopane, concentrations displayed different trends for Hamilton and Simcoe. The slopes of the linear regressions for Hamilton and the tunnel were statistically the same, while the slope for Simcoe was significantly different from those. Comparison with literature values revealed that the trend observed at Simcoe was explained by the influence from coal combustion. We also found that the majority of oxygenated aromatic compounds at both sites were in the similar level, possibly implying secondary products contained in the southern Ontario air. Regardless of some discrepancies, absolute principal component analysis applied to the datasets could reproduce those findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Irei
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jacek Stupak
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Xueping Gong
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Tak-Wai Chan
- Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Michelle Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jochen Rudolph
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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Kalina J, Scheringer M, Borůvková J, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Klánová J. Passive Air Samplers As a Tool for Assessing Long-Term Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations of Semivolatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7047-7054. [PMID: 28534402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to quantify the relationship between the amount of persistent organic pollutants sequestered by passive air sampling devices and their actual concentrations in ambient air. However, this information may not be necessary for some applications. In this study, two sets of 30 ten-year-long time series of simultaneous passive and high-volume active air sampling carried out at the Košetice observatory in the Czech Republic were used for a comparison of temporal trends. Fifteen polyaromatic hydrocarbons, seven polychlorinated biphenyls and eight organochlorine pesticides were investigated. In most cases, a good agreement was observed between the trends derived from passive and active monitoring with the exception of several compounds obviously affected by sampling artifacts. Two sampling artifacts were observed: breakthrough of high-volume sampler filters for penta- and hexachlorobenzene and semiquantitative values for PAHs with a high molecular weight. It has been suggested before that annually aggregated results of passive air monitoring may be used directly for the assessment of the long-term behavior of these compounds. The extensive set of long-term data used in this study allowed us to confirm this finding and to demonstrate that it is also possible to derive temporal trends and the compounds' half-lives in air from the passive-sampling time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kalina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Borůvková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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El Masri A, Laversin H, Chakir A, Roth E. Influence of the coating level on the heterogeneous ozonolysis kinetics and product yields of chlorpyrifos ethyl adsorbed on sand particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:304-310. [PMID: 27662392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous oxidation of chlorpyrifos ethyl (CLP) coated sand particles by gaseous ozone was studied. Mono-size sand was coated with CLP at different coating levels between 10 and 100 μg g-1 and exposed to ozone. Results were analyzed thanks to Gas Surface Reaction and Surface Layer Reaction Models. Kinetic parameters derived from these models were analyzed and led to several conclusions. The equilibrium constant of O3 between the gas phase and the CLP-coated sand was independent on the sand contamination level. Ozone seems to have similar affinity for coated or uncoated sand surface. Meanwhile, the kinetic parameters decreased with an increasing coating level. Chlorpyrifos Oxon, (CLPO) has been identified and quantified as an ozonolysis product. The product yield of CLPO remains constant (53 ± 10%) for the different coating level. The key parameter influencing the CLP reactivity towards ozone was the CLP-coating level. This dependence had a great influence on the lifetime of the CLP coated on sand particles, with respect to ozone, which could reach several years at high contamination level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El Masri
- GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Hélène Laversin
- GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Abdelkhaleq Chakir
- GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Estelle Roth
- GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
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20
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Xu P, Tao B, Ye Z, Zhao H, Ren Y, Zhang T, Huang Y, Chen J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 48:102-111. [PMID: 27745654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste (EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56-567 ng/g in the soils and 181-3034 ng/g in the sediments. The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources, but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bu Tao
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ye
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hu Zhao
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Ren
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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21
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Ohura T, Miwa M. Photochlorination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Acidic Brine Solution. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:524-529. [PMID: 26728279 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential for the formation of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via photochlorination of PAHs has been investigated in milli-Q water/synthetic water containing NaCl and PAHs with either UV or visible light. The photochlorination of pyrene occurred under acidic conditions in the presence of both UV and visible light, resulting in 1-chloropyrene as the main product. Benzo[a]pyrene yielded 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene following visible light irradiation; however the reaction was dependent upon solution pH. The photochlorination of PAHs was proposed to proceed via a consecutive reaction model. The rate constants associated with the photochlorination and photodecay processes were determined with the observed and theoretical values displaying similar trends, whereas the observed values were approximately 50-1000 times lower than the theoretical values. The lower observed values could be due to undergo photodecay rather than photochlorination of PAHs. Therefore, as photochlorination of PAHs appears to be significantly affected by solution pH, this information may allow for minimizing the impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Makoto Miwa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
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22
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Dias APL, Rinaldi MCS, Domingos M. Foliar accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in native tree species from the Atlantic Forest (SE-Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:175-184. [PMID: 26657363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic to living organisms. They can accumulate on foliar surfaces due to their affinity with apolar organic compounds, which enables the use of native plant species as sentinels of atmospheric PAH deposition in polluted ecosystems. The present study extends the knowledge about this subject in the tropical region by focusing on the PAH accumulation in the foliage of dominant tree species (Astronium graveolens, Croton floribundus, Piptadenia gonoacantha) in four remnants of Semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest surrounded by diversified sources of PAHs and located in the cities of Campinas, Paulínia, Holambra and Cosmópilis (central-eastern part of São Paulo State, SE-Brazil). Leaves of the tree species were collected in the forest remnants during the wet and dry seasons (2011 to 2013). All samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector for identification of 14 PAHs. The native tree species showed distinct capacities to accumulate PAHs. All of them accumulated proportionally more light PAHs than heavy PAHs, mainly during the dry period. P. gonoacantha was the most effective accumulator species. Higher accumulations of most of the PAHs occurred during the dry periods. The predominance of moderately (1 ≤ EF < 5) to highly enriched (EF ≥ 5) leaf samples of P. gonoacantha with regard to BaA and PHE in all of the forest remnants indicated that vehicular sources were widely distributed in the entire region. The predominance of the moderate to high enrichment of ACE in leaf samples from the forest remnants located in Paulínia, Holambra and Cosmópolis indicated that they were also affected by emissions from petrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L Dias
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mirian C S Rinaldi
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Han YM, Wei C, Huang RJ, Bandowe BAM, Ho SSH, Cao JJ, Jin ZD, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, An ZS, Wilcke W. Reconstruction of atmospheric soot history in inland regions from lake sediments over the past 150 years. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19151. [PMID: 26750586 PMCID: PMC4707497 DOI: 10.1038/srep19151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reconstruction of atmospheric black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot) is still constrained for inland areas. Here we determined and compared the past 150-yr records of BC and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments from two representative lakes, Huguangyan (HGY) and Chaohu (CH), in eastern China. HGY only receives atmospheric deposition while CH is influenced by riverine input. BC, char, and soot have similar vertical concentration profiles as PACs in both lakes. Abrupt increases in concentrations and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of soot have mainly occurred since ~1950, the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when energy usage changed to more fossil fuel contributions reflected by the variations in the concentration ratios of char/soot and individual PACs. In HGY, soot MARs increased by ~7.7 times in the period 1980–2012 relative to the period 1850–1950. Similar increases (~6.7 times) were observed in CH. The increase in soot MARs is also in line with the emission inventory records in the literature and the fact that the submicrometer-sized soot particles can be dispersed regionally. The study provides an alternative method to reconstruct the atmospheric soot history in populated inland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - C Wei
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,SCDRC, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - R-J Huang
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S S H Ho
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - J J Cao
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z D Jin
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - B Q Xu
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - S P Gao
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - X X Tie
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z S An
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - W Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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The Influence of Sandstorms and Long-Range Transport on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in the High-Altitude Atmosphere of Southern China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Chimuka L, Sibiya P, Amdany R, Cukrowska E, Forbes PBC. Status of PAHs in Environmental Compartments of South Africa: A Country Report. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.988276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. Sibiya
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R. Amdany
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. Cukrowska
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. B. C. Forbes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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26
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Wu SP, Schwab J, Yang BY, Yuan CS. Effect of phenolic compounds on photodegradation of anthracene and benzo[a]anthracene in media of different polarity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Hsu YM, Harner T, Li H, Fellin P. PAH Measurements in Air in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5584-92. [PMID: 25844542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) measurements were conducted by Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) at four community ambient Air quality Monitoring Stations (AMS) in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Northeastern Alberta, Canada. The 2012 and 2013 mean concentrations of a subset of the 22 PAH species were 9.5, 8.4, 8.8, and 32 ng m(-3) at AMS 1 (Fort McKay), AMS 6 (residential Fort McMurray), AMS 7 (downtown Fort McMurray), and AMS 14 (Anzac), respectively. The average PAH concentrations in Fort McKay and Fort McMurray were in the range of rural and semirural areas, but peak values reflect an industrial emission influence. At these stations, PAHs were generally associated with NO, NO2, PM2.5, and SO2, indicating the emissions were from the combustion sources such as industrial stacks, vehicles, residential heating, and forest fires, whereas the PAH concentrations at AMS 14 (∼35 km south of Fort McMurray) were more characteristic of urban areas with a unique pattern: eight of the lower molecular weight PAHs exhibited strong seasonality with higher levels during the warmer months. Enthalpies calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron plots for these eight PAHs suggest that atmospheric emissions were dominated by temperature-dependent processes such as volatilization at warm temperatures. These findings point to the potential importance of localized water-air and/or surface-air transfer on observed PAH concentrations in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Hsu
- †Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, 100-330 Thickwood Boulevard, Fort McMurray, Alberta T9K 1Y1, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- §Environment Canada, Air Quality Processes Research Section, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Henrik Li
- ¥Airzone One Ltd., 222 Matheson Boulevard East, Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Phil Fellin
- ¥Airzone One Ltd., 222 Matheson Boulevard East, Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada
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28
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Sazykin IS, Sazykina MA, Khammami MI, Kostina NV, Khmelevtsova LE, Trubnik RG. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of lower reaches of the Don River (Russia) and their ecotoxicologic assessment by bacterial lux-biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:277. [PMID: 25893752 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The lower Don River in the south of the European part of Russia was studied to determine the concentration, spatial distribution, and sources of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 14.2 to 529 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations were higher in the delta of the Don River and in the estuaries of rivers Sal and Aksai compared to the main channel of the Don. Analysis of the PAHs sources showed that PAHs came mostly from pyrogenic sources as a result of incomplete combustion of coal. Bioluminescent bacterial sensors were used for ecotoxicological assessment of surface sediments. The surface sediments of all the investigated stations of lower reaches of the Don River were toxic and genotoxic. The maximum concentration of PAHs and the high genotoxicity effect caused by the presence of genotoxicants were found in the surface sediments of the same stations. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual PAHs in sediments and the genotoxic effect were found. Correlation between genotoxicity of surface sediments and concentration of phenanthrene and benz(k)fluoranthene was the most significant both with and without application of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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29
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Zhou S, Forbes MW, Abbatt JPD. Application of Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) to the study of gas-surface heterogeneous reactions: focus on ozone and PAHs. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4733-40. [PMID: 25843110 DOI: 10.1021/ac504722z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method is presented whereby Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) is applied to the study of gas-surface heterogeneous reactions. To illustrate the capabilities of the approach, the kinetics of a well-studied reaction of surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with ozone are presented. Specifically, using helium as the reagent gas and with the DART heater temperature of 500 °C, nanogram quantities of benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) deposited on the outside of glass melting point capillary tubes were analyzed in positive ion mode with a limit of detection of 40 pg. Using bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate as an internal standard, the kinetics of the ozone-BeP reaction were assessed by determining the surface-bound BeP decays, after oxidation in an off-line reaction cell. The reaction is demonstrated to follow the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, known to prevail for heterogeneous reactions of this type. In addition, a wide array of oxygenated, condensed-phase products has been observed. The present work demonstrates the capability of the DART-MS technique to investigate the heterogeneous chemistry taking place on a wide range of surfaces, such as those that form in both outdoor and indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Matthew W Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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30
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Wei C, Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Cao J, Huang RJ, Ni H, Tian J, Wilcke W. Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:814-822. [PMID: 25461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
29 parent- and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) in both the gaseous and particulate phases, as well as the particulate-bound carbon fractions (organic carbon, elemental carbon, char, and soot) in ambient air sampled in March and September 2012 from an urban site in Xi'an, central China were extracted and analyzed. The average concentrations (gaseous+particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and ∑4AZAs were 1267.0 ± 307.5, 113.8 ± 46.1, 11.8 ± 4.8 and 26.5 ± 11.8 ng m(-3) in March and 784.7 ± 165.1, 67.2 ± 9.8, 9.0 ± 1.5 and 21.6 ± 5.1 ng m(-3) in September, respectively. Concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs and ∑11NPAHs in particulates were significantly correlated with those of the carbon fractions (OC, EC, char and soot). Both absorption into organic matter in particles and adsorption onto the surface of particles were important for PAHs and OPAHs in both sampling periods, with more absorption occurring in September, while absorption was always the most important process for NPAHs. The total carcinogenic risk of PAHs plus the NPAHs was higher in March. Gaseous compounds, which were not considered in most previous studies, contributed 29 to 44% of the total health risk in March and September, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | | | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Li L, Jia H, Li X, Wang C. Transformation of anthracene on various cation-modified clay minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1261-1269. [PMID: 25135171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, anthracene was employed as a probe to explore the potential catalytic effect of clay minerals in soil environment. Clay minerals saturated with various exchangeable cations were tested. The rate of anthracene transformation follows the order: Fe-smectite >> Cu-smectite > Al-smectite ≈ Ca-smectite ≈ Mg-smectite ≈ Na-smectite. This suggests that transition-metal ions such as Fe(III) play an important role in anthracene transformation. Among Fe(III)-saturated clays, Fe(III)-smectite exhibits the highest catalytic activity followed by Fe(III)-illite, Fe(III)-pyrophyllite, and Fe(III)-kaolinite, which is in agreement with the interlayer Fe(III) content. Moreover, effects by two common environmental factors, pH and relative humidity (RH), were evaluated. With an increase in pH or RH, the rate of anthracene transformation decreases rapidly at first and then is leveled off. GC-MS analysis identifies that the final product of anthracene transformation is 9,10-anthraquinone, a more bioavailable molecule compared to anthracene. The transformation process mainly involves cation-π bonding, electron transfer leading to cation radical, and further oxidation by chemisorbed O2. The present work provides valuable insights into the abiotic transformation and the fate of PAHs in the soil environment and the development of contaminated land remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
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32
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Amdany R, Chimuka L, Cukrowska E, Kukučka P, Kohoutek J, Tölgyessy P, Vrana B. Assessment of bioavailable fraction of POPS in surface water bodies in Johannesburg City, South Africa, using passive samplers: an initial assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5639-5653. [PMID: 24869948 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) passive samplers were used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in selected water bodies situated in and around Johannesburg City, South Africa. The devices were deployed for 14 days at each sampling site in spring and summer of 2011. Time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of the water-borne contaminants were calculated from the amounts of analytes accumulated in the passive samplers. In the area of interest, concentrations of analytes in water ranged from 33.5 to 126.8 ng l(-1) for PAHs, from 20.9 to 120.9 pg l(-1) for PCBs and from 0.2 to 36.9 ng l(-1) for OCPs. Chlorinated pesticides were mainly composed of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (0.15-36.9 ng l(-1)) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethane (DDT) with its metabolites (0.03-0.55 ng l(-1)). By applying diagnostic ratios of certain PAHs, identification of possible sources of the contaminants in the various sampling sites was performed. These ratios were generally inclined towards pyrogenic sources of pollution by PAHs in all study sites except in the Centurion River (CR), Centurion Lake (CL) and Airport River (AUP) that indicated petrogenic origins. This study highlights further need to map up the temporal and spatial variations of these POPs using passive samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Amdany
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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33
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Napelenok SL, Simon H, Bhave PV, Pye HOT, Pouliot GA, Sheesley RJ, Schauer JJ. Diagnostic air quality model evaluation of source-specific primary and secondary fine particulate carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:464-473. [PMID: 24245475 DOI: 10.1021/es403304w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambient measurements of 78 source-specific tracers of primary and secondary carbonaceous fine particulate matter collected at four midwestern United States locations over a full year (March 2004-February 2005) provided an unprecedented opportunity to diagnostically evaluate the results of a numerical air quality model. Previous analyses of these measurements demonstrated excellent mass closure for the variety of contributing sources. In this study, a carbon-apportionment version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to track primary organic and elemental carbon emissions from 15 independent sources such as mobile sources and biomass burning in addition to four precursor-specific classes of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) originating from isoprene, terpenes, aromatics, and sesquiterpenes. Conversion of the source-resolved model output into organic tracer concentrations yielded a total of 2416 data pairs for comparison with observations. While emission source contributions to the total model bias varied by season and measurement location, the largest absolute bias of -0.55 μgC/m(3) was attributed to insufficient isoprene SOA in the summertime CMAQ simulation. Biomass combustion was responsible for the second largest summertime model bias (-0.46 μgC/m(3) on average). Several instances of compensating errors were also evident; model underpredictions in some sectors were masked by overpredictions in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L Napelenok
- US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Moyo S, McCrindle R, Mokgalaka N, Myburgh J, Mujuru M. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from polluted rivers. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-10-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, in response to growing concerns about the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on human health, a variety of environmental forensics and geochemical techniques have emerged for studying organic pollutants. These techniques include chemical fingerprinting, receptor modeling, and compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA). Chemical fingerprinting methodology involves the use of diagnostic ratios. Receptor modeling techniques include the chemical mass balance (CMB) model and multivariate statistics. Multivariate techniques include factor analysis with multiple linear regression (FA/MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and UNMIX. This article reviews applications of chemical fingerprinting, receptor modeling, and CSIA; comments on their uses; and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology.
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Manzetti S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment: Environmental Fate and Transformation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.781042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Slezakova K, Pires JCM, Castro D, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Delerue-Matos C, Morais S, Pereira MC. PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: carcinogenic risks and sources identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3932-3945. [PMID: 23184127 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize air pollution and the associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) at an urban site, to identify possible emission sources of PAHs using several statistical methodologies, and to analyze the influence of other air pollutants and meteorological variables on PAH concentrations.The air quality and meteorological data were collected in Oporto, the second largest city of Portugal. Eighteen PAHs (the 16 PAHs considered by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were collected daily for 24 h in air (gas phase and in particles) during 40 consecutive days in November and December 2008 by constant low-flow samplers and using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters for particulate (PM10 and PM2.5 bound) PAHs and pre-cleaned polyurethane foam plugs for gaseous compounds. The other monitored air pollutants were SO2, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3; the meteorological variables were temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total precipitation, and solar radiation. Benzo[a]pyrene reached a mean concentration of 2.02 ng m(-3), surpassing the EU annual limit value. The target carcinogenic risks were equal than the health-based guideline level set by USEPA (10(-6)) at the studied site, with the cancer risks of eight PAHs reaching senior levels of 9.98 × 10(-7) in PM10 and 1.06 × 10(-6) in air. The applied statistical methods, correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were in agreement in the grouping of the PAHs. The groups were formed according to their chemical structure (number of rings), phase distribution, and emission sources. PAH diagnostic ratios were also calculated to evaluate the main emission sources. Diesel vehicular emissions were the major source of PAHs at the studied site. Besides that source, emissions from residential heating and oil refinery were identified to contribute to PAH levels at the respective area. Additionally, principal component regression indicated that SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and solar radiation had positive correlation with PAHs concentrations, while O3, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Slezakova
- LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Oporto, Portugal
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ZHOU CHENGZHI, ZHU XIUHUA, WANG ZHEN, MA XINDONG, CHEN JIPING, NI YUWEN, WANG WEI, MU JUN, LI XIAOXIAO. Gas-Particle Partitioning of PAHs In The Urban Air of Dalian, China: Measurements and Assessments. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.683467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim D, Young TM, Anastasio C. Phototransformation rate constants of PAHs associated with soot particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:896-903. [PMID: 23247292 PMCID: PMC3566770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation is a key process governing the residence time and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particles, both in the atmosphere and after deposition. We have measured photodegradation rate constants of PAHs in bulk deposits of soot particles illuminated with simulated sunlight. The photodegradation rate constants at the surface (k(p)(0)), the effective diffusion coefficients (D(eff)), and the light penetration depths (z(0.5)) for PAHs on soot layers of variable thickness were determined by fitting experimental data with a model of coupled photolysis and diffusion. The overall disappearance rates of irradiated low molecular weight PAHs (with 2-3 rings) on soot particles were influenced by fast photodegradation and fast diffusion kinetics, while those of high molecular weight PAHs (with 4 or more rings) were apparently controlled by either the combination of slow photodegradation and slow diffusion kinetics or by very slow diffusion kinetics alone. The value of z(0.5) is more sensitive to the soot layer thickness than the k(p)(0) value. As the thickness of the soot layer increases, the z(0.5) values increase, but the k(p)(0) values are almost constant. The effective diffusion coefficients calculated from dark experiments are generally higher than those from the model fitting method for illumination experiments. Due to the correlation between k(p)(0) and z(0.5) in thinner layers, D(eff) should be estimated by an independent method for better accuracy. Despite some limitations of the model used in this study, the fitted parameters were useful for describing empirical results of photodegradation of soot-associated PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekyun Kim
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Liu Y, Beckingham B, Ruegner H, Li Z, Ma L, Schwientek M, Xie H, Zhao J, Grathwohl P. Comparison of sedimentary PAHs in the rivers of Ammer (Germany) and Liangtan (China): differences between early- and newly-industrialized countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:701-709. [PMID: 23252503 DOI: 10.1021/es3031566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a proxy to trace the impact of anthropogenic activity, sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compared between the early industrialized and newly industrialized countries of Germany and China, respectively. Surface sediment samples in the Ammer River of Germany and the Liangtan River of China were collected to compare concentration levels, distribution patterns, and diagnostic plots of sedimentary PAHs. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs in Ammer sediments were significantly higher by a factor of ~4.5 than those in Liangtan. This contrast agrees with an extensive literature survey of PAH levels found in Chinese versus European sediments. Distribution patterns of PAHs were similar across sites in the Ammer River, whereas they were highly varied in the Liangtan River. Pyrogenic sources dominated in both cases. Strong correlations of the sum of 16 PAHs and PAH groups with TOC contents in the Liangtan River may indicate coemission of PAHs and TOC. Poor correlations of PAHs with TOC in the Ammer River indicate that other factors exert stronger influences. Sedimentary PAHs in the Ammer River are primarily attributed to input of diffuse sources or legacy pollution, while sediments in the Liangtan River are probably affected by ongoing point source emissions. Providing further evidence of a more prolonged anthropogenic influence are the elevated black carbon fractions in sedimentary TOC in the Ammer compared to the Liangtan. This implies that the Liangtan River, like others in newly industrialized regions, still has a chance to avoid legacy pollution of sediment which is widespread in the Ammer River and other European waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Keyte IJ, Harrison RM, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9333-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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García-Berríos ZI, Arce R. Photodegradation mechanisms of 1-nitropyrene, an environmental pollutant: the effect of organic solvents, water, oxygen, phenols, and polycyclic aromatics on the destruction and product yields. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3652-64. [PMID: 22458822 PMCID: PMC3334876 DOI: 10.1021/jp2126416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes studies of the photodegradation mechanism of 1-nitropyrene (1-NO(2)Py) in a chemical model system consisting of an organic solvent and known constituents of an aerosol particle. Photoproducts such as 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPy), 1-hydroxy-x-nitropyrenes (1-OH-x-NO(2)Py), 1-nitrosopyrene, and 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenediones were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) techniques, and their quantum yields show a significant dependence on the type of solvent. The photodegradation quantum yield of 1-NO(2)Py, φ((-1-NO2Py)), was larger in toluene, benzene, and polar protic solvents (10(-3)) in comparison with nonpolar and polar aprotic solvents, where the yield is on the order of 10(-4). In solvents with an abstractable hydrogen atom, the products formed in higher yields were 1-OHPy and 1-OH-x-NO(2)Py. These represent 60-80% of the photodestruction yield and result from abstraction and recombination reactions of the pyrenoxy radical, an intermediate postulated to be formed as a result of a nitro-nitrite rearrangement in nitroaromatics. The small O(2) effect in the photodegradation yield and the quenching experiments with azulene demonstrate the small contribution of the (3)(π,π*) state in the 1-NO(2)Py photoreaction. The nitrosopyrene product was not observed under these conditions, demonstrating the participation of the (3)(π,π*) state in its formation. In the presence various phenol aerosol constituents, the photodegradation yield increased by 10-fold in all solvents. This effect is partly ascribed to the reaction of the (3)(π,π*) state with the phenol. The effect of water resulted in the reduction of the 1-NO(2)Py photodegradation yield and of its photoproducts. The phototodegradation of 1-NO(2)Py was also studied in a viscous solvent, hexadecane, and it was determined that this medium does not inhibit its photodecay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulma I. García-Berríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931-3346
| | - Rafael Arce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931-3346
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Yu HY, Bao LJ, Wong CS, Hu Y, Zeng EY. Sedimentary loadings and ecological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a typical mariculture zone of South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2685-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kishida M, Nishikawa A, Fujimori K, Shibutani Y. Gas-particle concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban and a residential site in Osaka, Japan: effect of the formation of atmospherically stable layer on their temporal change. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1340-1349. [PMID: 21752537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter and the gaseous phase was performed at an urban and a residential site in Osaka, Japan, during 2005-2006. PAH concentrations at the urban site were found to be approximately twice higher than those at the residential site. At both sites, particulate PAH concentrations increased mainly in winter while the trends of temporal change in gaseous PAH concentrations were not clearly observed. The main sources of PAHs were estimated to be local traffic, e.g., diesel engines with catalytic converter. PAH concentrations did not significantly negatively correlate with ozone concentrations and meteorological parameters. Gas-particle partitioning coefficients of representative PAHs with low molecular weight (LMW) significantly negatively correlated with ambient temperature, showing that temporal change in the LMW PAH concentrations in PM could be attributable to the shift of their gas-particle distribution caused by the change in ambient temperature. For the first time, we studied the effect of the formation of atmospherically stable layer following an increase in PAH concentrations in Japan. At the urban site, PAHs showed a significant positive correlation with potential temperature gradients, indicating that temporal variability in PAH concentrations would be dominantly controlled by the formation of atmospherically stable layer in Osaka area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kishida
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka Prefectural Government, 1-3-62 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
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Wei S, Liu M, Huang B, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2568-74. [PMID: 21789327 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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45
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Zelenay V, Monge ME, D'Anna B, George C, Styler SA, Huthwelker T, Ammann M. Increased steady state uptake of ozone on soot due to UV/Vis radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Shen G, Wang W, Yang Y, Ding J, Xue M, Min Y, Zhu C, Shen H, Li W, Wang B, Wang R, Wang X, Tao S, Russell AG. Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove: emission factors, size distributions, and gas-particle partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1206-12. [PMID: 21247097 PMCID: PMC3092001 DOI: 10.1021/es102151w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Indoor combustion of crop residues for cooking or heating is one of the most important emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in developing countries. However, data on PAH emission factors (EFs) for burning crop residues indoor, particularly those measured in the field, were scarce, leading to large uncertainties in the emission inventories. In this study, EFs of PAHs for nine commonly used crop residues burned in a typical Chinese rural cooking stove were measured in a simulated kitchen. The measured EFs of total PAHs averaged at 63 ± 37 mg/kg, ranging from 27 to 142 mg/kg, which were higher than those measured in chamber experiments, implying that the laboratory experiment-based emission and risk assessment should be carefully reviewed. EFs of gaseous and particulate phase PAHs were 27 ± 13 and 35 ± 23 mg/kg, respectively. Composition profiles and isomer ratios of emitted PAHs were characterized. Stepwise regressions found that modified combustion efficiency and fuel moisture were the most important factors affecting the emissions. There was 80 ± 6% of PAHs associated with PM2.5, and the mass percentage of PAHs in fine particles increased as the molecular weight increased. For freshly emitted PAHs, absorption into organic carbon, rather than adsorption, dominated the gas-particle partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junnan Ding
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Miao Xue
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yujia Min
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author phone and fax: 0086-10-62751938,
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332,USA
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Arce R, Pino EF, Valle C, Negrón-Encarnación I, Morel M. A comparative photophysical and photochemical study of nitropyrene isomers occurring in the environment. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:152-60. [PMID: 21162566 PMCID: PMC3020990 DOI: 10.1021/jp108652p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ground state absorption, first excited-singlet state, and properties of reactive intermediates of mononitropyrene isomers encountered in the atmospheric aerosol have been studied under different conditions that could mimic the environment. The nitro group can present different orientations relative to the pyrene ring depending on its geometric location and could induce differences in the photochemistry of the isomers. The 2-NO(2)Py isomer has the largest red shift and lowest oscillator strength in the UV-visible band associated with the nitro group. The isomers show very low fluorescence yields (10(-3)-10(-4)). Only 1-NO(2)Py and 4-NO(2)Py have phosphorescence emission (Φ(p) ≈ 10(-4)), indicating that the lowest triplet state decays mainly through effective radiationless channels. Laser photolysis produces a low-lying triplet state (τ(T) = 10(-5)-10(-6) s), a long-lived pyrenoxy radical, and a PyNO(2)H radical in solvents in which the triplet can abstract a hydrogen atom. Similar triplet yields were calculated (0.1-0.6) for the isomers, while significant differences in the relative yield of the long-lived species were determined. Differences in the quenching rate constants of the triplet by water and phenols suggest a strong hydrogen-bond interaction with the nitro group in the C-2 position, which provides for radiationless deactivation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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48
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Kameda T. Atmospheric Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kameda
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Mysak ER, Smith JD, Ashby PD, Newberg JT, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. Competitive reaction pathways for functionalization and volatilization in the heterogeneous oxidation of coronene thin films by hydroxyl radicals and ozone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:7554-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Wei Y, Han IK, Hu M, Shao M, Zhang JJ, Tang X. Personal exposure to particulate PAHs and anthraquinone and oxidative DNA damages in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:1280-1285. [PMID: 20869742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that DNA oxidative damage be related to the chemical constituents of ambient particles. The purpose of this study was to examine whether particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinone-structure chemicals increase body burden of oxidative stress in human exposed to heavy traffic volume. We recruited two nonsmoking security guards who worked at a university campus gate near a heavily trafficked road. Each subject wore a personal air sampler for 24h per day to estimate exposures to 24 PAHs and anthraquinone (AnQ) in PM(2.5). Daily pre- and post-work shift spot urines were collected for 29d from each subject. Urine samples were analyzed for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Additionally, using 19 organic tracers other than 24 PAHs and AnQ, a receptor source apportionment model of chemical mass balance was applied to determine the contributions of sources on the PM: gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, coal burning, vegetable debris, cooking, natural gas and biomass burning. The relationship among urinary 8-OHdG, individual PAH, and AnQ was demonstrated as follows: the average urinary concentration of 8-OHdG was increased more than three times after 8-h work-shift than those before the work shift. All the 24 PAH and AnQ levels were positively and significantly associated with the post-work urinary 8-OHdG. The results from source apportionment suggest vehicular emission to be the dominant source of personal exposure to PM(2.5). Our finding indicates that personal air exposures to 24 individual PAHs and AnQ originating from traffic emissions are important in increasing oxidative burdens in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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