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Jiang T, Wu W, Ma M, Hu Y, Li R. Occurrence and distribution of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: A globally review over the past two decades. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175664. [PMID: 39173760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are pervasive in aquatic environments globally, encompassing pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, phenols, biocides, disinfectants and various other compounds. Concentrations of these contaminants are detected ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Even at trace levels, these contaminants can pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This article systematically summarises and categorizes data on the concentrations of 54 common emerging contaminants found in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants across various geographical regions: North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, and Asia. It reviews the occurrence and distribution of these contaminants, providing spatial and causal analyses based on data from these regions. Notably, the maximum concentrations of the pollutants observed vary significantly across different regions. The data from Africa, in particular, show more frequent detection of pharmaceutical maxima in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China.
| | - Meng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
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Rauseo J, Spataro F, Pescatore T, Patrolecco L. Multiresidue determination and predicted risk assessment of emerging contaminants in sediments from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171156. [PMID: 38417527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The present work provides the first data on the occurrence of different classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface marine sediments from an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Islands, Norway). The target compounds included: ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin; amoxicillin; erythromycin; sulfamethoxazole; carbamazepine; diclofenac; ibuprofen; acetylsalicylic acid; paracetamol; caffeine; triclosan; N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide; 17β-estradiol; 17α-ethinyl estradiol and estrone. Sampling was performed in the late summer, when high sedimentation rates occur, and over 5 years (2018-2022). Based on the environmental concentrations (MECs) found of emerging contaminants and the relative predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs), an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for sediments was performed, including the estimation of the Risk Quotients (RQs) of selection and propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this Arctic marine ecosystem. Sediments were extracted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and the extracts were purified by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Analytical determination was conducted with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). PPCPs were detected in the sediments along the fjord in all the years investigated, with overall concentrations similar in most cases to those reported in urbanized areas of the planet and ranging from a minimum of 6.85 ng/g for triclosan to a maximum of 684.5 ng/g for ciprofloxacin. This latter was the only antibiotic detected but was the most abundant compound (32 %) followed by antipyretics (16 %), hormones (14 %), anti-inflammatories (13 %), insect repellents (11 %), stimulants (9 %), and disinfectants (5 %). Highest concentrations of all PPCPs detected were found close to the Ny-Ålesund research village, where human activities and the lack of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies were recognized as primary causes of local contamination. Finally, due to the presence in the sediments of the PPCPs investigated, the ERA highlights a medium (0.1 < RQ < 1) to high risk (RQ > 1) for organisms living in this Arctic marine ecosystem, including high risk of the spread of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.700, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.700, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tanita Pescatore
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.700, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, km 0.700, 00010 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
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Li Y, Chen X, Tian X, Liang J, Zhao Z, Ye J, Liu Y, Tong M. Sulfite Poses a Risk of Hexavalent Chromium Rebound in Vadose Zone: A Challenge of the Stability of Cr xFe 1-x(OH) 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15203-15212. [PMID: 37729390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) rebound is the primary risk associated with the reduction remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The potential impact of sulfites, which can be produced by microbial activities or originate from sulfur-containing remediation agents, on the Cr(VI) rebound in the vadose zone has been overlooked. When sulfites are present, the stability of CrxFe1-x(OH)3 is compromised and significantly inferior to that of Cr(OH)3, as demonstrated in this paper. First, Fe acts as a catalyst for the conversion of adsorbed sulfite to SO4·-, which subsequently triggers the oxidation of Cr(III) and results in the rebound of Cr(VI). The heterogeneous catalysis by Fe on the surface of CrxFe1-x(OH)3 plays a predominant role, contributing to 78% of the actual oxidation of Cr(III) among all employed catalytic processes. The presence of ambient Cl- can exacerbate the rebound effect of Cr(VI) by promoting the generation of HOCl. Furthermore, a portion of released Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by dissolved sulfite in the presence of dissolved Fe as a catalyst, thereby increasing the dissolution and migration risk associated with CrxFe1-x(OH)3. Hence, the presence of sulfites results in a significant increase in the Cr(VI) rebound and Cr(III) release from CrxFe1-x(OH)3. This challenges the conventional understanding of the stability of CrxFe1-x(OH)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Yangsheng Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Meiping Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Song J, Zhao J, Yang C, Liu Y, Yang J, Qi X, Li Z, Shao Z, Wang S, Ji M, Zhai H, Chen Z, Liu W, Li X. Integrated estrogenic effects and semi-volatile organic pollutants profile in secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment effluents in North China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128984. [PMID: 35483267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting effects on aquatic organisms caused by wastewater discharging have raised extensive concerns. However, the efficiency of various wastewater treatment processes to remove estrogenic activity in effluents and the association with organic micropollutants was not well known. We evaluated the estrogenic activity using a well-characterized in vivo bioassay featuring the Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) and analyzed 886 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in effluents from four secondary wastewater treatment plants (SWTP A-D) and a tertiary wastewater treatment plant (TTP E) that utilized various common treatment processes in northern China. The final effluents from SWTPs and TTP E all exhibited estrogenic effects, increasing male fish plasma vitellogenin (VTG) contents and estradiol/testosterone (E2/T) ratios. Key regulating genes in the male fish liver including vtg1, vtg3, era, erβ, and cyp19a were upregulated. TTP E demonstrated high performance in reducing estrogenic activity in the effluents, with a reduction of 64% in integrative biomarkers of estrogenic response (IBR). UV disinfection at SWTPs removed IBR by 14%- 33%, while ozone disinfection at TTP E did not reduce IBR. Several SVOCs including alkanes, chlorobenzenes, and phthalates, detected at ng/L to µg/L level, significantly correlated with effluent estrogenic activity. Our findings suggest the necessity and the potential means to improve the efficiency of current wastewater treatment approaches to achieve better protection for aquatic organisms against the joint effects of mixtures of various categories of micropollutants in effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zechang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Guo W, Li J, Luo M, Mao Y, Yu X, Elskens M, Baeyens W, Gao Y. Estrogenic activity and ecological risk of steroids, bisphenol A and phthalates after secondary and tertiary sewage treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118189. [PMID: 35184019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) are an important source of estrogenic substances to the receiving water bodies affecting their ecological safety. In this study, steroids, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates were assessed in the secondary (SE) and tertiary effluent (TE) of three typical urban STPs in Beijing (China). In addition, the overall estrogenic activity in these effluents was assessed by an in-vitro bioassay (ERE-CALUX). Results showed that the concentrations and activities of estrogenic compounds in TE were lower than those in SE. The residual concentration of 17β-estradiol (E2) was the highest among the detected steroids, accounting for 51.6 ± 5.1% in SE and 57.5 ± 24.8% in TE. The residual level (25.2-41.6 ng/L) of BPA in effluents was significantly higher than that of steroids (0.2-28.8 ng/L). The residual concentration of diethyl phthalate was the highest among the detected phthalates accounting for 47.1 ± 5.1% in SE and 37.6 ± 11.5% in TE. Steroids and BPA had a higher removal rate (83.5% and 96.7%) in secondary and tertiary treatment than phthalates (68.8% and 83.1%). The hydrophobic characteristics of these estrogenic compounds determined the removal mechanism. The removal of steroids, BPA, dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate (LogKow= 1.61-4.15) mainly occurred through biodegradation in the water phase, while the removal of dibutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (LogKow= 4.27-7.50) mainly occurred in the solid phase after adsorption on and sedimentation of the suspended particulate matter. According to ERE-CALUX, the estrogenic activity in the final STP effluents was 3.2-45.6 ng E2-equivalents/L, which is higher than reported levels in the effluents of European STPs. Calculation of estrogenic equivalents by using substance specific chemical analysis indicated that the dominant contributor was E2 (56.4-88.4%), followed by 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (4.1-34.8%), both also exerting a moderate risk to the aquatic ecosystem. While the upgrade of treatment processes in STPs has efficiently reduced the emission of estrogenic substances, their ecological risk was not yet phased out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mingyue Luo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Yan Mao
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center of MEE, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangyi Yu
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center of MEE, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium.
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Yasir M, Šopík T, Lovecká L, Kimmer D, Sedlařík V. The adsorption, kinetics, and interaction mechanisms of various types of estrogen on electrospun polymeric nanofiber membranes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:075702. [PMID: 34727533 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the adsorption kinetics of four highly potent sex hormones (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3)), present in water reservoirs, which are considered a major cause of fish feminization, low sperm count in males, breast and ovarian cancer in females induced by hormonal imbalance. Herein, electrospun polymeric nanostructures were produced from cellulose acetate, polyamide, polyethersulfone, polyurethanes (918 and elastollan), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to simultaneously adsorbing these estrogenic hormones in a single step process and to compare their performance. These nanofibers possessed an average fiber diameter in the range 174-330 nm and their specific surface area ranged between 10.2 and 20.9 m2g-1. The adsorption-desorption process was investigated in four cycles to determine the effective reusability of the adsorption systems. A one-step high-performance liquid chromatography technique was developed to detect and quantify concurrently each hormone present in the solution. Experimental data were obtained to determine the adsorption kinetics by applying pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Findings showed that E1, E2 and EE2 best fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics, while E3 followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. It was found that polyurethane Elastollan nanofibers had maximum adsorption capacities of 0.801, 0.590, 0.736 and 0.382 mg g-1for E1, E2, EE2 and E3, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that polyurethane Elastollan nanofibers had the highest percentage efficiency of estrogens removal at ∼58.9% due to its strong hydrogen bonding with estrogenic hormones, while the least removal efficiency for PAN at ∼35.1%. Consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles demonstrated that polyurethane maintained the best efficiency, even after being repeatedly used four times compared to the other polymers. Overall, the findings indicate that all the studied nanostructures have the potential to be effective adsorbents for concurrently eradicating such estrogens from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šopík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Lovecká
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Kimmer
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sedlařík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01Zlín, Czech Republic
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Dhangar K, Kumar M. Tricks and tracks in removal of emerging contaminants from the wastewater through hybrid treatment systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140320. [PMID: 32806367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many biological and physicochemical treatment technologies have been investigated for the removal of the emerging contaminants (ECs) from the wastewater matrix. However, due to the deficiency of these treatments to completely degrade the ECs in wastewater, hybrid systems were explored using the distinguishing removal potential of the different treatment processes. This review gives an insight on such hybrid systems combining several physical, chemical and biological treatments for the fast and eco-efficient removal of ECs from wastewater. Most of the hybrid systems have applied biological treatments first and then physical or chemical treatments. The hybrid system of membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by membrane filtrations (RO/NF) effectively removed a suite of ECs such as pharmaceuticals, beta blockers, pesticides and EDCs. Some of the hybrid systems of constructed wetlands and waste stabilization ponds showed promising potential for the biosorptive removal of pharmaceuticals and some beta blockers. The hybrid systems combining activated sludge process and physical processes such as ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and gamma radiations are considered as the cost effective technologies and had better removal of trace organic pollutants. The hybrid system of MBR coupled with UV oxidation, activated carbon and ultrasound, and ozonation followed by ultrasounds, completely degraded some ECs and many pharmaceuticals. The review also synthesizes the trend followed by the hybrid system processes for the removal of various categories of ECs. The future research directions for the ECs removal utilizing hybrid nanocomposites and green sustainable technology have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India.
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Aborkhees G, Raina-Fulton R, Thirunavokkarasu O. Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water and Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173906. [PMID: 32867135 PMCID: PMC7503312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, prednisone, and prednisolone. This method used solid-phase extraction with an elution solvent of acetonitrile to improve the stability of the analytes. To maintain the stability of analytes analyses were completed within five days. The recoveries ranged from 84 to 112% and the relative standard deviation of analysis of duplicate samples was <10%. The limits of quantitation were 1–10 ng/L. Surface water and wastewater were obtained from five wastewater treatment plants in Saskatchewan. Matrix effects were moderate to severe. Using standard addition calibration, all analytes except diethylstilbestrol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol were detected. There was a low frequency of detection of the target analytes in upstream and downstream water, indicating good removal efficiency during the wastewater treatment process. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol were the only analytes detected downstream. Bisphenol A was the most frequently detected in raw wastewater (133 to 403 ng/L). Estriol was detected more often in raw wastewater than estrone or 17β-estradiol. This is the first Canadian study with the detection of prednisone and prednisolone with concentrations at 198–350 ng/L in raw wastewater at 60% of the wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Aborkhees
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Renata Raina-Fulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-585-4012
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Guerra P, Teslic S, Shah A, Albert A, Gewurtz SB, Smyth SA. Occurrence and removal of triclosan in Canadian wastewater systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31873-31886. [PMID: 31489545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used in many personal care and cleaning products. It has been detected in most environmental compartments and the main entry pathway is wastewater effluents and biosolids. TCS was analyzed in 300 samples of raw influent, final effluent, and biosolids from 13 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Canada representing five types of typical wastewater treatment systems. TCS was almost always detected in influent (median 1480 ng/L), effluent (median 107 ng/L), and biosolids (median 8000 ng/g dry weight) samples. Removals of TCS from lagoons as well as secondary and advanced treatment facilities were significantly higher than primary treatment facilities (p < 0.001). TCS removal was strongly correlated with organic nitrogen removal. TCS removals at most lagoons and plants that use biological treatment were higher during summer compared with winter. However, no seasonal or temperature effects were observed at the two primary facilities, likely due to the absence of biological activity. Aerobically digested solids contained the lowest levels (median 555 ng/g) while anaerobically digested primary solids contained the highest levels of TCS (median 22,700 ng/g). The results of this large comprehensive study demonstrate that TCS is consistently present in wastewater and biosolids at relatively high concentrations and that removal from wastewater and levels in biosolids are strongly influenced by the wastewater and solids treatment types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guerra
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Contract Pharmaceuticals Limited, 2145 Meadowpine Blvd, Mississauga, ON, L5N 6R8, Canada
| | - Steven Teslic
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ariba Shah
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Queen's University, 1-149 Brock St., Kingston, ON, K7L 1S2, Canada
| | - Amber Albert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Columbia University, 232W 116th St. Unit 809, New York, NY, 10026, USA
| | - Sarah B Gewurtz
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Liu L, Zhou X, Lu Y, Shi H, Ma M, Yu T. Triple functional small-molecule-protein conjugate mediated optical biosensor for quantification of estrogenic activities in water samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105091. [PMID: 31421388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Establishing biosensors to map a comprehensive picture of potential estrogen-active chemicals remains challenging and must be addressed. Herein, we describe an estrogen receptor (ER)-based evanescent wave fluorescent biosensor by using a triple functional small-molecule-protein conjugate as a signal probe for the determination of estrogenic activities in water samples. The signal probe, consisting of a Cy5.5-labelled streptavidin (STV) moiety and a 17β-estradiol (E2) moiety, acts simultaneously as signal conversion, signal recognition and signal report elements. When xenoestrogens compete with the E2 moiety of conjugate in binding to the ER, the unbound conjugates are released, and their STV moiety binds with desthiobiotin (DTB) modified on the optical fiber via the STV-DTB affinity interactions. Signal probe detection is accomplished by fluorescence emission induced by an evanescent field, which positively relates with the estrogenic activities in samples. Quantification of estrogenic activity expressed as E2 equivalent concentration (EEQ) can be achieved with a detection limit of 1.05 μg/L EEQ by using three times standard deviation of the mean blank values and a linear calibration range from 20.8 to 476.7 μg/L EEQ. The optical fiber system is robust enough for hundreds of sensing cycles. The biosensor-based determination of estrogenic activities in wastewater samples obtained from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant is consistent with that measured by the two-hybrid recombinant yeast bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
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Huang B, Lai C, Dai H, Mu K, Xu Z, Gu L, Pan X. Microbially reduced humic acid promotes the anaerobic photodegradation of 17α--ethinylestradiol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:313-320. [PMID: 30612019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis and microbial activity are relatively obvious in shallow, eutrophic waters with low dissolved oxygen content. Ubiquitous humic acid (HA) can act as electron acceptor and be reduced by bacterial under such conditions, and the reduced form of humic acid (RHA) plays an important role in the photolysis contaminants. In this study, anaerobic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) photodegradation was performed along with biodegradation by Shewanella putrefaciens mediated by HA. The mechanism of such coupled photolysis and biodegradation of EE2 was thus elucidated. The removal rate in such coupled degradation in the presence of 10 mgC L-1 of HA at pH 8.0 was greater than that of either photolysis or biodegradation alone. HA which had been reduced in a double-chamber microbial fuel cell showed better promotion to EE2 photodegradation than fresh HA. Reactive species scavenging experiments indicated that hydroxyl radical and excited triplet states of HA were primary contributors to EE2 photodegradation in anaerobic conditions. More of them were produced from RHA than from pristine HA. Besides, the degraded EE2 solutions inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 human cancer Cells. These findings improve our understanding of the environmental transformation of EE2 in the shallow, anoxic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chaochao Lai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Han Dai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kailin Mu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lipeng Gu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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12
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Louros VL, Lima DL, Leitão JH, Esteves VI, Nadais HG. Determination of estrone and 17α‐ethinylestradiol in digested sludge by ultrasonic liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1585-1592. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória L. Louros
- CESAM & Department of Environment and PlanningUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Diana L.D. Lima
- CESAM & Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC‐Coimbra Health SchoolDepartment of Complementary Sciences Coimbra Portugal
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | | | - Helena G. Nadais
- CESAM & Department of Environment and PlanningUniversity of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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13
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Kramer RD, Filippe TC, Prado MR, de Azevedo JCR. The influence of solid-liquid coefficient in the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aerobic wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25515-25525. [PMID: 29956261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be a source of environmental contamination by micropollutants, especially from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs). The pathway of those compounds during sewage treatment has been investigated, but data from real-scale WWTPs is still missing (for example, the values of the solid-liquid coefficient (Kd) during treatment). This paper uses the Kd values for some pharmaceuticals and PCPs (fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, propranolol, metoprolol, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, fenoprofen, caffeine, triclosan, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben) to describe the micropollutants' behavior in the treatment process. In order to attain this data, an aerobic wastewater treatment plant located in Brazil was studied. Six samplings were carried out and a mass balance was performed, associating the concentrations of the micropollutants in the liquid phase with the solid phase (sludge and suspended solids). Of all the compounds analyzed, caffeine was the most biodegradable pollutant, as almost 98% of its mass was biodegraded. In contrast, triclosan had the highest load in sludge (median of 163.0 mg day-1) and adsorbed in SS (median of 0.593 mg day-1) at the output. Summing up, each micropollutant had a specific way to be removed during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Kramer
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Tais C Filippe
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Prado
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Júlio César R de Azevedo
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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14
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Abdel-Maksoud YK, Imam E, Ramadan AR. Sand supported TiO2 photocatalyst in a tray photo-reactor for the removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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D'Alessio M, Onanong S, Snow DD, Ray C. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutical compounds and steroids at four wastewater treatment plants in Hawai'i and their environmental fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1360-1370. [PMID: 29727960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceutical and steroid compounds in groundwater due to wastewater reuse has been reported and is of concern in tropical islands which primarily rely on groundwater. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and removal of 43 pharmaceutical and steroid compounds detected in wastewater at four different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hawai'i and to understand their environmental behavior through tropical soils as the treated effluents are used in landscapes for irrigation. Eight soil sampling locations, collected at three different depths, representing the most common soil types in Hawai'i and four WWTPs located across the major Hawaiian Islands were used. Disturbed soil samples were used to conduct the soil sorption and degradation studies and to estimate the leaching risk associated to the identified compounds. Quantification of selected compounds was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the investigated compounds, only ten were detected in the treated effluents at concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.900 μg L-1. Caffeine (64 μg L-1) and ibuprofen (96.5 μg L-1) showed the highest concentration in raw samples, while diphenhydramine (0.9 μg L-1) showed the highest concentration in treated effluent samples. Sulfamethoxazole showed the lowest removal (0-75%). Several pharmaceuticals showed consistently higher sorption capacity and longer persistency compared with steroids regardless of soil types and depths. Poamoho (Oxisol soil) and Waimānalo (Mollisol soil) showed the highest sorption capacity, while Waimea (Entisol soil) showed the lowest sorption capacity. Soil physico-chemical properties (i.e., clay content, level of organic carbon, and presence of metal oxide) and soil depth highly impacted the sorption behavior of the selected pharmaceutical compounds. In particular, the sorption capacity decreased with soil depth due to the higher level of organic carbon present in the first 30 cm compared with the deeper depths (60-90 cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo D'Alessio
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Water Sciences Laboratory, 1840 North 37th Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA; University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska Water Center, 2021 Transformation Drive, Suite 3220, Lincoln, NE 68583-0979, USA.
| | - Sathaporn Onanong
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Water Sciences Laboratory, 1840 North 37th Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA.
| | - Daniel D Snow
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Water Sciences Laboratory, 1840 North 37th Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA.
| | - Chittaranjan Ray
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska Water Center, 2021 Transformation Drive, Suite 3220, Lincoln, NE 68583-0979, USA.
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16
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Kim Y, Farnazo DM. Toxicity characteristics of sewage treatment effluents and potential contribution of micropollutant residuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41610-017-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Zhu Y. Occurrence and risk assessment of estrogenic compounds in the East Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:69-76. [PMID: 28384514 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty two surface water samples were collected in May and June of 2013 in five lakelets of the East Lake, China. Four steroid hormones (17β-estradiol (βE2), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (αEE2)) were analyzed in these samples. Determination of four estrogenic compounds was performed on high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). βE2 was detected with the highest detection frequency of 62% and its concentration range was from nd to 17.58ng/L. The mean total concentration of four compounds increased with the order: Houhu lake (L5) (8.91ng/L)<Niuchao lake (L1) (19.92ng/L)<Guozheng lake (L2) (20.03ng/L)<Tangling lake (L4) (22.65ng/L)<Guandu lake (L3) (35.68ng/L). Pollution sources of four compounds were mainly from municipal wastewater and water washed out from farm land fertilized with the waste of livestock or irrigated with water from livestock farm. The proportion of sample sites at high risk that compounds had effect on fish population were 58.3% in Guozheng (L2) lake, 100% in Guandu (L3) lake, and 62.5% in Tangling (L4), Niuchao (L1) and Houhu (L5) lake, respectively. The mean βE2 equivalent concentrations was at relatively high levels in L3 with 8.6ng/L, L1 with 6.1ng/L, L4 with 4.62ng/L, L2 with 4.58ng/L and L5 with 2.62ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, sampling sites at high risk generally were surrounded with hospitals, hotels and residential buildings where had high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yindi Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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18
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Ting YF, Praveena SM. Sources, mechanisms, and fate of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plants: a mini review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:178. [PMID: 28342046 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid estrogens, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), are natural and synthetic hormones released into the environment through incomplete sewage discharge. This review focuses on the sources of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The mechanisms and fate of steroid estrogens throughout the entire wastewater treatment system are also discussed, and relevant information on regulatory aspects is given. Municipal, pharmaceutical industry, and hospitals are the main sources of steroid estrogens that enter WWTPs. A typical WWTP comprises primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment units. Sorption and biodegradation are the main mechanisms for removal of steroid estrogens from WWTPs. The fate of steroid estrogens in WWTPs depends on the types of wastewater treatment systems. Steroid estrogens in the primary treatment unit are removed by sorption onto primary sludge, followed by sorption onto micro-flocs and biodegradation by microbes in the secondary treatment unit. Tertiary treatment employs nitrification, chlorination, or UV disinfection to improve the quality of the secondary effluent. Activated sludge treatment systems for steroid estrogens exhibit a removal efficiency of up to 100%, which is higher than that of the trickling filter treatment system (up to 75%). Moreover, the removal efficiency of advance treatment systems exceeds 90%. Regulatory aspects related to steroid estrogens are established, especially in the European Union. Japan is the only Asian country that implements a screening program and is actively involved in endocrine disruptor testing and assessment. This review improves our understanding of steroid estrogens in WWTPs, proposes main areas to be improved, and provides current knowledge on steroid estrogens in WWTPs for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Fang Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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19
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Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Thomaidis NS, Xu J. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:274-298. [PMID: 27143286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the removal of emerging contaminants (ECs) by biological, chemical and hybrid technologies in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Results showed that endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) were better removed by membrane bioreactor (MBR), activated sludge and aeration processes among different biological processes. Surfactants, EDCs and personal care products (PCPs) can be well removed by activated sludge process. Pesticides and pharmaceuticals showed good removal efficiencies by biological activated carbon. Microalgae treatment processes can remove almost all types of ECs to some extent. Other biological processes were found less effective in ECs removal from wastewater. Chemical oxidation processes such as ozonation/H2O2, UV photolysis/H2O2 and photo-Fenton processes can successfully remove up to 100% of pesticides, beta blockers and pharmaceuticals, while EDCs can be better removed by ozonation and UV photocatalysis. Fenton process was found less effective in the removal of any types of ECs. A hybrid system based on ozonation followed by biological activated carbon was found highly efficient in the removal of pesticides, beta blockers and pharmaceuticals. A hybrid ozonation-ultrasound system can remove up to 100% of many pharmaceuticals. Future research directions to enhance the removal of ECs have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Boshir Ahmed
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Amarakoon I, Farenhorst A, Rose K, Claeys A, Ascef B. 17 β-estradiol mineralization in human waste products and soil in the presence and the absence of antimicrobials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:655-660. [PMID: 27327900 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1191873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural steroidal estrogens, such as 17 β-estradiol (E2), as well as antimicrobials such as doxycycline and norfloxacin, are excreted by humans and hence detected in sewage sludge and biosolid. The disposal of human waste products on agricultural land results in estrogens and antibiotics being detected as mixtures in soils. The objective of this study was to examine microbial respiration and E2 mineralization in sewage sludge, biosolid, and soil in the presence and the absence of doxycycline and norfloxacin. The antimicrobials were applied to the media either alone or in combination at total rates of 4 and 40 mg kg-1, with the 4 mg kg-1 rate being an environmentally relevant concentration. The calculated time that half of the applied E2 was mineralized ranged from 294 to 418 days in sewage sludge, from 721 to 869 days in soil, and from 2,258 to 14,146 days in biosolid. E2 mineralization followed first-order and the presence of antimicrobials had no significant effect on mineralization half-lives, except for some antimicrobial applications to the human waste products. At 189 day, total E2 mineralization was significantly greater in sewage sludge (38 ±0.7%) > soil (23 ±0.7%) > biosolid (3 ±0.7%), while total respiration was significantly greater in biosolid (1,258 mg CO2) > sewage sludge (253 mg CO2) ≥ soil (131 mg CO2). Strong sorption of E2 to the organic fraction in biosolid may have resulted in reduced E2 mineralization despite the high microbial activity in this media. Total E2 mineralization at 189 day was not significantly influenced by the presence of doxycycline and/or norfloxacin in the media. Antimicrobial additions also did not significantly influence total respiration in media, except that total CO2 respiration at 189 day was significantly greater for biosolid with 40 mg kg-1 doxycycline added, relative to biosolid without antimicrobials. We conclude that it is unlikely for doxycycline and norfloxacin, or their mixtures, to have a significant effect on E2 mineralization in human waste products and soil. However, the potential for E2 to be persistent in biosolids, with and without the presence of antimicrobials, is posing a challenge for biosolid disposal to agricultural lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inoka Amarakoon
- a Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Annemieke Farenhorst
- a Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Karin Rose
- a Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Anne Claeys
- b Department of Biology , Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Perpignan , Perpignan, Pyrénées Orientales , France
| | - Bruna Ascef
- c Department of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Diamantina , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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21
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Finlayson KA, Leusch FDL, van de Merwe JP. The current state and future directions of marine turtle toxicology research. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:113-123. [PMID: 27236406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination of marine turtles has been well documented in the literature, although information on the toxicological effects of these contaminants is poorly understood. This paper systematically and quantitatively presents the available marine turtle toxicological research (excluding oil chemicals and natural toxins) and the related fields of cell line establishment and biomarkers as indicators of exposure. Examination of the published literature identified a total of 49 papers on marine turtle toxicology, which were split into three categories: toxicity studies (n=33, 67%), cell line establishment (n=7, 14%), and publications using biomarkers (n=13, 27%). Toxicity studies were further broken down into four subcategories: those correlating contaminants with toxicological endpoints (n=16, 48%); in vitro exposure experiments (n=11, 33%); in vivo exposure experiments (n=5, 15%); and screening risk assessments using hazard quotients (n=3, 9%). In quantitatively assessing the literature, trends and gaps in this field of research were identified. This paper highlights the need for more marine turtle toxicology research on all species, particularly using high throughput and non-invasive in vitro assays developed for marine turtle cells, including investigations into further toxicological endpoints and mixture effects. This will provide more comprehensive species-specific assessment of the impacts of chemical contaminants on these threatened animals, and improve conservation and management strategies globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Finlayson
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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22
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Hamilton LA, Tremblay LA, Northcott GL, Boake M, Lim RP. The impact of variations of influent loading on the efficacy of an advanced tertiary sewage treatment plant to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:101-109. [PMID: 27096490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of changes in influent load on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by sewage treatment has not been fully characterised. This study assessed the efficacy of an advanced tertiary sewage treatment plant (STP) to remove EDCs during normal and peak flow events of sewage influent using trace chemical analysis of selected EDCs and four estrogenic in vitro bioassays. During the summer holiday season, influent volume increased by 68%, nutrient concentrations by at least 26% and hydraulic retention time was reduced by 40% compared with base flow conditions. Despite these pressures on the treatment system the concentrations and mass loading of estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, Bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol and technical nonylphenol were not significantly higher (p>0.05) during the peak flow conditions compared with base flow conditions. Chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays showed that the efficacy of the STP in removing EDCs was not affected by the different loadings between baseline and peak flow regimes. This study demonstrates that large flow variations within the design capacity of advanced multi-stage STPs should not reduce the removal efficacy of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Hamilton
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Michael Boake
- Veolia Water Australia, Level 4, Bay Centre, 65 Pirrama Road, Pyrmont, NSW 2009, Australia
| | - Richard P Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007, Australia
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Cavallin JE, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Villeneuve DL, Lee KE, Schroeder AL, Mayasich J, Eid EP, Nelson KR, Milsk RY, Blackwell BR, Berninger JP, LaLone CA, Blanksma C, Jicha T, Elonen C, Johnson R, Ankley GT. Pathway-based approaches for assessment of real-time exposure to an estrogenic wastewater treatment plant effluent on fathead minnow reproduction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:702-716. [PMID: 26332155 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are known contributors of chemical mixtures into the environment. Of particular concern are endocrine-disrupting compounds, such as estrogens, which can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function in exposed organisms. The present study examined reproductive effects in fathead minnows exposed for 21 d to a historically estrogenic WWTP effluent. Fathead minnow breeding pairs were held in control water or 1 of 3 effluent concentrations (5%, 20%, and 100%) in a novel onsite, flow-through system providing real-time exposure. The authors examined molecular and biochemical endpoints representing key events along adverse outcome pathways linking estrogen receptor activation and other molecular initiating events to reproductive impairment. In addition, the authors used chemical analysis of the effluent to construct a chemical-gene interaction network to aid in targeted gene expression analyses and identifying potentially impacted biological pathways. Cumulative fecundity was significantly reduced in fish exposed to 100% effluent but increased in those exposed to 20% effluent, the approximate dilution factor in the receiving waters. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations in males increased in a dose-dependent manner with effluent concentration; however, male fertility was not impacted. Although in vitro analyses, analytical chemistry, and biomarker responses confirmed the effluent was estrogenic, estrogen receptor agonists were unlikely the primary driver of impaired reproduction. The results provide insights into the significance of pathway-based effects with regard to predicting adverse reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Cavallin
- ORISE Research Participation Program, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathleen M Jensen
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael D Kahl
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathy E Lee
- Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, US Geological Survey, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anthony L Schroeder
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, University of Minnesota-Water Resources Center, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joe Mayasich
- Western Lake Superior Sanitary District, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Evan P Eid
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Krysta R Nelson
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca Y Milsk
- ORISE Research Participation Program, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- ORISE Research Participation Program, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason P Berninger
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chad Blanksma
- Badger Technical Services, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Terri Jicha
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colleen Elonen
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rodney Johnson
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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24
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Örn S, Holbech H, Norrgren L. Sexual disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to mixtures of 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-trenbolone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:225-231. [PMID: 26734721 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental estrogens and androgens can be present simultaneously in aquatic environments and thereby interact to disturb multiple physiological systems in organisms. Studies on interaction effects in fish of androgenic and estrogenic chemicals are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate feminization and masculinization effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to combinations of two synthetic steroid hormones detected in environmental waters: the androgen 17β-trenbolone (Tb) and the oestrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Juvenile zebrafish were exposed between days 20 and 60 post-hatch to different binary mixtures of Tb (1, 10, and 50 ng/L) and EE2 (2 and 5 ng/L). The endpoints studied were whole-body homogenate vitellogenin concentration at 40 days post-hatch, and sex ratio including gonad maturation at 60 days post-hatch. The feminizing potency of 5 ng/L of EE2, alone as well as in combination with Tb, was clear in the present study, with exposures resulting in almost all-female populations and females being sexually immature. Masculinization effects with male-biased sex ratios were observed when fish were exposed to 2 ng/L of EE2 in combination with Tb concentrations. Intersex fish were observed after exposure to mixtures of 2 ng/L EE2 with 50 ng/L Tb. Sexual maturity generally increased among males at increasing concentrations of Tb. The results of the present study show that exposure to environmentally relevant mixtures of an oestrogen and androgen affects the process of gonad differentiation in zebrafish and lead to sexual disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Semblante GU, Hai FI, Huang X, Ball AS, Price WE, Nghiem LD. Trace organic contaminants in biosolids: Impact of conventional wastewater and sludge processing technologies and emerging alternatives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:1-17. [PMID: 26151380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper critically reviews the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in biosolids, with emphasis on identifying operation conditions that impact the accumulation of TrOCs in sludge during conventional wastewater and sludge treatment and assessing the technologies available for TrOC removal from biosolids. The fate of TrOCs during sludge thickening, stabilisation (e.g. aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, alkaline stabilisation, and composting), conditioning, and dewatering is elucidated. Operation pH, sludge retention time (SRT), and temperature have significant impact on the sorption and biodegradation of TrOCs in activated sludge that ends up in the sludge treatment line. Anaerobic digestion may exacerbate the estrogenicity of sludge due to bioconversion to more potent metabolites. Application of advanced oxidation or thermal pre-treatment may minimise TrOCs in biosolids by increasing the bioavailability of TrOCs, converting TrOCs into more biodegradable products, or inducing complete mineralisation of TrOCs. Treatment of sludge by bioaugmentation using various bacteria, yeast, or fungus has the potential to reduce TrOC levels in biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galilee U Semblante
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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26
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Verlicchi P, Zambello E. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in untreated and treated sewage sludge: Occurrence and environmental risk in the case of application on soil - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:750-67. [PMID: 26327643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review is based on 59 papers published between 2002 and 2015, referring to about 450 treatment trains providing data regarding sludge concentrations for 169 compounds, specifically 152 pharmaceuticals and 17 personal care products, grouped into 28 different classes. The rationale of the study is to provide data to evaluate the environmental risk posed by the spreading of treated sludge in agriculture. Following discussion of the legislative scenario governing the final disposal of treated sludge in European countries and the USA, the study provides a snapshot of the occurrence of selected compounds in primary, secondary, mixed, digested, conditioned, composted and dried sludge originating in municipal wastewater treatment plants fed mainly with urban wastewater as well as in sludge-amended soil. Not only are measured values reported, but also predicted concentrations based on Kd values are reported. It emerges that in secondary sludge, the highest concentrations were found for fragrances, antiseptics and antibiotics and an attenuation in their concentrations occurs during treatment, in particular anaerobic digestion and composting. An in-depth literature survey of the (measured and predicted) Kd values for the different compounds and treated sludge are reported and an analysis of the influence of pH, redox conditions, sludge type was carried out. The data regarding measured and predicted concentrations of selected compounds in sludge-amended soil is then analyzed. Finally an environmental risk assessment posed by their occurrence in soil in the case of land application of sludge is examined, and the results obtained by different authors are compared. The most critical compounds found in the sludge-amended soil are estradiol, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline, caffeine, triclosan and triclocarban. The study concludes with a focus on the main issues that should be further investigated in order to refine the environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara, Italy; Technopole Terra and Acqua Tech, Via Borsari 46, 44123 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - E Zambello
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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27
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Vymazal J, Březinová T, Koželuh M. Occurrence and removal of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone in three constructed wetlands treating municipal sewage in the Czech Republic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:625-631. [PMID: 26247691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic hormones, progesterone and testosterone are endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their presence in aquatic environments represents a potentially adverse environmental and public health impact. There is a considerable amount of information about removal of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone in conventional wastewater treatment plants, namely activated sludge systems. However, the information about removal of these compounds in constructed wetlands is very limited. Three constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow in the Czech Republic have been selected to evaluate removal of estrogens (estrone, estriol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol), testosterone and progesterone. Monitored constructed wetlands for 100, 150 and 200 PE have been in operation for more than 10 years and all systems exhibit very high treatment efficiency for organics and suspended solids. The results indicate that removal of all estrogens, progesterone and testosterone was high and only estrone was found in the outflow from one constructed wetland in concentrations above the limit of quantification 1 ng l(-1). The limits of quantification for other estrogens, i.e., 10 ng l(-1) for estriol, 1 ng l(-1) for 17β-estradiol and 2 ng l(-1) for 17α-ethinylestradiol were not exceeded in the outflow of all monitored constructed wetlands. Also, for progesterone and testosterone, all outflow concentrations were below the LOQ of 0.5 ng l(-1). The results indicated that constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow are a promising technology for elimination of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone from municipal sewage but more information is needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vymazal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Březinová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Koželuh
- Povodí Vltavy, a.s., Denisovo nábřeží 14, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
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28
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Roberts J, Bain PA, Kumar A, Hepplewhite C, Ellis DJ, Christy AG, Beavis SG. Tracking multiple modes of endocrine activity in Australia's largest inland sewage treatment plant and effluent- receiving environment using a panel of in vitro bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2271-81. [PMID: 25939690 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenicity of sewage effluents, and related ecotoxicological effects in effluent-receiving environments, have been widely reported over the last 2 decades. However, relatively little attention has been given to other endocrine pathways that may be similarly disrupted by a growing list of contaminants of concern. Furthermore, the Australian evidence base is limited compared with those of Europe and North America. During a low dilution period in summer, the authors investigated multiple endocrine potencies in Australia's largest inland sewage treatment plant (STP) and the Lower Molonglo/Upper Murrumbidgee effluent-receiving environment. This STP receives 900 L/s of mostly domestic wastewater from a population of 350 000, and contributes a high proportion of total flow in the lower catchment during dry periods. A panel of in vitro receptor-driven transactivation assays were used to detect (anti)estrogenic, (anti) androgenic, (anti)progestagenic, glucocorticoid, and peroxisome-proliferator activity at various stages of the sewage treatment process. Total estrogenic and (anti)androgenic potency was removed after primary and/or secondary treatment; however, total removal efficiency for glucocorticoid potency was poorer (53-66%), and progestagenic potency was found to increase along the treatment train. Estrogenicity was detected in surface waters and bed sediments upstream and downstream of the effluent outfall, at maximum levels 10 times lower than low-hazard thresholds. Glucocorticoid and progestagenic activity were found to persist to 4 km downstream of the effluent outfall, suggesting that future research is needed on these endocrine-disrupting chemical categories in effluent-receiving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Roberts
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter A Bain
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anupama Kumar
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - David J Ellis
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew G Christy
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sara G Beavis
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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29
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Burkina V, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:430-44. [PMID: 26278678 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is an issue of concern. Current evidence indicates that the risks to fish greatly depend on the nature and concentrations of the pharmaceuticals and might be species-specific. Assessment of risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic species. In mammals and fish, pharmaceuticals are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). Thus, CYP450 activity is a crucial factor determining the detoxification abilities of organisms. Massive numbers of toxicological studies have investigated the interactions of human pharmaceuticals with detoxification systems in various fish species. In this paper, we review the effects of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments on fish hepatic CYP450. Moreover, we discuss the roles of nuclear receptors in cellular regulation and the effects of various groups of chemicals on fish, presented in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Shepherd BO, Erler DV, Tait DR, van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Eyre BD. Behaviour of estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in permeable carbonate sands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11340-11348. [PMID: 25804658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of four estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3), was measured in saturated and unsaturated carbonate sand-filled columns dosed with wastewater from a sewage treatment plant. The estrogen equivalency (EEQ) of inlet wastewater was 1.2 ng L(-1) and was remediated to an EEQ of 0.5 ng L(-1) through the unsaturated carbonate sand-filled columns. The high surface area of carbonate sand and associated high microbial activity may have assisted the degradation of these estrogens. The fully saturated sand columns showed an increase in total estrogenic potency with an EEQ of 2.4 ng L(-1), which was double that of the inlet wastewater. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in total estrogenic potency between aerobic and anaerobic columns. The breakdown of conjugated estrogens to estrogenic EDCs formed under long residence time and reducing conditions may have been responsible for the increase in the fully saturated columns. This may also be explained by the desorption of previously sorbed estrogenic EDCs. The effect of additional filter materials, such as basalt sediment and coconut fibre, on estrogenic EDC reduction was also tested. None of these amendments provided improvements in estrogen remediation relative to the unamended unsaturated carbonate sand columns. Aerobic carbonate sand filters have good potential to be used as on-site wastewater treatment systems for the reduction of estrogenic EDCs. However, the use of fully saturated sand filters, which are used to promote denitrification, and the loss of nitrogen as N2 were shown to cause an increase in EEQ. The potential for the accumulation of estrogenic EDCs under anaerobic conditions needs to be considered when designing on-site sand filtration systems required to reduce nitrogen. Furthermore, the accumulation of estrogens under anaerobic conditions such as under soil absorption systems or leachate fields has the potential to contaminate groundwater especially when the water table levels fluctuate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Shepherd
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia,
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31
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Vajda AM, Kumar A, Woods M, Williams M, Doan H, Tolsher P, Kookana RS, Barber LB. Integrated assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluent estrogenicity in the Upper Murray River, Australia, using the native Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1078-1087. [PMID: 25645549 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of major continental river systems by endocrine-active chemicals (EACs) derived from the discharge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can affect human and ecosystem health. As part of a long-term effort to develop a native fish model organism for assessment of endocrine disruption in Australia's largest watershed, the Murray-Darling River Basin, the present study evaluated endocrine disruption in adult males of the native Australian Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) exposed to effluent from an activated sludge WWTP and water from the Murray River during a 28-d, continuous-flow, on-site experiment. Analysis of the WWTP effluent and river water detected estrone and 17β-estradiol at concentrations up to approximately 25 ng L(-1) . Anti-estrogenicity of effluent samples was detected in vitro using yeast-based bioassays (yeast estrogen screen) throughout the experiment, but estrogenicity was limited to the first week of the experiment. Histological evaluation of the testes indicated significant suppression of spermatogenesis by WWTP effluent after 28 d of exposure. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations and expression of vitellogenin messenger RNA in liver were not significantly affected by exposure to WWTP effluent. The combination of low contaminant concentrations in the WWTP effluent, limited endocrine disrupting effects in the Murray rainbowfish, and high in-stream dilution factors (>99%) suggest minimal endocrine disruption impacts on native Australian fish in the Murray River downstream from the WWTP outfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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32
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Dinis TBV, Passos H, Lima DLD, Esteves VI, Coutinho JAP, Freire MG. One-step extraction and concentration of estrogens for an adequate monitoring of wastewater using ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2015; 17:2570-2579. [PMID: 26379470 PMCID: PMC4568319 DOI: 10.1039/c5gc00077g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone that has been recognized as one of the most prominent endocrine disruptors found in the aqueous environment. Nevertheless, the low content of EE2 in wastewater makes its identification/quantification unfeasible - a major drawback for the evaluation of its persistence and environmental impact. In this context, a novel extraction/concentration method for EE2 from wastewater is proposed here based on aqueous biphasic systems composed of ionic liquids (ILs). Aqueous biphasic systems formed by several hydrophilic ILs and KNaC4H4O6 were initially screened and optimized, with extraction efficiencies of EE2 for the IL-rich phase ranging between 92 and 100%. Remarkable results were obtained with systems that allow the complete extraction of EE2 in a single-step, and without loss of EE2 or the saturation of the extractive phase. Further, the concentration factors of EE2 attainable with these systems were investigated by a suitable manipulation of the composition of the phase-forming components and the corresponding volumes of the coexisting phases. An outstanding concentration of EE2 up to 1000-fold (from ng L-1 to μg L-1) in a single extraction and concentration step was achieved for the first time with IL-based aqueous biphasic systems. These systems are straightforwardly envisaged for the monitoring of wastewater as one-step extraction and concentration routes for a wide array of endocrine disrupting chemicals while allowing an adequate evaluation of their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B. V. Dinis
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Passos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L. D. Lima
- Chemistry Department, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Complementary Sciences, Superior School of Health Technology of Coimbra, 3040-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I. Esteves
- Chemistry Department, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Huang B, Sun W, Li X, Liu J, Li Q, Wang R, Pan X. Effects and bioaccumulation of 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol following long-term exposure in crucian carp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:169-76. [PMID: 25463868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation and effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) were assessed by crucian carp (Carassius auratus) following single and binary mixture exposures in flow-through exposure system for 16 months. In comparison with water control (DWC) and solvent control (SC), a significant reduction in body weight, body length and gonadosomatic index (GSI), and increase in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and plasma vitellogenin (VTG) levels were observed, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of E2 and EE2 in fish muscle ranged from 3.2 to 40 and from 64 to 123, respectively. Crucian carp were found to be more sensitive to EE2 than E2. The bioaccumulation and toxicological effects in binary mixture exposed fish (mixture of E2 and EE2) were more significant than exposure of individual compound. Crucian carp is sensitive to E2 and EE2 in long-term laboratory exposure experiments and can be used as a potential model species for investigating the toxicity of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jingliang Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Renmin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China.
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Huang B, Li X, Sun W, Ren D, Li X, Li X, Liu Y, Li Q, Pan X. Occurrence, removal, and fate of progestogens, androgens, estrogens, and phenols in six sewage treatment plants around Dianchi Lake in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12898-12908. [PMID: 24974791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sewage treatment plants (STPs), especially estrogens and phenols, have been closely concerned in previous studies. However, the systematical researches about progestogens and androgens were scarce in STPs adopting different treatment technologies. This work investigated the occurrence, removal, and fate of one progestogen, three androgens, four estrogens, and six phenols in six STPs around Dianchi Lake in China, where the influents, effluents of primary treatment, secondary treatment, and advanced treatment, as well as excess sludge samples, were analyzed. All of the above EDCs were detected out in influents of the six STPs. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate, and nonylphenol-diethoxylate were the dominant EDCs detected in those influent samples with the concentrations that varied from 637.6 to 1,684.0 ng/L, 633.8 to 1,540.0 ng/L, and 648.7 to 2,246.0 ng/L, respectively; E1 and dihydrotestosterone were the major steroids with the mean concentration of 126.8 and 277.4 ng/L. For effluents and sludges, phenols showed higher concentration (366.8-1,233.0 ng/L and 1,478.1-6,948.9 ng/g dry weight (dw)) and detection rate (100 %). The total removal rates were more than 80 % for most compounds in wastewater treatment processes, and high removal efficiency (86-100 %) was found for androgens and progestogens compared with estrogens (75-92 %) and phenols (62-85 %). The secondary treatment processes play significant roles on degrading EDCs, whereas the primary sedimentation has little effects. The treatment capacity of anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic membrane bioreactor and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic technologies was superior to the conventional oxidation ditch in the degradation of EDCs. The advanced treatment process, two units of filter (D-type or V-type), and ultraviolet disinfection were adopted and presented effective to remove these compounds. According to fate analysis, it was obvious that biological degradation was the main pathway on the removal of EDCs in STPs compared with adsorption. Risk quotients were calculated to assess ecological risks of those EDCs. Risk quotients of 54 and 61 % were more than 1 in effluents and sludges, respectively, showing potential hazard of effluents and sludges to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
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Scott PD, Bartkow M, Blockwell SJ, Coleman HM, Khan SJ, Lim R, McDonald JA, Nice H, Nugegoda D, Pettigrove V, Tremblay LA, Warne MSJ, Leusch FDL. An assessment of endocrine activity in Australian rivers using chemical and in vitro analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12951-12967. [PMID: 24981035 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on endocrine disruption in Australia have mainly focused on wastewater effluents. Limited knowledge exists regarding the relative contribution of different potential sources of endocrine active compounds (EACs) to the aquatic environment (e.g., pesticide run-off, animal farming operations, urban stormwater, industrial inputs). In this study, 73 river sites across mainland Australia were sampled quarterly for 1 year. Concentrations of 14 known EACs including natural and synthetic hormones and industrial compounds were quantified by chemical analysis. EACs were detected in 88 % of samples (250 of 285) with limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.05 to 20 ng/l. Bisphenol A (BPA; LOQ = 20 ng/l) was the most frequently detected EAC (66 %) and its predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was exceeded 24 times. The most common hormone was estrone, detected in 28 % of samples (LOQ = 1 ng/l), and the PNEC was also exceeded 24 times. 17α-Ethinylestradiol (LOQ = 0.05 ng/l) was detected in 10 % of samples at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.17 ng/l. It was detected in many samples with no wastewater influence, and the PNEC was exceeded 13 times. In parallel to the chemical analysis, endocrine activity was assessed using a battery of CALUX bioassays. Estrogenic activity was detected in 19 % (53 of 285) of samples (LOQ = 0.1 ng/l 17β-estradiol equivalent; EEQ). Seven samples exhibited estrogenic activity (1-6.5 ng/l EEQ) greater than the PNEC for 17β-estradiol. Anti-progestagenic activity was detected in 16 % of samples (LOQ = 8 ng/l mifepristone equivalents; MifEQ), but the causative compounds are unknown. With several compounds and endocrine activity exceeding PNEC values, there is potential risk to the Australian freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Scott
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Geng Q, Li P, Zhang W, Deng Y, Duan Y, Cao Y. The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of synthetic estrogen quinestrol in crucian carp. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:84-90. [PMID: 24997302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in aquatic species have attracted close attention during the last decades. In this study, the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of synthetic estrogen quinestrol, one of the typical EDCs, in the plasma and liver of crucian carp, were investigated by a newly developed and validated reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection method. Crucian carp were exposed to quinestrol in concentration of 2, 10, 50, 100 μg/L (5.49, 27.43, 137.17, 274.34 nmol/L) for 60 days. After 60 days' exposure, the concentrations of quinestrol found in liver and plasma were in the range of 0.25-0.69 mg/kg and 0.19-0.30 mg/L respectively, positively correlated with the exposure concentrations ranged 2-100 μg/L (5.49-274.34 nmol/L). There was a negative correlation between the bio-accumulation ratios and the exposure concentrations of quinestrol. 17α-Ethinylestradiol was also found in liver and plasma, and the concentrations were 0.02-0.19 mg/kg and 0.37-0.96 mg/L, respectively. The results indicated that quinestrol can be accumulated and transformed to 17α-ethinylestradiol in crucian carp. Moreover, exposure to quinestrol caused oxidative damages to crucian carp and the content of malondialdehyde increased in all treatment concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Geng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingliang Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Deng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongheng Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsong Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Scott PD, Bartkow M, Blockwell SJ, Coleman HM, Khan SJ, Lim R, McDonald JA, Nice H, Nugegoda D, Pettigrove V, Tremblay LA, Warne MSJ, Leusch FDL. A national survey of trace organic contaminants in Australian rivers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1702-1712. [PMID: 25603256 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.01.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic contaminant (TrOC) studies in Australia have, to date, focused on wastewater effluents, leaving a knowledge gap of their occurrence and risk in freshwater environments. This study measured 42 TrOCs including industrial compounds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at 73 river sites across Australia quarterly for 1 yr. Trace organic contaminants were found in 92% of samples, with a median of three compounds detected per sample (maximum 18). The five most commonly detected TrOCs were the pharmaceuticals salicylic acid (82%, maximum = 1530 ng/L), paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen; 45%, maximum = 7150 ng/L), and carbamazepine (27%, maximum = 682 ng/L), caffeine (65%, maximum = 3770 ng/L), and the flame retardant (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (44%, maximum = 184 ng/L). Pesticides were detected in 28% of the samples. To determine the risk posed by the detected TrOCs to the aquatic environment, hazard quotients were calculated by dividing the maximum concentration detected for each compound by the predicted no-effect concentrations. Three of the 42 compounds monitored (the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole and the herbicide simazine) had a hazard quotient >1, suggesting that they may be causing adverse effects at the most polluted sites. A further 10 compounds had hazard quotients >0.1, indicating a potential risk; these included four pharmaceuticals, three personal care products, and three pesticides. Most compounds had hazard quotients significantly <0.1. The number of TrOCs measured in this study was limited and further investigations are required to fully assess the risk posed by complex mixtures of TrOCs on exposed biota.
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Nie M, Yang Y, Liu M, Yan C, Shi H, Dong W, Zhou JL. Environmental estrogens in a drinking water reservoir area in Shanghai: occurrence, colloidal contribution and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:785-91. [PMID: 24364991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and multi-phase distribution of six environmental estrogen compounds were investigated in a drinking water reservoir area by analyzing estrogens in suspended particulate matter (SPM), filtrate (conventional dissolved phase, <1 μm), permeate (truly soluble phase, <1 kDa) and retentate (colloidal phase, 1 kDa to 1 μm). The estrogen concentrations at different sites occurred in the following order: animal feed operation (AFO) wastewater-affected streams>tributaries>main stream channel. Correlation analysis showed that organic carbon (OC) contents had significantly positive correlations with environmental estrogens in filtrate, SPM and colloidal phases, respectively, indicating the important role played by OC. Aquatic colloids, often neglected, showed a much higher sorption capability of environmental estrogens compared to SPM. Similar Kcoc values in three types of sampling sites showed that colloids could be transported from AFO wastewater to tributaries and further into the main river channel. Mass balance calculations showed that 14.5-68.4% of OP, 4.5-32.1% of BPA, 2.0-58.4% of E1, 8.36-72.0% of E2, 0-20.6% of EE2, 3.4-62.7% of E3 and 8.3-36.1% of total estrogens were associated with colloidal fractions, suggesting that the colloids could act as a significant sink for environmental estrogens. Risk assessment demonstrated that the occurrence of environmental estrogens might pose a risk to aquatic organisms in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - John L Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Kozłowska-Tylingo K, Konieczka P, Gustaw E, Wasik A, Namieśnik J. Comparison of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods with Different Detectors for Determination of Steroid Hormones in Aqueous Matrices. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.874014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marti EJ, Batista JR. Impact of secondary treatment types and sludge handling processes on estrogen concentration in wastewater sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1056-1067. [PMID: 24239827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), such as estrogen, are known to be present in the aquatic environment at concentrations that negatively affect fish and other wildlife. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major contributors of EDCs into the environment. EDCs are released via effluent discharge and land application of biosolids. Estrogen removal in WWTPs has been studied in the aqueous phase; however, few researchers have determined estrogen concentration in sludge. This study focuses on estrogen concentration in wastewater sludge as a result of secondary treatment types and sludge handling processes. Grab samples were collected before and after multiple treatment steps at two WWTPs receiving wastewater from the same city. The samples were centrifuged into aqueous and solid phases and then processed using solid phase extraction. Combined natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol and estriol) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) purchased from a manufacturer. Results confirmed that activated sludge treatments demonstrate greater estrogen removal compared to trickling filters and mass concentration of estrogen was measured for the first time on trickling filter solids. Physical and mechanical sludge treatment processes, such as gravity thickeners and centrifuges, did not significantly affect estrogen removal based on mass balance calculations. Dissolved air flotation thickening demonstrated a slight decrease in estrogen concentration, while anaerobic digestion resulted in increased mass concentration of estrogen on the sludge and a high estrogen concentration in the supernatant. Although there are no state or federally mandated discharge effluent standards or sludge application standards for estrogen, implications from this study are that trickling filters would need to be exchanged for activated sludge treatment or followed by an aeration basin in order to improve estrogen removal. Also, anaerobic digestion may need to be replaced with aerobic digestion for sludge that is intended for land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Marti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA.
| | - Jacimaria R Batista
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA
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41
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Abumourad I, Bizarro C, Aragón P, Maquieira &A, Vallejo A, Zuloaga O, Alda MLD, Josep B, Barceló D, Cagaraville M, Ortiz-zarragoitia M. Hazards of the Endocrine Disruptors on Mullets ( Chelon labrosus) from the Basque Coast (Bay of Biscay) Applying a Biomarker Based Approach. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abumourad
- CBET Research Group, UPV/EHU
- Deparment of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center
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42
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Rose KP, Farenhorst A, Claeys A, Ascef B. 17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in sewage sludge and biosolids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:871-879. [PMID: 25190562 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.938559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 β-estradiol, E2), synthetic steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) and pharmaceutical antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are chemicals detected in biosolids and sewage sludges because they partition into the solids fraction during the wastewater treatment process. This research utilized a three-way factorial design (six media × two estrogens × three antibiotic treatments) to quantify cumulative E2 and EE2 mineralization over 133 d (MAX) in a range of sewage sludge and biosolid samples in the presence (4 and 40 mg kg(-1)) and absence of ciprofloxacin. The same three-way factorial design was utilized to quantify the impact of the six media, E2 or EE2, and ciprofloxacin on cumulative soil respiration over 133 d (RESP). Minimal ciprofloxacin mineralization was observed (<0.05% over 133 d), but despite its persistence, ciprofloxacin had no significant effect on MAX of E2 or EE2, and, in general, no significant effect on RESP. MAX ranged from 38.38% to 48.44% for E2 but from only 0.72% to 24.27% for EE2 although RESP was relatively similar, ranging from 101.00 to 866.54 mg CO2 in the presence of E2 and from 69.55 to 893.95 mg CO2 in the presence of EE2. The sorption-limited bioavailability of EE2, which is inherently resistant to biodegradation due to chemical structure, as MAX and Freundlich sorption coefficients (Kf) were negatively correlated. As such, the Kf values of EE2 were largest in composted biosolids in which EE2 was particularly resistant to microbial degradation as the MAX of EE2 was <3%. In contrast, the MAX of E2 showed a positive association with the Kf values of E2 because some steps in the E2 transformation process have been found to occur in the sorbed phase. The MAX of E2 was significantly greater in the biosolid and composted biosolid media than in any other media, whereas the MAX of E2 decreased in the following order: secondary sewage sludge > primary sewage sludge > biosolid = composted biosolid. This suggests that sewage sludges in municipal lagoons and pre-treatment holding lagoons are a more favorable media for mineralization of EE2, whereas biosolids in post-treatment storage lagoons are a more favorable media for the mineralization of E2. The presence of ciprofloxacin will have no impact on the potential E2 or EE2 mineralization rates in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin P Rose
- a Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
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43
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Langdon KA, Warne MSTJ, Smernik RJ, Shareef A, Kookana RS. Persistence of estrogenic activity in soils following land application of biosolids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:26-8. [PMID: 24105812 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic compounds may enter the environment when biosolids are applied to land. In the present study, soil samples were collected over 4 mo from a field trial following addition of biosolids. The recombinant yeast estrogen screen bioassay identified estrogenic activity in the soil at all sampling times to concentrations up to 2.3 µg 17β-estradiol equivalency/kg. The present results indicate the potential for estrogenic compounds to persist in soil following biosolids application.
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Tassinari B, Doherty S, Marison IW. Submicron capsules extracted from rapeseed as novel flocculant agents for the treatment of turbid water. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4957-4965. [PMID: 23850208 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation is an important step in water treatment as it is responsible for the separation of suspended solids and colloids. The currently used flocculants have certain limitations with respect to environmental impact and disposal as well as potentially being harmful to human health, which has encouraged the study of natural flocculants originating from oleaginous plants. Oil-bodies are individual small organelles in which oleaginous seeds store triacylglycerols reserves. In this article, the flocculant properties of oil-bodies have been investigated. Oil-bodies flocculate at pH 5, 7 and 9 and high ionic strength (100 mM NaCl) and it was demonstrated that their intact structure is necessary for the flocculation activity as treatment with protease K and diethyl ether, that remove the protein coat and the oil-core, respectively, dramatically decreased the flocculation activity. This study shows that oil-bodies have the potential to be novel, natural, sustainable, environmentally friendly and biodegradable flocculant candidates for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tassinari
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Sun Y, Huang H, Sun Y, Wang C, Shi XL, Hu HY, Kameya T, Fujie K. Ecological risk of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage plant effluent and reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:339-344. [PMID: 23735815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The long-term ecological risk of micropollutants, especially endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has threatened reclaimed water quality. In this study, estrogenic activity and ecological risk of eight typical estrogenic EDCs in effluents from sewage plants were evaluated. The estrogenic activity analysis showed that steroidal estrogens had the highest estrogenic activity (ranged from 10(-1) to 10(3) ng-E2/L), phenolic compounds showed weaker estrogenic activity (mainly ranged from 10(-3) to 10 ng-E2/L), and phthalate esters were negligible. The ecological risk of the estrogenic EDCs which was characterized by risk quotient ranged from 10(-4) to 10(3), with an order in descending: steroids estrogens, phenolic compounds and phthalate esters. The eight estrogenic EDCs were scored and sorted based on the comparison of the estrogenic activity and the ecological risk, suggesting that 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) should be the priority EDCs to control in municipal sewage plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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46
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Green C, Williams R, Kanda R, Churchley J, He Y, Thomas S, Goonan P, Kumar A, Jobling S. Modeling of steroid estrogen contamination in UK and South Australian rivers predicts modest increases in concentrations in the future. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7224-7232. [PMID: 23631391 DOI: 10.1021/es3051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of risks posed by pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment now and in the future is one of the top 20 research questions regarding these contaminants following growing concern for their biological effects on fish and other animals. To this end it is important that areas experiencing the greatest risk are identified, particularly in countries experiencing water stress, where dilution of pollutants entering river networks is more limited. This study is the first to use hydrological models to estimate concentrations of pharmaceutical and natural steroid estrogens in a water stressed catchment in South Australia alongside a UK catchment and to forecast their concentrations in 2050 based on demographic and climate change predictions. The results show that despite their differing climates and demographics, modeled concentrations of steroid estrogens in effluents from Australian sewage treatment works and a receiving river were predicted (simulated) to be similar to those observed in the UK and Europe, exceeding the combined estradiol equivalent's predicted no effect concentration for feminization in wild fish. Furthermore, by 2050 a moderate increase in estrogenic contamination and the potential risk to wildlife was predicted with up to a 2-fold rise in concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Green
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK.
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Luo Q, Adams P, Lu J, Cabrera M, Huang Q. Influence of poultry litter land application on the concentrations of estrogens in water and sediment within a watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1383-1390. [PMID: 23695171 DOI: 10.1039/c3em30927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research studied the occurrence of estrogens in the Upper Satilla watershed, Georgia, USA, which was impacted by poultry litter land application and discharge from a sewage treatment plant (STP) receiving poultry wastes. Over 14 months, four estrogens in stream water, sediment, suspended particles, and STP samples were quantified by LC/MS. Estrogens were consistently found in the STP influent with high concentrations while they were below the detection limits in the majority of stream water, suspended particles, and sediment. Estrone, 17β-estradiol, and estriol were found in 18% of stream water samples with concentrations up to 46.4, 67.2, and 125 ng L(-1), respectively. However, 17α-ethinylestradiol was only detected in STP samples. Estrogens were found in 14% of suspended particle samples with the median concentration being 27.5 ng g(-1) for estrone, 104.5 ng g(-1) for 17β-estradiol, and 93.9 ng g(-1) for estriol. The estrogen concentrations in sediment were <4.95 ng g(-1), indicating that sediment is not a major sink for estrogens in this watershed. The quantitative analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of the estrogens suggests the occasional elevation of estrogens in the watershed above the predicted-no-effect-concentrations to fish likely to be associated with litter disposal and rainfall events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
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Han J, Qiu W, Cao Z, Hu J, Gao W. Adsorption of ethinylestradiol (EE2) on polyamide 612: molecular modeling and effects of water chemistry. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2273-84. [PMID: 23466220 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that ethinylestradiol (EE2), a priority estrogenic contaminant in water, can be rapidly and selectively removed from aqueous solutions using industrial-grade polyamide 612 (PA612) particles as adsorbents. Isothermal studies showed that nonporous low surface area (20 m(2) g(-1)) PA612 particles had a maximum adsorption capacity of 25.4 mg g(-1) for EE2 in water, which is higher or comparable to the results obtained with two benchmark activated carbon (AC) adsorbents (10.4-27.6 mg g(-1)). The adsorption of EE2 on PA612 followed pseudo-second order kinetics with a high adsorption rate exceeding those of the ACs by 5.3- to 22.4-fold. Computational chemistry calculations and molecular modeling showed that the strong binding affinity between EE2 and PA612 originates from the hydrophobic partitioning of EE2 solutes and hydrogen bonding interactions on PA612 amide groups. PA612 showed high adsorption selectivity for EE2 in water with highly consistent adsorption capacities for EE2 under the influence of a range of water chemistry parameters, including water salinity (NaCl, 1 mM-1 M), metal ions (K(I), Ca(II), and Zn(II); 0.1 M), natural organic matter (humic acids, 0.2-5 mg L(-1)), and pH level (4.8-9.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Sludge/water partition and biochemical transformation of estrone and 17β-estradiol in a pilot-scale step-feed anoxic/oxic wastewater treatment system. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Photocatalytic degradation of some endocrine disrupting compounds by modified TiO2 under UV or halogen lamp illumination. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-013-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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