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do Nascimento RDKS, Carvalho JS, Miranda RR, Lima MA, Rocha FV, Zucolotto V, Lynch I, Urban RC. In vitro toxicity and lung cancer risk: Atmospheric particulate matter from a city in southeastern Brazil impacted by biomass burning. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139484. [PMID: 37442389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of PM10 on human health were investigated using samples collected in São Carlos city (São Paulo state), by the determination of the concentrations of PAHs and derivatives, together with evaluations of cytotoxicity and the formation of ROS in in vitro tests. In 2016, the mean concentrations of PM10, ΣPAHs, Σoxy-PAHs, Σnitro-PAHs, Σsaccharides, and Σions were 21.12 ± 9.90 μg m-3, 1.47 ± 1.70 ng m-3, 0.37 ± 0.31 ng m-3, 0.84 ng m-3, 119.91 ± 62.14 ng m-3, and 5.66 ± 4.52 μg m-3, respectively. The PM10 concentrations did not exceed the limit thresholds set by national legislation, however, the annual lung cancer risk calculated was 2.59 ± 1.22 cases per 100,000 people, in the dry season, which accounts for the annual risk (April to September). Moreover, the carcinogenic activities of the PAHs mixture were more than 1000-fold higher in the dry season (dry season: BaPeq = 0.30 ng m-3; wet season BaPeq = 0.02 ng m-3). The concentrations of most analytes were also higher during the dry season, as had already been demonstrated in the same city. This was due to reductions in precipitation, relative humidity and air temperature, and increased biomass burning, which was the main source of PM10 in the city in 2016 (contribution rate of more than 50%). Toxicological results also showed the negative impacts of PM10, exposure to PM10 extracts for 72 h reduced the viability of A549 and MRC5 cells, and the formation of ROS was observed. The cellular responses obtained using combined and individual extracts of PM10 differed and were sometimes associated with specific compounds. These demonstrate the importance of monitoring PM toxicity using different approaches and the main anthropogenic sources' contribution. Therefore, to improve air quality and human health, existing legislation needs to be modified to incorporate these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas S Carvalho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Miranda
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro A Lima
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fillipe V Rocha
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta C Urban
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Misaki K, Tue NM, Takamura-Enya T, Takigami H, Suzuki G, Tuyen LH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Antiandrogenic and Estrogenic Activity Evaluation of Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression Assays. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:80. [PMID: 36612408 PMCID: PMC9819389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To establish the risk of the endocrine disrupting activity of polycyclic aromatic compounds, especially oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively), antiandrogenic and estrogenic activities were determined using chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assays with human osteoblast sarcoma cells. A total of 27 compounds including 9 oxy-PAHs (polycyclic aromatic ketones and quinones) and 8 nitro-PAHs was studied. The oxy-PAHs of 7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (BAO), 11H-benzo[a]fluoren-11-one (B[a]FO), 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one (B[b]FO), and phenanthrenequinone (PhQ) exhibited significantly the potent inhibition of AR activation. All nitro-PAHs exhibited high antiandrogenic activities (especially high for 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA) and 3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (3-NBAO)), and the AR inhibition was confirmed as noncompetitive for 3-NFA, 3-NBAO, and 1,3-dinitropyrene (1,3-DNPy). Antiandrogenic activity of 3-NFA demonstrated characteristically a U-shaped dose-response curve; however, the absence of fluorescence effect on the activity was confirmed. The prominent estrogenic activity dependent on dose-response curve was confirmed for 2 oxy-PAHs (i.e., B[a]FO and B[b]FO). Elucidating the role of AR and ER on the effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g., oxy- and nitro-PAHs) to endocrine dysfunctions in mammals and aquatic organisms remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Misaki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Vietnam
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Agricultural Faculty, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Ma X, Wu S. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: toxicity, occurrence and potential sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4882-4903. [PMID: 36384378 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2146652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) functionalized with at least one carbonyl group and are generally thought to be more toxic than PAHs. In this review, the physical-chemical properties, toxicity, occurrence, and potential sources of OPAHs in food were comprehensively discussed. The toxicities of 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were prominent among the OPAHs. Both 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone exhibited strong genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone showed high genotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. Although 9,10-phenanthrenequinone showed no genotoxicity, it exhibited almost the strongest cytotoxicity. For the majority of foods, the concentrations of OPAHs and PAHs were on the same order of magnitude. OPAHs tend to be positively correlated with the corresponding PAH concentrations in oil and fried food, while for barbequed food and seafood, no obvious correlation was found. In addition, 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzanthrone and 1,2-acenaphthenequinone had high abundance in food. Environmental pollution, food composition, storage conditions, heating methods, and other treatments influence the accumulation of OPAHs in food. Furthermore, oxygen and water played an important role in the transformation from PAHs to OPAHs. In short, this review guides the evaluation and further reduction of OPAH-related health risks in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ning C, Gao Y, Yu H, Zhang H, Geng N, Cao R, Chen J. FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:51-60. [PMID: 34949373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-insoluble organic compounds (WIOCs) are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and 1875 molecular formulas were identified in WIOCs extracted by dichloromethane, which were collected in hazy and normal days, respectively. The identified molecular formulas were further classified into four major subgroups, including CH, CHN, CHO and CHNO compounds. CHO compounds predominated in WIOCs, accounting for more than 60% in both samples. CHNO compounds (26.6%) and CH compounds (16.1%) were the second highest subgroups in WIOCs from the hazy days and normal days, respectively. The relative abundance and number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds were significantly higher in hazy days than in normal days. The molecular composition of WIOCs was more complex in hazy days while more aromatic compounds were identified in normal days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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Target Screening of Hydroxylated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water Using Orbitrap High–Resolution Mass Spectrometry in a Lake in Hebei, China. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives are mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and bioaccumulative pollutants. Investigations on hydroxylated PAHs (OH–PAHs) and Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in surface water are not enough. In this study, optimization and validation of an analytical method targeting nine kinds of OH–PAHs and one kind of nitrated PAH in environmental water samples are presented. The method was validated for linearity, limits of detection and quantification and recovery using spiked matrix. The linear range of most target compounds was 0.1–200 ng∙mL−1. However, the linear range of 1–hydroxy pyrene and 3–hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene started at 1 ng∙mL−1 and the linear range of 1–hydroxy phenanthrene and 9–hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene could not reach 200 ng∙mL−1. All the correlation coefficients (r2) were over 0.997. The instrumental limits of detection (LOD) and method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.01 to 0.67 ng∙mL−1 and 1.11 to 2.26 ng∙L−1, respectively. With this method, a lake in Hebei province, China, were screened. Three kinds of target compounds were detected. The average concentration was around 2.5 ng∙L−1, while the highest concentration reached 286.54 ng∙L−1.
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Zhao L, Song S, Li P, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang L, Ji Y, Liu J, Guo L, Han J. Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:77-87. [PMID: 34607676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m3 and 0.15 ng/m3, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m3) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m3) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10-10, 3.49 × 10-9 and 1.41 × 10-8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10-6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shanjun Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Easy Clear (Tianjin) Environment Protection Science & Technology Co., Itd, Tianjin 300380, China; Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-Tec Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300462, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hebei research center for Geoanalysis, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinbao Han
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
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Shi J, Zhao Y, Xue L, Li G, Wu S, Guo X, Wang B, Huang J. Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after short-term fine particulate matter exposure: A randomized crossover trial of air filtration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117258. [PMID: 33964555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is sparse in the nonoccupationally exposed populations. A quasi-experimental observation of haze events nested within a randomized crossover trial of alternative 1-week real or sham indoor air filtration was conducted to evaluate the associations of urinary monohydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) with short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs. The study was conducted among 57 healthy college students in Beijing, China. PM2.5-bound PAHs and urinary OH-PAHs were quantified using gas chromatography coupled with a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to evaluate the association of urinary OH-PAHs with time-weighted personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs, controlling for potentially confounding variables. The results demonstrated that air filtration could markedly reduce external exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound parent, nitrated, and oxygenated PAHs. In the intervention trial, the urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OH-PHE) were elevated significantly by 16.5% (95% CI, 2.1%, 33.1%) and 37.9% (95% CI, 8.4%, 75.4%), respectively, in association with a doubling increase in personal PM2.5 exposure. Urinary 9-OH-PHE was also significantly positively associated with the increase in the sum of PM2.5-bound parent PAHs. Furthermore, the levels of urinary OH-PAHs such as 2-OH-FLU and 9-OH-PHE in the haze events were elevated by 31.1% (95% CI, 8.7%, 53.4%) and 73.5% (95% CI, 16.0%, 131.0%), respectively, in association with a doubling increase in personal PM2.5 exposure. The findings indicated that urinary 2-OH-FLU and 9-OH-PHE could serve as potential internal exposure biomarkers for assessing short-term PM2.5 exposure in nonoccupational populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhang Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijun Xue
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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Li J, Li J, Wang G, Ho KF, Dai W, Zhang T, Wang Q, Wu C, Li L, Li L, Zhang Q. Effects of atmospheric aging processes on in vitro induced oxidative stress and chemical composition of biomass burning aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123750. [PMID: 33113732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) has an important impact on local/regional air quality and human health in China, but most previous studies overlooked the influence of atmospheric aging processes on cytotoxicity and chemical composition of BB aerosols. In this study, we combined a combustion chamber and an oxidation flow reactor to generate fresh and aged BB PM2.5. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to PM2.5 preparation for 24 h, and then determined for particle-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. The particle-induced ROS production increased by 11 %-64 % after two days of aging, suggesting an enhancement of in vitro-induced oxidative stress (OS) of aged BB particles. Chemical analysis showed that organic matter (OM) was the dominant component with no changes in relative abundance for the fresh and aged BB particles. Organic polycyclic aromatic compounds and some metals showed strong correlations with ROS in fresh particles, indicating the important effects of these harmful components on the OS of fresh BB aerosols. However, such correlations were not found for the aged particles, which is possibly related to the loss of non- or low-toxic semivolatile compounds and the formation of secondary harmful OM (such as some N-containing organic compounds) during the atmospheric aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Li Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Xu C, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Wang K, Huang D, Wang S. Nontarget Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:109-119. [PMID: 33171047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic. 16 PAHs as priority pollutants listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency were usually monitored. Therefore, multiple potentially toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are not monitored. In this study, atmospheric particulate matter samples from Beijing were analyzed using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight (GC × GC-TOF) mass spectrometry. The FT-ICR data detected high molecular weight PAHs, alkylated PAHs (APAHs) and heteroatom PAHs. The GC × GC-TOF data tentatively identified 386 PACs in five categories of identification confidence. Twenty-one spectra in the unknown class were manually resolved. Eighty-two PACs with high identification confidence were proposed for further research. The identities of five PAHs and five APAHs that are currently not regulated were confirmed using available standards and quantified in some samples. Some of these PACs, such as dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (C22H14) and 1-methylpyrene (C17H12), should be of concern because of their contamination levels and the high toxicities of themselves and/or their derivatives. This study highlights the possibility of expanding the traditional lists of PAHs to improve pollution control and risk assessment accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Vondráček J, Pěnčíková K, Ciganek M, Pivnička J, Karasová M, Hýžďalová M, Strapáčová S, Pálková L, Neča J, Matthews J, Lom MV, Topinka J, Milcová A, Machala M. Environmental six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent inducers of the AhR-dependent signaling in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115125. [PMID: 32679438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of many environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular those of high-molecular-weight PAHs (with MW higher than 300), remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of selected environmentally relevant PAHs with MW 302 (MW302 PAHs) to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), since this represents a major toxic mode of action of PAHs. A large number of the evaluated compounds exhibited strong AhR-mediated activities, in particular in human models. The studied MW302 PAHs also significantly contributed to the overall calculated AhR activities of complex environmental mixtures, including both defined standard reference materials and collected diesel exhaust particles. The high AhR-mediated activities of representative MW302 PAHs, e.g. naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, corresponded with the modulation of expression of relevant AhR target genes in a human lung cell model, or with the AhR-dependent suppression of cell cycle progression/proliferation in estrogen-sensitive cells. This was in a marked contrast with the limited genotoxicity of the same compound(s). Given the substantial levels of the AhR-activating MW302 PAHs in combustion particles, it seems important to continue to investigate the toxic modes of action of this large group of PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pivnička
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hýžďalová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Strapáčová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Michal Vojtíšek Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Milcová
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhu M, Lu J, Hu Y, Liu Y, Hu S, Zhu C. Photochemical reactions between 1,4-benzoquinone and O 2•. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31289-31299. [PMID: 32488712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The superoxide anion radical (O2•-) is one of the most predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is also involved in diverse chemical and biological processes. In this study, O2•- was generated by irradiating riboflavin in an O2-saturated solution using an ultraviolet lamp (λem = 365 nm) as the light source. The photochemical reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone (p-BQ) by O2•- was explored by 355-nm laser flash photolysis (LFP) and 365-nm UV light steady irradiation. The results showed that the photodecomposition efficiency of p-BQ was influenced by the riboflavin concentration, p-BQ initial concentration, and pH values. The superoxide anion radical originating from riboflavin photolysis served as a reductant to react with p-BQ, forming reduced BQ radicals (BQ•-) with a second-order rate constant of 1.1 × 109 L mol-1 s-1. The main product of the photochemical reaction between p-BQ and O2•- was hydroquinone (H2Q). The present work suggests that the reaction with O2•- is a potential transformation pathway of 1, 4-benzoquinone in atmospheric aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Center of Analysis & Measurement, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Hu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuheng Hu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang L, Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Wei Y, Hu M, Zhao L, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. Size distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh combustion smoke and ambient air: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:370-384. [PMID: 31862078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and they mostly stem from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels. PAHs are inherently associated with homogenous fine particles or distributed to different-sized particles during the aging of air masses. PAHs carried by fine particles undergo a long-range transport to remote areas while those adsorbed on coarse particles have a shorter lifetime in ambient air. More importantly, PAHs with higher molecular weights tend to be bound with finer particles and can deeply enter the lungs, posing severe health risks to humans. Thus, the environmental fate and health effects of particulate PAHs are strongly size-dependent. This review summarizes the size distributions of particulate PAHs freshly emitted from combustion sources as well as the distribution patterns of PAHs in ambient particles. It was found that PAHs from stationary sources are primarily bound to fine particles, which are slightly larger than particles to which PAHs from mobile sources are bound. In ambient air, particulate PAHs are distributed in larger size modes than those in the combustion fume, and the particle size decreases with PAH molecular weight increasing. The relevant mechanisms and influencing factors of particle size distribution changes are illustrated in this article, which are essentially attributed to combustion and ambient temperature as well as the physical and chemical properties of PAHs. Overall, the study on the particle size distribution of PAHs will contribute for a full understanding of the origin, atmospheric behaviors and health effects of particulate PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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13
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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14
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Li J, Yang L, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Zhao T, Zhang J, Wang W. Seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs in PM 2.5 at heavily polluted urban and suburban sites in North China: Concentrations, molecular compositions, cancer risk assessments and sources. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 178:58-65. [PMID: 30999181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
16 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and 5 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in PM2.5 at two locations in Northern China were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Sampling was conducted at an urban site in Shandong University in Jinan (SDU) and a suburban site in Qixingtai in Jinan (QXT) in March, June, September and December in 2016. Overall, the concentrations of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at SDU (1.88 and 9.49 ng/m3, respectively) than QXT (1.57 and 6.90 ng/m3, respectively), and the NPAHs and OPAHs concentrations were significantly higher during the winter than the other seasons at both sites. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values were lower than 10-6 for all sites, seasons and age groups (ranging between 1.85E-08 and 2.56E-07), so there was no risk of carcinogenesis due to exposure to these pollutants. Total cancer risk at SDU was higher than QXT and NPAHs have the highest carcinogenic risk for adults aged from 30 to 70 years. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) results revealed that coal/biomass combustion, diesel vehicle emissions, gasoline vehicle emissions and secondary formation were the main sources of NPAHs and OPAHs at SDU and QXT. Coal/biomass combustion contributed more in spring, autumn and winter; diesel vehicle emission contributed the most in summer; secondary formation made greatest contributions in winter; the contributions of gasoline vehicle emission were similar in summer, autumn and winter. Diagnostic ratios clearly demonstrated that secondary formation is more active in winter than in other seasons, and the reactions of PAHs and OH radical were the dominant secondary formation pathway at both SDU and QXT. In addition, the potential source contribution function (PSCF) identified that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Shandong province, Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, Anhui province and Henan province were the main source regions of NPAHs and OPAHs in Jinan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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15
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White SJO, Hemond HF. Emerging investigator series: atmospheric cycling of indium in the northeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:623-634. [PMID: 30920568 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indium is critical to the global economy and is used in an increasing number of electronics and new energy technologies. However, little is known about its environmental behavior or impacts, including its concentrations or cycling in the atmosphere. This study determined indium concentrations in air particulate matter at five locations across the northeastern United States over the course of one year, in 1995. Historical records from a Massachusetts bog core showed that indium atmospheric concentrations in this region changed only modestly between 1995 and 2010. Atmospheric indium concentrations varied significantly both geographically and temporally, with average concentrations in PM3 of 2.1 ± 1.6 pg m-3 (1 standard deviation), and average particle-normalized concentrations of 0.2 ± 0.2 μg In per g PM3. Peaks in the particle-normalized concentrations in two New York sites were correlated with wind direction; air coming from the north contributed higher concentrations of indium than air coming from the west. This correlation, along with measurements of indium in zinc smelter emissions and coal fly ash, suggests that indium in the atmosphere in the northeastern United States comes from a relatively constant low-level input from coal combustion in the midwest, and higher but more sporadic contributions from the smelting of lead, zinc, copper, tin, and nickel north of the New York sample sites. Understanding the industrial sources of indium to the atmosphere and how they compare with natural sources can lead to a better understanding of the impact of human activities on the indium cycle, and may help to establish a baseline for monitoring future impacts as indium use grows.
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Singh VK, Li J, Zhang G. Concentrations, sources and health risk of nitrated- and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban indoor air and dust from four cities of Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1013-1023. [PMID: 30189518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate and behavior of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) have been documented worldwide, the information about PAH-derivatives (NPAHs and OPAHs) is limited, especially in developing countries, including Nepal. Moreover, the greater parts of the investigations concentrating on NPAHs/OPAHs are on the air (borne) particulate phase only; and are primarily based on a limited number of compounds analyzed. Little is known about the environmental concentration, fate, and behavior of NPAHs and OPAHs in air gas phase and dust. In this study, the concentration, fate, spatial distributions of 26 NPAHs and 3 OPAHs in the air (n = 34) and dust (n = 24) were investigated in suspected source area/more densely populated areas of Nepal. Four critical source areas in Nepal were considered as it was conjectured that the urban areas are more prone to NPAH/OPAH contamination due to the high density of automobiles and industrial activities. Overall, the measured ∑19NPAHs in air and dust were 5 and 2 times lower than their parent-PAHs, respectively. Highest levels of NPAHs/OPAHs were measured in Birgunj, followed by Kathmandu, Biratnagar, and Pokhara, respectively, while Biratnagar showed the highest level of ∑OPAHs. 3-Nitrodibenzofuran (3-NDBF) was the most abundant NPAHs measured both in air and dust, whereas 9-Fluorenone (9-FLUONE) prevailing OPAHs. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) of 2-Nitrofluoranthene/1-Nitropyrene indicated the contribution from secondary emission via photochemical reaction as the primary source of NPAHs, while solid fuel combustion and crop residue burning were identified as the essential sources of OPAHs. The human exposure to NPAH/OPAH through the different route of intake suggested dermal contact via dust as the primary pathway of NPAH/OPAH exposure for both adult and children. However, other routes of exposure, for instance, dietary intake or dermal absorption via soil may still be prominent in case of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Zhang J, Yang L, Mellouki A, Chen J, Chen X, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Yu H, Wang W. Diurnal concentrations, sources, and cancer risk assessments of PM 2.5-bound PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs in urban, marine and mountain environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:147-155. [PMID: 29929120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient measurements of PM2.5-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) were conducted during the summer in Jinan, China, an urban site, and at Tuoji island and Mt. Tai, two background locations. 3.5 h and 11.5 h sampling intervals in daytime and nighttime were utilized to research the diurnal variations of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs. The concentrations of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs were highest at the urban site and lowest at the marine site. The diurnal patterns of PAHs and NPAHs at the urban and marine sites were dissimilar to those observed at the mountain site partly due to the influence of the boundary layer. Vehicle emissions at the urban site made a large contribution to high molecular weight PAHs. 1N-PYR and 7N-BaA during morning and night sampling periods in JN were relatively high. Fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning were the main sources for all three sites during the sampling periods. The air masses at the marine and mountain sites were strongly impacted by photo-degradation, and the air masses at the marine site were the most aged. Secondary formation of NPAHs was mainly initiated by OH radicals at all the three sites and was strongest at the marine site. Secondary formation was most efficient during the daytime at the urban and mountain sites and during morning periods at the marine site. The average excess cancer risk from inhalation (ECR) for 70 years' life span at the urban site was much higher than those calculated for the background sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, 250014, PR China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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18
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Aromatic formulas in ambient PM2.5 samples from Hong Kong determined using FT-ICR ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6289-6304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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On-line supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Verma PK, Sah D, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs at Indo-Gangetic sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1051-1060. [PMID: 28745351 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples in the dual-phase (gaseous and particulate) were collected simultaneously for the first time in Agra at a rural and a traffic dominated site during post-monsoon and winter seasons to investigate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The samples were collected using a high volume sampler on quartz micro-fiber filter papers and polyurethane foam plugs for particulate and gas phases respectively. The samples were extracted in a mixture of DCM and n-hexane. 16 priority PAHs and two nitro-PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The total concentration of PAHs (gas + particulate) was 4015 and 624 ng m-3 at the traffic and rural sites respectively. Two and three ring PAHs were dominant in the gas phase while four, five and six ring PAHs were abundant in the particle phase. A statistically significant correlation (r2 = 0.69-0.98, p < 0.001) for log Kpvs. was obtained for individual PAHs at both sites where slopes varied between -2.83 and -0.04 at the traffic site and from -3.15 to -0.06 at the rural site. Regression statistics of Clausius-Clapeyron plots suggest that the concentration of highly volatile PAHs in the atmosphere is influenced by temperature. The gas-particle partitioning coefficient Kp in its logarithmic form correlated with 1/T (r2 = 0.5-0.95, p < 0.001) and a positive slope for individual PAHs was found. In health risk assessment DbA was found to be the most carcinogenic and mutagenic as compared to other PAHs followed by BaP. 1-NPyr had a larger contribution to BaP-TEQ than 3-NFla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., India 282005.
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21
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Occurrence and Potential Sources of Quinones Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8080140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang JM, Jeong CH, Zimmerman N, Healy RM, Hilker N, Evans GJ. Real-World Emission of Particles from Vehicles: Volatility and the Effects of Ambient Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4081-4090. [PMID: 28234490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the ultrafine particles observed in real-world conditions are systematically excluded from many measurements that help to guide regulation of vehicle emissions. To investigate the impact of this exclusion, coincident near-road particle number (PN) emission factors were quantified up- and downstream of a thermodenuder during two seasonal month-long campaigns with wide-ranging ambient temperatures (-19 to +30 °C) to determine the volatile fraction of particles. During colder temperatures (<0 °C), the volatile fraction of particles was 94%, but decreased to 85% during warmer periods (>20 °C). Additionally, mean PN emission factors were a factor of 3.8 higher during cold compared to warm periods. On the basis of 130 000 vehicle plumes including three additional campaigns, fleet mean emission factors were calculated for PN (8.5 × 1014 kg-fuel-1), black carbon (37 mg kg-fuel-1), organic aerosol (51 mg kg-fuel-1), and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (0.7 mg kg-fuel-1). These findings demonstrate that significant differences exist between particles in thermally treated vehicle exhaust as compared to in real-world vehicle plumes to which populations in near-road environments are actually exposed. Furthermore, the magnitude of these differences are dependent upon season and may be more extreme in colder climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Naomi Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Robert M Healy
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke, Ontario M3P3V6 Canada
| | - Nathan Hilker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
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Keyte IJ, Albinet A, Harrison RM. On-road traffic emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxy- and nitro- derivative compounds measured in road tunnel environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1131-1142. [PMID: 27312273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions are a key source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated (OPAH) and nitrated (NPAH) derivatives, in the urban environment. Road tunnels are a useful environment for the characterisation of on-road vehicular emissions, providing a realistic traffic fleet and a lack of direct sunlight, chemical reactivity and non-traffic sources. In the present investigation the concentrations of selected PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs have been measured in the Parc des Princes Tunnel in Paris (PdPT, France), and at the Queensway Road Tunnel and an urban background site in Birmingham (QT, U.K). A higher proportion of semi-volatile (3-4 ring) PAH, OPAH and NPAH compounds are associated with the particulate phase compared with samples from the ambient environment. A large (~85%) decline in total PAH concentrations is observed between 1992 and 2012 measurements in QT. This is attributed primarily to the introduction of catalytic converters in the U.K as well as increasingly stringent EU vehicle emissions legislation. In contrast, NPAH concentrations measured in 2012 are similar to those measured in 1996. This observation, in addition to an increased proportion of (Phe+Flt+Pyr) in the observed PAH burden in the tunnel, is attributed to the increased number of diesel passenger vehicles in the U.K during this period. Except for OPAHs, comparable PAH and NPAH concentrations are observed in both investigated tunnels (QT and PdP). Significant differences are shown for specific substances between PAC chemical profiles in relation with the national traffic fleet differences (33% diesel passenger cars in U.K. vs 69% in France and up to 80% taking into account all vehicle categories). The dominating and sole contribution of 1-Nitropyrene observed in the PdPT NPAH profile strengthens the promising use of this compound as a diesel exhaust marker for PM source apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Keyte
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- INERIS (Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques), Parc technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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24
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Tomaz S, Shahpoury P, Jaffrezo JL, Lammel G, Perraudin E, Villenave E, Albinet A. One-year study of polycyclic aromatic compounds at an urban site in Grenoble (France): Seasonal variations, gas/particle partitioning and cancer risk estimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1071-1083. [PMID: 27261422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
21 PAHs, 27 oxy-PAHs and 32 nitro-PAHs were measured every third day over a year in both gaseous (G) and particulate PM10 (P) phases in ambient air of Grenoble (France). Mean total concentrations (G+P) of PAHs and oxy-PAHs were in the same range and about 10ngm(-3). Nitro-PAHs were 50 to 100 times less concentrated averaging 100pgm(-3). Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) concentrations were 5 to 7 times higher in "cold" period (October to March) than in "warm" period (April to September). Seasonal variations may be explained by higher primary emissions from residential heating, especially biomass burning in "cold" season. Meteorological conditions and influence of the geomorphology around Grenoble, with the formation of thermal inversion layers leading to the stagnation of pollutants, were additional key parameters. Maximum individual PAC concentrations were observed during two PM10 pollution events in December and February-March. Chemical processes and secondary formation of oxy- and nitro-PAH were probably enhanced by the accumulation of the pollutants during these events. PAC gas/particle partitioning depended on compound molecular weight and vapour pressure. Gas/particle partitioning of oxy- and nitro-PAHs were evaluated using a multi-phase poly-parameter linear free energy relationship model. The PAC cancer risk was assessed using toxic equivalency factors available in the literature (19 PAHs, 10 nitro-PAHs and 1 oxy-PAH). Overall, particle-bound PACs contributed about 76% of the cancer risk. While PAHs accounted for most of the total PAC cancer risk, oxy- and nitro-PAHs could account for up to 24%. The risk quantification across substance classes is limited by toxicological data availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tomaz
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysiques de l'Environnement (LGGE), Université de Grenoble-Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany; Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emilie Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Eric Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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25
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Zenkevich IG, Fakhretdinova LN. Potential of gas chromatography in the determination of low-volatile dicarboxylic acids. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Misaki K, Takamura-Enya T, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Yanagida M. Tumour-promoting activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated or nitrated derivatives. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:205-13. [PMID: 26656082 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in diesel exhaust particles are thought to contribute to carcinogenesis in mammals. Although the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and tumour-initiating activity of these compounds have been evaluated, their tumour-promoting activity is unclear. In the present study, to determine the tumour-inducing activity of PACs, including previously known mutagenic compounds in atmospheric environments, a transformation assay for promoting activity mediated by the release of contact inhibition was conducted for six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and seven nitrated PAHs (nitro-PAHs) using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells transfected with the v-Ha-ras gene (Bhas 42 cells). Of these, two PAHs [benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]FA) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]FA)], one oxy-PAH [6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (BPO)] and two nitro-PAHs (3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one and 6-nitrochrysene) were found to exhibit particularly powerful tumour-promoting activity (≥10 foci following exposure to <100nM). In addition, clear mRNA expression of CYP1A1, which is associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activation, was observed following the exposure of cells to two PAHs (B[k]FA and B[b]FA) and three oxy-PAHs (1,2-naphthoquinone, 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one and BPO). Further, an HO-1 antioxidant response activation was observed following exposure to B[k]FA, B[b]FA and BPO, suggesting that the induction of tumour-promoting activity in these compounds is correlated with the dysfunction of signal transduction via AhR-mediated responses and/or oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Misaki
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan, School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan and
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yanagida
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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27
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Han YM, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Wilcke W, Cao JJ, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, Li GH, Jin ZD, An ZS. Elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic compounds in a 150-year sediment core from Lake Qinghai, Tibetan Plateau, China: influence of regional and local sources and transport pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4176-4183. [PMID: 25732352 DOI: 10.1021/es504568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are potential proxies for the reconstruction of change in human activities and the origin of air masses in historic times. In this study, the historic deposition of char and soot (the two subtypes of EC) and PACs in a 150-year sediment core from different topographic subbasins of Lake Qinghai on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were reconstructed. The objective was to explore how the variations in the concentrations of EC and PACs, in the ratios of char to soot and of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) to parent PAHs, and in the composition of the PAC mixtures reflect historical changes in climate and human activity and the origin of air masses arriving at the QTP. The deposition fluxes of soot in the different subbasins were similar, averaging 0.18 (range of 0.15-0.25) and 0.16 (0.13-0.23) g m(-2) year(-1), respectively, but they varied for char (averaging 0.11 and 0.22 g m(-2) year(-1), respectively), suggesting ubiquitous atmospheric deposition of soot and local river inputs of char. The different vertical distributions of the char/soot ratios in the different subbasins can be interpreted in terms of the different transport mechanisms of char and soot. An abrupt increase in soot concentrations since 1980 coincides with results from the QTP ice cores that were interpreted to be indicative of soot transport from South Asia. Similar concentration patterns of PAHs with soot and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene (9,10-AQ/ANT) ratios all >2.0 suggest regional PAC sources. Increasing PAH/soot ratios and decreasing 9,10-AQ/ANT ratios since the beginning of the 1970s indicate increasing local emissions. The historical trends of these diagnostic ratios indicate an increase in the fossil-fuel contribution since the beginning of the 1970s. The increase of perylene concentrations with increasing core depth and the ratio of perylene to its penta-aromatic isomers indicate that perylene originates mainly from in situ biogenic diagenesis. We demonstrate that the concentrations of EC, char, soot, and PACs in sediments can be used to reconstruct local, regional, and remote sources and transport pathways of pollutants to the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
- §Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | | | - B A M Bandowe
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - W Wilcke
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
- ⊥Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - B Q Xu
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S P Gao
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Z S An
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
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28
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Miet K, Albinet A, Budzinski H, Villenave E. Atmospheric reactions of 9,10-anthraquinone. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:1-6. [PMID: 24875864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The probably carcinogenic compound 9,10-anthraquinone is mainly existing in the atmosphere in the particulate phase and is often detected and measured among other oxygenated PAHs in atmospheric samples. Its fate, once released or formed in the atmosphere, still remains unknown. In this work, heterogeneous chemical oxidation processes of 9,10-anthraquinone were investigated with ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and hydroxyl radical (OH). The study of 9,10-anthraquinone adsorbed on silica particles showed no reactivity with O3 and NO2. On the other hand, the reaction with OH radicals was observed and led to the formation of 1-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, another oxidation product recognized as possibly carcinogenic to humans. This study showed that reactions with ozone and nitrogen dioxide are unlikely to contribute to atmospheric degradation of 9,10-anthraquinone, whereas reactions with OH radicals could be involved in 9,10-anthraquinone degradation processes, even if such reaction is probably very slow under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Miet
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Eric Villenave
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence cedex, France.
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29
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Tang N, Sato K, Tokuda T, Tatematsu M, Hama H, Suematsu C, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Factors affecting atmospheric 1-, 2-nitropyrenes and 2-nitrofluoranthene in winter at Noto peninsula, a remote background site, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:324-330. [PMID: 24508157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulates were collected at a background site (Wajima Air Monitoring Station; WAMS) on the Noto Peninsula, Japan from January 2006 to December 2007. 1-, 2-nitropyrenes (1-, 2-NPs) and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR), in the particulates were determined with a sensitive HPLC method with chemiluminescence detection. The average concentrations were higher in winter than in summer. A meteorological analysis indicated that the air samples collected in winter were transported mainly from Northeast China over the Japan Sea. Both the concentration ratios of 2-NFR to 1-NP and 1-NP to pyrene were similar to those in Shenyang in Northeast China which located along the air transportation route to WAMS, but not in Kanazawa which near WAMS. These results strongly suggest that most of the atmospheric 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR at WAMS in winter were long range transported from Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Sato
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tokuda
- Ishikawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 1-11, Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa 920-1154, Japan
| | - Michiya Tatematsu
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hama
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chikako Suematsu
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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30
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Albinet A, Nalin F, Tomaz S, Beaumont J, Lestremau F. A simple QuEChERS-like extraction approach for molecular chemical characterization of organic aerosols: application to nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives (NPAH and OPAH) quantified by GC–NICIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3131-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H, Huang RJ, Ho K, Cao J, Hoffmann T, Wilcke W. PM₂.₅-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:77-87. [PMID: 24361780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in air particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and variation in concentrations and sources of PM2.5-bound PACs [Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs] sampled from the atmosphere of a typical Chinese megacity (Xi'an), to study the influence of meteorological conditions on PACs and to estimate the lifetime excess cancer risk to the residents of Xi'an (from inhalation of PM2.5-bound PACs). To achieve these objectives, we sampled 24-h PM2.5 aerosols (once in every 6 days, from 5 July 2008 to 8 August 2009) from the atmosphere of Xi'an and measured the concentrations of PACs in them. The PM2.5-bound concentrations of Σcarbonyl-OPAHs, ∑hydroxyl+carboxyl-OPAHs, Σnitro-PAHs and Σalkyl+parent-PAHs ranged between 5-22, 0.2-13, 0.3-7, and 7-387 ng m(-3), respectively, being markedly higher than in most western cities. This represented a range of 0.01-0.4% and 0.002-0.06% of the mass of organic C in PM2.5 and the total mass of PM2.5, respectively. The sums of the concentrations of each compound group had winter-to-summer ratios ranging from 3 to 8 and most individual OPAHs and nitro-PAHs had higher concentrations in winter than in summer, suggesting a dominant influence of emissions from household heating and winter meteorological conditions. Ambient temperature, air pressure, and wind speed explained a large part of the temporal variation in PACs concentrations. The lifetime excess cancer risk from inhalation (attributable to selected PAHs and nitro-PAHs) was six fold higher in winter (averaging 1450 persons per million residents of Xi'an) than in summer. Our results call for the development of emission control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kinfai Ho
- School of Public Health & Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Dangi BB, Yang T, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. Reaction dynamics of the 4-methylphenyl radical (C6H4CH3; p-tolyl) with isoprene (C5H8) – formation of dimethyldihydronaphthalenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16805-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction dynamics and energetics of 4-methylphenyl radical with isoprene are reported under single collision condition at collision energy of 58 kJ mol−1 by exploiting the crossed molecular beam technique and electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami, USA
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33
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Knecht AL, Goodale BC, Truong L, Simonich MT, Swanson AJ, Matzke MM, Anderson KA, Waters KM, Tanguay RL. Comparative developmental toxicity of environmentally relevant oxygenated PAHs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:266-75. [PMID: 23684558 PMCID: PMC3976560 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are byproducts of combustion and photo-oxidation of parent PAHs. OPAHs are widely present in the environment and pose an unknown hazard to human health. The developing zebrafish was used to evaluate a structurally diverse set of 38 OPAHs for malformation induction, gene expression changes and mitochondrial function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120h post fertilization (hpf) to a dilution series of 38 different OPAHs and evaluated for 22 developmental endpoints. AHR activation was determined via CYP1A immunohistochemistry. Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PHEQ), 1,9-benz-10-anthrone (BEZO), xanthone (XAN), benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B[a]AQ), and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANTQ) were evaluated for transcriptional responses at 48hpf, prior to the onset of malformations. qRT-PCR was conducted for a number of oxidative stress genes, including the glutathione transferase(gst), glutathione peroxidase(gpx), and superoxide dismutase(sod) families. Bioenergetics was assayed to measure in vivo oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in 26hpf embryos exposed to OPAHs. Hierarchical clustering of the structure-activity outcomes indicated that the most toxic of the OPAHs contained adjacent diones on 6-carbon moieties or terminal, para-diones on multi-ring structures. 5-carbon moieties with adjacent diones were among the least toxic OPAHs while the toxicity of multi-ring structures with more centralized para-diones varied considerably. 9,10-PHEQ, BEZO, 7,12-B[a]AQ, and XAN exposures increased expression of several oxidative stress related genes and decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measurement of mitochondrial respiration. Comprehensive in vivo characterization of 38 structurally diverse OPAHs indicated differential AHR dependency and a prominent role for oxidative stress in the toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Knecht
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Cyclopenta[c]phenanthrenes--chemistry and biological activity. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:58-65. [PMID: 23628509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CP-PAHs) having been detected in the environment, the ability of these compounds to induce cellular and tissue responses remains poorly characterized. In this review, we look at the chemistry and biological activity of the cyclopenta[c]phenanthrenes (CP[c]Phs) as potential chemicals of concern in the process of risk assessment. The first part of the review deals with the environmental occurrence and chemistry of CP-PAHs, focusing on available methods of CP[c]Ph chemical synthesis. The most interesting structural feature of the CP[c]Ph is the presence of a pseudo fjord-region constructed by the cyclopentane ring. This compound can be treated either as a structurally similar one to B[c]Ph, or as a phenanthrene skeleton with an electrodonating alkyl substituent in the bay-region of the molecule. The second thread, providing available data on the adverse effects of CP[c]Ph compounds on cells and tissues of living organisms, mainly fish, improves our understanding of these possible environmental hazards. The data show that CP[c]Ph is less potent at inducing CYP1A gene expression in rainbow trout than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a well-known Ah-receptor agonist. Interestingly, the CP[c]Ph dependent up-regulation of CYP1A mRNA is positively correlated with the incidences of clastogenic changes in rainbow trout erythrocytes. CP[c]Ph has, comparably to B[a]P, a potential to repress expression of tumor suppressor p53, in the head kidney of rainbow trout. Furthermore, estrogen responsive genes in fish liver, ERα and VTG, are not induced by CP[c]Ph, suggesting that the compound has no endocrine disrupting potential. However, some CP[c]Phs show mutagenic activity when investigated in the Ames test, and exhibit genotoxic properties in in vitro micronucleus assay. The above characteristics suggest that CP-PAHs are chemicals of concern for which potential pathways of exposure should be further identified.
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Jung MH, Kim HR, Park YJ, Park DS, Chung KH, Oh SM. Genotoxic effects and oxidative stress induced by organic extracts of particulate matter (PM10) collected from a subway tunnel in Seoul, Korea. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 749:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with on-line reduction as a new efficient analytical method of 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human carcinogen. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1253:52-7. [PMID: 22840818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) is an extremely strong mutagen and carcinogen in rats inducing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. We developed a new sensitive analytical method, a two-dimensional HPLC system coupled with on-line reduction, to quantify non-fluorescent 3-NBA as fluorescent 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA). The two-dimensional HPLC system consisted of reversed-phase HPLC and normal-phase HPLC, which were connected with a switch valve. 3-NBA was purified by reversed-phase HPLC and reduced to 3-ABA with a catalyst column, packed with alumina coated with platinum, in ethanol. An alcoholic solvent is necessary for reduction of 3-NBA, but 3-ABA is not fluorescent in the alcoholic solvent. Therefore, 3-ABA was separated from alcohol and impurities by normal-phase HPLC and detected with a fluorescence detector. Extracts from surface soil, airborne particles, classified airborne particles, and incinerator dust were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after clean-up with a silica gel column. 3-NBA, detected as 3-ABA, in the extracts was found as a single peak on the chromatograms without any interfering peaks. 3-NBA was detected in 4 incinerator dust samples (n=5). When classified airborne particles, that is, those <1.1, 1.1-2.0, 2.0-3.3, 3.3-7.0, and >7.0 μm in size, were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after purified using a silica gel column, 3-NBA was detected in those particles with particle sizes <1.1 and 1.1-2.0 μm and the particle-size distribution ratios were 84% and 16%, respectively. This is the first report on the particle-size distribution of 3-NBA in airborne particles and the detection of 3-NBA in incinerator dust.
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Feng J, Zhan XB, Zheng ZY, Wang D, Zhang LM, Lin CC. A two-step inoculation of Candida etchellsii to enhance soy sauce flavour and quality. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Niu Z, Zhang F, Kong X, Chen J, Yin L, Xu L. One-year measurement of organic and elemental carbon in size-segregated atmospheric aerosol at a coastal and suburban site in Southeast China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2961-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jinsart W, Kaewmanee C, Inoue M, Hara K, Hasegawa S, Karita K, Tamura K, Yano E. Driver exposure to particulate matter in Bangkok. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:64-71. [PMID: 22393811 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.622854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters > or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 microm (PM10-2.5) exposure levels of drivers and to analyze the proportion of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand. Four bus routes were selected. Measurements were conducted over 10 days in August (rainy season) 2008 and 8 days in January (dry season) 2009. The mean PM2.5 exposure level of the Tuk-tuk drivers was 86 microg/m3 in August and 198 microg/m3 in January. The mean for the non-air-conditioned bus drivers was 63 microg/m3 in August and 125 microg/m3 in January. The PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 exposure levels of the drivers in January were approximately twice as high as those in August. The proportion of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5 to the PM2.5 level in August (0.97 +/- 0.28 microg/m3) was higher than in January (0.65 +/- 0.13 microg/m3). The proportion of OC in the TC of the PM2.5 in August (0.51 +/- 0.08 microg/m3) was similar to that in January (0.65 +/- 0.07 microg/m3). The TC exposure by PM25 in January (81 +/- 30 microg/m3) remained higher than in August (56-21 microg/m3). The mean level of OC in the PM2.5 was 29 +/- 13 microg/m3 in August and 50 +/- 24 microg/m3 in January. In conclusion, the PM exposure level in Bangkok drivers was higher than that in the general environment, which was already high, and it varied with the seasons and vehicle type. This study also demonstrated that the major component of the PM was carbon, likely derived from vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jinsart
- National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management, Faculty of Science, Environmental Science Department, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ehrenhauser FS, Khadapkar K, Wang Y, Hutchings JW, Delhomme O, Kommalapati RR, Herckes P, Wornat MJ, Valsaraj KT. Processing of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fog in an urban environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2566-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Traversi D, Schilirò T, Degan R, Pignata C, Alessandria L, Gilli G. Involvement of nitro-compounds in the mutagenicity of urban Pm2.5 and Pm10 in Turin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 726:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Andrysík Z, Vondráček J, Marvanová S, Ciganek M, Neča J, Pěnčíková K, Mahadevan B, Topinka J, Baird WM, Kozubík A, Machala M. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is the major toxic mode of action of an organic extract of a reference urban dust particulate matter mixture: the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mutat Res 2011; 714:53-62. [PMID: 21762708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of urban air pollution have been linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed to airborne particulate matter (PM). The carcinogenic properties of PAHs in complex organic mixtures derived from PM have been chiefly attributed to their mutagenicity. Nevertheless, PAHs are also potent activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which may contribute to their nongenotoxic effects, including tumor promotion. As the genotoxicity of carcinogenic PAHs in complex mixtures derived from urban PM is often inhibited by other mixture constituents, the AhR-mediated activity of urban PM extracts might significantly contribute to the carcinogenic activity of such mixtures. In the present study, we used an organic extract of the urban dust standard reference material, SRM1649a, as a model mixture to study a range of toxic effects related to DNA damage and AhR activation. Both the organic extract and its neutral aromatic fraction formed a low number of DNA adducts per nucleotide in the liver epithelial WB-F344 cells model, without inducing DNA damage response, such as tumor suppressor p53 activation and apoptosis. In contrast, we found that this extract, as well as its neutral and polar fractions, were potent inducers of a range of AhR-mediated responses, including induction of the AhR-mediated transcription, such as cytochrome P450 1A1/1B1 expression, and the AhR-dependent cell proliferation. Importantly, these toxic events occurred at doses one order of magnitude lower than DNA damage. The AhR-mediated activity of the neutral fraction was linked to PAHs and their derivatives, as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls were only minor contributors to the overall AhR-mediated activity. Taken together, our data suggest that more attention should be paid to the AhR-dependent nongenotoxic events elicited by urban PM constituents, especially PAHs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Andrysík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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Takamura-Enya T, Ishii R, Oda Y. Evaluation of photo-genotoxicity using the umu test in strains with a high sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:499-505. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Brack W, Ulrich N, Bataineh M. Separation Techniques in Effect-Directed Analysis. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Li X, Wang S, Duan L, Hao J, Nie Y. Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from household biofuel combustion in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6076-81. [PMID: 19731721 DOI: 10.1021/es803330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements were conducted in four representative rural areas across China to determine carbonaceous aerosol emissions from combustion of household biofuel. Results showed that the size distribution of both black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) peaked at 0.26-0.38 microm. OC accounted for a significant fraction of fine particles from wheat residue combustion across all size categories, whereas both BC and OC accounted for a significant fraction of fine particles from fuel wood combustion across all size categories. The emission factors for crop wastes are 0.43 +/- 0.32 and 1.93 +/- 1.00 g/kg for BC and OC, respectively. The emission factors for woody fuel were 1.49 +/- 0.69 g/kg and 1.13 +/- 0.40 g/kg for BC and OC, respectively. Woody fuel BC-to-PM2.5 ratios were significantly higher than the ratios from crop waste, ranging from 36.40 to 71.18%, relative to crop waste BC-to-PM2.5 ratios which ranged from 1.70 to 33.52%. Woody fuel also had high BC-to-OC ratios, ranging from 0.95 to 2.51. Woody fuel combustion accounts for approximately two-thirds of China's estimated 430 Gg of BC emissions and crop waste combustion accounts for approximately 80% of China's 922 Gg of OC emissions from household biofuel combustion in 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sgro LA, Simonelli A, Pascarella L, Minutolo P, Guarnieri D, Sannolo N, Netti P, D'Anna A. Toxicological properties of nanoparticles of organic compounds (NOC) from flames and vehicle exhausts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2608-2613. [PMID: 19452924 DOI: 10.1021/es8034768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the biological reactivity in vitro of nanoparticles of organic compounds (NOC) with diameters, d = 1-3 nm, a class of combustion-generated particulate relatively unstudied compared to larger more graphitic soot particles because of their small size even though they may contribute significantly to the organic fraction of PM sampled from vehicle exhausts and urban atmospheres. We tested NOC samples collected from 2004 model vehicle emissions and laboratory flames. NOC produced a dose dependent mutagenic response in Salmonella bacteria, suggesting that NOC may add significantly to the overall mutagenicity of vehicle emissions. Incubation with peptides caused agglomeration and precipitate of the otherwise stable NOC suspension, but the chemical and/or physical nature of the NOC-peptide interactions could not be resolved. A significant cytotoxic response was measured above a critical dose of NOC in mouse embryo fibroblasts NIH3T3 cells along with possible evidence of cellular uptake by optical and confocal microscopy. The toxicological assays showed that NOC collected from flames and vehicle exhausts effectively interacted in vitro with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Differences in mutagenic potencies observed for various Salmonella strains with and without metabolic activation indicate differences in the chemical composition of NOC collected from different vehicles and flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sgro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Naples, Federico II, P. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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Castelli F, Micieli D, Ottimo S, Minniti Z, Sarpietro MG, Librando V. Absorption of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by biomembrane models: effect of the medium lipophilicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1108-1114. [PMID: 18723205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the relationship between the structure of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their effect on biomembranes, we have investigated the influence of three structurally different nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 2-nitrofluorene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene and 3-nitrofluoranthene, on the thermotropic behavior of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles, used as biomembrane models, by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained results indicate that the studied nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affected the thermotropic behavior of multilamellar vesicles to various extents, modifying the pretransition and the main phase transition peaks and shifting them to lower temperatures. The effect of the aqueous and lipophilic medium on the absorption process of these compounds by the biomembrane models has been also investigated revealing that the process is hindered by the aqueous medium but strongly allowed by the lipophilic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Misaki K, Suzuki M, Nakamura M, Handa H, Iida M, Kato T, Matsui S, Matsuda T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor ligand activity of organic extracts from road dust and diesel exhaust particulates. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 55:199-209. [PMID: 18180859 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of contaminants derived from diesel and gasoline engines, tire, asphalt, and natural organic compounds is found in road dust. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are the important toxic targets among various contents in road dust and diesel exhaust particulates (DEPs), and endocrine-disrupting activity of PACs was suggested. In the present study, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand activity was confirmed in the extract of both road dust and DEPs. In the separation of the extracts for both road dust and DEPs with reversed-phase HPLC, it was found that polar fractions contributed to significant AhR ligand activity in both a mouse hepatoma (H1L1) cell system and a yeast system. Furthermore, the contribution of these polar fractions was higher in DEPs than in road dust, probably because of the greater concentration of oxy-PAHs in DEPs than in road dust. The contribution of contaminants associated with the polar region to AhR ligand activity was also evident following the separation of road dust with normal-phase HPLC. Additionally, remarkable estrogen receptor (ER) ligand activity was detected in the highly polar region separated with normal-phase HPLC. It is suggested that many unknown AhR or ER ligand active compounds are contained in the polar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Misaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Misaki K, Hisamatsu Y, Suzuki H, Takamura-Enya T. Evaluation of the mutagenicity of nitration products derived from phenalenone (1H-phenalen-1-one). Mutagenesis 2008; 23:359-66. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Oña JO, Wornat MJ. THE INFLUENCE OF SOLVENTS ON THE ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: APPLICATIONS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF FUEL PRODUCTS BY HPLC/UV/MS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630701752852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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