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Xie T, Cao L, Zheng J, Xuan P, Huang X. Characterization of size-resolved effective density of atmospheric particles in an urban atmosphere in Southern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:194-204. [PMID: 38408820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Effective density (ρeff) is one of the most important physical properties of atmospheric particles, providing important references in exploring the emissions and aging processes of fresh particles. In this study, a combined system of differential mobility analyzer, centrifugal particle mass analyzer, and condensation particle counter was used to periodically measure the ρeff of atmospheric particles in Shenzhen from Oct. 2021 to Jan. 2022. Results showed that the ρeff of particles with various size presented a bimodal distribution, which could be divided into main density (ρm, main peak, corresponding to relatively dense particles after aging) and sub density (ρs, sub peak, corresponding to fresh particles). The occurrence frequencies of ρs of particles with diameters of 50 and 80 nm were less than 20%, but were as high as about 40% of that with diameters from 120 to 350 nm. The ρm showed increasing trend with the size of particles, while ρs decreased as the increasing of the size of particles. The ρeff on pollution day varied significantly with chemical compositions. The increasing of the proportion of sulfate could promote the increasing of ρeff, while black carbon and organic matter caused opposite effects, which may be related to various factors, including the difference of the material density and morphology of various chemical components. The ρeff of 50, 80 and 120 nm particles decreased considerably during the new particle formation event, indicating that organic condensation was an important contributor to new particle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xie
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jinyi Zheng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng Xuan
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Oh J, Han J, Hyun J, Park GY, Hwang J. Determination of submicron aerosols effective density using two-stage low-pressure impactor and aerosol electrometer based on pre-measured particle size distribution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134673. [PMID: 38850948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
A novel methodology was presented for determining the representative effective density of aerosols of a given size distribution, using a lab-made two-stage low-pressure impactor and an aerosol electrometer. Electrical currents upstream (Imeasured, up) and downstream (Imeasured, down) of the 2nd stage of the impactor were measured using a corona charger and the aerosol electrometer. In addition, the electrical currents upstream (Icalculated, up) and downstream (Icalculated, down) of the 2nd stage of the impactor were calculated using the aerosol charging theory. Then, the difference between the ratio of Imeasured,down to Imeasured,up and the ratio of Icalculated,down to Icalculated,up was iterated with varying the presumed effective density until the difference was smaller than 0.001. The methodology was validated using poly-disperse sodium chloride (NaCl) particles. The effective densities of ambient aerosols were then obtained from indoor and outdoor environments and compared with those calculated from a relation between mobility (scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) measurement) and aerodynamic (electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) measurement) diameters. Compared to the effective densities obtained with SMPS and ELPI measurements, the effective densities obtained using the methodology introduced in this paper differed within 10 % deviation, depending on measurement location. After an averaged effective density for given size distribution is obtained at a measurement location, the number-based size distribution can be easily converted to mass-based size distribution using the representative effective density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangseop Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Hyun
- Graduate Programs in Clean Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Young Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Graduate Programs in Clean Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Peng Y, Cao LM, Wei J, Cheng Y, Yu K, Du K, Huang XF. Key drivers to heterogeneity evolution of black carbon-containing particles in real atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166394. [PMID: 37597544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of black carbon (BC) particles during atmospheric aging led to the complexity of their environmental and climate effect assessment. This study simultaneously measured the heterogeneous distribution of multi-level microphysical properties of BC-containing particles (i.e., BC mass concentration, coating amounts, and morphology) by a suite of state-of-the-art instruments, and investigated how atmospheric processing influence these heterogeneities. Our field measurements show that the mixing states of atmospheric BC-containing particles exhibit a clear dependence on BC core diameters. The particles with small BC core sizes (80-160 nm) are coated and reshaped more rapidly in real atmosphere, with coating-to-BC mass ratios (MR) and non-spherical fractions of 5.1 ± 1.2 and 61 ± 19 %, respectively. Conversely, the particles with large core sizes (240-320 nm) are thinly coated and fractal, with MR and non-spherical fractions of 4.0 ± 0.3 and 74 ± 15 %, respectively. Furthermore, primary emissions result in low heterogeneity in coating amount but great heterogeneity in morphology between BC-containing particles of different sizes, while photochemical processing would enhance heterogeneity in coating amount but weaken the heterogeneity in morphology. Overall, our field measurement of multi-level microphysical properties highlights that BC core size and atmospheric processing are the key factors that drive the heterogeneity evolution of BC-containing particles in real atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kuangyou Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Nieckarz Z, Pawlak K, Zoladz JA. Health risks for children exercising in an air-polluted environment can be reduced by monitoring air quality with low-cost particle sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18261. [PMID: 37880283 PMCID: PMC10600107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A child's body is highly sensitive to air quality, especially regarding the concentration of particulate matter (PM). Nevertheless, due to the high cost of precision instruments, measurements of PM concentrations are rarely carried out in school areas where children spend most of their daily time. This paper presents the results of PM measurements made by a validated, low-cost university air pollution measurement system operating in a rural area near schools. An assessment of children's exposure to PM during school hours (8 a.m.-6 p.m.) at different times of the year was carried out. We show that PM10 concentrations in the air, particularly in winter, often exceeded the alert values of 50 µg m-3, posing a health risk to children, especially when children exercise outside the school building. We also calculated the rate and total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during various physical activities performed in clean and polluted air. Monitoring actual PM10 concentrations as presented in this paper, using a low cost sensors, offer school authorities and teachers an opportunity to reduce health risks for children. This can be achieved by adjusting the duration and exercise intensity of children's outdoor physical activities according to the measured air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Nieckarz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Skawińska 8, 31-066, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Han Z, Wang L, Liu Y, Chan T, Shi Z, Yu M. How do three-layer surgical masks prevent SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission? Sep Purif Technol 2023; 314:123574. [PMID: 36960012 PMCID: PMC10008175 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The three-layer surgical mask was recognized by the World Health Organization as an effective-protection tool for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the contribution of each layer of this mask to the particle size-dependent filtration performance resistance remains unclear. Here, both experimental work and numerical simulation were conducted to study the role of each mask layer in particle size-dependent filtration and respiratory resistance. By using scanning electron microscopy images of a commercial three-layer mask, composed of two spun-bond and one melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layers, four representative models were constructed, in which the computational fluid dynamics of multiphase flow were performed. The pressure drop of all models under different flow conditions was measured next. Numerical simulation was then verified by comparing the experimental results in the present study and other theoretical works. The filtration efficiency of the spun-bond polypropylene nonwoven fabric layer was much lower than that of the melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layer for the particle diameter in the range of 0.1-2.0 μm. Both the spun-bond and melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layers demonstrated extremely low filtration efficiency for particles was<0.3 μm in diameter, with the maximum filtration efficiency being only 30%. The present results may facilitate rational design of mask products in terms of layer number and structural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Han
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yueyan Liu
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tatleung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhandong Shi
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Lepistö T, Barreira LMF, Helin A, Niemi JV, Kuittinen N, Lintusaari H, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Manninen HE, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Snapshots of wintertime urban aerosol characteristics: Local sources emphasized in ultrafine particle number and lung deposited surface area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116068. [PMID: 37149021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban air fine particles are a major health-relating problem. However, it is not well understood how the health-relevant features of fine particles should be monitored. Limitations of PM2.5 (mass concentration of sub 2.5 μm particles), which is commonly used in the health effect estimations, have been recognized and, e.g., World Health Organization (WHO) has released good practice statements for particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) concentrations (2021). In this study, a characterization of urban wintertime aerosol was done in three environments: a detached housing area with residential wood combustion, traffic-influenced streets in a city centre and near an airport. The particle characteristics varied significantly between the locations, resulting different average particle sizes causing lung deposited surface area (LDSA). Near the airport, departing planes had a major contribution on PN, and most particles were smaller than 10 nm, similarly as in the city centre. The high hourly mean PN (>20 000 1/cm3) stated in the WHO's good practices was clearly exceeded near the airport and in the city centre, even though traffic rates were reduced due to a SARS-CoV-2-related partial lockdown. In the residential area, wood combustion increased both BC and PM2.5, but also PN of sub 10 and 23 nm particles. The high concentrations of sub 10 nm particles in all the locations show the importance of the chosen lower size limit of PN measurement, e.g., WHO states that the lower limit should be 10 nm or smaller. Furthermore, due to ultrafine particle emissions, LDSA per unit PM2.5 was 1.4 and 2.4 times higher near the airport than in the city centre and the residential area, respectively, indicating that health effects of PM2.5 depend on urban environment as well as conditions, and emphasizing the importance of PN monitoring in terms of health effects related to local pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Aku Helin
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
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7
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Leskinen J, Hartikainen A, Väätäinen S, Ihalainen M, Virkkula A, Mesceriakovas A, Tiitta P, Miettinen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Tissari J, Jakobi G, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5137-5148. [PMID: 36944040 PMCID: PMC10077587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective density (ρeff) is an important property describing particle transportation in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory tract. In this study, the particle size dependency of ρeff was determined for fresh and photochemically aged particles from residential combustion of wood logs and brown coal, as well as from an aerosol standard (CAST) burner. ρeff increased considerably due to photochemical aging, especially for soot agglomerates larger than 100 nm in mobility diameter. The increase depends on the presence of condensable vapors and agglomerate size and can be explained by collapsing of chain-like agglomerates and filling of their voids and formation of secondary coating. The measured and modeled particle optical properties suggest that while light absorption, scattering, and the single-scattering albedo of soot particle increase during photochemical processing, their radiative forcing remains positive until the amount of nonabsorbing coating exceeds approximately 90% of the particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Leskinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Sampsa Väätäinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Aki Virkkula
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tiitta
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research
Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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Wierzbicka A, Omelekhina Y, Saber AT, Bloom E, Gren L, Poulsen SS, Strandberg B, Pagels J, Jacobsen NR. Indoor PM 2.5 from occupied residences in Sweden caused higher inflammation in mice compared to outdoor PM 2.5. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13177. [PMID: 36567521 PMCID: PMC10107884 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We spend most of our time indoors; however, little is known about the effects of exposure to aerosol particles indoors. We aimed to determine differences in relative toxicity and physicochemical properties of PM2.5 collected simultaneously indoors (PM2.5 INDOOR ) and outdoors (PM2.5 OUTDOOR ) in 15 occupied homes in southern Sweden. Collected particles were extracted from filters, pooled (indoor and outdoor separately), and characterized for chemical composition and endotoxins before being tested for toxicity in mice via intratracheal instillation. Various endpoints including lung inflammation, genotoxicity, and acute-phase response in lung and liver were assessed 1, 3, and 28 days post-exposure. Chemical composition of particles used in toxicological assessment was compared to particles analyzed without extraction. Time-resolved particle mass and number concentrations were monitored. PM2.5 INDOOR showed higher relative concentrations (μg mg-1 ) of metals, PAHs, and endotoxins compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR . These differences may be linked to PM2.5 INDOOR causing significantly higher lung inflammation and lung acute-phase response 1 day post-exposure compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR and vehicle controls, respectively. None of the tested materials caused genotoxicity. PM2.5 INDOOR displayed higher relative toxicity than PM2.5 OUTDOOR under the studied conditions, that is, wintertime with reduced air exchange rates, high influence of indoor sources, and relatively low outdoor concentrations of PM. Reducing PM2.5 INDOOR exposure requires reduction of both infiltration from outdoors and indoor-generated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Erica Bloom
- Division of Built EnvironmentRISE Research Institutes of SwedenStockholmSweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineRegion SkåneLundSweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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9
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Theoretical Foundation of the Relationship between Three Definitions of Effective Density and Particle Size. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective density (ρe) is universally used in atmospheric science as an alternative measure of the density (ρ) of aerosol particles, and its definitions can be expressed in terms of the particle mass (mp), ρ, mobility diameter (Dm), vacuum aerodynamic diameter (Dva), and dynamic shape factor (χ), as ρeI = 6mp/(π∙Dm3), ρeII = ρ/χ, and ρeIII = Dva/Dm. However, the theoretical foundation of these three definitions of ρe is still poorly understood before their application. Here, we explore the relationship between ρe and aerosol size through theoretical calculation. This study finds, for the first time, that ρeI and ρeIII inherently decrease with increasing size for aspherical particles with a fixed ρ and χ. We further elucidate that these inherent decreasing tendencies are governed by χ, and the ratio of the Cunningham Slip Correction Factor of the volume-equivalent diameter to that of the mobility diameter (Cc(Dve)/Cc(Dm)), but not by ρ. Taking the variable χ into consideration, the relationships of ρeI and ρeIII to particle size become more complicated, which suggests that the values of ρeI and ρeIII have little indication of the size-resolved physicochemical properties of particles. On the contrary, ρeII is independent on size for fixed χ and ρ, which indicates that the change in ρeII with size can better indicate the change in morphology and the transformation of the chemical compositions of particles. Our new insights into the essence of three ρes provide an accurate and crucial theoretical foundation for their application.
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10
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Contribution of Physical and Chemical Properties to Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potentials of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles at Urban and Rural Sites in Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dithiothreitol-measured oxidative potential (OPDTT) can chemically quantify the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols. Some chemical species are characterized with DTT activities, and the particle diameter and surface area control DTT oxidizability; however, the physical contribution to OPDTT by atmospheric aerosols is controversial. Therefore, we performed field observations and aerosol sampling at urban and rural sites in Japan to investigate the effect of both physical and chemical properties on the variation in OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols. The shifting degree of the representative diameter to the ultrafine range (i.e., the predominance degree of ultrafine particles) was retrieved from the ratio between the lung-deposited surface area and mass concentrations. The chemical components and OPDTT were also elucidated. We discerned strong positive correlations of K, Mn, Pb, NH4+, SO42−, and pyrolyzable organic carbon with OPDTT. Hence, anthropogenic combustion, the iron–steel industry, and secondary organic aerosols were the major emission sources governing OPDTT variations. The increased specific surface area did not lead to the increase in the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols, despite the existing relevance of the surface area of water-insoluble particles to DTT oxidizability. Overall, the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols can be estimated by the mass of chemical components related to OPDTT variation, owing to numerous factors controlling DTT oxidizability (e.g., strong contribution of water-soluble particles). Our findings can be used to estimate OPDTT via several physicochemical parameters without its direct measurement.
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11
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Koivisto AJ, Del Secco B, Trabucco S, Nicosia A, Ravegnani F, Altin M, Cabellos J, Furxhi I, Blosi M, Costa A, Lopez de Ipiña J, Belosi F. Quantifying Emission Factors and Setting Conditions of Use According to ECHA Chapter R.14 for a Spray Process Designed for Nanocoatings—A Case Study. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040596. [PMID: 35214925 PMCID: PMC8876979 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Spray coatings’ emissions impact to the environmental and occupational exposure were studied in a pilot-plant. Concentrations were measured inside the spray chamber and at the work room in Near-Field (NF) and Far-Field (FF) and mass flows were analyzed using a mechanistic model. The coating was performed in a ventilated chamber by spraying titanium dioxide doped with nitrogen (TiO2N) and silver capped by hydroxyethylcellulose (Ag-HEC) nanoparticles (NPs). Process emission rates to workplace, air, and outdoor air were characterized according to process parameters, which were used to assess emission factors. Full-scale production exposure potential was estimated under reasonable worst-case (RWC) conditions. The measured TiO2-N and Ag-HEC concentrations were 40.9 TiO2-μg/m3 and 0.4 Ag-μg/m3 at NF (total fraction). Under simulated RWC conditions with precautionary emission rate estimates, the worker’s 95th percentile 8-h exposure was ≤171 TiO2 and ≤1.9 Ag-μg/m3 (total fraction). Environmental emissions via local ventilation (LEV) exhaust were ca. 35 and 140 mg-NP/g-NP, for TiO2-N and Ag-HEC, respectively. Under current situation, the exposure was adequately controlled. However, under full scale production with continuous process workers exposure should be evaluated with personal sampling if recommended occupational exposure levels for nanosized TiO2 and Ag are followed for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Air Pollution Management APM, Mattilanmäki 38, 33610 Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- ARCHE Consulting, Liefkensstraat 35D, B-9032 Wondelgem, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-407-222-029
| | - Benedetta Del Secco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (B.D.S.); (S.T.); (A.N.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Sara Trabucco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (B.D.S.); (S.T.); (A.N.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Alessia Nicosia
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (B.D.S.); (S.T.); (A.N.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Ravegnani
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (B.D.S.); (S.T.); (A.N.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Marko Altin
- Witek srl, Via Siena 47, 50142 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Joan Cabellos
- Leitat Technological Center, c/de la Innovació 2, Terrassa, 08225 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Irini Furxhi
- Transgero Limited, Cullinagh, Newcastle West, Co. Limerick, V42 V384 Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Accounting and Finance, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Magda Blosi
- ISTEC-CNR, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (M.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Costa
- ISTEC-CNR, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (M.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Jesús Lopez de Ipiña
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Miñano, Spain;
| | - Franco Belosi
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (B.D.S.); (S.T.); (A.N.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
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12
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Personal Exposure to Fine Particles (PM 2.5) in Northwest Africa: Case of the Urban City of Bamako in Mali. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010611. [PMID: 35010869 PMCID: PMC8744751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic activities is a major concern in African countries, including Mali. However, knowledge of particulates is scant. This study was undertaken to characterize personal exposure to PM2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) in the city of Bamako in Mali. The exposure to PM2.5, through daily activities was observed from September 2020 to February 2021. Participants wore palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensors on their chest during their daily activities. The exposure levels in four different groups of residents were investigated in relation to their daily activities. The variation in PM2.5 concentration was measured during different activities in different microenvironments, and the main sources of exposure were identified. The highest average 10 min concentrations were observed at home and in bedrooms, while the participants were using specific products typically used in Africa, Asia, and South America that included insecticides (IST; 999 µg/m3) and incense (ICS; 145 µg/m3), followed by traffic (216 µg/m3) and cooking (150 µg/m3). The lowest average 10 min concentrations were also observed in the same microenvironment lacking IST or ICS (≤14 µg/m3). With no use of specific products, office workers and students were the least exposed, and drivers and cooks were the most exposed. The concentrations are up to 7.5 and 3 times higher than the World Health Organization's yearly and daily recommended exposure levels, respectively, indicating the need to promptly elaborate and apply effective mitigation strategies to improve air quality and protect public health. This study highlights the importance of indoor air pollution sources related to culture and confirms previous studies on urban outdoor air pollution sources, especially in developing countries. The findings could be applied to cities other than Bamako, as similar practices and lifestyles are common in different cultures.
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13
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Su B, Zhang G, Zhuo Z, Xie Q, Du X, Fu Y, Wu S, Huang F, Bi X, Li X, Li L, Zhou Z. Different characteristics of individual particles from light-duty diesel vehicle at the launching and idling state by AAC-SPAMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126304. [PMID: 34329016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of cities and economic prosperity greatly motivates the growth of vehicular exhaust particles, especially the diesel-exhausted particles from the large fleet of passenger and freight, which present profound implications on climate, air quality, and biological health (e.g., pulmonary, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases). As important physiochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols, however, the mixing state and effective density of individual particles emitted from diesel-powered vehicles under different driving conditions and their environmental implications remain uncertain. Here, a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was used to investigate the chemical composition and vacuum aerodynamic diameter (Dva), along with the aerodynamic diameter (Da) from an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC), to determine the effective density of primary particles emitted from a light- duty diesel vehicle (LDDV) under the launching and idling engine states. Interestingly, the particle types and effective density appear to vary significantly with the engine status. A single particle type of Ca-rich particles, named Na-Ca-PAH, was predominant in the idling state, whose chemical components may be affected by the lubricants and incomplete combustion, contributing to a higher effective density (0.66 ± 0.21 g cm-3). In contrast, launching particles exhibited a lower effective density (0.34 ± 0.17 g cm-3) because of the substantial elemental carbon (EC). In addition, the effective density depends not only on the particle size but also on the chemical components with various abundances. EC and Ca play opposite roles in the effective density of LDDV emissions. Notably, a higher proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was observed in the idling particles, contributing to 78 ± 1.2%. Given the high contribution to these PAH-containing particles in the idling state, indispensable precautions should be taken at bus stops or waiting for pedestrians. This study provides more comprehensive insights into the initial characteristics of LDDV particles due to the launching and idling states, which is beneficial for improving the model results of source apportionment and understanding its environmental behavior regarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Su
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zeming Zhuo
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xubing Du
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - YuZhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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14
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Peng L, Li Z, Zhang G, Bi X, Hu W, Tang M, Wang X, Peng P, Sheng G. A review of measurement techniques for aerosol effective density. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146248. [PMID: 33725611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Density (ρ) is one of the most important physical properties of aerosol particles. Owing to the complex nature of aerosols and the challenges of measuring them, effective density (ρe) is generally used as an alternative measure. Various methods have been developed to quantify the ρe of aerosols, which provide powerful technical support and understanding of their physical properties. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the characterisation techniques of ρe currently used in the literature. Overall, six categories of measurement are identified, and the typical configuration, measurement principles, errors and field applications of each are demonstrated. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are also discussed to improve their application. Finally, we outline future directions for further technical improvement in, and instrumental development for, ρe measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Voliotis A, Bezantakos S, Besis A, Shao Y, Samara C. Mass dose rates of particle-bound organic pollutants in the human respiratory tract: Implications for inhalation exposure and risk estimations. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113710. [PMID: 33618174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, little is known about the effective doses of airborne particulate matter (PM) and PM-bound hazardous organic components to the human respiratory tract (HRT). In the light of this, here we provide particle mass dose rates (dose per hour of exposure) of PM and a suite of PM-bound hazardous organic compounds in the HRT for two population age groups (adults & children). More specifically, the mass dose rates of PM and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated-PAH (NPAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were estimated at two urban sites using a multiple path particle dosimetry model. We find that, in most cases, the total mass doses are following similar variations across sites and seasons as their ambient total concentrations, however their distribution in the HRT is a function of the particle size distributions and the physiological parameters of each age group. More specifically, the majority of the deposited mass of PM and all the chemical components investigated was accumulated in the upper airways instead of the lungs. We further show that children, due to their different physiology, are more susceptible and receive larger fraction of the total mass doses in the deepest parts of the lungs compared to the adults' group. Comparing the traditional method for estimating the inhalation risk, which is based on the ambient concentration of pollutants, and a modified version using the mass dose in the HRT, we find that the former may overestimate the reported risks. The results presented here provide a novel dataset composed by previously undetermined doses of hazardous airborne particulate organic components in the HRT and demonstrate that alternative health risk estimation approaches may capture some variabilities that are traditionally overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Voliotis
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Spyridon Bezantakos
- Advanced Integrated Technology Solutions and Services (ADITESS) LTD, Nicosia, 2064, Cyprus; Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 1645, Cyprus
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yunqi Shao
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Constantini Samara
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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16
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Kwon HB, Song WY, Lee TH, Lee SS, Kim YJ. Monitoring the Effective Density of Airborne Nanoparticles in Real Time Using a Microfluidic Nanoparticle Analysis Chip. ACS Sens 2021; 6:137-147. [PMID: 33404228 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the effective density of airborne nanoparticles (NPs; particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter) at a point of interest is essential for toxicology and environmental studies, but it currently requires complex analysis systems comprising several high-precision instruments as well as a specially trained operator. To address these limitations, a field-portable and cost-efficient microfluidic NP analysis device is presented, which provides quantitative information on the effective density and size distribution of NPs in real time. Unlike conventional analysis systems, the device can operate in a standalone mode because of the chip operating principle based on the electrostatic/inertial classification and electrical detection methods. Moreover, the device is both compact (16.0 × 10.9 × 8.6 cm3) and light (950 g) owing to the hardware strip down enabled by integrating the essential functions for effective density analysis on a single chip. Quantitative experiments performed to simulate real-life applications utilizing effective density (i.e., effective density-based morphology analysis on engineered NPs and multi-parametric NP monitoring in ambient air) demonstrate that the developed device can be used as an analysis tool in toxicological studies as an on-site sensor for the monitoring of individual NP exposure and environments, for quality monitoring of engineered NPs via aerosol synthesis, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Beom Kwon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Soo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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17
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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sudheer AK, Mahesh G, Kumar SK. Evidence for brown carbon absorption over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon season: a possible oceanic source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1743-1758. [PMID: 32686798 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The near UV-visible light-absorbing organic carbon (OC) of ambient aerosols, referred to here as brown carbon (BrC), significantly influences the atmospheric radiative forcing on both regional and global scales. Here, we documented BrC absorption in the aqueous and methanol extracts of marine aerosols collected over the Bay of Bengal (BoB: September-October 2017) and a city, Visakhapatnam (May-June 2018), in southern India during the southwest monsoon (i.e., a transition period with weak continental impact). The absorption spectra of BrC over the BoB showed several peaks around 300-400 nm and differ from those observed over Visakhapatnam. The absorption coefficient of BrC over the BoB, unlike Visakhapatnam data, does not seem to covary with other chemical proxies of biomass burning (non-sea-salt or nss-K+) and coal combustion (nss-SO42-) in the continental outflows, suggesting a different source of BrC over the BoB. Besides, we observed higher proportions of water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC/OC: 0.89 ± 0.02) and significant enrichment of Mg2+ over Na+ (i.e., relative to seawater) in BoB aerosols. This result and the backward air mass trajectories both hinted their major source of OC from marine-derived organic matter. In contrast, the absorption spectra of BrC over Visakhapatnam are like those from biomass burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This observation is further supported by the satellite-based fire counts and backward air mass trajectories. Therefore, our study underscores the BrC aerosols from the oceanic sources and southern India, hitherto unknown, and can improve our understanding of the regional climate effects of carbonaceous aerosols if included in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530017, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - A K Sudheer
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - G Mahesh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - S Kuswanth Kumar
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530017, India. and University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana State, India
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18
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Wang X, Xiang H, Song C, Zhu D, Sui J, Liu Q, Long Y. Highly efficient transparent air filter prepared by collecting-electrode-free bipolar electrospinning apparatus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121535. [PMID: 31740311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning technology has been used for a long time. A jet from a needle was formed by applying high voltage, and then the nanofibers are deposited onto a collecting electrode (usually metal) and the excess charge is conducted away to complete the electrospinning. Alternatively, it is also possible to prevent charge accumulation from hindering the progress of electrospinning by means of charge neutralization. A bipolar electrospinning technique (B-EEM) was developed to induce jets with different charges through a set of high-voltage power supplies of opposite polarity, and the two jets neutralize each other on the insulating mesh, thus completing the electrospinning process. There is no need for a collecting electrode to complete the electrospinning process. We have found that the filters produced by the new technology have better filtration efficiency while maintaining the same transparency in relative to the original technology, and this optimization is due to the distribution modification of the nanofibers on the mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongfei Xiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chao Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dongyang Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jinxia Sui
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yunze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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19
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Mandariya AK, Tripathi SN, Gupta T, Mishra G. Wintertime hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of accumulation mode particles and their linkage to chemical composition in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur at the Centre of IGP, India: Impact of ambient relative humidity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135363. [PMID: 31837851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reported results of the wintertime simultaneous measurements of hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) and particle-phase chemical composition of accumulation mode particles using a self-assembled Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) and an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively at a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur, situated in the center of IGP in India. HGFs at 85% relative humidity (RH) and the size-resolved composition of ambient aerosol particles (dry electrical mobility diameters of 100 and 150 nm) were investigated. HGF_85% was found to increase with particle size. The relative mass fraction of organic aerosol (OA) and NH4NO3 are probably the major contributors to the fluctuation of the HGF_85% for both particle sizes. The HGF_85% of accumulation mode particles were observed to increase from the minimum value observed during the morning until its maximum afternoon value. This study reported two maximum (early morning and afternoon time) and two minimum values (morning and evening time) of HGF_85%s. As a consequence, the main reasons for this incremental behavior were, increase in the ratio of inorganic to OA and oxidation level, f44 (m/z44/OA) of the OA within the particle phase. In context to the effect of ambient RH, this study reported two distinct variations of mean HGF_85% as the function of ambient RH. The positive linear relationship at low RH (LRH, RH ≤ 50%) was clearly associated with low OA loading, relatively higher substantial temperature, and wind speed. We also observed increment in f44, and effective density indicating aging of aerosol. However, HGF_85% was found to inversely decline as a function of RH at higher RH (HRH, RH > 50%) conditions, which clearly reflect the more significant contribution of primary OA and lower oxidation level of OA. Our results show the declining trend in size-resolved effective density at HRH conditions, confirming the above conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, CESE, IIT Kanpur, India.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, CESE, IIT Kanpur, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Nuclear Engineering and Technology Programme, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India
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20
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Hagan DH, Kroll JH. Assessing the accuracy of low-cost optical particle sensors using a physics-based approach. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2020; 13:6343-6355. [PMID: 33777248 PMCID: PMC7995643 DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-6343-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors for measuring particulate matter (PM) offer the ability to understand human exposure to air pollution at spatiotemporal scales that have previously been impractical. However, such low-cost PM sensors tend to be poorly characterized, and their measurements of mass concentration can be subject to considerable error. Recent studies have investigated how individual factors can contribute to this error, but these studies are largely based on empirical comparisons and generally do not examine the role of multiple factors simultaneously. Here, we present a new physics-based framework and open-source software package (opcsim) for evaluating the ability of low-cost optical particle sensors (optical particle counters and nephelometers) to accurately characterize the size distribution and/or mass loading of aerosol particles. This framework, which uses Mie theory to calculate the response of a given sensor to a given particle population, is used to estimate the fractional error in mass loading for different sensor types given variations in relative humidity, aerosol optical properties, and the underlying particle size distribution. Results indicate that such error, which can be substantial, is dependent on the sensor technology (nephelometer vs. optical particle counter), the specific parameters of the individual sensor, and differences between the aerosol used to calibrate the sensor and the aerosol being measured. We conclude with a summary of likely sources of error for different sensor types, environmental conditions, and particle classes and offer general recommendations for the choice of calibrant under different measurement scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Hagan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- QuantAQ, Inc., Somerville, MA 02143, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Urban Aerosols in an Eastern Mediterranean City. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We calculated the regional deposited dose of inhaled particulate matter based on number/mass concentrations in Amman, Jordan. The dose rate was the highest during exercising but was generally lower for females compared to males. The fine particles dose rate was 1010–1011 particles/h (101–102 µg/h). The PM10 dose rate was 49–439 µg/h for males and 36–381 µg/h for females. While resting, the PM10 deposited in the head airways was 67–77% and 8–12% in the tracheobronchial region. When exercising, the head airways received 37–44% of the PM10, whereas the tracheobronchial region received 31–35%. About 8% (exercise) and 14–16% (rest) of the PM2.5 was received in the head airways, whereas the alveolar received 74–76% (exercise) and 54–62% (rest). Extending the results for common exposure scenarios in the city revealed alarming results for service workers and police officers; they might receive PM2.5 and 220 µg/h PM10 while doing their duty on main roads adjacent to traffic. This is especially critical for a pregnant police officer. Outdoor athletic activities (e.g., jogging along main roads) are associated with high PM2.5 and PM10 dose rates (100 µg/h and ~425 µg/h, respectively).
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22
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Bhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Moosmüller H, Onasch TB, Zaveri RA, Scarnato BV, Fialho P, Mazzoleni C. Extensive Soot Compaction by Cloud Processing from Laboratory and Field Observations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11824. [PMID: 31413342 PMCID: PMC6694138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles form during combustion of carbonaceous materials and impact climate and air quality. When freshly emitted, they are typically fractal-like aggregates. After atmospheric aging, they can act as cloud condensation nuclei, and water condensation or evaporation restructure them to more compact aggregates, affecting their optical, aerodynamic, and surface properties. Here we survey the morphology of ambient soot particles from various locations and different environmental and aging conditions. We used electron microscopy and show extensive soot compaction after cloud processing. We further performed laboratory experiments to simulate atmospheric cloud processing under controlled conditions. We find that soot particles sampled after evaporating the cloud droplets, are significantly more compact than freshly emitted and interstitial soot, confirming that cloud processing, not just exposure to high humidity, compacts soot. Our findings have implications for how the radiative, surface, and aerodynamic properties, and the fate of soot particles are represented in numerical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janarjan Bhandari
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
| | - Swarup China
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Chandrakar
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Greg Kinney
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Will Cantrell
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Raymond A Shaw
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Giulia Girotto
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zanca
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulia Pavese
- Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Paulo Fialho
- Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos - IVAR, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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23
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Koivisto AJ, Kling KI, Hänninen O, Jayjock M, Löndahl J, Wierzbicka A, Fonseca AS, Uhrbrand K, Boor BE, Jiménez AS, Hämeri K, Maso MD, Arnold SF, Jensen KA, Viana M, Morawska L, Hussein T. Source specific exposure and risk assessment for indoor aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:13-24. [PMID: 30851679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is a leading contributor to the global disease burden and total number of deaths worldwide. Humans spend most of their time in built environments where the majority of the inhalation exposure occurs. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is challenged by outdoor air pollution entering indoors through ventilation and infiltration and by indoor emission sources. The aim of this study was to understand the current knowledge level and gaps regarding effective approaches to improve IAQ. Emission regulations currently focus on outdoor emissions, whereas quantitative understanding of emissions from indoor sources is generally lacking. Therefore, specific indoor sources need to be identified, characterized, and quantified according to their environmental and human health impact. The emission sources should be stored in terms of relevant metrics and statistics in an easily accessible format that is applicable for source specific exposure assessment by using mathematical mass balance modelings. This forms a foundation for comprehensive risk assessment and efficient interventions. For such a general exposure assessment model we need 1) systematic methods for indoor aerosol emission source assessment, 2) source emission documentation in terms of relevant a) aerosol metrics and b) biological metrics, 3) default model parameterization for predictive exposure modeling, 4) other needs related to aerosol characterization techniques and modeling methods. Such a general exposure assessment model can be applicable for private, public, and occupational indoor exposure assessment, making it a valuable tool for public health professionals, product safety designers, industrial hygienists, building scientists, and environmental consultants working in the field of IAQ and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Inga Kling
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Otto Hänninen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Katrine Uhrbrand
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Araceli Sánchez Jiménez
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Science, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susan F Arnold
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Tareq Hussein
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; The University of Jordan, Department of Physics, Amman 11942, Jordan
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24
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Avery AM, Waring MS, DeCarlo PF. Seasonal variation in aerosol composition and concentration upon transport from the outdoor to indoor environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:528-547. [PMID: 30698188 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor-originated aerosols are an important component impacting indoor air quality. Since outdoor aerosols vary over short (diurnal) and long (seasonal) timescales, we examined how the variation in outdoor aerosol concentration and composition impact indoor aerosol. Measurements of both indoor and outdoor aerosol composition in real time in an urban classroom in winter and summer seasons were performed using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), aethalometer, and a suite of gas phase instruments. Factor analysis of the organic aerosol components identified three factors in common between seasons, including hydrocarbon-like, cooking, and oxidized organic aerosol (HOA, COA, and OOA). Since sulfate is non-volatile, we report a sulfate-normalized indoor-outdoor ratio (I/O)i/SO4 for measured aerosol i components, allowing us to estimate aerosol component-based effects of seasonal and other variations in ventilation and HVAC operation, indoor emission sources, and chemically-based loss processes between outdoor and indoor environments. These chemical loss processes are interpreted in terms of changes in temperature and relative humidity (RH) between environments, which fluctuate on a daily and seasonal basis. The degree to which any effect is observed depends on the particular outdoor aerosol population and the magnitude of temperature or RH change. In wintertime, when aerosols were warmed upon transport indoors and loss of volatile components is favored, median (I/O)i/SO4 values for nitrate, total organics, HOA, and BC were smaller (0.35, 1.00, 1.24, and 1.18, respectively) than summertime values (0.75, 1.17, 1.96, and 1.80). For COA and OOA, however, (I/O)i/SO4 values were higher in the winter than in summer. Calculated aerosol liquid water (ALW), which is a function of temperature and RH and the relative contribution of hygroscopic components, varied significantly by season. Summertime ALW indoors provides a medium for aqueous processing, which is necessary for some hydrophilic gas phase reaction products that are important to indoor air quality and occupant exposure. This work describes the linkages between seasonal variability in aerosol composition outdoors and the subsequent chemically-specific variation observed when that aerosol is brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Avery
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, USA.
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25
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Deng Q, Deng L, Miao Y, Guo X, Li Y. Particle deposition in the human lung: Health implications of particulate matter from different sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:237-245. [PMID: 30476747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although ambient particulate matter or particles have been found to be associated with morbidity and mortality all over the world, specific health effects of particles from different sources need further elucidation. The objective of this work is to predict the deposition of particles from different sources in the human lung. The whole lung, consisting of 24 generations of branches from trachea to alveoli, was approximated using a one-dimensional lumped "trumpet" model with a variable cross-sectional area. The aerosol dynamics equation was numerically solved using a finite difference method to investigate the transport and deposition of particles in the lung model. Particles from various sources were assumed to be different in both size and density. We found that in general, coarse particles (> 2.5 µm) were mainly deposited in the tracheobronchial (TB) region by impaction, and fine particles (< 2.5 µm) were mainly deposited in the pulmonary (P) region by sedimentation and diffusion. However, the coarse particles with low density can be deposited in P region by sedimentation. As a comparison, our results found that soil particles, which are coarse with low density, were deposited in the deep lung more than traffic particles, which are fine with high density. Modeling of particle deposition in the human lung indicated that coarse particles generated by crustal sources may have adverse health effects as strong as those resulting from fine particles generated from combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Linjing Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yufeng Miao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xilong Guo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Han C, Li SM, Liu P, Lee P. Size Dependence of the Physical Characteristics of Particles Containing Refractory Black Carbon in Diesel Vehicle Exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:137-145. [PMID: 30516049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The number and mass size distributions of refractory black carbon (rBC) cores in particles emitted from a diesel vehicle were investigated as a function of particle mobility diameter ( dmob) using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The thickness and mass of coatings on the rBC cores were characterized. On the basis of the SP2 and DMA results, the physical properties of particles containing rBC, including effective density (ρeff), mass-mobility scaling exponent ( Dm), dynamic shape factor (χ), and mass absorption cross section (MAC), were derived as a function of dmob. At each dmob, the count median diameter (CMD) of the rBC cores was essentially the same as their mass median diameter (MMD), which increased linearly with dmob. The mass of the rBC cores was proportional to the cubic of their dmob. However, coating thickness on rBC cores remained unchanged with dmob, with an average thickness of 28.72 ± 4.81 nm. For particles containing rBC, ρeff decreased and χ increased with dmob. The Dm of particles containing rBC was calculated to be 2.09. At 355 and 532 nm wavelengths, the MAC of the diesel particles containing rBC was inversely dependent on dmob.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Peter Liu
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
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27
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Koivisto AJ, Kling KI, Fonseca AS, Bluhme AB, Moreman M, Yu M, Costa AL, Giovanni B, Ortelli S, Fransman W, Vogel U, Jensen KA. Dip coating of air purifier ceramic honeycombs with photocatalytic TiO 2 nanoparticles: A case study for occupational exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1283-1291. [PMID: 29554749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale TiO2 (nTiO2) is manufactured in high volumes and is of potential concern in occupational health. Here, we measured workers exposure levels while ceramic honeycombs were dip coated with liquid photoactive nanoparticle suspension and dried with an air blade. The measured nTiO2 concentration levels were used to assess process specific emission rates using a convolution theorem and to calculate inhalation dose rates of deposited nTiO2 particles. Dip coating did not result in detectable release of particles but air blade drying released fine-sized TiO2 and nTiO2 particles. nTiO2 was found in pure nTiO2 agglomerates and as individual particles deposited onto background particles. Total particle emission rates were 420×109min-1, 1.33×109μm2min-1, and 3.5mgmin-1 respirable mass. During a continued repeated process, the average exposure level was 2.5×104cm-3, 30.3μm2cm-3, <116μgm-3 for particulate matter. The TiO2 average exposure level was 4.2μgm-3, which is well below the maximum recommended exposure limit of 300μgm-3 for nTiO2 proposed by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. During an 8-hour exposure, the observed concentrations would result in a lung deposited surface area of 4.3×10-3cm2g-1 of lung tissue and 13μg of TiO2 to the trachea-bronchi, and alveolar regions. The dose levels were well below the one hundredth of the no observed effect level (NOEL1/100) of 0.11cm2g-1 for granular biodurable particles and a daily no significant risk dose level of 44μgday-1. These emission rates can be used in a mass flow model to predict the impact of process emissions on personal and environmental exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Inga Kling
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anders Brostrøm Bluhme
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345B, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mingzhou Yu
- China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Baldi Giovanni
- COLOROBBIA CONSULTING S.r.L., Via Pietramarina 53, 50053, Sovigliana, Vinci, FI, Italy
| | | | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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28
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Jiang S, Ye X, Wang R, Tao Y, Ma Z, Yang X, Chen J. Measurements of nonvolatile size distribution and its link to traffic soot in urban Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:452-461. [PMID: 28988081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of particle size distribution and size-resolved particle volatility were conducted using a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzers (V-TDMA) in the urban area of Shanghai during wintertime in January 2014. The nonvolatile mode particles with VSF exceeding 0.85 were always externally mixed with more-volatile mode particles. The average VSF ranged from 0.58 to 0.65 for 100-400nm particles, increasing with the increase of particle size. On average, the nonvolatile mode contributed 15-20% of number fraction for 50-400nm particles. Due to their hydrophobic nature, the nonvolatile particles were not easily removed by wet deposition. The concentrations of the nonvolatile mode particles and NOx were well correlated, indicating that the nonvolatile mode particles were mostly attributed to be fresh traffic soot. The diurnal variations in ensemble VSF and number fraction of nonvolatile mode particles exhibited two peaks in clean days, corresponding to morning and evening rush hours. The VSF distributions of 50nm particles were similar during a transition between haze to clean periods whereas in the accumulation mode range, the number fraction of more-volatile mode and the amount of volatile materials in the more-volatile mode particles during haze periods are considerably larger than those in clean periods, indicating different contribution from transported sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingnan Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China..
| | - Ruyu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China..
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29
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Eriksson AC, Wittbom C, Roldin P, Sporre M, Öström E, Nilsson P, Martinsson J, Rissler J, Nordin EZ, Svenningsson B, Pagels J, Swietlicki E. Diesel soot aging in urban plumes within hours under cold dark and humid conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12364. [PMID: 28959023 PMCID: PMC5620063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh and aged diesel soot particles have different impacts on climate and human health. While fresh diesel soot particles are highly aspherical and non-hygroscopic, aged particles are spherical and hygroscopic. Aging and its effect on water uptake also controls the dispersion of diesel soot in the atmosphere. Understanding the timescales on which diesel soot ages in the atmosphere is thus important, yet knowledge thereof is lacking. We show that under cold, dark and humid conditions the atmospheric transformation from fresh to aged soot occurs on a timescale of less than five hours. Under dry conditions in the laboratory, diesel soot transformation is much less efficient. While photochemistry drives soot aging, our data show it is not always a limiting factor. Field observations together with aerosol process model simulations show that the rapid ambient diesel soot aging in urban plumes is caused by coupled ammonium nitrate formation and water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Eriksson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden. .,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - C Wittbom
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Sporre
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Postboks 1022, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Öström
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Martinsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Rissler
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Z Nordin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Svenningsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Swietlicki
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
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30
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Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, Milic A, Gu Y, Islam MS, Wang S, Hao J, Zhang H, He C, Guo H, Fu H, Miljevic B, Morawska L, Thai P, Lam YF, Pereira G, Ding A, Huang X, Dumka UC. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1000-1034. [PMID: 27908624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a significant air pollution source, with global, regional and local impacts on air quality, public health and climate. Worldwide an extensive range of studies has been conducted on almost all the aspects of BB, including its specific types, on quantification of emissions and on assessing its various impacts. China is one of the countries where the significance of BB has been recognized, and a lot of research efforts devoted to investigate it, however, so far no systematic reviews were conducted to synthesize the information which has been emerging. Therefore the aim of this work was to comprehensively review most of the studies published on this topic in China, including literature concerning field measurements, laboratory studies and the impacts of BB indoors and outdoors in China. In addition, this review provides insights into the role of wildfire and anthropogenic BB on air quality and health globally. Further, we attempted to provide a basis for formulation of policies and regulations by policy makers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Andelija Milic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yun Fat Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gavin Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Aijun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Umesh C Dumka
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India
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Hemmingsen JG, Jantzen K, Møller P, Loft S. No oxidative stress or DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure to particles from urban street air in overweight elderly. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:635-42. [PMID: 25904586 PMCID: PMC4540789 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased risk of lung disease, cancer and cardiovascular disease especially in elderly and overweight subjects. The proposed mechanisms involve intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and oxidation-induced DNA damage studied mainly in young normal-weight subjects. We performed a controlled cross-over, randomised, single-blinded, repeated-measure study where 60 healthy subjects (25 males and 35 females) with age 55–83 years and body mass index above 25kg/m2 were exposed for 5h to either particle-filtered or sham-filtered air from a busy street with number of concentrations and PM2.5 levels of 1800/cm3 versus 23 000/cm3 and 3 µg/m3 versus 24 µg/m3, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected and assayed for production of ROS with and without ex vivo exposure to nanosized carbon black as well as expression of genes related to inflammation (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor), oxidative stress response (heme oxygenase (decycling)-1) and DNA repair (oxoguanine DNA glycosylase). DNA strand breaks and oxidised purines were assayed by the alkaline comet assay. No statistically significant differences were found for any biomarker immediately after exposure to PM from urban street air although strand breaks and oxidised purines combined were significantly associated with the particle number concentration during exposure. In conclusion, 5h of controlled exposure to PM from urban traffic did not change the gene expression related to inflammation, oxidative stress or DNA repair, ROS production or oxidatively damaged DNA in PBMCs from elderly overweight human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hemmingsen JG, Rissler J, Lykkesfeldt J, Sallsten G, Kristiansen J, Møller P P, Loft S. Controlled exposure to particulate matter from urban street air is associated with decreased vasodilation and heart rate variability in overweight and older adults. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25890359 PMCID: PMC4374502 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is generally associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Elderly and obese subjects may be particularly susceptible, although short-term effects are poorly described. Methods Sixty healthy subjects (25 males, 35 females, age 55 to 83 years, body mass index > 25 kg/m2) were included in a cross-over study with 5 hours of exposure to particle- or sham-filtered air from a busy street using an exposure-chamber. The sham- versus particle-filtered air had average particle number concentrations of ~23.000 versus ~1800/cm3 and PM2.5 levels of 24 versus 3μg/m3, respectively. The PM contained similar fractions of elemental and black carbon (~20-25%) in both exposure scenarios. Reactive hyperemia and nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation in finger arteries and heart rate variability (HRV) measured within 1 h after exposure were primary outcomes. Potential explanatory mechanistic variables included markers of oxidative stress (ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, nitric oxide-production cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin and its oxidation product dihydrobiopterin) and inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and leukocyte differential counts). Results Nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation was reduced by 12% [95% confidence interval: −22%; −1.0%] following PM exposure, whereas hyperemia-induced vasodilation was reduced by 5% [95% confidence interval: −11.6%; 1.6%]. Moreover, HRV measurements showed that the high and low frequency domains were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Redox and inflammatory status did not change significantly based on the above measures. Conclusions This study indicates that exposure to real-life levels of PM from urban street air impairs the vasomotor function and HRV in overweight middle-aged and elderly adults, although this could not be explained by changes in inflammation, oxidative stress or nitric oxide-cofactors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0081-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette G Hemmingsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frb. C., Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Kristiansen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Møller P
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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33
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Markowicz P, Löndahl J, Wierzbicka A, Suleiman R, Shihadeh A, Larsson L. A study on particles and some microbial markers in waterpipe tobacco smoke. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:107-13. [PMID: 25181042 PMCID: PMC4297659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Research has shown that cigarette smoke, in addition to hundreds of carcinogenic and otherwise toxic compounds, may also contain compounds of microbiological origin. In the present study we analyzed waterpipe smoke for some microbial compounds. Both of the two markers studied, viz 3-hydroxy fatty acids of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ergosterol of fungal biomass, were found in waterpipe tobacco, in amounts similar as previously found in cigarette tobacco, and in smoke. Waterpipe mainstream smoke contained on average 1800 pmol LPS and 84.4 ng ergosterol produced per session. An average concentration of 2.8 pmol/m(3) of LPS was found in second hand smoke during a 1-2-h waterpipe smoking session while ergosterol was not detected; corresponding concentrations from smoking five cigarettes were 22.2 pmol/m(3) of LPS and 87.5 ng/m(3) of ergosterol. This is the first time that waterpipe smoking has been shown to create a bioaerosol. In the present study we also found that waterpipe smoking generated several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and high fraction of small (<200 nm) particles that may have adverse effects on human health upon inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Markowicz
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Sölvegatan 23, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Suleiman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - A Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - L Larsson
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Sölvegatan 23, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
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