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Novak M, Kochergina YVE, Andronikov AV, Holmden C, Veselovsky F, Kachlik V, Hruška J, Laufek F, Paces T, Komarek A, Sebek O, Stepanova M, Curik J, Prechova E, Fottova D, Andronikova IE. Sizeable net export of base cations from a Carpathian flysch catchment indicates their geogenic origin while the 26Mg/ 24Mg, 44Ca/ 40Ca and 87Sr/ 86Sr isotope ratios in runoff are indistinguishable from atmospheric input. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26261-26281. [PMID: 38499921 PMCID: PMC11024055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient imbalances may negatively affect the health status of forests exposed to multiple stress factors, including drought and bark beetle calamities. We studied the origin of base cations in runoff from a small Carpathian catchment underlain by base-poor flysch turbidites using magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) isotope composition of 10 ecosystem compartments. Our objective was to constrain conclusions drawn from long-term hydrochemical monitoring of inputs and outputs. Annual export of Mg, Ca and Sr exceeds 5-to-15 times their atmospheric input. Mass budgets per se thus indicate sizeable net leaching of Mg, Ca and Sr from bedrock sandstones and claystones. Surprisingly, δ26Mg, δ44Ca and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of runoff were practically identical to those of atmospheric deposition and soil water but significantly different from bedrock isotope ratios. We did not find any carbonates in the studied area as a hypothetical, easily dissolvable source of base cations whose isotope composition might corroborate the predominance of geogenic base cations in the runoff. Marine carbonates typically have lower δ26 Mg and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and silicate sediments often have higher δ26Mg and 87Sr/86Sr ratios than runoff at the study site. Mixing of these two sources, if confirmed, could reconcile the flux and isotope data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novak
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Yulia V Erban Kochergina
- Department of Rock Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandre V Andronikov
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Holmden
- Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Frantisek Veselovsky
- Department of Rock Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Kachlik
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 118 21, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hruška
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Laufek
- Department of Rock Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Paces
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Komarek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Sokolovska 49, 186 75, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Sebek
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Stepanova
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Curik
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prechova
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Fottova
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Irina E Andronikova
- Department of Rock Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
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Petrash DA, Krám P, Pérez-Rivera KX, Bůzek F, Čuřík J, Veselovský F, Novák M. Soil solution data from Bohemian headwater catchments record atmospheric metal deposition and legacy pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48232-48247. [PMID: 36752921 PMCID: PMC10097769 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil solution chemistry depends largely on mineralogy and organic matter properties of soil horizons with which they interact. Differing lithologies within a given catchment area can influence variability in soil cation exchange capacities and affect solute transport. Zero-tension and tension lysimeters were used to evaluate the fast transport of solutes in the topsoil vs. slow diffusional matrix flow at the subsoil of three contrasting lithology catchments in a mid-elevation mountain forest. Our aim was to test the feasibility of lysimeters' hydrochemical data as a gauge for legacy subsoil pollution. Due to contrasting lithologies, atmospheric legacy pollution prevailing at the soil-regolith interface is differently yet consistently reflected by beryllium, lead, and chromium soil solution concentrations of the three catchments. Geochemical (dis)equilibrium between the soil and soil matrix water governed the hydrochemistry of the soil solutions at the time of collection, potentially contributing to decreased dissolved concentrations with increased depths at sites with higher soil pH. A complementary isotopic δ18O runoff generation model constrained potential seasonal responses and pointed to sufficiently long water-regolith interactions as to permit important seasonal contributions of groundwater enriched in chemical species to the topsoil levels. Our study also reflects subsoil equilibration with atmospheric solutes deposited at the topsoil and thus provides guidance for evaluating legacy pollution in soil profiles derived from contrasting lithology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Petrash
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia.
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Krám
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Katherine X Pérez-Rivera
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - František Bůzek
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Jan Čuřík
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Veselovský
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Martin Novák
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czechia
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3
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Hruška J, Oulehle F, Chuman T, Kolář T, Rybníček M, Trnka M, McDowell WH. Forest growth responds more to air pollution than soil acidification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0256976. [PMID: 36888624 PMCID: PMC9994739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The forests of central Europe have undergone remarkable transitions in the past 40 years as air quality has improved dramatically. Retrospective analysis of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree rings in the Czech Republic shows that air pollution (e.g. SO2 concentrations, high acidic deposition to the forest canopy) plays a dominant role in driving forest health. Extensive soil acidification occurred in the highly polluted "Black Triangle" in Central Europe, and upper mineral soils are still acidified. In contrast, acidic atmospheric deposition declined by 80% and atmospheric SO2 concentration by 90% between the late 1980s and 2010s. In this study we oserved that annual tree ring width (TRW) declined in the 1970s and subsequently recovered in the 1990s, tracking SO2 concentrations closely. Furthermore, recovery of TRW was similar in unlimed and limed stands. Despite large increases in soil base saturation, as well as soil pH, as a result of repeated liming starting in 1981, TRW growth was similar in limed and unlimed plots. TRW recovery was interrupted in 1996 when highly acidic rime (originating from more pronounced decline of alkaline dust than SO2 from local power plants) injured the spruce canopy, but recovered soon to the pre-episode growth. Across the long-term site history, changes in soil chemistry (pH, base saturation, Bc/Al soil solution ratio) cannot explain observed changes in TRW at the two study sites where we tracked soil chemistry. Instead, statistically significant recovery in TRW is linked to the trajectory of annual SO2 concentrations or sulfur deposition at all three stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hruška
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Chuman
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - William H. McDowell
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
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Huang H, Mangal V, Rennie MD, Tong H, Simpson MJ, Mitchell CPJ. Mercury methylation and methylmercury demethylation in boreal lake sediment with legacy sulphate pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:932-944. [PMID: 35532885 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulphate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater systems may regulate the formation of methylmercury (MeHg), a potent neurotoxin that biomagnifies in aquatic ecosystems. While many boreal lakes continue to recover from decades of elevated atmospheric sulphate deposition, little research has examined whether historically high sulphate concentrations can result in persistently elevated MeHg production and accumulation in aquatic systems. This study used sediment from a historically sulphate-impacted lake and an adjacent reference lake in northwestern Ontario, Canada to investigate the legacy effects of sulphate pollution, as well as the effects of newly added sulphate, natural organic matter (NOM) of varying sulphur content and a sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) inhibitor on enhancing or inhibiting the Hg methylation and demethylation activity (Kmeth and Kdemeth) in the sediment. We found that Kmeth and MeHg concentrations in sulphate-impacted lake sediment were significantly greater than in reference lake sediment. Further adding sulphate or NOM with different sulphur content to sediment of both lakes did not significantly change Kmeth. The addition of a SRB inhibitor resulted in lower Kmeth only in sulphate-impacted sediment, but methylation was not entirely depressed. Methylmercury demethylation potentials in sediment were consistent across lakes and experimental treatments, except for some impacts related to SRB inhibitor additions in the reference lake sediment. Overall, a broader community of microbes beyond SRB may be methylating Hg and demethylating MeHg in this system. This study reveals that legacies of sulphate pollution in boreal lakes may persist for decades in stimulating elevated Hg methylation in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Huang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Vaughn Mangal
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael D Rennie
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huan Tong
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl P J Mitchell
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
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Kopáček J, Kaňa J, Porcal P, Stuchlík E. Diverse effects of accelerating climate change on chemical recovery of alpine lakes from acidic deposition in soil-rich versus scree-rich catchments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117522. [PMID: 34261223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current recovery of mountain lakes from atmospheric acidification is increasingly affected (both accelerated and/or delayed) by climate change. We evaluated long-term trends in the ionic composition of 30 lakes situated in the alpine zone of the Tatra Mountains, and compared the rates of their recovery with model (MAGIC) simulations done 20 years ago for the 2003-2020 period. The observed recovery was faster than the model forecast, due to greater reductions in acidic deposition than projected. Trends in water composition were further modified by climate change. Rising temperatures increased the length of the growing season and retention of inorganic N and SO42- more in soil-rich compared with soil-poor catchments. In contrast, elevated precipitation and an increase in rainfall intensity reduced water residence time in soils, and consequently reduced N retention, especially in soil-poor catchments. It is likely that increases in rainfall intensity and annual number of days without snow, along with air temperatures fluctuating around the freezing point elevated the physical erosion of rocks, especially in high-elevation, steep, and scree-rich areas where rocks are not thermally insulated and stabilized by soils. Weathering of exposed accessory calcite in the eroded granodiorite bedrock was a source of Ca2+ and HCO3-, while S-bearing minerals likely contributed to lake water SO42- and partly mitigated its deposition-related decrease in scree-rich catchments. The extent of climate effects on changes in the water composition of alpine lakes recovering from acidic deposition thus depended on elevation and cover of soil and scree in catchments. Our results highlight the need for incorporating dominant climate-related process into existing process-based models to increase their reliability in predicting the future development of lake water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kopáček
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, CZ-370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Kaňa
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, CZ-370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Porcal
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, CZ-370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Evžen Stuchlík
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Petrash DA, Novák M, Bohdálková L, Krachler M, Čuřík J, Veselovský F, Štěpánová M, Umbría-Salinas K, Přechová E, Komárek A. Winter arsenic pollution in 10 forest ecosystems in the mountainous border regions of the Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16107-16121. [PMID: 33247400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) concentrations and deposition fluxes were measured in snow and rime at 10 mountain-top sites near the borders between the Czech Republic and Austria, Germany, Poland, and Slovakia during three consecutive winter seasons (2009-2011). Our study was performed at a time following several decades of sharply decreasing regional atmospheric pollution and following the 2006 implementation of stricter air quality standards across Europe. Our objective was to compare vertical and horizontal depositions of soluble and insoluble As forms throughout the Czech Republic and define a recent Central European As pollution gradient. Arsenic soluble in weak nitric acid contributed 83 to 85% to the total As deposition, with the remaining 17-15% bound to stable particulate forms. The highest As deposition rates were recorded in the eastern Czech Republic near the borders with Poland and Slovakia. Complementary hydrochemical monitoring in four mountain-slope catchments situated near selected main study sites revealed a further decrease in open-area As deposition by the end of 2018 in the east of the country. In contrast, spruce canopy throughfall flux did not change significantly between 2009-2011 and 2016-2018. The site-specific relative roles of coal-burning-derived and ore-smelting-derived atmospheric As are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Petrash
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
- Soil and Water Research Infrastrucutre, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Novák
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Bohdálková
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Micheal Krachler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 2340, 76125, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Čuřík
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - František Veselovský
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Štěpánová
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Karelys Umbría-Salinas
- Soil and Water Research Infrastrucutre, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Přechová
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Komárek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Sokolovska 49, 186 75, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Novak M, Farkas J, Kram P, Hruska J, Stepanova M, Veselovsky F, Curik J, Andronikov AV, Sebek O, Simecek M, Fottova D, Bohdalkova L, Prechova E, Koubova M, Vitkova H. Controls on δ26Mg variability in three Central European headwater catchments characterized by contrasting bedrock chemistry and contrasting inputs of atmospheric pollutants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242915. [PMID: 33253305 PMCID: PMC7703950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium isotope ratios (26Mg/24Mg) can provide insights into the origin of Mg pools and fluxes in catchments where Mg sources have distinct isotope compositions, and the direction and magnitude of Mg isotope fractionations are known. Variability in Mg isotope compositions was investigated in three small, spruce-forested catchments in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) situated along an industrial pollution gradient. The following combinations of catchment characteristics were selected for the study: low-Mg bedrock + low Mg deposition (site LYS, underlain by leucogranite); high-Mg bedrock + low Mg deposition (site PLB, underlain by serpentinite), and low-Mg bedrock + high Mg deposition (site UDL, underlain by orthogneiss). UDL, affected by spruce die-back due to acid rain, was the only investigated site where dolomite was applied to mitigate forest decline. The δ26Mg values of 10 catchment compartments were determined on pooled subsamples. At LYS, a wide range of δ26Mg values was observed across the compartments, from -3.38 ‰ (bedrock) to -2.88 ‰ (soil), -1.48% (open-area precipitation), -1.34 ‰ (throughfall), -1.19 ‰ (soil water), -0.99 ‰ (xylem), -0.95 ‰ (needles), -0.82 ‰ (bark), -0.76 ‰ (fine roots), and -0.76 ‰ (runoff). The δ26Mg values at UDL spanned 1.32 ‰ and were thus less variable, compared to LYS. Magnesium at PLB was isotopically relatively homogeneous. The δ26Mg systematics was consistent with geogenic control of runoff Mg at PLB. Mainly atmospheric/biological control of runoff Mg was indicated at UDL, and possibly also at LYS. Our sites did not exhibit the combination of low-δ26Mg runoff and high-δ26Mg weathering products (secondary clay minerals) reported from several previously studied sites. Six years after the end of liming at UDL, Mg derived from dolomite was isotopically undetectable in runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novak
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Juraj Farkas
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Department of Earth Sciences, Metal Isotope Group (MIG), The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pavel Kram
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hruska
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jan Curik
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondrej Sebek
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Eva Prechova
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague 5, Czech Republic
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Posch M, Aherne J, Moldan F, Evans CD, Forsius M, Larssen T, Helliwell R, Cosby BJ. Dynamic Modeling and Target Loads of Sulfur and Nitrogen for Surface Waters in Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5062-5070. [PMID: 30924642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The target load concept is an extension of the critical load concept of air pollution inputs to ecosystems. The advantage of target loads over critical loads is that one can define the deposition and the point in time (target year) when the critical (chemical) limit is no longer violated. This information on the timing of recovery requires dynamic modeling. Using a well-documented dynamic model, target loads for acidic deposition were determined for 848 surface waters across Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom for the target year 2050. In the majority of sites ( n = 675), the critical ANC-limit was predicted to be achieved by 2050; however, for 127 sites, target loads were determined. In addition, 46 sites were infeasible, i.e., even a reduction of anthropogenic deposition to zero would not achieve the limit by 2050. The average maximum target load for sulfur was 38% lower than the respective critical load across the study lakes ( n = 127). Target loads on a large regional scale can inform effects-based emission reduction policies; the current assessment suggests that reductions beyond the Gothenburg Protocol are required to ensure surface water recovery from acidification by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Posch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) , 2361 Laxenburg , Austria
| | - Julian Aherne
- School of the Environment , Trent University , Ontario , Canada K9J 7B8
| | - Filip Moldan
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , 400 14 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Chris D Evans
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Bangor LL57 2UW , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Rachel Helliwell
- The James Hutton Institute , Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH , United Kingdom
| | - B Jack Cosby
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Bangor LL57 2UW , United Kingdom
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Oulehle F, Wright RF, Svoboda M, Bače R, Matějka K, Kaňa J, Hruška J, Couture RM, Kopáček J. Effects of Bark Beetle Disturbance on Soil Nutrient Retention and Lake Chemistry in Glacial Catchment. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Vuorenmaa J, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Hakola H, Kleemola S, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Lundin L, Löfgren S, Marchetto A, Pecka T, Schulte-Bisping H, Skotak K, Srybny A, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Váňa M, Åkerblom S, Forsius M. Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1129-1145. [PMID: 29996410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 5-28922, Verbania Pallanza VB, Italy
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schulte-Bisping
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anatoly Srybny
- Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, P.O. Domzheritzy, Lepel District, Vitebskaya Oblast 211188, Belarus
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Åkerblom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Morphological and immunohistochemical reactions of the larval epidermis in the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus) after exposure to low pH. ZOOLOGY 2018; 126:20-28. [PMID: 29398350 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that amphibians are globally and currently the most threatened group of vertebrates and different causes might be responsible for this phenomenon. Acidification of water bodies is a global environmental issue that has been proposed as a possible cause for amphibian populations decline. Indeed, it has been widely demonstrated that low pH may exert harmful effects on amphibians, either directly or by increasing the adverse effects of other stressors. Surprisingly only few studies documented the response of amphibian integument to acidic pH conditions and no data are available on the effects of a non-lethal level of pH onto the amphibian larval epidermis. The present study showed that acidic pH (4.5) condition has severe effects on the epidermis of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus, formerly Triturus italicus) inducing both morphological and functional alterations. The increase of mucus is the first evident effect of acid injury, followed by the flattening of the epithelium and the appearance of a keratinized shedding layer. The immunolabeling of cytokeratins substantially changes acquiring an adult-like pattern. Also aquaporin 3 and iNOS expression modify their distribution according to a change of the histological features of the epidermis. These results clearly indicate that a short-term exposure to a sub-lethal pH disrupts the epidermis morphology and function in L. italicus larvae. Since the skin exerts a prominent role in both respiration and osmoregulation, the described alterations may adversely affect the overall ionic balance, with a long chain of cascading effects significantly decreasing newts survival probabilities when environmental pH lowering occurs.
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12
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Marx A, Hintze S, Sanda M, Jankovec J, Oulehle F, Dusek J, Vitvar T, Vogel T, van Geldern R, Barth JAC. Acid rain footprint three decades after peak deposition: Long-term recovery from pollutant sulphate in the Uhlirska catchment (Czech Republic). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:1037-1049. [PMID: 28476077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The granitic Uhlirska headwater catchment with a size of 1.78km2 is located in the Jizera Mountains in the northern Czech Republic and received among the highest inputs of anthropogenic acid depositions in Europe. An analysis of sulphate (SO42-) distribution in deposition, soil water, stream water and groundwater compartments allowed to establish a SO42- mass-balance (deposition input minus surface water export) and helped to evaluate which changes occurred since the last evaluation of the catchment in 1997. The determined SO42- concentrations decreased in the following order: wetland groundwater>groundwater from 20m below ground level (bgl)>groundwater from 30m bgl>stream water>groundwater from10m bgl>hillslope soil water>wetland soil water>bulk deposition with median values of 0.24, 0.21, 0.17, 0.15, 0.11, 0.07, 0.03 and 0.01mmolL-1, respectively. Our results show that average deposition reductions of 62% did not result in equal changes of the sulphate mass-balance, which changed by only 47%. This difference occurs because sulphate originates from internal sources such as the groundwater and soil water. The Uhlirska catchment is subject to delayed recovery from anthropogenic acid depositions and remains a net source of stored sulphur even after three decades of declining inputs. The wetland groundwater and soil water provide environmental memories of legacy pollutant sulphate. Elevated stream water sulphate concentrations after the unusually dry summer 2015 imply importance of weather and climate patterns for future recovery from acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marx
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - S Hintze
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Université de Neuchâtel, Centre d'Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Suisse
| | - M Sanda
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Jankovec
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Oulehle
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Dusek
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Vitvar
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Vogel
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R van Geldern
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J A C Barth
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Yu T, Xu Q, He C, Cong H, Dai D, Wu F, Meng W. Long-Term Trends in Acid Neutralizing Capacity under Increasing Acidic Deposition: A Special Example of Eutrophic Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12660-12668. [PMID: 27934262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While North America and Europe have been recovering from acidification, China is experiencing impacts of acid deposition. The Taihu region is a seriously impacted area by acid rain in China, with the average rainfall pH < 5. However, the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and pH of Taihu Lake have significantly increased over the past 60 years (p < 0.05). Analyses showed that watershed neutralization by carbonates and in-lake alkalinization by algae activities were the two major reactions responsible for the increase. In the Taihu basin, the dominant carbonate bedrocks are the major source of base cations (particularly Ca2+ and Mg2+) and act as the acidification buffer. In addition, our field measurements across the lake showed that the pH values were significantly higher in algal bloom waters than in areas without blooms. This observation was further supported by our statistical analysis showing that the Taihu ANC and pH were significantly correlated with the chlorophyll increase (p < 0.05; 1985-2015). However, our regression analysis indicated that the base cations in the watershed would be depleted by the early 2040s if the acid deposition continues at the current rate. Our results suggest that interactions between human accelerated weathering, watershed geochemistry, and in-lake algae activities significantly impact the water chemistry of the lake. We urgently recommend an "integrated and balanced" recovery plan for the lake ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225217, China
| | - Qiujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chengda He
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225217, China
| | - Haibing Cong
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225217, China
| | - Dan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
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14
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Novak M, Sipkova A, Chrastny V, Stepanova M, Voldrichova P, Veselovsky F, Prechova E, Blaha V, Curik J, Farkas J, Erbanova L, Bohdalkova L, Pasava J, Mikova J, Komarek A, Krachler M. Cu-Zn isotope constraints on the provenance of air pollution in Central Europe: Using soluble and insoluble particles in snow and rime. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1135-1146. [PMID: 27613315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) isotope ratios can be used to fingerprint sources and dispersion pathways of pollutants in the environment. Little is known, however, about the potential of δ65Cu and δ66Zn values in liquid and solid forms of atmospheric deposition to distinguish between geogenic, industrial, local and remote sources of these potentially toxic base metals. Here we present Cu-Zn deposition fluxes at 10 mountain-top sites in the Czech Republic, a region affected by extremely high industrial emission rates 25 years ago. Additionally, we monitored isotope composition of Cu and Zn in vertical and horizontal atmospheric deposition at two sites. We compared δ65Cu and δ66Zn values in snow and rime, extracted by diluted HNO3 and concentrated HF. Cu and Zn isotope signatures of industrial pollution sources were also determined. Cu and Zn deposition fluxes at all study sites were minute. The mean δ65Cu value of atmospheric deposition (-0.07‰) was higher than the mean δ65Cu value of pollution sources (-1.17‰). The variability in δ65Cu values of atmospheric deposition was lower, compared to the pollution sources. The mean δ66Zn value of atmospheric deposition (-0.09‰) was slightly higher than the mean δ66Zn value of pollution sources (-0.23‰). The variability in δ66Zn values of atmospheric deposition was indistinguishable from that of pollution sources. The largest isotope differences (0.35‰) were observed between the insoluble and soluble fractions of atmospheric deposition. These differences may result from different sources of Cu/Zn for each fraction. The difference in isotope composition of soluble and insoluble particles appears to be a promising tool for pollution provenance studies in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novak
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Adela Sipkova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Chrastny
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Stepanova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Voldrichova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Veselovsky
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prechova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Blaha
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Curik
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Farkas
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Erbanova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Bohdalkova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pasava
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Mikova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Komarek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Sokolovska 83, 186 75, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Krachler
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, 76125, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Kolář T, Čermák P, Oulehle F, Trnka M, Štěpánek P, Cudlín P, Hruška J, Büntgen U, Rybníček M. Pollution control enhanced spruce growth in the "Black Triangle" near the Czech-Polish border. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:703-11. [PMID: 26327638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in certain areas of Central Europe have experienced substantial dieback since the 1970s. Understanding the reasons for this decline and reexamining the response of forests to acid deposition reduction remains challenging because of a lack of long and well-replicated tree-ring width chronologies. Here, spruce from a subalpine area heavily affected by acid deposition (from both sulfur and nitrogen compounds) is evaluated. Tree-ring width measurements from 98 trees between 1000 and 1350m above sea level (a.s.l.) reflected significant May-July temperature signals. Since the 1970s, acid deposition has reduced the growth-climate relationship. Efficient pollution control together with a warmer but not drier climate most likely caused the increased growth of spruce stands in this region, the so-called "Black Triangle," in the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kolář
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Čermák
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Regional Office Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hruška
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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