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Bauer T, Imschweiler J, Muhl C, Weber B, Barz M. Secondary Structure-Driven Self-Assembly of Thiol-Reactive Polypept(o)ides. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2171-2180. [PMID: 33830742 PMCID: PMC8154267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary structure formation differentiates polypeptides from most of the other synthetic polymers, and the transitions from random coils to rod-like α-helices or β-sheets represent an additional parameter to direct self-assembly and the morphology of nanostructures. We investigated the influence of distinct secondary structures on the self-assembly of reactive amphiphilic polypept(o)ides. The individual morphologies can be preserved by core cross-linking via chemoselective disulfide bond formation. A series of thiol-responsive copolymers of racemic polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-dl-cysteine) (pSar-b-p(dl)Cys), enantiopure polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-cysteine) (pSar-b-p(l)Cys), and polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-homocysteine) (pSar-b-p(l)Hcy) was prepared by N-carboxyanhydride polymerization. The secondary structure of the peptide segment varies from α-helices (pSar-b-p(l)Hcy) to antiparallel β-sheets (pSar-b-p(l)Cys) and disrupted β-sheets (pSar-b-p(dl)Cys). When subjected to nanoprecipitation, copolymers with antiparallel β-sheets display the strongest tendency to self-assemble, whereas disrupted β-sheets hardly induce aggregation. This translates to worm-like micelles, solely spherical micelles, or ellipsoidal structures, as analyzed by atomic force microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, which underlines the potential of secondary structure-driven self-assembly of synthetic polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
A. Bauer
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Imschweiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Muhl
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Dharmayanti C, Gillam TA, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Albrecht H, Blencowe A. Strategies for the Development of pH-Responsive Synthetic Polypeptides and Polymer-Peptide Hybrids: Recent Advancements. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:624. [PMID: 33669548 PMCID: PMC7921987 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polypeptides and polymer-peptide hybrid materials have been successfully implemented in an array of biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and ability to mimic natural proteins. In addition, these materials have the capacity to form complex supramolecular structures, facilitate specific biological interactions, and incorporate a diverse selection of functional groups that can be used as the basis for further synthetic modification. Like conventional synthetic polymers, polypeptide-based materials can be designed to respond to external stimuli (e.g., light and temperature) or changes in the environmental conditions (e.g., redox reactions and pH). In particular, pH-responsive polypeptide-based systems represent an interesting avenue for the preparation of novel drug delivery systems that can exploit physiological or pathological pH variations within the body, such as those that arise in the extracellular tumour microenvironment, intracellularly within endosomes/lysosomes, or during tissue inflammation. Here, we review the significant progress made in advancing pH-responsive polypeptides and polymer-peptide hybrid materials during the last five years, with a particular emphasis on the manipulation of ionisable functional groups, pH-labile linkages, pH-sensitive changes to secondary structure, and supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Dharmayanti
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (C.D.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Todd A. Gillam
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (C.D.); (T.A.G.)
- Surface Interactions and Soft Matter Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Hugo Albrecht
- Drug Discovery and Development Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (C.D.); (T.A.G.)
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3
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Blake AM, Parkinson GDB, Russo PS. Detection of Polypeptide Conformational Transitions in Solution via Sound Velocity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Blake
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network, GTPN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Graham D. B. Parkinson
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network, GTPN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul S. Russo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network, GTPN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Song Z, Tan Z, Zheng X, Fu Z, Ponnusamy E, Cheng J. Manipulating the helix–coil transition profile of synthetic polypeptides by leveraging side-chain molecular interactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the pH-sensitive, conformationally tunable triazole polypeptides, we reported the manipulation of helix–coil transition profile determined by the leveraging interactions of the triazole and other side-chain helix-influencing ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Zhengzhong Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Xuetao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Zihuan Fu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | | | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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5
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Sutisna B, Bilalis P, Musteata V, Smilgies DM, Peinemann KV, Hadjichristidis N, Nunes SP. Self-Assembled Membranes with Featherlike and Lamellar Morphologies Containing α-Helical Polypeptides. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Detlef-M. Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Wilson Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Mizuno Y, Furuya H. Volume shrinkage of polypeptide hybrid xerogels induced by a helix-sense inversion. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Baumgartner R, Kuai D, Cheng J. Synthesis of controlled, high-molecular weight poly(l-glutamic acid) brush polymers. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1836-1844. [PMID: 28664205 PMCID: PMC6716790 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of high-molecular weight poly(l-glutamic acid) based brush polymers. Utilizing a combination of ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene based monomers and ring-opening polymerization of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride, high-molecular weight γ-benzyl protected poly(l-glutamic acid) brush polymers are synthesized. Controlled and complete deprotection of the benzyl groups using trimethylsilyl iodide resulted in poly(l-glutamic acid) based brush polymers with molecular weights up to 3.6 MDa, which may potentially be used to prepare size-controlled unimolecular polymeric nanomedicine for drug delivery applications. Camptothecin brush poly(l-glutamic acid) conjugates were prepared and their stability, drug release kinetics, and in vitro toxicity were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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8
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Liu H, Xiao Y, Xu H, Guan Y, Zhang J, Lang M. Reversible thermo-sensitivity induced from varying the hydrogen bonding between the side residues of rationally designed polypeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10174-7. [PMID: 26012903 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rationally designed polypeptides with similar molecular structures but varying patterns of hydrogen bonding between the side groups have been synthesized and demonstrated to possess distinct solubility and thermal behaviors. Further balancing the ratio of both isopropylamine and ethylenediamine side groups endows the random copolymer with reversible thermo-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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9
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10
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Ridgley DM, Claunch EC, Barone JR. Characterization of large amyloid fibers and tapes with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:1417-1426. [PMID: 24359656 DOI: 10.1366/13-07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloids are self-assembled protein structures implicated in a host of neurodegenerative diseases. Organisms can also produce "functional amyloids" to perpetuate life, and these materials serve as models for robust biomaterials. Amyloids are typically studied using fluorescent dyes, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), or Raman spectroscopy analysis of the protein amide I region, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) because the self-assembled β-sheet secondary structure of the amyloid can be easily identified with these techniques. Here, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy analyses are described to characterize amyloid structures beyond just identification of the β-sheet structure. It has been shown that peptide mixtures can self-assemble into nanometer-sized amyloid structures that then continue to self-assemble to the micrometer scale. The resulting structures are flat tapes of low rigidity or cylinders of high rigidity depending on the peptides in the mixture. By monitoring the aggregation of peptides in solution using FT-IR spectroscopy, it is possible to identify specific amino acids implicated in β-sheet formation and higher order self-assembly. It is also possible to predict the final tape or cylinder morphology and gain insight into the structure's physical properties based on observed intermolecular interactions during the self-assembly process. Tapes and cylinders are shown to both have a similar core self-assembled β-sheet structure. Soft tapes also have weak hydrophobic interactions between alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine that facilitate self-assembly. Rigid cylinders have similar hydrophobic interactions that facilitate self-assembly and also have extensive hydrogen bonding between glutamines. Raman spectroscopy performed on the dried tapes and fibers shows the persistence of these interactions. The spectroscopic analyses described could be generalized to other self-assembling amyloid systems to explain property and morphological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Ridgley
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 303 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Elizabeth C Claunch
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 303 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Justin R Barone
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 303 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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11
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Holley AC, Ray JG, Wan W, Savin DA, McCormick CL. Endolytic, pH-responsive HPMA-b-(L-Glu) copolymers synthesized via sequential aqueous RAFT and ring-opening polymerizations. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3793-9. [PMID: 24044682 DOI: 10.1021/bm401205y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A facile synthetic pathway for preparing block copolymers with pH-responsive L-glutamic acid segments for membrane disruption is reported. Aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization was first used to prepare biocompatible, nonimmunogenic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]. This macro chain transfer agent (CTA) was then converted into a macroinitiator via simultaneous aminolysis and thiol-ene Michael addition using the primary amine substituted N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide. This macroinitiator was subsequently utilized in the ring-opening polymerization of the N-carboxyanhydride monomer of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate. After deprotection, the pH-dependent coil-to-helix transformations of the resulting HPMA-b-(L-Glu) copolymers were monitored via circular dichroism spectroscopy. HPMA segments confer water solubility and biocompatibility while the L-glutamic acid repeats provide reversible coil-to-helix transitions at endosomal pH values (~5-6). The endolytic properties of these novel [HPMA-b-(L-Glu)] copolymers and their potential as modular components in drug carrier constructs was demonstrated utilizing red blood cell hemolysis and fluorescein release from POPC vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Holley
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and §The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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12
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Mildner R, Menzel H. Facile synthesis of pH-responsive glycopolypeptides with adjustable sugar density. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mildner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, University of Technology Braunschweig; Hans-Sommer-Str. 10 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Henning Menzel
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, University of Technology Braunschweig; Hans-Sommer-Str. 10 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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13
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Oelker AM, Morey SM, Griffith LG, Hammond PT. Helix versus coil polypeptide macromers: gel networks with decoupled stiffness and permeability. SOFT MATTER 2012; 42:10887-10895. [PMID: 24575148 PMCID: PMC3932710 DOI: 10.1039/c2sm26487k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a platform for investigating the individual effects of substrate stiffness, permeability, and ligand density on cellular behavior, we developed a set of hydrogels with stiffness tuned by polymer backbone rigidity, independent of cross-link density and concentration. Previous studies report that poly(propargyl-L-glutamate) (PPLG), synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of the N-carboxy anhydride of γ-propargyl-L-glutamate (γpLglu), adopts a rigid a-helix conformation: we hypothesized that a random copolymer (PPDLG) with equal amounts of γpLglu and γ-propargyl-D-glutamate (γpDglu) monomers would exhibit a more flexible random coil conformation. The resulting macromers exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI = 1.15) and were grafted with ethylene glycol groups using a highly efficient "click" azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction with average grafting efficiency of 97% for PPLG and 85% for PPDLG. The polypeptide secondary structure, characterized via circular dichroism spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering, is indeed dependent upon monomer chirality: PPLG exhibits an α-helix conformation while PPDLG adopts a random coil conformation. Hydrogel networks produced by cross-linking either helical or random coil polypeptides with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were analyzed for amount of swelling, gelation efficiency, and permeability to a model protein. In addition, the elastic modulus of helical and coil polypeptide gels was determined by AFM indentation in fluid. Importantly, we found that helical and coil polypeptide gels exhibited similar swelling and permeability but different stiffnesses, which correspond to predictions from the theory of semi-flexible chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Oelker
- MIT Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 76–553, Cambridge, MA USA. Fax: 617-253-8557; Tel: 617-258-7577
| | - Shannon M. Morey
- MIT Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 18-380, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- MIT Department of Biological Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 16-429, Cambridge, MA USA. Fax: 617-253-2400; Tel: 617-253-0013
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- MIT Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 76–553, Cambridge, MA USA. Fax: 617-253-8557; Tel: 617-258-7577
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14
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Audouin F, Fox M, Larragy R, Clarke P, Huang J, O’Connor B, Heise A. Polypeptide-Grafted Macroporous PolyHIPE by Surface-Initiated N-Carboxyanhydride (NCA) Polymerization as a Platform for Bioconjugation. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Audouin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary Fox
- Irish Separation Science Cluster,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ruth Larragy
- Irish Separation Science Cluster,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Clarke
- Irish Separation Science Cluster,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan O’Connor
- Irish Separation Science Cluster,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Kotharangannagari VK, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Ruokolainen J, Mezzenga R. Photoresponsive Reversible Aggregation and Dissolution of Rod–Coil Polypeptide Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2008145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishna Kotharangannagari
- Department of Physics and Frimat Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Food & Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich LFO E23, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer
- Food & Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich LFO E23, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, AALTO University, P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food & Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich LFO E23, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Ionic polypeptides with unusual helical stability. Nat Commun 2011; 2:206. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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17
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Cheng J, Deming TJ. Synthesis of polypeptides by ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 310:1-26. [PMID: 21647839 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes methods for the synthesis of polypeptides by ring-opening polymerization. Traditional and recently improved methods used to polymerize α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) for the synthesis of homopolypeptides are described. Use of these methods and strategies for the preparation of block copolypeptides and side-chain-functionalized polypeptides are also presented, as well as an analysis of the synthetic scope of different approaches. Finally, issues relating to obtaining highly functional polypeptides in pure form are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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18
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19
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Li J, Wang T, Wu D, Zhang X, Yan J, Du S, Guo Y, Wang J, Zhang A. Stimuli-Responsive Zwitterionic Block Copolypeptides: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(lysine-co-glutamic acid). Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2670-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800394p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dalin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiatao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Song Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yifei Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Afang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Beilu 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Abstract
An evolution of procedures to simulate protein structure and folding pathways is described. From an initial focus on the helix-coil transition and on hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions, our original attempts to determine protein structure and folding pathways were based on an experimental approach. Experiments on the oxidative folding of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) led to a mechanism by which the molecule folded to the native structure by a minimum of four different pathways. The experiments with RNase A were followed by development of a molecular mechanics approach, first, making use of global optimization procedures and then with molecular dynamics (MD), evolving from an all-atom to a united-residue model. This hierarchical MD approach facilitated probing of the folding trajectory to longer time scales than with all-atom MD, and hence led to the determination of complete folding trajectories, thus far for a protein containing as many as 75 amino acid residues. With increasing refinement of the computational procedures, the computed results are coming closer to experimental observations, providing an understanding as to how physics directs the folding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Scheraga
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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21
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Inoue K, Baden N, Terazima M. Diffusion coefficient and the secondary structure of poly-L-glutamic acid in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:22623-8. [PMID: 16853945 DOI: 10.1021/jp052897y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion coefficients (D) of poly-L-glutamic acid (PLG) at various pHs are investigated by the laser-induced transient-grating method with a new photoreactive probe molecule. The pH dependence of D is compared with that of the helical content of PLG measured by circular dichroism. It is found that the pH dependences of both quantities are very similar. Since the frictions of the translational diffusion of charged and protonated carboxyl groups are found to be similar each other, it is concluded that the conformation of the main polymer chain is the main factor in determining the diffusion process; in other words, the alpha-helix conformation makes the molecular diffusion faster. This result indicates that the conformational change of a protein can be detected by monitoring the diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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Lillya CP, Macknight WJ, Newman RM, Su WFA, Uden PC. Thermal Degradation of Glutamate Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222338008056738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Barksdale AD, Rosenberg A. Acquisition and interpretation of hydrogen exchange data from peptides, polymers, and proteins. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 28:1-113. [PMID: 7048016 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110485.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jarosch R. The alpha-helix, an overlooked molecular motor. PROTOPLASMA 2005; 227:37-46. [PMID: 16389492 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-005-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
At first sight the alpha-helix appears as a rigid scaffold braced by hydrogen bonds nearly parallel to the helix axis. Looked at more closely it turned out to be highly dynamic and able to transform chemical into mechanical energy. The hydrogen bonds are fairly weak and compliant bonds. Their length, usually between 0.267 and 0.291 nm (mean value, 0.28 nm), depends on the interaction of the side chains. The most important strong interaction is the electrostatic repelling force between equally charged side chains (Glu-, Asp-, Lys+, Arg+), well known by experiments with polyamino acids. In proteins with different amino acids, repelling forces between charged side chains work in the axial direction and stretch the hydrogen bonds. Extreme shortening of the hydrogen bonds occurs when ions, e.g., Ca2+, H+, or PO3-, are added and discharge side chains. This means a cooperative pitch decrease of the alpha-helix (pitch range between 0.52 and more than 0.55 nm; mean value, 0.54 nm). This pitch change is absolutely connected by steric reasons with torque generation and torsional rotations, as demonstrated by molecular and tubular alpha-helix models. Thus, charged alpha-helices are molecular motors propelled by the electrostatic energy of added ions. The motor effect is most striking with highly charged alpha-helical coiled coils, e.g., tropomyosin, myosin, and alpha-actinin that can rotate actin filaments by winding and unwinding. For example, the shortening of muscle depends on the sliding (drilling) motion of the Ca2+-activated helical actin filaments into the cross-bridges of the A-band. Here, models are presented for the in vitro sliding of actin filaments and for cytoplasmic streaming by winding and unwinding of myosin chains, and for membrane proteins that contain nonhelical domains between membrane-penetrating alpha-helices. They may transport molecules by the described torsional rotations if they perform supercoiling. Winding and supercoiling can lead to displacement of bound ions and to a feed-back-regulated oscillation between two different coiling stages E1 and E2 that explain "eversion". The models need the torque for 1-2 rotations. They explain active and passive transports, the driving-effects of ion gradients, ATP hydrolysis by unwinding, ATP synthesis by winding up of the supercoils, etc.
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25
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Palivec L, Urbanová M, Volka K. Circular dichroism spectroscopic study of non-covalent interactions of poly-L-glutamic acid with a porphyrin derivative in aqueous solutions. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:536-45. [PMID: 15880603 DOI: 10.1002/psc.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of poly-L-glutamic acid and a cationic porphyrin derivative in aqueous solutions were studied by the combination of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopies. It was found that non-covalent interactions between both agents influence the structure of the polymeric matrix and the guest porphyrins and vice versa, but the physico-chemical properties of the solutions, especially the pH and the relative permittivity of the solvent, play a key role in the structure of the polypeptide part of the formed complexes. It was shown that the interaction with porphyrins prevents the precipitation of poly-L-glutamic acid in aqueous solution at acidic pH. In special conditions, the porphyrins attached to the polypeptide probably possess face-to-face interaction as demonstrated by the enhancement of the characteristic ECD signal and the appearance of sidebands on its short and long wavelength sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukás Palivec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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26
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Wang Y, Chang YC. Synthesis and Conformational Transition of Surface-Tethered Polypeptide: Poly(l-glutamic acid). Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034092z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575
| | - Ying Chih Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575
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27
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Parthasarathy R, Chaturvedi S, Go K. Design of alpha-helical peptides: their role in protein folding and molecular biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 64:1-54. [PMID: 8868522 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(95)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Parthasarathy
- Biophysics Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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28
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Uehara T, Okabayashi H, Taga K, Yoshida T, Kojima H. Two β-forms and the α-helix of N-octanoyl-L-glutamic acid oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9928803451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, I Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Italy
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30
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Fasman GD. The road from poly(alpha-amino acids) to the prediction of protein conformation. Biopolymers 1987; 26 Suppl:S59-79. [PMID: 3580501 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360260009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Sengupta PK, Krimm S. Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. XXXII. alpha-Poly(L-glutamic acid). Biopolymers 1985; 24:1479-91. [PMID: 2412608 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360240805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Blair NE, Bonner WA. Experiments on the amplification of optical activity. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1980; 10:255-63. [PMID: 7413186 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By way of investigating possible mechanisms for the abiotic amplification of small enantiomeric excesses (e.e.'s) in almost racemic mixtures of amino acid enantiomers, we have undertaken a quantitative study of the base-initiated partial polymerization of leucine and valine N-carboxy-anhydride (NCA) enantiomer mixtures containing known excesses of both the R- and S-forms. Polymerization to the extent of ca. 50% of leucine NCA having an 8-70% e.e. of either the R- or S-enantiomer led to an e.e. enhancement in the polymer, which contained a 12-84% e.e. of that enantiomer which predominated in the original monomer NCA. A corresponding decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer was noted in the unpolymerized residue from each reaction. Polymerization to the extent of 25-50% of mixtures of valine NCA enantiomers containing a 12-13% e.e. of either R- or S-isomer led to polymers showing a 7-8% decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer, and to an increase of its e.e. in the unpolymerized residue. these divergent results, the latter of which is quite novel, are compared with earlier qualitative results in the literature and are discussed briefly from the viewpoint of both mechanism and the amplification of optical activity.
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Abstract
In the racemic conglomerate crystallization of over 1,000 samples of D,L-sodium-ammonium tartrate the effect of 32P beta irradiation on the weight, optical activity, and crystallite size was measured. Both weight and optical activity showed a statistical dependence on the intensity of beta irradiation. The crystallite size is also affected by the presence of 32P. Asymmetric crystals are suggested to have been potential mediators between asymmetric parity violating forces and molecular asymmetry so that stereo-selective prebiotic chemical reactions involving crystals need not be considered 'chance' processes. No measurable difference in the energy content of optical isomers was found. An upper limit for the direct contribution of weak interactions to electromagnetic ones has been calculated. The mechanism of stereoselective crystal seeding by beta particles is discussed.
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34
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Liberti PA, Vickerman CE. Molecular-weight dispersion and variation in incremental composition of (Glu60 Ala30 Tyr10)n. Biopolymers 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1978.360170217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Nakajima A, Yasuda T. Debenzylation Reaction of Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) in Helicogenic Solvent. Polym J 1976. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.8.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Liberti PA. Incremental combining site filling of anti-polypeptide antibodies. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1975; 12:303-10. [PMID: 811547 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(75)90180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Welch WH, Fasman GD. Hydrogen-tritium exchange in polypeptides. Models of alpha-helical and beta conformations. Biochemistry 1974; 13:2455-66. [PMID: 4208842 DOI: 10.1021/bi00709a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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39
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Sequence peptide polymers: Part 2. Poly(leucyl-leucyl-aspartic acid)—Conformational aspects in water solution. POLYMER 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(72)90068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Liberti PA, Stylos WA, Maurer PH. Conformational change(s) induced in sheep calcium-dependent antibody upon interaction with homologous polypeptide antigen. I. Hydrogen-exchange studies of immunoglobulin G and (Fab') 2 fragment. Biochemistry 1972; 11:3312-20. [PMID: 4626762 DOI: 10.1021/bi00768a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Steigman J, Cosani A. Potentiometric and circular dichroic measurements of poly(L-glutamic acid) in aqueous solutions of organic and inorganic electrolytes at ambient temperature. Biopolymers 1971; 10:357-77. [PMID: 5545529 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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42
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Perrin JH, Hart PA. Small molecule-macromolecular interactions as studied by optical rotatory dispersion--circular dichroism. J Pharm Sci 1970; 59:431-48. [PMID: 4315400 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600590402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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44
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Foster R, Fyfe C. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of intermediates formed by the action of nucleophiles on pyridine and pyridinium ions. Tetrahedron 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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46
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Goodman M, Peggion E. Conformational aspects of polypeptide structure. XXII. Aromatic side-chain effects from poly-L-p-aminophenylalanine and derivatives. Biochemistry 1967; 6:1533-40. [PMID: 6036843 DOI: 10.1021/bi00857a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Lehrer SS, Fasman GD. Ultraviolet irradiation effects in poly-L-tyrosine and model compounds. Identification of bityrosine as a photoproduct. Biochemistry 1967; 6:757-67. [PMID: 6025562 DOI: 10.1021/bi00855a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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48
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Kono N, Ikegami A. Potentiometric titration of poly(L-glutamic acid) in aqueous solutions and binding of divalent cations. Biopolymers 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1966.360040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Auer HE, Doty P. The synthesis, structure, and optical properties of some copolypeptides containing nonpolar amino acid residues. Biochemistry 1966; 5:1708-15. [PMID: 5961288 DOI: 10.1021/bi00869a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Ikegami A, Yamamoto S, Oosawa F. Tritium-hydrogen exchange of poly-L-glutamic acid in aqueous solutions. Biopolymers 1965. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1965.360030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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