1
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Doleschal ME, Kostenko A, Liu JY, Inoue S. Isolation of a NHC-stabilized heavier nitrile and its conversion into an isonitrile analogue. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01618-6. [PMID: 39256544 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles (R-C≡N) have been investigated since the late eighteenth century and are ubiquitous encounters in organic and inorganic syntheses. In contrast, heavier nitriles, which contain the heavier analogues of carbon and nitrogen, are sparsely investigated species. Here we report the synthesis and isolation of a phosphino-silylene featuring an N-heterocyclic carbene-phosphinidene and a highly sterically demanding silyl group as substituents. Due to its unique structural motif, it can be regarded as a Lewis base-stabilized heavier nitrile. The Si-P bond displays multiple bond character and a bent R-Si-P geometry, the latter indicating fundamental differences between heavier and classical nitriles. In solution, a quantitative unusual rearrangement to a phosphasilenylidene occurs. This rearrangement is consistent with theoretical predictions of rearrangements from heavier nitriles to heavier isonitriles. Our preliminary reactivity studies revealed that both isomers exhibit highly nucleophilic silicon centres capable of oxidative addition and coordination to iron tetracarbonyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Doleschal
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Jin Yu Liu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany.
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2
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Thierry T, Giuso V, Polo F, Mercandelli P, Chen YT, Chang CH, Mauro M, Bellemin-Laponnaz S. A stable and true-blue emissive hexacoordinate Si(IV) N-heterocyclic carbene complex and its use in organic light-emitting diodes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6445-6450. [PMID: 38511259 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A neutral hexacoordinate Si(IV) complex containing two tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands is synthesised and characterized by X-ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, electrochemistry and computational methods. The stable compound exhibits remarkable deep-blue photoluminescence particularly in the solid state, which enables its use as an electroluminescent material in organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Thierry
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Valerio Giuso
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Ca' Bottacin, 30124, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 32003 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 32003 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stéphane Bellemin-Laponnaz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Saint-Denis TG, Wheeler TA, Chen Q, Balázs G, Settineri NS, Scheer M, Tilley TD. A Ruthenophosphanorcaradiene as a Synthon for an Ambiphilic Metallophosphinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4369-4374. [PMID: 38335065 PMCID: PMC10885142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of the ruthenium carbene complex Cp*(IPr)RuCl (1) (IPr = 1,3-bis(Dipp)imidazol-2-ylidene; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with sodium phosphaethynolate (NaOCP) led to intramolecular dearomatization of one of the Dipp substituents on the Ru-bound carbene to afford a Ru-bound phosphanorcaradiene, 2. Computations by DFT reveal a transition state characterized by a concerted process whereby CO migrates to the Ru center as the P atom adds to the π system of the aryl group. The phosphanorcaradiene possesses ambiphilic properties and reacts with both nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates, resulting in rearomatization of the ligand aryl group with net P atom transfer to give several unusual metal-bound, P-containing main-group moieties. These new complexes include a metallo-1-phospha-3-azaallene (Ru─P═C═NR), a metalloiminophosphanide (Ru─P═N─R), and a metallophosphaformazan (Ru─P(═N─N═CPh2)2). Reaction of 2 with the carbene 2,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe4) produced the corresponding phosphaalkene DippP═IMe4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Saint-Denis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - T Alexander Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Qingchuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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4
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Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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5
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Saurwein A, Eisner T, Inoue S, Rieger B. Steric and Electronic Properties of Phosphinimide-Based Silylenes─The Influence of the Phosphine Moiety. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Saurwein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Teresa Eisner
- WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing 1,1-Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin-2-ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202637. [PMID: 35362643 PMCID: PMC9400972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report secondary pyrrolidin-2-ols as a source of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC) for the synthesis of CAAC-CuI -complexes and cyclic thiones when reacted with CuI -salts and elemental sulfur, respectively, under reductive elimination of water from the carbon(IV)-center. This result demonstrates a convenient and facile access to CAAC-based CuI -salts, which are well known catalysts for different organic transformations. It further establishes secondary alcohols to be a viable source of carbenes-realizing after 185 years Dumas' dream who tried to prepare the parent carbene (CH2 ) by 1,1-dehydration of methanol. Addressed is also the reactivity of water towards CAACs, which proceeds through an oxidative addition of the O-H bond to the carbon(II)-center. This emphasizes the ability of carbon-compounds to mimic the reactivity of transition-metal complexes: reversible oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the O-H bond to/from the C(II)/C(IV)-centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal PlantsAksaray UniversityAksaray68100Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
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7
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Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing the 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Aksaray Universitesi Aromatic and Medicinal Plants TURKEY
| | - Anukul Jana
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences Chemical Science 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi 500075 Hyderabad INDIA
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8
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Lainer T, Dange D, Pillinger M, Fischer RC, Kelterer A, Jones C, Haas M. An NHC-Mediated Metal-Free Approach towards an NHC-Coordinated Endocyclic Disilene. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202100240. [PMID: 35142081 PMCID: PMC8889510 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient metal-free approach towards an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-coordinated disilene 2 is described. Compound 2, featuring the disilene incorporated in cyclopolysilane framework, was obtained in good yield and characterized using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the reaction mechanism provide a rationale for the observed reactivity and give detailed information on the bonding situation of the base-stabilized disilene. Compound 2 undergoes thermal or light- induced (λ=456 nm) NHC loss, and a dimerization process to give a corresponding dimer with a Si10 skeleton. In order to shed light on the dimerization mechanism, DFT calculations were performed. Moreover, the reactivity of 2 was examined with selected examples of transition metal carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lainer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9/IV8010GrazAustria
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of ChemistryMonash UniversityPO Box 23Australia
| | - Michael Pillinger
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9/IV8010GrazAustria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9/IV8010GrazAustria
| | - Anne‐Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryStremayrgasse 9/I8010GrazAustria
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of ChemistryMonash UniversityPO Box 23Australia
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9/IV8010GrazAustria
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9
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Sasaki H, Yokouchi Y, Nukazawa T, Iwamoto T. Rapid and Mild Synthesis of an NHC-Coordinated Bis(trimethylsilyl)silylene via Elimination of Halotrimethylsilane. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takumi Nukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Cui Z, Wang B, Li J, Pang R, Kang Y, Xiao X.
N
‐Heterocyclic
Carbenes with a
Nido
‐C
2
B
9
Carborane Backbone. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzheng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Beining Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Junxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Ronglin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Yanrui Kang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Xu‐Qiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
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12
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Koike T, Iwamoto T. Synthetic Access to Pentacene‐Silylene Adducts via Dehydrogenative Silylation of a 5,14‐Dihydropentacene with a Stable Silylene. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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13
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Guddorf BJ, Feldt M, Hepp A, Daniliuc CG, Lips F. Reactivity of an NHC-Coordinated Trisilacyclopropylidene with Transition Metal Carbonyl Compounds. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J. Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland
| | - Milica Feldt
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland
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14
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Fujimori S, Inoue S. Small Molecule Activation by Two-Coordinate Acyclic Silylenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:3131-3142. [PMID: 32999589 PMCID: PMC7507849 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the chemistry of stable silylenes (R2Si:) has evolved significantly. The first major development in this chemistry was the isolation of a silicocene which is stabilized by the Cp* (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) ligand in 1986 and subsequently the isolation of a first N-heterocyclic silylene (NHSi:) in 1994. Since the groundbreaking discoveries, a large number of isolable cyclic silylenes and higher coordinated silylenes, i.e. Si(II) compounds with coordination number greater than two, have been prepared and the properties investigated. However, the first isolable two-coordinate acyclic silylene was finally reported in 2012. The achievements in the synthesis of acyclic silylenes have allowed for the utilization of silylenes in small molecule activation including inert H2 activation, a process previously exclusive to transition metals. This minireview highlights the developments in silylene chemistry, specifically two-coordinate acyclic silylenes, including experimental and computational studies which investigate the extremely high reactivity of the acyclic silylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Fujimori
- Department of ChemistryWACKER‐Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of ChemistryWACKER‐Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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15
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Frisch P, Szilvási T, Inoue S. Facile Access to Dative, Single, and Double Silicon-Metal Bonds Through M-Cl Insertion Reactions of Base-Stabilized Si II Cations. Chemistry 2020; 26:6271-6278. [PMID: 32073169 PMCID: PMC7318344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon(II) cations can offer fascinating reactivity patterns due to their unique electronic structure: a lone pair of electrons, two empty p orbitals and a positive charge combined on a single silicon center. We now report the facile insertion of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized silyliumylidene ions into M-Cl bonds (M=Ru, Rh), forming a series of novel chlorosilylene transition-metal complexes. Theoretical investigations revealed a reaction mechanism in which the insertion into the M-Cl bond with concomitant 1,2-migration of a silicon-bound NHC to the transition metal takes place after formation of an initial silyliumylidene transition-metal complex. The mechanism could be verified experimentally through characterization of the intermediate complexes. Furthermore, the obtained chlorosilylene complexes can be conveniently utilized as synthons to access Si-M and Si=M bonding motifs bonds through reductive dehalogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Frisch
- Department of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1415 Engineering DriveMadisonWisconsin53706-1607USA
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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16
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Shan C, Yao S, Driess M. Where silylene–silicon centres matter in the activation of small molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6733-6754. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00815j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules such as H2, N2, CO, NH3, O2 are ubiquitous stable species and their activation and role in the formation of value-added products are of fundamental importance in nature and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Shan
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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17
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Maudrich J, Widemann M, Diab F, Kern RH, Sirsch P, Sindlinger CP, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Hydridoorganostannylene Coordination: Group 4 Metallocene Dichloride Reduction in Reaction with Organodihydridostannate Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:16081-16087. [PMID: 31535431 PMCID: PMC6972602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Organodihydridoelement anions of germanium and tin were reacted with metallocene dichlorides of Group 4 metals Ti, Zr and Hf. The germate anion [Ar*GeH2 ]- reacts with hafnocene dichloride under formation of the substitution product [Cp2 Hf(GeH2 Ar*)2 ]. Reaction of the organodihydridostannate with metallocene dichlorides affords the reduction products [Cp2 M(SnHAr*)2 ] (M=Ti, Zr, Hf). Abstraction of a hydride substituent from the titanium bis(hydridoorganostannylene) complex results in formation of cation [Cp2 M(SnAr*)(SnHAr*)]+ exhibiting a short Ti-Sn interaction. (Ar*=2,6-Trip2 C6 H3 , Trip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob‐Jonathan Maudrich
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Max Widemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Ralf H. Kern
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Peter Sirsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August Universität GöttingenTammannstr 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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18
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Abstract
The first N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized silyl-substituted chlorosilylene (1) was isolated via selective dehydrochlorination by NHC from silyl-based Si(IV) precursor tBu3SiSiHCl2. Compound 1 can form an iron chlorosilylene complex (2) with an iron carbonyl dimer and undergoes chloride/hydride metathesis to yield a stable NHC-silylene hydride borane adduct (3). Upon treatment with additional NHC, chlorosilylene 1 was converted into silyl-substituted silyliumylidene ions (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Dübek
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
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19
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Price JS, Emslie DJH. Interconversion and reactivity of manganese silyl, silylene, and silene complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10853-10869. [PMID: 32206252 PMCID: PMC7069235 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interconversions between manganese silylene and silene complexes are reported, including those involving the first spectroscopically observed silene complexes with an SiH substituent, and their involvement in ethylene hydrosilylation is discussed.
Manganese disilyl hydride complexes [(dmpe)2MnH(SiH2R)2] (4Ph: R = Ph, 4Bu: R = nBu) reacted with ethylene to form silene hydride complexes [(dmpe)2MnH(RHSi
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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CHMe)] (6Ph,H: R = Ph, 6Bu,H: R = nBu). Compounds 6R,H reacted with a second equivalent of ethylene to generate [(dmpe)2MnH(REtSi
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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CHMe)] (6Ph,Et: R = Ph, 6Bu,Et: R = nBu), resulting from apparent ethylene insertion into the silene Si–H bond. Furthermore, in the absence of ethylene, silene complex 6Bu,H slowly isomerized to the silylene hydride complex [(dmpe)2MnH(
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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SiEtnBu)] (3Bu,Et). Reactions of 4R with ethylene likely proceed via low-coordinate silyl {[(dmpe)2Mn(SiH2R)] (2Ph: R = Ph, 2Bu: R = nBu)} or silylene hydride {[(dmpe)2MnH(
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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SiHR)] (3Ph,H: R = Ph, 3Bu,H: R = nBu)} intermediates accessed from 4R by H3SiR elimination. DFT calculations and high temperature NMR spectra support the accessibility of these intermediates, and reactions of 4R with isonitriles or N-heterocyclic carbenes yielded the silyl isonitrile complexes [(dmpe)2Mn(SiH2R)(CNR′)] (7a–d: R = Ph or nBu; R′ = o-xylyl or tBu), and NHC-stabilized silylene hydride complexes [(dmpe)2MnH{
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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SiHR(NHC)}] (8a–d: R = Ph or nBu; NHC = 1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-ylidene or 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolin-2-ylidene), respectively, all of which were crystallographically characterized. Silyl, silylene and silene complexes in this work were accessed via reactions of [(dmpe)2MnH(C2H4)] (1) with hydrosilanes, in some cases followed by ethylene. Therefore, ethylene (C2H4 and C2D4) hydrosilylation was investigated using [(dmpe)2MnH(C2H4)] (1) as a pre-catalyst, resulting in stepwise conversion of primary to secondary to tertiary hydrosilanes. Various catalytically active manganese-containing species were observed during catalysis, including silylene and silene complexes, and a catalytic cycle is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Price
- Department of Chemistry , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada .
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada .
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20
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Frisch P, Szilvási T, Porzelt A, Inoue S. Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Silyliumylidene Ion. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14931-14937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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21
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Zhu L, Zhang J, Cui C. Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Alkali-Metal-Substituted Silylene with the Aryl Substituent of an N-Heterocyclic Framework. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12007-12010. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Queen JD, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Two quasi-stable lead(ii) hydrides at ambient temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10285-10287. [PMID: 31396611 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple reactions of their terphenyl lead bromide precursors with DIBAL-H in diethyl ether solution at ca. -78 °C leads to the isolation of the hydrides {Pb(μ-H)ArPri4}2 (ArPri4 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2) (1) and {Pb(μ-H)ArMe6}2 (ArMe6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2) (2) in good yield (60-80%). The isolated solids are stable at up to 5 °C for several weeks but are thermally labile in solution. Hydride 1 decomposes to the diplumbyne ArPri4PbPbArPri4, while 2 decomposes to the plumbylene Pb(ArMe6)2. The decomposition of 1 was determined to be zero order with a rate constant of ca. 2.0 × 10-5 M min-1 at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Queen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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23
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Doddi A, Peters M, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Main Group Elements and Their Use as Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6994-7112. [PMID: 30983327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are nowadays ubiquitous and indispensable in many research fields, and it is not possible to imagine modern transition metal and main group element chemistry without the plethora of available NHCs with tailor-made electronic and steric properties. While their suitability to act as strong ligands toward transition metals has led to numerous applications of NHC complexes in homogeneous catalysis, their strong σ-donating and adaptable π-accepting abilities have also contributed to an impressive vitalization of main group chemistry with the isolation and characterization of NHC adducts of almost any element. Formally, NHC coordination to Lewis acids affords a transfer of nucleophilicity from the carbene carbon atom to the attached exocyclic moiety, and low-valent and low-coordinate adducts of the p-block elements with available lone pairs and/or polarized carbon-element π-bonds are able to act themselves as Lewis basic donor ligands toward transition metals. Accordingly, the availability of a large number of novel NHC adducts has not only produced new varieties of already existing ligand classes but has also allowed establishment of numerous complexes with unusual and often unprecedented element-metal bonds. This review aims at summarizing this development comprehensively and covers the usage of N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of the p-block elements as ligands in transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Doddi
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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24
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Stanford MW, Schweizer JI, Menche M, Nichol GS, Holthausen MC, Cowley MJ. Intercepting the Disilene-Silylsilylene Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W. Stanford
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Maximilian Menche
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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25
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Stanford MW, Schweizer JI, Menche M, Nichol GS, Holthausen MC, Cowley MJ. Intercepting the Disilene-Silylsilylene Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1329-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W. Stanford
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Maximilian Menche
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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26
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Abstract
The first silyl-substituted silyliumylidene ions are reported. The scope of a previously described convenient one-step procedure for the preparation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized silyliumylidene ions via dehydrochlorination from a Si(iv) precursor with NHCs is expanded to silyl-based substituents as well as aryl substituents with reduced steric bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergtraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergtraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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Witteman L, Lutz M, Moret ME. Synthesis of N-Heterocycle Substituted Silyl Ligands within the Coordination Sphere of Iron. Organometallics 2018; 37:3024-3034. [PMID: 30270963 PMCID: PMC6158677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocycle-substituted silyl iron complexes have been synthesized by nucleophilic substitution at trichlorosilyl ligands bound to iron. The homoleptic (tripyrrolyl)- and tris(3-methylindolyl)silyl groups were accessed from (Cl3Si)CpFe(CO)2 (Cl3SiFp) by substitution of chloride with pyrrolide or 3-methylindolide, respectively. Analogously, nucleophilic substitution of Cl with pyrrolide on the anionic Fe(0) synthon Cl3SiFe(CO)4 - generates the (tripyrrolyl)silyl ligand, bound to the iron tetracarbonyl fragment. The bulkier 2-mesitylpyrrolide substitutes a maximum of 2 chlorides on Cl3SiFp under the same conditions. The tridentate, trianionic nucleophile tmim (tmimH3 = tris(3-methylindol-2-yl)methane) proves reluctant to perform the substitution in a straightforward manner; instead, ring-opening and incorporation of THF occurs to form the tris-THF adduct tmim(C4H8O)3SiFe(CO)4 -. The bidentate, monoanionic nucleophile 2-(dipp-iminomethyl)pyrrolide (DippIMP, dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) shows chloride displacement and addition of a second DippIMP moiety on the imine backbone. The heterocycle-based silyl ligands were shown to be sterically and electronically tunable, moderately electron-donating ligands. The presented approach to new silyl ligands avoids strongly reducing conditions and potentially reactive hydrosilane intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Witteman
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Hock A, Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. Hydride Amide and Hydride Phenolate Complexes of NHC Coordinated Aluminum. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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30
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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31
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Hadlington TJ, Driess M, Jones C. Low-valent group 14 element hydride chemistry: towards catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4176-4197. [PMID: 29666847 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00649g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of group 14 element(ii) hydride complexes has rapidly expanded since the first stable example of such a compound was reported in 2000. Since that time it has become apparent that these systems display remarkable reactivity patterns, in some cases mimicking those of late transition-metal (TM) hydride compounds. This is especially so for the hydroelementation of unsaturated organic substrates. Recently, this aspect of their reactivity has been extended to the use of group 14 element(ii) hydrides as efficient, "TM-like" catalysts in organic synthesis. This review will detail how the chemistry of these hydride compounds has advanced since their early development. Throughout, there is a focus on the importance of ligand effects in these systems, and how ligand design can greatly modify a coordinated complex's electronic structure, reactivity, and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Techniche Universitat Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Dong Z, Bedbur K, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Hafnocene-based Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene Germylenes – Formation, Reactivity, and Structural Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3052-3060. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Katja Bedbur
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
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33
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Medici F, Gontard G, Derat E, Lemière G, Fensterbank L. Synthesis of Stable Pentacoordinate Silicon(IV)–NHC Adducts: An Entry to Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, UMR 8232 Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris06-CNRS, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, UMR 8232 Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris06-CNRS, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, UMR 8232 Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris06-CNRS, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, UMR 8232 Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris06-CNRS, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, UMR 8232 Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris06-CNRS, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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34
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Xiong Y, Yao S, Kostenko A, Driess M. An isolable β-diketiminato chlorosilylene. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2152-2155. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first β-diketiminate ligated chlorosilylene has been synthesised and isolated from the corresponding β-diketiminato dichlorohydrosilane through dehydrochlorination with an N-heterocyclic carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
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35
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Benedek Z, Orbán B, Szilvási T. Theoretical Evidence for the Utilization of Low-Valent Main-Group Complexes as Rare-Synthon Equivalents. Chemistry 2017; 23:17908-17914. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Benedek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Balázs Orbán
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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36
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Rottschäfer D, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Silylene-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene (Si−NHC). Chemistry 2017; 24:380-387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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37
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Eisenhut C, Szilvási T, Dübek G, Breit NC, Inoue S. Systematic Study of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinate Hydrosilylene Transition-Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10061-10069. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Eisenhut
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr.
C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gizem Dübek
- Department
of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and WACKER-Institute of Silicon
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Nora C. Breit
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr.
C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department
of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and WACKER-Institute of Silicon
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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38
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Schneider H, Hock A, Bertermann R, Radius U. Reactivity of NHC Alane Adducts towards N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes: Ring Expansion, Ring Opening, and Al−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2017; 23:12387-12398. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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39
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Wendel D, Porzelt A, Herz FAD, Sarkar D, Jandl C, Inoue S, Rieger B. From Si(II) to Si(IV) and Back: Reversible Intramolecular Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation by an Acyclic Iminosilylene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8134-8137. [PMID: 28587448 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversibility is fundamental for transition metal catalysis, but equally for main group chemistry and especially low-valent silicon compounds, the interplay between oxidative addition and reductive elimination is key for a potential catalytic cycle. Herein, we report a highly reactive acyclic iminosilylsilylene 1, which readily performs an intramolecular insertion into a C═C bond of its aromatic ligand framework to give silacycloheptatriene (silepin) 2. UV-vis studies of this Si(IV) compound indicated a facile transformation back to Si(II) at elevated temperatures, further supported by density functional theory calculations and experimentally demonstrated by isolation of a silylene-borane adduct 3 following addition of B(C6F5)3. This tendency to undergo reductive elimination was exploited in the investigation of silepin 2 as a synthetic equivalent of silylene in the activation of small molecules. In fact, the first monomeric, four-coordinate silicon carbonate complex 4 was isolated and fully characterized in the reaction with carbon dioxide under mild conditions. Additionally, the exposure of 2 to ethylene or molecular hydrogen gave silirane 5 and Si(IV) dihydride 6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wendel
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Fabian A D Herz
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Debotra Sarkar
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, ∥WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry, ‡Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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40
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Li Y, Chan YC, Leong BX, Li Y, Richards E, Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P, So CW. Trapping a Silicon(I) Radical with Carbenes: A Cationic cAAC-Silicon(I) Radical and an NHC-Parent-Silyliumylidene Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yuk-Chi Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Bi-Xiang Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Indu Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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41
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Li Y, Chan YC, Leong BX, Li Y, Richards E, Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P, So CW. Trapping a Silicon(I) Radical with Carbenes: A Cationic cAAC-Silicon(I) Radical and an NHC-Parent-Silyliumylidene Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7573-7578. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yuk-Chi Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Bi-Xiang Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Indu Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O. Calicut 673601 India
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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42
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Dong Z, Reinhold CRW, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Stable Silylene with a σ2, π- Butadiene Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7117-7123. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
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43
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Bag P, Ahmad SU, Inoue S. Synthesis and Reactivity of Functionalized Silicon(II) Compounds: Iminosilylene, Phosphinosilylene, Hydrosilylene, and Related Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Zabula AV, Guzei IA, West R, Li J, Rogachev AY. Oligomerization of N-Heterocyclic Silylene into Zwitterionic Silenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry; University of Pennsylvania; 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Jingbai Li
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois Institute of Technology; 3101 S. Dearborn St. Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois Institute of Technology; 3101 S. Dearborn St. Chicago IL 60616 USA
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45
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Zabula AV, Guzei IA, West R, Li J, Rogachev AY. Oligomerization of N-Heterocyclic Silylene into Zwitterionic Silenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13465-13469. [PMID: 27654127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) are known to serve as efficient substrates for the stabilization of various transient species possessing low-valent Group 14 elements and for the generation of double E=C bonds. Herein, we report that the thermal tri- and tetramerizations of pyridoannulated silylene 1 lead to the formation of remarkably stable silenes 2 and 3 featuring zwitterionic distribution of electron density. Co-oligomerization of 1 and its germanium analogue gives a related tetrameric product 4 containing low-valent germanium atom stabilized by binding with the partial carbene-character C atom. Bonding situations in 2-4 are best described as silene or germene with the significant zwitterionic distribution of electron density. The singlet diradical electronic state of 2 is 10 kcal mol-1 higher than the ground state configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jingbai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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46
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Arz MI, Hoffmann D, Schnakenburg G, Filippou AC. NHC-stabilized Silicon(II) Halides: Reactivity Studies with Diazoalkanes and Azides. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius I. Arz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Alexander C. Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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47
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Lutters D, Merk A, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. The Silicon Version of Phosphine Chalcogenides: Synthesis and Bonding Analysis of Stabilized Heavy Silaaldehydes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9026-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lutters
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Anastasia Merk
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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