1
|
Wirsing S, Hänsel M, Craciunescu L, Belova V, Schreiber F, Broch K, Engels B, Tegeder P. Adsorption Structures Affecting the Electronic Properties and Photoinduced Charge Transfer at Perylene-Based Molecular Interfaces. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300386. [PMID: 37428120 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Perylene-based organic semiconductors are widely used in organic electronic devices. Here, we studied the ultrafast excited state dynamics after optical excitation at interfaces between the electron donor (D) diindenoperylene (DIP) and the electron acceptor (A) dicyano-perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (PDIR-CN2 ) using femtosecond time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) in combination with large scale quantum chemical calculations. Thereby, we varied in bilayer structures of DIP and PDIR-CN2 the interfacial molecular geometry. For an interfacial configuration which contains a edge-on geometry but also additional face-on domains an optically induced charge transfer (CT) is observed, which leads to a pronounced increase of the SHG signal intensity due to electric field induced second harmonic generation. The interfacial CT state decays within 7.5±0.7 ps, while the creation of hot CT states leads to a faster decay (5.3±0.2 ps). For the bilayer structures with mainly edge-on geometries interfacial CT formation is suppressed since π-π overlap perpendicular to the interface is missing. Our combined experimental and theoretical study provides important insights into D/A charge transfer properties, which is needed for the understanding of the interfacial photophysics of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wirsing
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Hänsel
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Craciunescu
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, avenue des Martyrs CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hammer S, Linderl T, Tvingstedt K, Brütting W, Pflaum J. Spectroscopic analysis of vibrational coupling in multi-molecular excited states. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:221-234. [PMID: 36367085 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multi-molecular excited states accompanied by intra- and inter-molecular geometric relaxation are commonly encountered in optical and electrooptical studies and applications of organic semiconductors as, for example, excimers or charge transfer states. Understanding the dynamics of these states is crucial to improve organic devices such as light emitting diodes and solar cells. Their full microscopic description, however, demands sophisticated tools such as ab initio quantum chemical calculations which come at the expense of high computational costs and are prone to errors by assumptions as well as iterative algorithmic procedures. Hence, the analysis of spectroscopic data is often conducted at a phenomenological level only. Here, we present a toolkit to analyze temperature dependent luminescence data and gain first insights into the relevant microscopic parameters of the molecular system at hand. By means of a Franck-Condon based approach considering a single effective inter-molecular vibrational mode and different potentials for the ground and excited state we are able to explain the luminescence spectra of such multi-molecular states. We demonstrate that by applying certain reasonable simplifications the luminescence of charge transfer states as well as excimers can be satisfactorily reproduced for temperatures ranging from cryogenics to above room temperature. We present a semi-classical and a quantum-mechanical description of our model and, for both cases, demonstrate its applicability by analyzing the temperature dependent luminescence of the amorphous donor-acceptor heterojunction tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene:C60 as well as polycrystalline zinc-phthalocyanine to reproduce the luminescence spectra and extract relevant system parameters such as the excimer binding energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hammer
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Theresa Linderl
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Kristofer Tvingstedt
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Brütting
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Escayola S, Tonnelé C, Matito E, Poater A, Ottosson H, Solà M, Casanova D. Guidelines for Tuning the Excited State Hückel–Baird Hybrid Aromatic Character of Pro‐Aromatic Quinoidal Compounds**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Escayola S, Tonnelé C, Matito E, Poater A, Ottosson H, Solà M, Casanova D. Guidelines for Tuning the Excited State Hückel–Baird Hybrid Aromatic Character of Pro‐Aromatic Quinoidal Compounds**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10255-10265. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hammer S, Zeiser C, Deutsch M, Engels B, Broch K, Pflaum J. Spatial Anisotropy of Charge Transfer at Perfluoropentacene-Pentacene (001) Single-Crystal Interfaces and its Relevance for Thin Film Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53547-53556. [PMID: 33167608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Archetypal donor-acceptor (D-A) interfaces composed of perfluoropentacene (PFP) and pentacene (PEN) are examined for charge transfer (CT) state formation and energetics as a function of their respective molecular configuration. To exclude morphological interference, our structural as well as highly sensitive differential reflectance spectroscopy studies were carried out on PFP thin films epitaxially grown on PEN(001) single-crystal facets. Whereas the experimental data supported by complementary theoretical calculations confirm the formation of a strong CT state in the case of a cofacial PFP-PEN stacking, CT formation is energetically less favorable and thus absent for the corresponding head-to-tail configuration as disclosed for the first time. In view of technological implementations, the knowledge gained on the single-crystal references is transferred to thin-film diodes composed of either stacked PFP/PEN bilayers or mixed PFP:PEN heterojunction interfaces. As demonstrated, their electronic and electroluminescent behavior can be consistently described by the absence or presence of interfacial CT states. Thus, our results hint at the thorough design of D-A interfaces to achieve the highest device performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hammer
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marian Deutsch
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Straße 3, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zou T, Chang J, Chen Q, Nie Z, Duan L, Guo T, Song Y, Wu W, Wang H. Novel Strategy for Organic Cocrystals of n-Type and p-Type Organic Semiconductors with Advanced Optoelectronic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12067-12072. [PMID: 32548385 PMCID: PMC7271014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization has been applied widely for material synthesis. Recently cocrystal of organic molecules has been developing rapidly, taking the advantages of the flexibility and self-assembly of organic molecules. Here we report an experimental study of a cocrystal of copper-phthalocyanines and fluorinated ones. We have grown the samples via the vapor-phase deposition of the mixture with different mass ratios from 1:13.5 to 6:1. As suggested by our scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, new crystal structures and morphologies through our novel strategy for the cocrystallization of these molecules have been found. Our work will provide a solid foundation to systematically synthesize the cocrystal of phthalocyanine molecules with new crystal structures, thus providing the opportunity to advance material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taoyu Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Chang
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qiuyuan Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zhifeng Nie
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Duan
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumin Song
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- UCL
Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hai Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for
Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic
of China
- Kunming
DeepLand Nanomaterial Research Institute, Yunnan Ocean Organic Optoelectronic Technology Ltd, Kunming 650214, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Lei Y, Hu W, Wong WY. Epitaxial Growth of Nanorod Meshes from Luminescent Organic Cocrystals via Crystal Transformation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7265-7269. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Lei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Franco-Cañellas A, Yang J, Hausch J, Struzek S, Chen M, Thakur PK, Gerlach A, Duhm S, Schreiber F. Heteromolecular Bilayers on a Weakly Interacting Substrate: Physisorptive Bonding and Molecular Distortions of Copper-Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14542-14551. [PMID: 32109044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heteromolecular bilayers of π-conjugated organic molecules on metals, considered as model systems for more complex thin film heterostructures, are investigated with respect to their structural and electronic properties. By exploring the influence of the organic-metal interaction strength in bilayer systems, we determine the molecular arrangement in the physisorptive regime for copper-hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) on Au(111) with intermediate layers of 5,7,12,14-pentacenetetrone and perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide. Using the X-ray standing wave technique to distinguish the different molecular layers, we show that these two bilayers are ordered following their deposition sequence. Surprisingly, F16CuPc as the second layer within the heterostructures exhibits an inverted intramolecular distortion compared to its monolayer structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jiacheng Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Julian Hausch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Struzek
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mengting Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Pardeep Kumar Thakur
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Narayanan T, Konovalov O. Synchrotron Scattering Methods for Nanomaterials and Soft Matter Research. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E752. [PMID: 32041363 PMCID: PMC7040635 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of broad range of applications of synchrotron scattering methods in the investigation of nanoscale materials. These scattering techniques allow the elucidation of the structure and dynamics of nanomaterials from sub-nm to micron size scales and down to sub-millisecond time ranges both in bulk and at interfaces. A major advantage of scattering methods is that they provide the ensemble averaged information under in situ and operando conditions. As a result, they are complementary to various imaging techniques which reveal more local information. Scattering methods are particularly suitable for probing buried structures that are difficult to image. Although, many qualitative features can be directly extracted from scattering data, derivation of detailed structural and dynamical information requires quantitative modeling. The fourth-generation synchrotron sources open new possibilities for investigating these complex systems by exploiting the enhanced brightness and coherence properties of X-rays.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim J, Oh J, Park S, Zafra JL, DeFrancisco JR, Casanova D, Lim M, Tovar JD, Casado J, Kim D. Two-electron transfer stabilized by excited-state aromatization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4983. [PMID: 31676760 PMCID: PMC6825201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific significance of excited-state aromaticity concerns with the elucidation of processes and properties in the excited states. Here, we focus on TMTQ, an oligomer composed of a central 1,6-methano[10]annulene and 5-dicyanomethyl-thiophene peripheries (acceptor-donor-acceptor system), and investigate a two-electron transfer process dominantly stabilized by an aromatization in the low-energy lying excited state. Our spectroscopic measurements quantitatively observe the shift of two π-electrons between donor and acceptors. It is revealed that this two-electron transfer process accompanies the excited-state aromatization, producing a Baird aromatic 8π core annulene in TMTQ. Biradical character on each terminal dicyanomethylene group of TMTQ allows a pseudo triplet-like configuration on the 8π core annulene with multiexcitonic nature, which stabilizes the energetically unfavorable two-charge separated state by the formation of Baird aromatic core annulene. This finding provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of excited-state aromaticity and insight to designing functional photoactive materials. Excited state aromaticity gives rise to unique photophysical properties which may aid the design of functional photoactive materials. Here, the authors spectroscopically characterize an acceptor-donor-acceptor system featuring a two-electron transfer process stabilized by aromatization in the lower energy excited state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jose L Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duva G, Beyer P, Scholz R, Belova V, Opitz A, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Ground-state charge-transfer interactions in donor:acceptor pairs of organic semiconductors - a spectroscopic study of two representative systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17190-17199. [PMID: 31364636 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate blended donor:acceptor (D:A) thin films of the two donors diindenoperylene (DIP) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) mixed with the strong acceptor 1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluorotetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ) using Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (PMIRRAS). For DIP:F6TCNNQ thin films we first carry out a comprehensive study of the structure as a function of the D : A mixing ratio, which guides the analysis of the PMIRRAS spectra. In particular, from the red-shift of the nitrile (C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N) stretching of F6TCNNQ in the different mixtures with DIP, we quantify the average ground-state charge-transfer (GS-CT) to be ρavg = (0.84 ± 0.04) e. The PMIRRAS data for P3HT:F6TCNNQ blended films reveal nearly the same shift of the CT-affected C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N stretching peak for this system. This points towards a very similar CT strength for the two systems. We extend the analysis to the relative intensity of the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretching modes of F6TCNNQ in the mixtures with DIP and P3HT, respectively, and support it with DFT calculations for the isolated F6TCNNQ. Such comparison allows to identify the vibrational signatures of the acceptor mono-anion in P3HT:F6TCNNQ, thus indicating a much stronger, integer CT-type interactions for this system, in agreement with available optical spectroscopy data. Our findings stress the importance of a simultaneous analysis of C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretching vibrations in F6TCNNQ, or similar quinoid systems, for a reliable picture of the nature of GS-CT interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Duva
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Paul Beyer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Schreiber
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter Interactions, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang K, Gao Z, Zhang W, Yan Y, Song H, Lin X, Zhou Z, Meng H, Xia A, Yao J, Zhao YS. Exciton funneling in light-harvesting organic semiconductor microcrystals for wavelength-tunable lasers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw2953. [PMID: 31214651 PMCID: PMC6570508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic solid-state lasers are essential for various photonic applications, yet current-driven lasing remains a great challenge. Charge transfer (CT) complexes formed with p-/n-type organic semiconductors show great potential in electrically pumped lasers, but it is still difficult to achieve population inversion owing to substantial nonradiative loss from delocalized CT states. Here, we demonstrate the lasing action of CT complexes based on exciton funneling in p-type organic microcrystals with n-type doping. The CT complexes with narrow bandgap were locally formed and surrounded by the hosts with high-lying energy levels, which behave as artificial light-harvesting systems. Excitation light energy captured by the hosts was delivered to the CT complexes, functioning as exciton funnels to benefit lasing actions. The lasing wavelength of such composite microcrystals was further modulated by varying the degree of CT. The results offer a comprehensive understanding of exciton funneling in light-harvesting systems for the development of high-performance organic lasing devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.Y.); (Y.S.Z.)
| | - Hongwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianqing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haibing Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.Y.); (Y.S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen XK, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL. Assessing the nature of the charge-transfer electronic states in organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5295. [PMID: 30546009 PMCID: PMC6294259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The charge-transfer electronic states appearing at the donor-acceptor interfaces in organic solar cells mediate exciton dissociation, charge generation, and charge recombination. To date, the characterization of their nature has been carried out on the basis of models that only involve the charge-transfer state and the ground state. Here, we demonstrate that it is essential to go beyond such a two-state model and to consider explicitly as well the electronic and vibrational couplings with the local absorbing state on the donor and/or acceptor. We have thus developed a three-state vibronic model that allows us: to provide a reliable description of the optical absorption features related to the charge-transfer states; to underline the erroneous interpretations stemming from the application of the semi-classical two-state model; and to rationalize how the hybridization between the local-excitation state and charge-transfer state can lead to lower non-radiative voltage losses and higher power conversion efficiencies. Previous descriptions of the charge-transfer absorptions in organic solar cells only involve the charge transfer state and the ground state. Here Chen et al. underline that a third state, i.e., the local absorbing state on the donor and/or acceptor, needs to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Más-Montoya M, Li J, Wienk MM, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ. Effects of fluorination and thermal annealing on charge recombination processes in polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2018; 6:19520-19531. [PMID: 30713689 PMCID: PMC6333271 DOI: 10.1039/c8ta03031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of fluorination on the photovoltaic properties of an alternating conjugated polymer composed of 4,8-di-2-thienylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) and 4,7-bis([2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)-benzo-2-1-3-thiadiazole (4TBT) units in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The unsubstituted and fluorinated polymers afford very similar open-circuit voltages and fill factor values, but the fluorinated polymer performed better due to enhanced aggregation which provides a higher photocurrent. The photovoltaic performance of both materials improved upon thermal annealing at 150-200 °C as a result of a significantly increased fill factor and open-circuit voltage, counteracted by a slight loss in photocurrent. Detailed studies of the morphology, light intensity dependence, external quantum efficiency and electroluminescence allowed the exploration of the effects of fluorination and thermal annealing on the charge recombination and the nature of the donor-acceptor interfacial charge transfer states in these films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Más-Montoya
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- DSM DMSC R&D Solutions , P.O. Box 18 , 6160 MD Geleen , The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rinn A, Breuer T, Wiegand J, Beck M, Hübner J, Döring RC, Oestreich M, Heimbrodt W, Witte G, Chatterjee S. Interfacial Molecular Packing Determines Exciton Dynamics in Molecular Heterostructures: The Case of Pentacene-Perfluoropentacene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42020-42028. [PMID: 29135216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The great majority of electronic and optoelectronic devices depend on interfaces between p-type and n-type semiconductors. Finding matching donor-acceptor systems in molecular semiconductors remains a challenging endeavor because structurally compatible molecules may not necessarily be suitable with respect to their optical and electronic properties, and the large exciton binding energy in these materials may favor bound electron-hole pairs rather than free carriers or charge transfer at an interface. Regardless, interfacial charge-transfer exciton states are commonly considered as an intermediate step to achieve exciton dissociation. The formation efficiency and decay dynamics of such states will strongly depend on the molecular makeup of the interface, especially the relative alignment of donor and acceptor molecules. Structurally well-defined pentacene-perfluoropentacene heterostructures of different molecular orientations are virtually ideal model systems to study the interrelation between molecular packing motifs at the interface and their electronic properties. Comparing the emission dynamics of the heterosystems and the corresponding unitary films enables accurate assignment of every observable emission signal in the heterosystems. These heterosystems feature two characteristic interface-specific luminescence channels at around 1.4 and 1.5 eV that are not observed in the unitary samples. Their emission strength strongly depends on the molecular alignment of the respective donor and acceptor molecules, emphasizing the importance of structural control for device construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rinn
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Breuer
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Wiegand
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beck
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hübner
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robin C Döring
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Oestreich
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram Heimbrodt
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sangam Chatterjee
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|