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Li W, Zhang W, Fan X, Xu H, Yuan H, Wang Y, Yang R, Tian H, Wu Y, Yang H. Fructo-oligosaccharide enhanced bioavailability of polyglycosylated anthocyanins from red radish via regulating gut microbiota in mice. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100765. [PMID: 37780282 PMCID: PMC10534114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The anthocyanins from red radish (ARR) rich in polyglycosylated pelargonidin glucosides were used as pigment. However, bioavailability of anthocyanins was considered at low level. This work examined the intensive effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) on ARR bioavailability. Pelargonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin-3-glucoside showed higher level in serum of mice fed with FOS together with ARR for 8 weeks than that fed with only ARR. Co-ingestion of FOS and ARR more effectively elevated the hepatic antioxidant activity by increase in total antioxidant capacity and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase when compared with intake of ARR. FOS also markedly increased pelargonidin level in cecum of mice. 16S RNA sequencing found that Bacteroides genus play an important role in FOS elevating bioavailability of ARR. Fecal bacteria transplantation verified the positive effects of FOS on ARR bioavailability. These results suggested that combined ingestion of FOS and ARR is effective strategy for bioactivity of ARR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Wanjie Zhang
- Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin Fan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Medical School, Xi’an Peihua University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710125, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Hua Tian
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Yinmei Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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2
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Weaver CM, Ferruzzi MG, Maiz M, Cladis DP, Nakatsu CH, McCabe GP, Lila MA. Crop, Host, and Gut Microbiome Variation Influence Precision Nutrition: An Example of Blueberries. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051136. [PMID: 37238002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown associations between polyphenol-rich fruit intake and bone health, and preclinical studies have shown that blueberries improve bone health. To determine the genotype and dose of blueberries that are effective in ameliorating age-related bone loss, a multi-institutional team of investigators performed in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies on blueberry varieties that differed in flavonoid profiles. Principal component analysis was used to select blueberry genotypes that varied in anthocyanin profiles. Total phenolic content did not predict the bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds in rats. A range in bioavailability was observed in individual polyphenolic compounds across genotypes. Both alpha and beta diversity analyses indicated that gut microbiome profiles varied with blueberry dose in rats. Additionally, the identification of specific taxa, such as Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Coriobacteriales, increasing after blueberry consumption adds to the mounting evidence of their role in polyphenol metabolism. All of the sources of variation can inform blueberry breeding practices to influence precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Weaver
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Maria Maiz
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dennis P Cladis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Cindy H Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - George P McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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3
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Pérez MB, Carvajal S, Beretta V, Bannoud F, Fangio MF, Berli F, Fontana A, Salomón MV, Gonzalez R, Valerga L, Altamirano JC, Yildiz M, Iorizzo M, Simon PW, Cavagnaro PF. Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091796. [PMID: 37176853 PMCID: PMC10181440 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection of 27 purple and two non-purple (one orange and one yellow) carrot accessions for concentration of root anthocyanins, phenolics, and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity estimated by four different methods (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), in a partially replicated experimental design comprising data from two growing seasons (2018 and 2019). Broad and significant (p < 0.0001) variation was found among the accessions for all the traits. Acylated anthocyanins (AA) predominated over non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA) in all the accessions and years analyzed, with AA accounting for 55.5-100% of the total anthocyanin content (TAC). Anthocyanins acylated with ferulic acid and coumaric acid were the most abundant carrot anthocyanins. In general, black or solid purple carrots had the greatest TAC and total phenolic content (TPC), and the strongest antioxidant capacities, measured by all methods. Antioxidant capacity, estimated by all methods, was significantly, positively, and moderately-to-strongly correlated with the content of all individual anthocyanins pigments, TAC, and TPC, in both years (r = 0.59-0.90, p < 0.0001), but not with the carotenoid pigments lutein and β-carotene; suggesting that anthocyanins and other phenolics, but not carotenoids, are major contributors of the antioxidant capacity in purple carrots. We identified accessions with high concentration of chemically stable AA, with potential value for the production of food dyes, and accessions with relatively high content of bioavailable NAA that can be selected for increased nutraceutical value (e.g., for fresh consumption).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
| | - Sofía Carvajal
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Beretta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
| | - Florencia Bannoud
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Fangio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (CONICET-UNMDP), Mar del Plata B7602, Argentina
| | - Federico Berli
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
| | - Ariel Fontana
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Salomón
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
| | - Roxana Gonzalez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
| | - Lucia Valerga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET-UNCuyo-Gobierno de Mendoza), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza M5500, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza M5500, Argentina
| | - Mehtap Yildiz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 2721 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pablo F Cavagnaro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
- Instituto de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
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4
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Dai H, Forbes A, Guo X, He L. Prediction of Anthocyanin Color Stability against Iron Co-Pigmentation by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213436. [PMID: 36360049 PMCID: PMC9658423 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The color change resulting from anthocyanin and iron co-pigmentation has been a significant challenge for the food industry in the development of many iron-fortified foods. This present study aims to establish a quantitative model to predict the degree of color stability in the presence of dissolved iron using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) spectra. The SERS spectra of anthocyanin extracts from seven different plant sources were measured and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Discrimination among different sources of anthocyanin was observed in the PCA plot. Different stability indexes, obtained by measuring both the color intensity stability and color hue stability of each sample, were established based on UV–vis analysis of anthocyanin at pH 3 and 6 with and without ferric sulfate. Partial least square (PLS) regression models were applied to establish the correlation between SERS spectra and stability indexes. The best PLS model was built based on the stability index calculated from the bathochromic shift (UV–vis spectral range: 380–750 nm) in pH3 buffer and the SERS spectra, achieving a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.16 nm and a correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.98. In conclusion, the present study developed a feasible approach to predict the stability of anthocyanin colorants against iron co-pigmentation. The developed method and models can be used for fast screenings of raw ingredients in iron-fortified food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Dai
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Adam Forbes
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(413)-545-5847
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5
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Mengist MF, Grace MH, Mackey T, Munoz B, Pucker B, Bassil N, Luby C, Ferruzzi M, Lila MA, Iorizzo M. Dissecting the genetic basis of bioactive metabolites and fruit quality traits in blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964656. [PMID: 36119607 PMCID: PMC9478557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry is well-recognized as a healthy fruit with functionality derived largely from anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid. Despite their importance, no study to date has evaluated the genetic basis of these bioactives in blueberries and their relationship with fruit quality traits. Hence, to fill this gap, a mapping population including 196 F1 individuals was phenotyped for anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid concentration and fruit quality traits (titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) over 3 years and data were used for QTL mapping and correlation analysis. Total soluble solids and chlorogenic acid were positively correlated with glycosylated anthocyanin and total anthocyanin, respectively, indicating that parallel selection for these traits is possible. Across all the traits, a total of 188 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11 and 12. Notably, four major regions with overlapping major-effect QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 4 and 8, and were responsible for acylation and glycosylation of anthocyanins in a substrate and sugar donor specific manner. Through comparative transcriptome analysis, multiple candidate genes were identified for these QTLs, including glucosyltransferases and acyltransferases. Overall, the study provides the first insights into the genetic basis controlling anthocyanins accumulation and composition, chlorogenic acid and fruit quality traits, and establishes a framework to advance genetic studies and molecular breeding for anthocyanins in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Fentie Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary H. Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ted Mackey
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Bryan Munoz
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nahla Bassil
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Claire Luby
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mario Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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6
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Unveiling Natural and Semisynthetic Acylated Flavonoids: Chemistry and Biological Actions in the Context of Molecular Docking. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175501. [PMID: 36080269 PMCID: PMC9458193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylated flavonoids are widely distributed natural metabolites in medicinal plants and foods with several health attributes. A large diversity of chemical structures of acylated flavonoids with interesting biological effects was reported from several plant species. Of these, 123 compounds with potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, and anti-complementary effects were selected from several databases including SCI-Finder, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and others. Some selected reported biologically active flavonoids were docked in the active binding sites of some natural enzymes, namely acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, and HIV integrase, in an attempt to underline the key interactions that might be responsible for their biological activities.
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7
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He J, Ye S, Correia P, Fernandes I, Zhang R, Wu M, Freitas V, Mateus N, Oliveira H. Dietary polyglycosylated anthocyanins, the smart option? A comprehensive review on their health benefits and technological applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3096-3128. [PMID: 35534086 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, anthocyanins have emerged as one of the most enthralling groups of natural phenolic compounds and more than 700 distinct structures have already been identified, illustrating the exceptional variety spread in nature. The interest raised around anthocyanins goes way beyond their visually appealing colors and their acknowledged structural and biological properties have fueled intensive research toward their application in different contexts. However, the high susceptibility of monoglycosylated anthocyanins to degradation under certain external conditions might compromise their application. In that regard, polyglycosylated anthocyanins (PGA) might offer an alternative to overcome this issue, owing to their peculiar structure and consequent less predisposition to degradation. The most recent scientific and technological findings concerning PGA and their food sources are thoroughly described and discussed in this comprehensive review. Different issues, including their physical-chemical characteristics, consumption, bioavailability, and biological relevance in the context of different pathologies, are covered in detail, along with the most relevant prospective technological applications. Due to their complex structure and acyl groups, most of the PGA exhibit an overall higher stability than the monoglycosylated ones. Their versatility allows them to act in a wide range of pathologies, either by acting directly in molecular pathways or by modulating the disease environment attributing an added value to their food sources. Their recent usage for technological applications has also been particularly successful in different industry fields including food and smart packaging or in solar energy production systems. Altogether, this review aims to put into perspective the current state and future research on PGA and their food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingren He
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxin Ye
- Yun-Hong Group Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Patrícia Correia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iva Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Zhang
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muci Wu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Victor Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Feng Y, Dong Y, Zhang T, Yang Q, Gu H, Huang J, Li Y. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms Underlying Anthocyanin Coloration and Aroma Formation in Purple Fennel. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875360. [PMID: 35571884 PMCID: PMC9093692 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The color and aroma are the significant traits of vegetables and fruits, but the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation and aroma formation remain almost unknown in fennel (Anethum foeniculum L.), which is a crucial vegetable crop and grown widely for aromatic leaves and bulbs. Here, ten major anthocyanins identified and quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) were mainly responsible for the coloration of purple fennel leaf. With the application of GC-MS, it was found that the reduced volatile phenylpropanoids including isoeugenol, trans-isoeugenol, and apiol chiefly account for the characteristic aroma changes of the purple fennel. Moreover, the characteristic anthocyanin coloration and aroma formation in purple fennel were systematically studied with the integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics. The critical genes associated with the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins and volatile phenylpropanoids were isolated and studied carefully in transiently transfected tobacco cells and transgenic tomato plants. Together with the results of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, RT-qPCR, and yeast two hybrid (Y2H), it is proved that the metabolic flux redirection of phenylpropanoid pathway primarily regulated by a functional MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex consisting of AfTT8, AfMYB7, and AfTTG1 accounts for the characteristic anthocyanin coloration and aroma formation in purple fennel leaf. The systematic understanding of the anthocyanin accumulation and aroma formation will assist in the improvement of fennel resource utilization and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Dong
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Gu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Co-Ingestion of Natal Plums ( Carissa macrocarpa) and Marula Nuts ( Sclerocarya birrea) in a Snack Bar and Its Effect on Phenolic Compounds and Bioactivities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010310. [PMID: 35011541 PMCID: PMC8746984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of co-ingesting Natal plums (Carissa macrocarpa) and Marula nuts (Sclerocarya birrea) on the bioaccessibility and uptake of anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, and the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. A Natal plum-Marula nut bar was made by mixing the raw nuts and the fruit pulp in a ratio 1:1 (v/v). The cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside content (Cy-3-G) were quantified using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Inclusion of Natal plum in the Marula nut bar increased the Cy-3-Sa, Cy-3-G content, antioxidants capacity and α-glucosidase inhibition compared to ingesting Marula nut separately at the internal phase. Adding Natal plum to the Marula nut bar increased bioaccessibility of Cy-3-Sa, Cy-3-G, quercetin, coumaric acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid to 80.2% and 71.9%, 98.7%, 95.2%, 51.9% and 89.3%, respectively, compared to ingesting the Natal plum fruit or nut separately.
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10
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Karn A, Diaz-Garcia L, Reshef N, Zou C, Manns DC, Cadle-Davidson L, Mansfield AK, Reisch BI, Sacks GL. The Genetic Basis of Anthocyanin Acylation in North American Grapes ( Vitis spp.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1962. [PMID: 34946911 PMCID: PMC8701791 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamylated anthocyanins (or simply 'acylated anthocyanins') increase color stability in grape products, such as wine. Several genes that are relevant for anthocyanin acylation in grapes have been previously described; however, control of the degree of acylation in grapes is complicated by the lack of genetic markers quantitatively associated with this trait. To characterize the genetic basis of anthocyanin acylation in grapevine, we analyzed the acylation ratio in two closely related biparental families, Vitis rupestris B38 × 'Horizon' and 'Horizon' × Illinois 547-1, for 2 and 3 years, respectively. The acylation ratio followed a bimodal and skewed distribution in both families, with repeatability estimates larger than 0.84. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with amplicon-based markers (rhAmpSeq) identified a strong QTL from 'Horizon' on chromosome 3, near 15.85 Mb in both families and across years, explaining up to 85.2% of the phenotypic variance. Multiple candidate genes were identified in the 14.85-17.95 Mb interval, in particular, three copies of a gene encoding an acetyl-CoA-benzylalcohol acetyltransferase-like protein within the two most strongly associated markers. Additional population-specific QTLs were found in chromosomes 9, 10, 15, and 16; however, no candidate genes were described. The rhAmpSeq markers reported here, which were previously shown to be highly transferable among the Vitis genus, could be immediately implemented in current grapevine breeding efforts to control the degree of anthocyanin acylation and improve the quality of grapes and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Karn
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
| | - Luis Diaz-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Pabellón, Aguascalientes 20676, Mexico
| | - Noam Reshef
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Cheng Zou
- BRC Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - David C. Manns
- Department of Food Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (D.C.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Lance Cadle-Davidson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Anna Katharine Mansfield
- Department of Food Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (D.C.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Bruce I. Reisch
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
| | - Gavin L. Sacks
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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11
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Jokioja J, Yang B, Linderborg KM. Acylated anthocyanins: A review on their bioavailability and effects on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5570-5615. [PMID: 34611984 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the natural red and purple colorants of berries, fruits, vegetables, and tubers, improve carbohydrate metabolism and decrease the risk factors of metabolic disorders, but their industrial use is limited by their chemical instability. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins, however, changes the chemical properties of anthocyanins and provides enhanced stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins are more usable as natural colorants and bioactive components of innovative functional foods. Acylated anthocyanins are common in pigmented vegetables and tubers, the consumption of which has the potential to increase the intake of health-promoting anthocyanins as part of the daily diet. For the first time, this review presents the current findings on bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and health effects of acylated anthocyanins with comparison to more extensively investigated nonacylated anthocyanins. The structural differences between nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins lead to enhanced color stability, altered absorption, bioavailability, in vivo stability, and colonic degradation. The impact of phenolic metabolites and their potential health effects regardless of the low bioavailability of the parent anthocyanins as such is discussed. Here, purple-fleshed potatoes are presented as a globally available, eco-friendly model food rich in acylated anthocyanins, which further highlights the industrial possibilities and nutritional relevance of acylated anthocyanins. This work supports the academic community and industry in food research and development by reviewing the current literature and highlighting gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jokioja
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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12
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Hillman AR, Uhranowsky K. Acute Ingestion of Montmorency Tart Cherry Reduces Serum Uric Acid but Has no Impact on High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein or Oxidative Capacity. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:83-89. [PMID: 33506357 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tart cherries are particularly high in anthocyanins and are believed to have many health benefits, including reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, comparison between dosages and formulations are lacking. Forty-eight participants were randomly allocated to one of six experimental treatment groups where they ingested tart cherry or placebo in either juice (240 ml per bottle) or powdered capsule form (480 mg per capsule) once or twice daily for 48 h and markers of inflammation (uric acid (UA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)) and oxidative capacity (plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)) were measured. There was a group x time interaction for UA (p = 0.02), which declined up to 24 h post ingestion for a single capsule dose, up to 8 h for a two capsule dose, and up to 2 h for a single juice dose. There was an increase in UA from 8 h until 48 h post ingestion in a single juice dose. Overall, there was an average 8% decrease in UA. There was no significant change over time in hsCRP (p = 0.64) or ORAC (p = 0.42) or between groups in hsCRP (p = 0.47) or ORAC (p = 0.21). Our data indicates tart cherry ingestion can transiently decrease UA and not maintained with continued supplementation. Additionally, there were differences in formulations and doses indicating a single powdered capsule is most effective for lowering UA suggesting capsules may be used by those who do not enjoy the taste of tart cherry juice. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04497077, 7/29/2020, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Hillman
- Marywood University Human Physiology Laboratory, Scranton, PA, USA.
- Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Grover Center E175, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Kathy Uhranowsky
- Marywood University Human Physiology Laboratory, Scranton, PA, USA
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13
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Co-Ingestion of Black Carrot and Strawberry. Effects on Anthocyanin Stability, Bioaccessibility and Uptake. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111595. [PMID: 33153068 PMCID: PMC7692923 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the fate of anthocyanins along digestion has been a matter of research over the last decade, their bioaccessibility so far has been mainly assessed for single administered fruits or vegetables, which is far from the real scenario where they are co-ingested in a meal. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of simultaneous intake of fruit and vegetable on in vitro stability, bioaccessibility and uptake of anthocyanins. Black carrot and strawberry were used as food sources of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin identification and quantification were performed using HPLC-Qtof/HPLC-UV. Single matrices and mixtures thereof, were submitted to a standardized in vitro digestion procedure. Anthocyanin uptake was evaluated through an intestinal Caco-2 cell model. Our results showed an increased intestinal stability for specific anthocyanins as a consequence of co-digestion. The presence of the strawberry food matrix positively affected the bioaccessibility of the carrot associated cyanidin-based anthocyanins, whereas no reciprocal effect was observed for pelargonidin-based derivatives in the presence of the black carrot food matrix. Anthocyanin transport was maintained after co-administration. Overall, co-ingestion of black carrot and strawberry did not negatively affect the stability, bioaccessibility or uptake of cyanidin-based anthocyanins, although the effect on pelargonidin-based anthocyanins depended on the type of pelargonidin derivative.
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14
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Izzo L, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Pacifico S, Castaldo L, Narváez A, Ritieni A. Colon Bioaccessibility under In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of a Red Cabbage Extract Chemically Profiled through UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E955. [PMID: 33036251 PMCID: PMC7601900 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Red cabbage is a native vegetable of the Mediterranean region that represents one of the major sources of anthocyanins. The aim of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant capability and total polyphenol content (TPC) of a red cabbage extract and to compare acquired data with those from the same extract encapsulated in an acid-resistant capsule. The extract, which was qualitatively and quantitatively profiled by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis, contained a high content of anthocyanins and phenolic acids, whereas non-anthocyanin flavonoids were the less abundant compounds. An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion system was utilized to follow the extract's metabolism in humans and to evaluate its colon bioaccessibility. Data obtained showed that during gastrointestinal digestion, the total polyphenol content of the extract digested in the acid-resistant capsule in the Pronase E stage resulted in a higher concentration value compared to the extract digested without the capsule. Reasonably, these results could be attributed to the metabolization process by human colonic microflora and to the genesis of metabolites with greater bioactivity and more beneficial effects. The use of red cabbage extract encapsulated in an acid-resistant capsule could improve the polyphenols' bioaccessibility and be proposed as a red cabbage-based nutraceutical formulation for counteracting stress oxidative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Alfonso Narváez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.); (A.R.)
- Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
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15
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Anthocyanins in Whole Grain Cereals and Their Potential Effect on Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102922. [PMID: 32987758 PMCID: PMC7598678 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coloured (black, purple, blue, red, etc.) cereal grains, rich in anthocyanins, have recently gained a lot of attention in the food industry. Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoids, and are responsible for red, violet, and blue colours in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Anthocyanins have demonstrated antioxidant potential in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the consumption of foods high in anthocyanins has been linked to lower risks of chronic diseases. As such, whole grain functional foods made with coloured grains are promising new products. This paper will review the characteristics of cereal anthocyanins, and assess their prevalence in various commercially relevant crops including wheat, barley, maize, and rice. A brief overview of the antioxidant potential, and current research on the health effects of cereal-based anthocyanins will be provided. Finally, processing of coloured cereals in whole grain products will be briefly discussed. A full understanding of the fate of anthocyanins in whole grain products, and more research targeted towards health outcomes of anthocyanin supplementation to/inclusion in cereal food products are the next logical steps in this research field.
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16
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Tanguler H, Bozdogan A, Aksay S, Kelebek H, Erten H. Comparison of anthocyanin profiles in şalgams (shalgams) produced with different production procedures. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tanguler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Cukurova University Adana Turkey
| | - Adnan Bozdogan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Cukurova University Adana Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Osmaniye University Osmaniye Turkey
| | - Salih Aksay
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Cukurova University Adana Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University Adana Turkey
| | - Huseyin Erten
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Cukurova University Adana Turkey
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17
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Chen K, Wei X, Zhang J, Pariyani R, Jokioja J, Kortesniemi M, Linderborg KM, Heinonen J, Sainio T, Zhang Y, Yang B. Effects of Anthocyanin Extracts from Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Purple Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. var. 'Synkeä Sakari') on the Plasma Metabolomic Profile of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9436-9450. [PMID: 32786839 PMCID: PMC7586333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of the nonacylated and acylated anthocyanin-rich extracts on plasma metabolic profiles of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The rats were fed with the nonacylated anthocyanin extract from bilberries (NAAB) or the acylated anthocyanin extract from purple potatoes (AAPP) at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. 1H NMR metabolomics was used to study the changes in plasma metabolites. A reduced fasting plasma glucose level was seen in all anthocyanin-fed groups, especially in the groups fed with NAAB. Both NAAB and AAPP decreased the levels of branched-chain amino acids and improved lipid profiles. AAPP increased the glutamine/glutamate ratio and decreased the levels of glycerol and metabolites involved in glycolysis, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. AAPP decreased the hepatic TBC1D1 and G6PC messenger RNA level, suggesting regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. This study indicated that AAPP and NAAB affected the plasma metabolic profile of diabetic rats differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food
Safety, School of Public Health, Peking
University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Raghunath Pariyani
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johanna Jokioja
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Maaria Kortesniemi
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kaisa M. Linderborg
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jari Heinonen
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Tuomo Sainio
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- . Phone: +8613426134251
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
- . Phone: +358 452737988
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18
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Mattioli R, Francioso A, Mosca L, Silva P. Anthocyanins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Chemical Properties and Health Effects on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:E3809. [PMID: 32825684 PMCID: PMC7504512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoids widely present in fruits and vegetables. Dietary sources of anthocyanins include red and purple berries, grapes, apples, plums, cabbage, or foods containing high levels of natural colorants. Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and pelargonidin are the six common anthocyanidins. Following consumption, anthocyanin, absorption occurs along the gastrointestinal tract, the distal lower bowel being the place where most of the absorption and metabolism occurs. In the intestine, anthocyanins first undergo extensive microbial catabolism followed by absorption and human phase II metabolism. This produces hybrid microbial-human metabolites which are absorbed and subsequently increase the bioavailability of anthocyanins. Health benefits of anthocyanins have been widely described, especially in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that health-promoting effects attributed to anthocyanins may also be related to modulation of gut microbiota. In this paper we attempt to provide a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art literature on anthocyanins, summarizing recent findings on their chemistry, biosynthesis, nutritional value and on their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Department of Sciences, RomaTre University, v.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n°228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Oliveira H, Fernandes A, F. Brás N, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Fernandes I. Anthocyanins as Antidiabetic Agents-In Vitro and In Silico Approaches of Preventive and Therapeutic Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E3813. [PMID: 32825758 PMCID: PMC7504281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been made in the past two decades into the search for novel natural and less-toxic anti-diabetic agents. Some clinical trials have assigned this ability to anthocyanins, although different factors like the food source, the amount ingested, the matrix effect and the time of consumption (before or after a meal) seem to result in contradictory conclusions. The possible mechanisms involved in these preventive or therapeutic effects will be discussed-giving emphasis to the latest in vitro and in silico approaches. Therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic alterations related to hyperglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) may include: (a) Inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes; (b) reduction of glucose transporters expression or activity; (c) inhibition of glycogenolysis and (d) modulation of gut microbiota by anthocyanin breakdown products. These strategies may be achieved through administration of individual anthocyanins or by functional foods containing complexes of anthocyanin:carbohydrate:protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Iva Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (H.O.); (A.F.); (N.F.B.); (N.M.); (V.d.F.)
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20
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Iorizzo M, Curaba J, Pottorff M, Ferruzzi MG, Simon P, Cavagnaro PF. Carrot Anthocyanins Genetics and Genomics: Status and Perspectives to Improve Its Application for the Food Colorant Industry. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E906. [PMID: 32784714 PMCID: PMC7465225 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple or black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef) are characterized by their dark purple- to black-colored roots, owing their appearance to high anthocyanin concentrations. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of black carrot anthocyanins as natural food dyes. Black carrot roots contain large quantities of mono-acylated anthocyanins, which impart a measure of heat-, light- and pH-stability, enhancing the color-stability of food products over their shelf-life. The genetic pathway controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis appears well conserved among land plants; however, different variants of anthocyanin-related genes between cultivars results in tissue-specific accumulations of purple pigments. Thus, broad genetic variations of anthocyanin profile, and tissue-specific distributions in carrot tissues and organs, can be observed, and the ratio of acylated to non-acylated anthocyanins varies significantly in the purple carrot germplasm. Additionally, anthocyanins synthesis can also be influenced by a wide range of external factors, such as abiotic stressors and/or chemical elicitors, directly affecting the anthocyanin yield and stability potential in food and beverage applications. In this study, we critically review and discuss the current knowledge on anthocyanin diversity, genetics and the molecular mechanisms controlling anthocyanin accumulation in carrots. We also provide a view of the current knowledge gaps and advancement needs as regards developing and applying innovative molecular tools to improve the yield, product performance and stability of carrot anthocyanin for use as a natural food colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Julien Curaba
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Marti Pottorff
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pablo F. Cavagnaro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) E.E.A. La Consulta, Mendoza 5567, Argentina;
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza 5505, Argentina
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21
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Mengist MF, Grace MH, Xiong J, Kay CD, Bassil N, Hummer K, Ferruzzi MG, Lila MA, Iorizzo M. Diversity in Metabolites and Fruit Quality Traits in Blueberry Enables Ploidy and Species Differentiation and Establishes a Strategy for Future Genetic Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32318085 PMCID: PMC7147330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry is well recognized as a rich source of health promoting phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Multiple studies in blueberry and other crops indicated that flavonoids and phenolic acids function as bioactive compounds in the human body promoting multiple health effects. Despite their importance, information is limited about the levels of variation in bioactive compounds within and between ploidy level and species, and their association with fruit quality traits. Such information is crucial to define a strategy to study the genetic mechanisms controlling these traits and to select for these traits in blueberry breeding programs. Here we evaluated 33 health related phytochemicals belonging to four major groups of flavonoids and phenolic acids across 128 blueberry accessions over two years together with fruit quality traits, including fruit weight, titratable acidity, total soluble acids and pH. Highly significant variation between accessions, years, and accession by year interaction were identified for most of the traits. Cluster analysis grouped phytochemicals by their functional structure (e.g., anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, and phenolic acids). Multivariate analysis of the traits resulted in separation of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid accessions. Broad sense heritability of the traits estimated in 100 tetraploid accessions, ranged from 20 to 90%, with most traits revealing moderate to high broad sense heritability (H2 > 40%), suggesting that strong genetic factors control these traits. Fruit size can be estimated as a proxy of fruit weight or volume and vice versa, and it was negatively correlated with content of most of phytochemicals evaluated here. However, size-independent variation for anthocyanin content and profile (e.g., acylated vs. non-acylated anthocyanin) exists in the tetraploid accessions and can be explored to identify other factors such as genes related to the biosynthetic pathway that control this trait. This result also suggests that metabolite concentrations and fruit size, to a certain degree can be improved simultaneously in breeding programs. Overall, the results of this study provide a framework to uncover the genetic basis of bioactive compounds and fruit quality traits and will be useful to advance blueberry-breeding programs focusing on integrating these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla F Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Jia Xiong
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Nahla Bassil
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kim Hummer
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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22
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Curaba J, Bostan H, Cavagnaro PF, Senalik D, Mengist MF, Zhao Y, Simon PW, Iorizzo M. Identification of an SCPL Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Acylation in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.) Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1770. [PMID: 32082341 PMCID: PMC7005140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural health promoting pigments that can be produced in large quantities in some purple carrot cultivars. Decoration patterns of anthocyanins, such as acylation, can greatly influence their stability and biological properties and use in the food industry as nutraceuticals and natural colorants. Despite recent advances made toward understanding the genetic control of anthocyanin accumulation in purple carrot, the genetic mechanism controlling acylation of anthocyanin in carrot root have not been studied yet. In the present study, we performed fine mapping combined with gene expression analyses (RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR) to identify the genetic factor conditioning the accumulation of non-acylated (Cy3XGG) versus acylated (Cy3XFGG and Cy3XSGG) cyanidin derivatives, in three carrot populations. Segregation and mapping analysis pointed to a single gene with dominant effect controlling anthocyanin acylation in the root, located in a 576kb region containing 29 predicted genes. Orthologous and phylogenetic analyses enabled the identification of a cluster of three SCPL-acyltransferases coding genes within this region. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that only one of these three genes, DcSCPL1, was always expressed in association with anthocyanin pigmentation in the root and was co-expressed with DcMYB7, a gene known to activate anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in carrot. DcSCPL1 sequence analysis, in root tissue containing a low level of acylated anthocyanins, demonstrated the presence of an insertion causing an abnormal splicing of the 3rd exon during mRNA editing, likely resulting in the production of a non-functional acyltransferase and explaining the reduced acylation phenotype. This study provides strong linkage-mapping and functional evidences for the candidacy of DcSCPL1 as a primary regulator of anthocyanin acylation in carrot storage root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Curaba
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Pablo F. Cavagnaro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A., La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molla Fentie Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Yunyang Zhao
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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23
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Gao R, Chilibeck PD. Effect of Tart Cherry Concentrate on Endurance Exercise Performance: A Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:657-664. [PMID: 31986108 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1713246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Tart cherry concentrate has been shown to improve muscle function, and reduce muscle damage, oxidative stress/inflammation, and muscle soreness in athletes; however, evidence for acute endurance performance benefits is scarce. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of tart cherry juice on endurance exercise performance with a meta-analysis.Method: Data sources included Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials with endurance exercise performance tests. Participants were healthy individuals. Interventions included tart cherry supplementation and placebo ingested before, and/or on the day of exercise. Ten studies were included (totaling 127 males and 20 females). Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study and pooled effects were assessed.Results: Tart cherry concentrate in juice or powdered form, ingested for 7 days to 1.5 hours before exercise performance testing significantly improved endurance exercise performance (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.64; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%) upon pooling of the ten studies.Conclusions: Tart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance. Key teaching pointsTart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance.Tart cherry concentrate may enhance endurance exercise performance via its low glycemic index, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacity, and blood flow enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Gao
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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24
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Fang JL, Luo Y, Yuan K, Guo Y, Jin SH. Preparation and evaluation of an encapsulated anthocyanin complex for enhancing the stability of anthocyanin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Eker ME, Aaby K, Budic-Leto I, Rimac Brnčić S, El SN, Karakaya S, Simsek S, Manach C, Wiczkowski W, de Pascual-Teresa S. A Review of Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Bioavailability: Possible Implications for the Inter-Individual Variability. Foods 2019; 9:E2. [PMID: 31861362 PMCID: PMC7023094 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are dietary bioactive compounds showing a range of beneficial effects against cardiovascular, neurological, and eye conditions. However, there is, as for other bioactive compounds in food, a high inter and intra-individual variation in the response to anthocyanin intake that in many cases leads to contradictory results in human trials. This variability could be caused at two levels, one at the bioavailability level and the other at the effect and mechanisms of action. In this context, we have thoroughly reviewed the scientific literature on anthocyanins variability caused by variation in bioavailability. Based on the literature reviewed, we have concluded that the variability in anthocyanins bioavailability might be produced by the lack of homogeneity introduced at three different levels: food matrix and food processing, enzymes involved in anthocyanin metabolism and transport, and anthocyanin metabolizing gut microbiota. However, it should be noted that the literature on anthocyanins bioavailability considering inter or intra-individual variability is still very scarce, which makes it difficult to reach any firm conclusion on the main metabolizing enzymes or bacteria that would be responsible for the variability in anthocyanin bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Eda Eker
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.N.E.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kjersti Aaby
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway;
| | - Irena Budic-Leto
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Suzana Rimac Brnčić
- Faculty of food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sedef Nehir El
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.N.E.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.N.E.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebnem Simsek
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.N.E.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Claudine Manach
- INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Wieslaw Wiczkowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research. Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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26
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Kalt W. Anthocyanins and Their C 6-C 3-C 6 Metabolites in Humans and Animals. Molecules 2019; 24:E4024. [PMID: 31703276 PMCID: PMC6891644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C6-Cn) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review focuses on the products of anthocyanins that still possess the flavonoid structure (C6-C3-C6). Described herein are aspects of the in vivo pool of C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin-derived intermediates. Properties related to molecular size, shape, and polarity conveyed by six major anthocyanidin structures are discussed. The presence of a glycoside or not, and a variety of possible phase 2 conjugates, gives rise to a chemically diverse pool of C6-C3-C6 intermediates. Chemical properties influence the in vivo stability of anthocyanin-derived products, as well as their suitability as a substrate for xenobiotic conjugation and transport, and their association with the biomatrix. The flavonoid structure is associated with bioactivity and the particular properties of these C6-C3-C6 products of anthocyanins determines their deposition in the body, which may influence in vivo processes and ultimately health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (Retired). 212 Foley Road, RR#3 Centreville, NS B0P 1J0, Canada
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27
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Bannoud F, Ellison S, Paolinelli M, Horejsi T, Senalik D, Fanzone M, Iorizzo M, Simon PW, Cavagnaro PF. Dissecting the genetic control of root and leaf tissue-specific anthocyanin pigmentation in carrot (Daucus carota L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2485-2507. [PMID: 31144001 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance, QTL mapping, phylogenetic, and transcriptome (RNA-Seq) analyses provide insight into the genetic control underlying carrot root and leaf tissue-specific anthocyanin pigmentation and identify candidate genes for root phloem pigmentation. Purple carrots can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins in their root tissues, as well as in other plant parts. This work investigated the genetic control underlying tissue-specific anthocyanin pigmentation in the carrot root phloem and xylem, and in leaf petioles. Inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation in these three tissues was first studied in segregating F2 and F4 populations, followed by QTL mapping of phloem and xylem anthocyanin pigments (independently) onto two genotyping by sequencing-based linkage maps, to reveal two regions in chromosome 3, namely P1 and P3, controlling pigmentation in these three tissues. Both P1 and P3 condition pigmentation in the phloem, with P3 also conditioning pigmentation in the xylem and petioles. By means of linkage mapping, phylogenetic analysis, and comparative transcriptome (RNA-Seq) analysis among carrot roots with differing purple pigmentation phenotypes, we identified candidate genes conditioning pigmentation in the phloem, the main tissue influencing total anthocyanin levels in the root. Among them, a MYB transcription factor, DcMYB7, and two cytochrome CYP450 genes with putative flavone synthase activity were identified as candidates regulating both the presence/absence of pigmentation and the concentration of anthocyanins in the root phloem. Concomitant expression patterns of DcMYB7 and eight anthocyanin structural genes were found, suggesting that DcMYB7 regulates transcription levels in the latter. Another MYB, DcMYB6, was upregulated in specific purple-rooted samples, suggesting a genotype-specific regulatory activity for this gene. These data contribute to the understanding of anthocyanin regulation in the carrot root at a tissue-specific level and maybe instrumental for improving carrot nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Bannoud
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shelby Ellison
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590, USA
| | - Marcos Paolinelli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria INTA EEA Mendoza, San Martin 3853, Luján de Cuyo, 5507, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Thomas Horejsi
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590, USA
| | - Douglas Senalik
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590, USA
| | - Martín Fanzone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria INTA EEA Mendoza, San Martin 3853, Luján de Cuyo, 5507, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Philipp W Simon
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590, USA.
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590, USA.
| | - Pablo F Cavagnaro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - E.E.A. La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta, 5567, San Carlos, Mendoza, Argentina.
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28
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Iorizzo M, Cavagnaro PF, Bostan H, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Simon PW. A Cluster of MYB Transcription Factors Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.) Root and Petiole. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1927. [PMID: 30693006 PMCID: PMC6339893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Purple carrots can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins in their roots and -in some genetic backgrounds- petioles, and therefore they represent an excellent dietary source of antioxidant phytonutrients. In a previous study, using linkage analysis in a carrot F2 mapping population segregating for root and petiole anthocyanin pigmentation, we identified a region in chromosome 3 with co-localized QTL for all anthocyanin pigments of the carrot root, whereas petiole pigmentation segregated as a single dominant gene and mapped to one of these "root pigmentation" regions conditioning anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the present study, we performed fine mapping combined with gene expression analyses (RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR) to identify candidate genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation in the carrot root and petiole. Fine mapping was performed in four carrot populations with different genetic backgrounds and patterns of pigmentation. The regions controlling root and petiole pigmentation in chromosome 3 were delimited to 541 and 535 kb, respectively. Genome wide prediction of transcription factor families known to regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway coupled with orthologous and phylogenetic analyses enabled the identification of a cluster of six MYB transcription factors, denominated DcMYB6 to DcMYB11, associated with the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. No anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were present in this region. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that upregulation of DcMYB7 was always associated with anthocyanin pigmentation in both root and petiole tissues, whereas DcMYB11 was only upregulated with pigmentation in petioles. In the petiole, the level of expression of DcMYB11 was higher than DcMYB7. DcMYB6, a gene previously suggested as a key regulator of carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis, was not consistently associated with pigmentation in either tissue. These results strongly suggest that DcMYB7 is a candidate gene for root anthocyanin pigmentation in all the genetic backgrounds included in this study. DcMYB11 is a candidate gene for petiole pigmentation in all the purple carrot sources in this study. Since DcMYB7 is co-expressed with DcMYB11 in purple petioles, the latter gene may act also as a co-regulator of anthocyanin pigmentation in the petioles. This study provides linkage-mapping and functional evidence for the candidacy of these genes for the regulation of carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pablo F. Cavagnaro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Yunyang Zhao
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
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29
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Tsutsumi A, Horikoshi Y, Fushimi T, Saito A, Koizumi R, Fujii Y, Hu QQ, Hirota Y, Aizawa K, Osakabe N. Acylated anthocyanins derived from purple carrot (Daucus carota L.) induce elevation of blood flow in rat cremaster arteriole. Food Funct 2019; 10:1726-1735. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acylated anthocyanins are more stable than monomeric anthocyanins, but little is known about their physiological effects.
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30
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Flavonoids Ability to Disrupt Inflammation Mediated by Lipid and Cholesterol Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:243-253. [PMID: 31562634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that act as protectants against harmful effects of UV-B radiation inasmuch as biotic stress, conferring at the same time pigmentation of fruits and leaves [67]. The term "flavonoid" refers to phenolics having a basic skeleton of diphenylpropane (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two aromatic rings linked through three carbons that usually form an oxygenated heterocycle [25, 52]. Flavonoids are broken down into several different sub-categories based on their chemical structure. The main subclasses commonly found in food items are: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins [44, 67]. Figure 19.1 depicts the major classification of flavonoids according to their chemical structure. Their occurrence in food matrices has been extensively reviewed [39, 44], and has been subject of extensive research in the last decades. Table 19.1 contains a few examples of compounds from each of the subcategory, with the fruit (berry) in which they are commonly found. The monomeric unit of flavonoids can dimerize and polymerize to form other important high molecular weight molecules; this is the case of proanthocyanidins, that are polymers of flavan-3-ols or flavanols. Not only do these compounds act as plant protectants, but they can also be very beneficial to human health. Cohorts studies performed in the early '90 have shown that dietary consumption of flavonoids was inversely associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease [31, 32]. These findings have opened an intensive field of research on the effects of flavonoids and flavonoids-rich food extracts in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) progression, particularly in the modulating CVD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation. In this short review, we will summarize the current findings in flavonoids beneficial effects in preventing CVD through inhibition of initial stages of CVD progression. Given the magnitude of scientific literature in the field, we will focus on two strictly mechanistic aspects: inhibition of chemical-induced LDL oxidation, and the effect of flavonoids in the monocyte/macrophages activation pathways.
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31
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Comparative Test of Color Stability between Betalain Pigments of Red Dragon Fruits and Anthocyanin Pigments from Tamarillo Fruit at Various pH. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2018. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.21.3.107-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains and anthocyanins are classes of natural and water soluble pigments. Now days, these pigments have been developed as a replacement colouring agents. One of betalain resource is dragon fruit and anthocyanin resource is tamarillo. These pigments are relative unstable in some condition, one of them is pH. This research aim is to determine stability of betalain and anthocyanin pigments by pH parameter. These pigments can be isolated by macerated methods, technically processed by chopping the fruit and than soaking in ethanol for ± 24 h. These extracts were condensed by rotary evaporator. These extracts were analysed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer at wavelength (λ) 200-800 nm. The absorption spectrum showed two major absorption peaks at 269 nm and 536 nm for betalain and 531 nm for anthocyanins. The result showed the optimal pH for betalain stability was at pH 5 and pH 3 for anthocyanin
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32
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Braga ARC, Murador DC, de Souza Mesquita LM, de Rosso VV. Bioavailability of anthocyanins: Gaps in knowledge, challenges and future research. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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33
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Soares GR, de Moura CFG, Silva MJD, Vilegas W, Santamarina AB, Pisani LP, Estadella D, Ribeiro DA. Protective effects of purple carrot extract (Daucus carota) against rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Med Oncol 2018; 35:54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Wang F, Wang GL, Hou XL, Li MY, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. The genome sequence of 'Kurodagosun', a major carrot variety in Japan and China, reveals insights into biological research and carrot breeding. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:861-871. [PMID: 29497811 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the most economically important root vegetables in the world, providing numerous nutrients for human health. China is the largest country of carrot production in the world, and 'Kurodagosun' has been a major carrot variety in China. Carrot material used in this study was the inbred line 'DC-27', which was derived by forced selfing from 'Kurodagosun'. To understand the genetic system and plant-specific genes of 'Kurodagosun', we report the draft genome sequence of carrot 'DC-27' assembled using a combination of Roche454 and HiSeq 2000 sequencing technologies to achieve 32-fold genome coverage. A total of 31,891 predicted genes were identified. These assembled sequences provide candidate genes involved in biological processes including stress response and carotenoid biosynthesis. Genomic sequences corresponding to 371.6 Mb was less than 473 Mb, which is the estimated genome size. The availability of a draft sequence of the 'DC-27' genome advances knowledge on the biological research and breeding of carrot, as well as other Apiaceae plants. The 'DC-27' genome sequence data also provide a new resource to explore the evolution of other higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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35
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Celli GB, Ghanem A, Brooks MSL. A theoretical physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach for modeling the fate of anthocyanins in vivo. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3197-3207. [PMID: 27002538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins (ACNs) and their metabolites have uncovered evidence for hitherto unknown physiological effects affecting the fate of these compounds in vivo. In particular, it has been shown that the stomach, in addition to the small intestine, has an important role in absorption. Most studies still use a noncompartmental or one-compartmental approach to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ACNs, which does not represent the anatomical and physiological conditions that a compound is subject to in the organism. Thus, the objective of this study was to review the current knowledge of the different processes involved in the metabolism of ACNs once ingested and, based on this information, propose a theoretical physiologically based, multicompartmental pharmacokinetic (PBMK) model to describe their fate in vivo. This is the first study that reports a PBMK model for ACNs; the model provides a more physiologically representative approach for ANC metabolism, which could be used as a basis for experimental designs and interspecies scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Amyl Ghanem
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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Zhong S, Sandhu A, Edirisinghe I, Burton‐Freeman B. Characterization of Wild Blueberry Polyphenols Bioavailability and Kinetic Profile in Plasma over 24‐h Period in Human Subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqiong Zhong
- Food Science and Nutrition Department and Center for Nutrition ResearchInstitute for Food Safety and HealthIllinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA
| | - Amandeep Sandhu
- Food Science and Nutrition Department and Center for Nutrition ResearchInstitute for Food Safety and HealthIllinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Food Science and Nutrition Department and Center for Nutrition ResearchInstitute for Food Safety and HealthIllinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA
| | - Britt Burton‐Freeman
- Food Science and Nutrition Department and Center for Nutrition ResearchInstitute for Food Safety and HealthIllinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA
- Nutrition DepartmentUC Davis Davis USA
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Ayoub HM, McDonald MR, Sullivan JA, Tsao R, Platt M, Simpson J, Meckling KA. The Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Purple Vegetable Diets on Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Zucker Rats. J Med Food 2017; 20:1240-1249. [PMID: 28956702 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of highly colored fruits and vegetables rich in anthocyanins has been associated with numerous health benefits. Purple carrots (PC) and purple potatoes (PP) have higher anthocyanin concentrations and higher biological activities compared with less pigmented cultivars. We hypothesized that substitution of the majority of carbohydrate in a high fat diet with PP or PC, for 8 weeks, would improve insulin resistance and hypertension, major components of metabolic syndrome, compared with orange carrots (OC), white potatoes (WP) or a control, high fat, sucrose-rich diet (HFD) in obese Zucker rats. After 8 weeks of feeding, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT), and invasive hemodynamic tests were performed. The PP group had better glucose tolerance compared with the WP and the HFD groups and higher insulin sensitivity as measured by the ipITT and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P = .018) compared with the HFD without having any effect on blood pressure. The PC reduced left ventricular pressure compared with both the HFD (P = .01) and the OC (P = .049) groups and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with the HFD group (P = .01 and <.0001, respectively) without having any effect on glucose homeostasis. The PC animals consumed more and were more obese than other groups, possibly obscuring any benefit of this vegetable on glucose tolerance. The bioactives in the vegetables responsible for blood pressure and glucose homeostasis could be different, and their effects could be independent of each other. The specific bioactives of each vegetable and their molecular targets remain to be identified. Nonetheless, incorporation of purple vegetables in functional food products may provide metabolic/cardiovascular benefits in the background of a high-fat diet that promotes obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala M Ayoub
- 1 Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Mary Ruth McDonald
- 2 Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Rong Tsao
- 3 Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph, Canada
| | - Mathew Platt
- 1 Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Jeremy Simpson
- 1 Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Kelly A Meckling
- 1 Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
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38
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Black carrot ( Daucus carota L.), dietary and health promoting perspectives of its polyphenols: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Overall J, Bonney SA, Wilson M, Beermann A, Grace MH, Esposito D, Lila MA, Komarnytsky S. Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020422. [PMID: 28212306 PMCID: PMC5343956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of energy dense foods and sedentary lifestyle are considered as major causes of obesity-associated insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism. Results from both cohort studies and randomized trials suggested that anthocyanins from berries may lower metabolic risks, however these reports are equivocal. The present study was designed to examine effects of six berries with structurally diverse anthocyanin profiles (normalized to 400 µg/g total anthocyanin content) on development of metabolic risk factors in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity. Diets supplemented with blackberry (mono-glycosylated cyanidins), black raspberry (acylated mono-glycosylated cyanidins), blackcurrant (mono- and di-glycosylated cyanidins and delphinidins), maqui berry (di-glycosylated delphinidins), Concord grape (acylated mono-glycosylated delphinidins and petunidins), and blueberry (mono-glycosylated delphinidins, malvidins, and petunidins) showed a prominent discrepancy between biological activities of delphinidin/malvidin-versus cyanidin-type anthocyanins that could be explained by differences in their structure and metabolism in the gut. Consumption of berries also resulted in a strong shift in the gastrointestinal bacterial communities towards obligate anaerobes that correlated with decrease in the gastrointestinal luminal oxygen and oxidative stress. Further work is needed to understand mechanisms that lead to nearly anoxic conditions in the gut lumens, including the relative contributions of host, diet and/or microbial oxidative activity, and their implication to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Overall
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sierra A Bonney
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, NC State University, 120 Broughton Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Mickey Wilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Arnold Beermann
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, 405 N Main St., Davidson, NC 28035, USA.
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, NC State University, 120 Broughton Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Carrillo C, Buvé C, Panozzo A, Grauwet T, Hendrickx M. Role of structural barriers in the in vitro bioaccessibility of anthocyanins in comparison with carotenoids. Food Chem 2017; 227:271-279. [PMID: 28274432 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although natural structural barriers are factors limiting nutrient bioaccessibility, their specific role in anthocyanin bioaccessibility is still unknown. To better understand how natural barriers govern bioactive compound bioaccessibility, an experimental approach comparing anthocyanins and carotenoids was designed, using a single plant matrix. Initial results revealed increased anthocyanin bioaccessibility in masticated black carrot. To explain this observation, samples with increasing levels of bioencapsulation (free-compound, homogenized-puree, puree) were examined. While carotenoid bioaccessibility was inversely proportional to the level of bioencapsulation, barrier disruption did not increase anthocyanin bioaccessibility. This means that mechanical processing is of particular importance in the case of carotenoid bioaccessibility. While micelle incorporation is the limiting factor for carotenoid bioaccessibility, anthocyanin degradation under alkaline conditions in the gastrointestinal tract dominates. In the absence of structural barriers, anthocyanin bioaccessibility is greater than that of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Carrillo
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Carolien Buvé
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnese Panozzo
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tara Grauwet
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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41
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Hosseini S, Gharachorloo M, Ghiassi-Tarzi B, Ghavami M. Evaluation the Organic Acids Ability for Extraction of Anthocyanins and Phenolic Compounds from different sources and Their Degradation Kinetics during Cold Storage. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Kamiloglu S, Grootaert C, Capanoglu E, Ozkan C, Smagghe G, Raes K, Van Camp J. Anti-inflammatory potential of black carrot (Daucus carotaL.) polyphenols in a co-culture model of intestinal Caco-2 and endothelial EA.hy926 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Department of Food Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Department of Food Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ceren Ozkan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Department of Food Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Crop Protection; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Industrial Biological Science; Ghent University; Kortrijk Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem); Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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43
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Olejnik A, Kowalska K, Kidoń M, Czapski J, Rychlik J, Olkowicz M, Dembczyński R. Purple carrot anthocyanins suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the co-culture of intestinal Caco-2 and macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:557-64. [PMID: 26613574 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of purple carrot anthocyanins (PCA) with respect to gut inflammation, simulated in a co-culture system consisting of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. The obtained results indicated that PCA extract down-regulates the mRNA expression of proinflammatory interleukins Il-1β (↓91%) and Il-6 (↓69%) as well as inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. The decrease in the generation of prostaglandin E2 (↓48%) and nitric oxide (↓26%) was observed as a result of the inhibition of Cox-2 (↓25%) and iNos (↓12%) mRNA expressions, respectively. Moreover, the PCA reduced mRNA expression (↓40%) and production (↓17%) of IL-8 in intestinal cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of PCA was contributed to the protection of the intestinal barrier, which was disrupted upon the stimulation of macrophages. These findings may provide preliminary justification for the use of PCA in further studies focused on the prevention and therapy supporting the conventional treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olejnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kidoń
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, Poznan 60-624, Poland.
| | - Janusz Czapski
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, Poznan 60-624, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rychlik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Radosław Dembczyński
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland.
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44
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Celli GB, Brooks MSL. Impact of extraction and processing conditions on betalains and comparison of properties with anthocyanins - A current review. Food Res Int 2016; 100:501-509. [PMID: 28964374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The search for natural pigments has been driven by growing evidence indicating that synthetic colorants can cause deleterious health effects. Betalains, in addition to anthocyanins, have been proposed as an alternative to address this need. However, the incorporation of natural pigments poses some challenges to the food industry, such as reduced stability in comparison to their synthetic counterparts. Moreover, betalains are not well studied in comparison to anthocyanins and information about the effects of processing on their physicochemical properties and stability is scattered. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the recent research on the extraction and processing of betalains from natural sources, and comparison of their colorant and physicochemical properties with anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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45
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Green Extraction Processes Focusing on Maximization of Black Carrot Anthocyanins along with Cytotoxic Activities. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Sandhu AK, Huang Y, Xiao D, Park E, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. Pharmacokinetic Characterization and Bioavailability of Strawberry Anthocyanins Relative to Meal Intake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4891-4899. [PMID: 27255121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma strawberry anthocyanins were characterized in overweight (BMI: 26 ± 2 kg/m(2)) adults (n = 14) on the basis of meal timing. At each visit, subjects ingested three study drinks: two control and one strawberry drink. A strawberry drink was given at either 2 h before the breakfast meal (BM), with the meal (WM), or 2 h after the meal (AM), and control drinks were given at the alternative time points. Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolic conjugates were assessed hourly for 10 h using a triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. Maximum concentrations (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), and bioavailability of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins determined from the main conjugated metabolite (pelargonidin glucuronide) were greater when a strawberry drink was consumed 2 h before the meal (BM) compared to consumption WM or AM (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the timing of strawberry consumption relative to a meal impacts anthocyanin pharmacokinetic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep K Sandhu
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Yancui Huang
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Di Xiao
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology , Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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47
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Değirmencioğlu N, Gurbuz O, Şahan Y. The Monitoring, Via an In vitro
Digestion System, of the Bioactive Content of Vegetable Juice Fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and Saccharomyces boulardii. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Değirmencioğlu
- Department of Food Processing; Bandırma Vocational High School, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University; Balıkesir Turkey
| | - Ozan Gurbuz
- Department of Food Engineering; Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
| | - Yasemin Şahan
- Department of Food Engineering; Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
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48
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Celli GB, Kalt W, Brooks MSL. Gastroretentive systems - a proposed strategy to modulate anthocyanin release and absorption for the management of diabetes. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:1892-901. [PMID: 26873039 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1143058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have indicated a positive correlation between the consumption of anthocyanins (ACN) and biomarkers relating to the improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results from in vitro studies often do not translate into clinical evidence. Potential causes of these discrepancies are experimental conditions that lack physiological relevancy; extensive degradation of these compounds in vivo due to changes in pH and metabolism; and a short residence time in the absorption window in relation to the absorption rate. Here, gastroretentive systems (GRS) are proposed as a strategy to overcome the limitations in ACN delivery and to reduce the existing bench-to-subject gap. This review summarizes recent literature on the use of ACN for the management and control of T2D, followed by GRS platforms to promote a sustained release of ACN for increased health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada and
| | - Wilhelmina Kalt
- b Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Kentville , NS , Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada and
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49
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The impact of red cabbage fermentation on bioavailability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Olejnik A, Rychlik J, Kidoń M, Czapski J, Kowalska K, Juzwa W, Olkowicz M, Dembczyński R, Moyer MP. Antioxidant effects of gastrointestinal digested purple carrot extract on the human cells of colonic mucosa. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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