1
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Rampratap P, Lasorsa A, Perrone B, van der Wel PCA, Walvoort MTC. Production of isotopically enriched high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and characterization by solid-state NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121063. [PMID: 37321744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of all vertebrate cells. HA-based hydrogels have attracted great interest for biomedical applications due to their high viscoelasticity and biocompatibility. In both ECM and hydrogel applications, high molecular weight (HMW)-HA can absorb a large amount of water to yield matrices with a high level of structural integrity. To understand the molecular underpinnings of structural and functional properties of HA-containing hydrogels, few techniques are available. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for such studies, e.g. 13C NMR measurements can reveal the structural and dynamical features of (HMW) HA. However, a major obstacle to 13C NMR is the low natural abundance of 13C, necessitating the generation of HMW-HA that is enriched with 13C isotopes. Here we present a convenient method to obtain 13C- and 15N-enriched HMW-HA in good yield from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The labeled HMW-HA has been characterized by solution and magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy, as well as other methods. These results will open new ways to study the structure and dynamics of HMW-HA-based hydrogels, and interactions of HMW-HA with proteins and other ECM components, using advanced NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Rampratap
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
| | - Alessia Lasorsa
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Perrone
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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2
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Fradera-Soler M, Mravec J, Harholt J, Grace OM, Jørgensen B. Cell wall polysaccharide and glycoprotein content tracks growth-form diversity and an aridity gradient in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14007. [PMID: 37882271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall traits are believed to be a key component of the succulent syndrome, an adaptive syndrome to drought, yet the variability of such traits remains largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed the leaf polysaccharide and glycoprotein composition in a wide sampling of Crassula species that occur naturally along an aridity gradient in southern Africa, and we interpreted its adaptive significance in relation to growth form and arid adaptation. To study the glycomic diversity, we sampled leaf material from 56 Crassula taxa and performed comprehensive microarray polymer profiling to obtain the relative content of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. This analysis was complemented by the determination of monosaccharide composition and immunolocalization in leaf sections using glycan-targeting antibodies. We found that compact and non-compact Crassula species occupy distinct phenotypic spaces in terms of leaf glycomics, particularly in regard to rhamnogalacturonan I, its arabinan side chains, and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Moreover, these cell wall components also correlated positively with increasing aridity, which suggests that they are likely advantageous in terms of arid adaptation. These differences point to compact Crassula species having more elastic cell walls with plasticizing properties, which can be interpreted as an adaptation toward increased drought resistance. Furthermore, we report an intracellular pool of AGPs associated with oil bodies and calcium oxalate crystals, which could be a peculiarity of Crassula and could be linked to increased drought resistance. Our results indicate that glycomics may be underlying arid adaptation and drought resistance in succulent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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3
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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4
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Alché JDD, Czeszewska-Rosiak G, Florkiewicz AB, Kapusta M, Karwaszewski J. Remodeling of Cell Wall Components in Root Nodules and Flower Abscission Zone under Drought in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031680. [PMID: 35163603 PMCID: PMC8836056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that yellow lupine is highly sensitive to soil water deficits since this stressor disrupts nodule structure and functioning, and at the same time triggers flower separation through abscission zone (AZ) activation in the upper part of the plant. Both processes require specific transformations including cell wall remodeling. However, knowledge about the involvement of particular cell wall elements in nodulation and abscission in agronomically important, nitrogen-fixing crops, especially under stressful conditions, is still scarce. Here, we used immuno-fluorescence techniques to visualize dynamic changes in cell wall compounds taking place in the root nodules and flower AZ of Lupinus luteus following drought. The reaction of nodules and the flower AZ to drought includes the upregulation of extensins, galactans, arabinans, xylogalacturonan, and xyloglucans. Additionally, modifications in the localization of high- and low-methylated homogalacturonans and arabinogalactan proteins were detected in nodules. Collectively, we determined for the first time the drought-associated modification of cell wall components responsible for their remodeling in root nodules and the flower AZ of L. luteus. The involvement of these particular molecules and their possible interaction in response to stress is also deeply discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-611-44-61
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Juan De Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Grażyna Czeszewska-Rosiak
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogumiła Florkiewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 Street, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Karwaszewski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
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5
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Khodayari A, Thielemans W, Hirn U, Van Vuure AW, Seveno D. Cellulose-hemicellulose interactions - A nanoscale view. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118364. [PMID: 34364609 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study interactions of five different hemicellulose models, i.e. Galactoglucomannan, O-Acetyl-Galactoglucomannan, Fuco-Galacto-Xyloglucan, 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan, and 4-O-Methylglucuronoarabinoxylan, and their respective binding strength to cellulose nanocrystals by molecular dynamics simulations. Glucuronoarabinoxylan showed the highest free energy of binding, whereas Xyloglucan had the lowest interaction energies amongst the five models. We further performed simulated shear tests and concluded that failure mostly happens at the inter-molecular interaction level within the hemicellulose fraction, rather than at the interface with cellulose. The presence of water molecules seems to have a weakening effect on the interactions of hemicellulose and cellulose, taking up the available hydroxyl groups on the surface of the cellulose for hydrogen bonding. We believe that these studies can shed light on better understanding of plant cell walls, as well as providing evidence on variability of the structures of different plant sources for extractions, purification, and operation of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - David Seveno
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Using Solid-State 13C NMR Spectroscopy to Study the Molecular Organization of Primary Plant Cell Walls. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 32617937 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A knowledge of the mobilities of the polysaccharides or parts of polysaccharides in a cell-wall preparation provides information about possible molecular interactions among the polysaccharides in the cell wall and the relative locations of polysaccharides within the cell wall. A number of solid-state 13C NMR techniques have been developed that can be used to investigate different types of polysaccharide mobilities: rigid, semirigid, mobile, and highly mobile. In this chapter techniques are described for obtaining spectra from primary cell-wall preparations using CP/MAS, proton-rotating frame, proton spin-spin, spin-echo relaxation spectra and single-pulse excitation. We also describe how proton spin relaxation editing can be used to obtain subspectra for cell-wall polysaccharides of different mobilities, and how 2D and 3D solid-state NMR experiments have recently been applied to plant cell walls.
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7
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Yan J, Liu Y, Yang L, He H, Huang Y, Fang L, Scheller HV, Jiang M, Zhang A. Cell wall β-1,4-galactan regulated by the BPC1/BPC2-GALS1 module aggravates salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:411-425. [PMID: 33276159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity severely reduces plant growth and limits agricultural productivity. Dynamic changes and rearrangement of the plant cell wall is an important response to salt stress, but relatively little is known about the biological importance of specific cell wall components in the response. Here, we demonstrate a specific function of β-1,4-galactan in salt hypersensitivity. We found that salt stress induces the accumulation of β-1,4-galactan in root cell walls by up regulating the expression of GALACTAN SYNTHASE 1 (GALS1), which encodes a β-1,4-galactan synthase. The accumulation of β-1,4-galactan negatively affects salt tolerance. Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in β-1,4-galactan levels in the wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity. Furthermore, we discovered that the BARLEY B RECOMBINANT/BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factors BPC1/BPC2 positively regulate plant salt tolerance by repressing GALS1 expression and β-1,4-galactan accumulation. Genetic analysis suggested that GALS1 is genetically epistatic to BPC1/BPC2 with respect to the control of salt sensitivity as well as accumulation of β-1,4-galactan. Taken together, our results reveal a new regulatory mechanism by which β-1,4-galactan regulated by the BPC1/BPC2-GALS1 module aggravates salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huan He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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8
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Klaassen MT, Trindade LM. RG-I galactan side-chains are involved in the regulation of the water-binding capacity of potato cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Wang Q, Zeng S, Wu X, Lei H, Wang Y, Tang H. Interspecies Developmental Differences in Metabonomic Phenotypes of Lycium ruthenicum and L. barbarum Fruits. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3223-3236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hehua Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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10
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Mandal A, Boatz JC, Wheeler TB, van der Wel PCA. On the use of ultracentrifugal devices for routine sample preparation in biomolecular magic-angle-spinning NMR. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 67:165-178. [PMID: 28229262 PMCID: PMC5445385 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent advances in the field of magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR have enabled its application to a range of biological systems of ever increasing complexity. To retain biological relevance, these samples are increasingly studied in a hydrated state. At the same time, experimental feasibility requires the sample preparation process to attain a high sample concentration within the final MAS rotor. We discuss these considerations, and how they have led to a number of different approaches to MAS NMR sample preparation. We describe our experience of how custom-made (or commercially available) ultracentrifugal devices can facilitate a simple, fast and reliable sample preparation process. A number of groups have since adopted such tools, in some cases to prepare samples for sedimentation-style MAS NMR experiments. Here we argue for a more widespread adoption of their use for routine MAS NMR sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer C Boatz
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Travis B Wheeler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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11
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Gastro protective and H+, K+-ATPase/H. pylori inhibitory properties of pectic polysaccharides from potato. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:385-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Cosgrove DJ. Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall-modifying enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:463-76. [PMID: 26608646 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of user-friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the 'Young's modulus' of plant cell walls. The stimulus for these mechanical measurements comes from biomechanical models of morphogenesis of meristems and other tissues, as well as single cells, in which cell wall stress feeds back to regulate microtubule organization, auxin transport, cellulose deposition, and future growth directionality. In this article I review the differences between elastic modulus and wall extensibility in the context of cell growth. Some of the inherent complexities, assumptions, and potential pitfalls in the interpretation of indentation force/deflection curves are discussed. Reported values of elastic moduli from surface indentation measurements appear to be 10- to >1000-fold smaller than realistic tensile elastic moduli in the plane of plant cell walls. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed, but further work is needed to make sense of the huge range in reported values. The significance of wall stress relaxation for growth is reviewed and connected to recent advances and remaining enigmas in our concepts of how cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are assembled to make an extensible cell wall. A comparison of the loosening action of α-expansin and Cel12A endoglucanase is used to illustrate two different ways in which cell walls may be made more extensible and the divergent effects on wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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13
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Fernandes JC, Cobb F, Tracana S, Costa GJ, Valente I, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Relating Water Deficiency to Berry Texture, Skin Cell Wall Composition, and Expression of Remodeling Genes in Two Vitis vinifera L. Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3951-3961. [PMID: 25828510 DOI: 10.1021/jf505169z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure that responds to stress. Water shortage (WS) impacts grapevine berry composition and its sensorial quality. In the present work, berry texture, skin CW composition, and expression of remodeling genes were investigated in two V. vinifera varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN) and Trincadeira (TR), under two water regimes, Full Irrigation (FI) and No Irrigation (NI). The global results allowed an evident separation between both varieties and the water treatments. WS resulted in increased anthocyanin contents in both varieties, reduced amounts in cellulose and lignin at maturation, but an increase in arabinose-containing polysaccharides more tightly bound to the CW in TR. In response to WS, the majority of the CW related genes were down-regulated in a variety dependent pattern. The results support the assumption that WS affects grape berries by stiffening the CW through alteration in pectin structure, supporting its involvement in responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fernandes
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Cobb
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Tracana
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G J Costa
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Valente
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L F Goulao
- ‡BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão - Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Liu R, Chen Y, Cao J. Characterization and properties of organo-montmorillonite modified lignocellulosic fibers and their interaction mechanisms. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose fiber/flour (CF) and lignin flour (LF) separated from poplar wood flour (WF) as well as xylan as a representative of hemicellulose flour (HF), were modified with organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) through a two-step method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing
- China
- Research Institute of Wood Industry
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jinzhen Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing
- China
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15
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Yu X, Zhou L, Zhang J, Yu H, Xiong F, Wang Z. Comparison of starch granule development and physicochemical properties of starches in wheat pericarp and endosperm. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:148-57. [PMID: 24740388 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were: (i) to characterize structural development of starch granule in pericarp and endosperm during wheat caryopsis growth; (ii) to compare physicochemical properties of starches in pericarp and endosperm; (iii) to further discover the relationships between pericarp starches and endosperm starches. Wheat pericarp and endosperm at different development stages were observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Structural properties of starches were determined using X-ray power diffraction and (13) C solid nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS Pericarp starch granules (PSG) accumulated in amyloplasts and chloroplasts, and showed a typical accumulation peak at 5 days after fertilization (DAF), and then gradually decomposed during 5-22 DAF. PSG in the abdominal region showed a higher rate of decomposition compared to the dorsal region of pericarp. Endosperm starch granules (ESG) accumulated in amyloplasts, and occurred in endosperm cells at 5 DAF, then rapidly enriched the endosperm cells until 22 DAF. Compared with ESG, PSG were compound granules of irregular shape and small size distribution. The results also suggested lower amylose content and V-type single-helix content and higher proportions of double helices for PSG compared to ESG. CONCLUSION Based on the structural development of PSG and ESG, we speculated that the saccharides resulting from decomposition of PSG, on one hand, enabled the pericarp to survive before maturity of wheat caryopsis and, on the other hand, provided extra nutrition for the growth of ESG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurun Yu
- Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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White PB, Wang T, Park YB, Cosgrove DJ, Hong M. Water-polysaccharide interactions in the primary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana from polarization transfer solid-state NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10399-409. [PMID: 24984197 DOI: 10.1021/ja504108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-rich plant cell walls are hydrated under functional conditions, but the molecular interactions between water and polysaccharides in the wall have not been investigated. In this work, we employ polarization transfer solid-state NMR techniques to study the hydration of primary-wall polysaccharides of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. By transferring water (1)H polarization to polysaccharides through distance- and mobility-dependent (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings and detecting it through polysaccharide (13)C signals, we obtain information about water proximity to cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins as well as water mobility. Both intact and partially extracted cell wall samples are studied. Our results show that water-pectin polarization transfer is much faster than water-cellulose polarization transfer in all samples, but the extent of extraction has a profound impact on the water-polysaccharide spin diffusion. Removal of calcium ions and the consequent extraction of homogalacturonan (HG) significantly slowed down spin diffusion, while further extraction of matrix polysaccharides restored the spin diffusion rate. These trends are observed in cell walls with similar water content, thus they reflect inherent differences in the mobility and spatial distribution of water. Combined with quantitative analysis of the polysaccharide contents, our results indicate that calcium ions and HG gelation increase the amount of bound water, which facilitates spin diffusion, while calcium removal disrupts the gel and gives rise to highly dynamic water, which slows down spin diffusion. The recovery of spin diffusion rates after more extensive extraction is attributed to increased water-exposed surface areas of the polysaccharides. Water-pectin spin diffusion precedes water-cellulose spin diffusion, lending support to the single-network model of plant primary walls in which a substantial fraction of the cellulose surface is surrounded by pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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17
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Cankar K, Kortstee A, Toonen MAJ, Wolters-Arts M, Houbein R, Mariani C, Ulvskov P, Jorgensen B, Schols HA, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. Pectic arabinan side chains are essential for pollen cell wall integrity during pollen development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:492-502. [PMID: 24428422 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide and an integral part of the primary plant cell wall and middle lamella, contributing to cell wall mechanical strength and cell adhesion. To understand the structure-function relationships of pectin in the cell wall, a set of transgenic potato lines with altered pectin composition was analysed. The expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in pectin acetylation, degradation of the rhamnogalacturonan backbone and type and length of neutral side chains, arabinan and galactan in particular, has been altered. Upon crossing of different transgenic lines, some transgenes were not transmitted to the next generation when these lines were used as a pollen donor, suggesting male sterility. Viability of mature pollen was severely decreased in potato lines with reduced pectic arabinan, but not in lines with altered galactan side chains. Anthers and pollen of different developmental stages were microscopically examined to study the phenotype in more detail. Scanning electron microscopy of flowers showed collapsed pollen grains in mature anthers and in earlier stages cytoplasmic protrusions at the site of the of kin pore, eventually leading to bursting of the pollen grain and leaking of the cytoplasm. This phenomenon is only observed after the microspores are released and the tapetum starts to degenerate. Timing of the phenotype indicates a role for pectic arabinan side chains during remodelling of the cell wall when the pollen grain is maturing and dehydrating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Ng JK, Zujovic ZD, Smith BG, Johnston JW, Schröder R, Melton LD. Solid-state 13C NMR study of the mobility of polysaccharides in the cell walls of two apple cultivars of different firmness. Carbohydr Res 2014; 386:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Liwanag AJM, Ebert B, Verhertbruggen Y, Rennie EA, Rautengarten C, Oikawa A, Andersen MC, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Pectin biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is a β-1,4-galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferase. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5024-36. [PMID: 23243126 PMCID: PMC3556973 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
β-1,4-Galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls, which are generally found as side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Rhamnogalacturonan I is a major component of pectin with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues and side chains that include α-1,5-arabinans, β-1,4-galactans, and arabinogalactans. Many enzymes are required to synthesize pectin, but few have been identified. Pectin is most abundant in primary walls of expanding cells, but β-1,4-galactan is relatively abundant in secondary walls, especially in tension wood that forms in response to mechanical stress. We investigated enzymes in glycosyltransferase family GT92, which has three members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated GALACTAN SYNTHASE1, (GALS1), GALS2 and GALS3. Loss-of-function mutants in the corresponding genes had a decreased β-1,4-galactan content, and overexpression of GALS1 resulted in plants with 50% higher β-1,4-galactan content. The plants did not have an obvious growth phenotype. Heterologously expressed and affinity-purified GALS1 could transfer Gal residues from UDP-Gal onto β-1,4-galactopentaose. GALS1 specifically formed β-1,4-galactosyl linkages and could add successive β-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. These observations confirm the identity of the GT92 enzyme as β-1,4-galactan synthase. The identification of this enzyme could provide an important tool for engineering plants with improved bioenergy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Jennifer Madrid Liwanag
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Berit Ebert
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Emilie A. Rennie
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ai Oikawa
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mathias C.F. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Address correspondence to
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20
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Okushita K, Komatsu T, Chikayama E, Kikuchi J. Statistical approach for solid-state NMR spectra of cellulose derived from a series of variable parameters. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Okushita K, Chikayama E, Kikuchi J. Solubilization mechanism and characterization of the structural change of bacterial cellulose in regenerated states through ionic liquid treatment. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1323-30. [PMID: 22489745 DOI: 10.1021/bm300537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A statistical approach was used to characterize the heterogeneous structures of bacterial cellulose samples pretreated with four kinds of ionic liquids (ILs). The structural heterogeneity of these samples was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as solid-state NMR methods such as cross-polarization magic-angle spinning and dipolar-assisted rotational resonance. The obtained data matrices were then evaluated by principal components analysis. The measured 1-D data clearly revealed the modification of crystalline cellulose; in addition, the statistical approach revealed subtle structural changes that occurred upon pretreatment with different kinds of ILs. To investigate whether such regenerated structural changes occurred because of solubilization, we examined the intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect between cellulose and an IL. Our results clarify how the nucleophilic imidazole is attacked and suggest that the cation of the IL is associated with the collapse of hydrogen bonds in cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Okushita
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 235-0045, Japan
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22
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Huang J, Zhang L, Tang H. Solid-state NMR analyses reveal the structure dependence of the molecular dynamics for ω-amino acids. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2096-103. [PMID: 22251439 DOI: 10.1021/jp211623n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics of metabolites is structure dependent and vitally important for the interactive functions in their potential applications as natural materials. To understand the relationship between molecular structure and dynamics, the molecular motions of four structurally related ω-amino acids (β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-aminovaleric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid) were investigated by measuring their proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1), T(1ρ)) as a function of temperature (180-440 K). (13)C CPMAS NMR and DSC analyses were performed to obtain complementary information. All of these ω-amino acids showed no phase transition in the temperature range studied but had outstandingly long proton T(1) at 300 MHz and even at 20 MHz for the deuterated forms. The molecular dynamics of all these ω-amino acids were dominated by the reorientation motions of amino groups and backbone motions except in β-alanine. The activation energies for amino group reorientations were positively correlated with the strength of hydrogen bonds involving these groups in the crystals and the carbon-chain lengths, whereas such energies for the backbone motions were inversely correlated with the carbon-chain lengths. These findings provided essential information for the molecular dynamics of ω-amino acids and demonstrated the combined solid-state NMR methods as a useful approach for understanding the structural dependence of molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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23
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Ogata Y, Chikayama E, Morioka Y, Everroad RC, Shino A, Matsushima A, Haruna H, Moriya S, Toyoda T, Kikuchi J. ECOMICS: a web-based toolkit for investigating the biomolecular web in ecosystems using a trans-omics approach. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30263. [PMID: 22319563 PMCID: PMC3271069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems can be conceptually thought of as interconnected environmental and metabolic systems, in which small molecules to macro-molecules interact through diverse networks. State-of-the-art technologies in post-genomic science offer ways to inspect and analyze this biomolecular web using omics-based approaches. Exploring useful genes and enzymes, as well as biomass resources responsible for anabolism and catabolism within ecosystems will contribute to a better understanding of environmental functions and their application to biotechnology. Here we present ECOMICS, a suite of web-based tools for ECosystem trans-OMICS investigation that target metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and meta-metabolomic systems, including biomacromolecular mixtures derived from biomass. ECOMICS is made of four integrated webtools. E-class allows for the sequence-based taxonomic classification of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomal data and the functional classification of selected enzymes. FT2B allows for the digital processing of NMR spectra for downstream metabolic or chemical phenotyping. Bm-Char allows for statistical assignment of specific compounds found in lignocellulose-based biomass, and HetMap is a data matrix generator and correlation calculator that can be applied to trans-omics datasets as analyzed by these and other web tools. This web suite is unique in that it allows for the monitoring of biomass metabolism in a particular environment, i.e., from macromolecular complexes (FT2DB and Bm-Char) to microbial composition and degradation (E-class), and makes possible the understanding of relationships between molecular and microbial elements (HetMap). This website is available to the public domain at: https://database.riken.jp/ecomics/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eisuke Chikayama
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morioka
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Amiu Shino
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsushima
- Bioinformatics and Systems Engineering Division, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Haruna
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Moriya
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Toyoda
- Bioinformatics and Systems Engineering Division, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN Cluster for Innovation, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN Cluster for Innovation, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagriculture Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Huang J, Jiang L, Ren P, Zhang L, Tang H. Comprehensive solid-state NMR analysis reveals the effects of N-methylation on the molecular dynamics of glycine. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:136-46. [PMID: 22142308 DOI: 10.1021/jp2104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics of metabolites are important for their interactions and functions. To understand the structural dependence of molecular dynamics for N-methylated glycines, we comprehensively measured the (13)C and (1)H spin-lattice relaxation times for sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, and betaine hydrochloride over a temperature range of 178-460 K. We found that the reorientations of methyl groups were observed for all these molecules, whereas reorientations of whole trimethylamine groups were detected in betaines. While similar rotational properties were observed for methyl groups in N,N-dimethylglycine and those in betaine, three methyl groups in betaine hydrochloride had different motional properties (E(a) ≈ 20.5 kJ/mol, τ(0) ≈ 1.85 × 10(-13) s; E(a) ≈ 13.9 kJ/mol, τ(0) ≈ 2.1 × 10(-12) s; E(a) ≈ 15.8 kJ/mol, τ(0) ≈ 1.1 × 10(-12) s). N,N-Dimethylglycine showed a phase transition at 348.5 K with changed relaxation behavior for methyl groups showing distinct E(a) and τ(0) values. The DIPSHIFT experiments showed that CH(3) and CH(2) moieties in these molecules had dipolar-dephasing curves similar to these moieties in alanine and glycine. The activation energies for CH(3) rotations positively correlated with the number of substituted methyl groups. These findings provided useful information for the structural dependence of molecular dynamics for N-methylated glycines and demonstrated solid-state NMR as a useful tool for probing the structure-dynamics relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan, PR China
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25
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Belton PS. NMR studies of hydration in low water content biopolymer systems. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S127-S132. [PMID: 22290703 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The problem of characterising the behaviour of water and biopolymers by NMR in low water content biopolymer systems is discussed. A low water content system is defined, and the problems of characterising the relaxation behaviour of the water are analysed. In the case of protons, the types of protons contributing to the signal and the exchange mechanism between them cannot be systematised in terms of existing models that have been developed for high water content systems. It is suggested that any successful model must take account of at least three separate pools of water including water vapour. Experimental results indicate that although the motion of the biopolymer is radically affected by water, the reverse is not necessarily true. It is concluded that the use of nuclei such as (13)C and (15)N may be very effectively used to characterise biopolymer motion, but the use of both (1)H and (2)H for characterising water is still problematic. Despite the formidable experimental and theoretical difficulties, (17)O NMR may be the only way to finally to untangle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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26
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Sivam AS, Waterhouse GIN, Zujovic ZD, Perera CO, Sun-Waterhouse D. Structure and Dynamics of Wheat Starch in Breads Fortified with Polyphenols and Pectin: an ESEM and Solid-State CP/MAS 13C NMR Spectroscopic Study. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Ratnayake RMS, Sims IM, Newman RH, Melton LD. Effects of cooking on the cell walls (dietary fiber) of 'Scarlet Warren' winter squash ( Cucurbita maxima ) studied by polysaccharide linkage analysis and solid-state (13)C NMR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7186-7193. [PMID: 21604813 DOI: 10.1021/jf104784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall polysaccharides of 'Scarlet Warren' winter squash ( Cucurbita maxima ) were investigated before and after thermal processing. Linkage analysis of polysaccharides was done by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The linkage analysis showed the cell wall polysaccharide compositions of raw and cooked squash were similar. The total pectic polysaccharides (galacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan, arabinan, and arabinogalactan) contents of the cell walls of both raw and cooked squash were 39 mol %. The amounts of pectic polysaccharides and xyloglucan in the cell walls of squash showed little alteration on heating. The cellulose content of the raw and cooked cell walls was relatively high at 47 mol %, whereas the xyloglucan content was low at 4 mol %. Solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to examine the molecular motion of the polysaccharides in the cell walls. The mobility of highly flexible galactan depends on the water content of the sample, but no difference was seen between raw and cooked samples. Likewise, the mobility of semimobile pectic polysaccharides was apparently unaltered by cooking. No change was detected in the rigid cellulose microfibrils on cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Sunil Ratnayake
- Food Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Pereira CS, Ribeiro JML, Vatulescu AD, Findlay K, MacDougall AJ, Jackson PAP. Extensin network formation in Vitis vinifera callus cells is an essential and causal event in rapid and H(2)O(2)-induced reduction in primary cell wall hydration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:106. [PMID: 21672244 PMCID: PMC3141637 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensin deposition is considered important for the correct assembly and biophysical properties of primary cell walls, with consequences to plant resistance to pathogens, tissue morphology, cell adhesion and extension growth. However, evidence for a direct and causal role for the extensin network formation in changes to cell wall properties has been lacking. RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide treatment of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Touriga) callus cell walls was seen to induce a marked reduction in their hydration and thickness. An analysis of matrix proteins demonstrated this occurs with the insolubilisation of an abundant protein, GvP1, which displays a primary structure and post-translational modifications typical of dicotyledon extensins. The hydration of callus cell walls free from saline-soluble proteins did not change in response to H(2)O(2), but fully regained this capacity after addition of extensin-rich saline extracts. To assay the specific contribution of GvP1 cross-linking and other wall matrix proteins to the reduction in hydration, GvP1 levels in cell walls were manipulated in vitro by binding selected fractions of extracellular proteins and their effect on wall hydration during H(2)O(2) incubation assayed. CONCLUSIONS This approach allowed us to conclude that a peroxidase-mediated formation of a covalently linked network of GvP1 is essential and causal in the reduction of grapevine callus wall hydration in response to H(2)O(2). Importantly, this approach also indicated that extensin network effects on hydration was only partially irreversible and remained sensitive to changes in matrix charge. We discuss this mechanism and the importance of these changes to primary wall properties in the light of extensin distribution in dicotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Silva Pereira
- Plant Cell Wall Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José ML Ribeiro
- Plant Cell Wall Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ada D Vatulescu
- Plant Cell Wall Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Kim Findlay
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alistair J MacDougall
- Department of Food Biophysics, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Phil AP Jackson
- Plant Cell Wall Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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29
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Larsen FH, Byg I, Damager I, Diaz J, Engelsen SB, Ulvskov P. Residue Specific Hydration of Primary Cell Wall Potato Pectin Identified by Solid-State 13C Single-Pulse MAS and CP/MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1844-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flemming H. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge Byg
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- CP Kelco Aps, Ved Banen 16, DK-4623 Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Iben Damager
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jerome Diaz
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren B. Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Ren P, Reichert D, He Q, Zhang L, Tang H. Understanding the Molecular Dynamics Associated with Polymorphic Transitions of dl-Norvaline with Solid-State NMR Methods. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2814-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | | | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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Hansen SL, Ray PM, Karlsson AO, Jørgensen B, Borkhardt B, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P. Mechanical properties of plant cell walls probed by relaxation spectra. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:246-58. [PMID: 21075961 PMCID: PMC3075772 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transformants and mutants with altered cell wall composition are expected to display a biomechanical phenotype due to the structural role of the cell wall. It is often quite difficult, however, to distinguish the mechanical behavior of a mutant's or transformant's cell walls from that of the wild type. This may be due to the plant's ability to compensate for the wall modification or because the biophysical method that is often employed, determination of simple elastic modulus and breakstrength, lacks the resolving power necessary for detecting subtle mechanical phenotypes. Here, we apply a method, determination of relaxation spectra, which probes, and can separate, the viscoelastic properties of different cell wall components (i.e. those properties that depend on the elastic behavior of load-bearing wall polymers combined with viscous interactions between them). A computer program, BayesRelax, that deduces relaxation spectra from appropriate rheological measurements is presented and made accessible through a Web interface. BayesRelax models the cell wall as a continuum of relaxing elements, and the ability of the method to resolve small differences in cell wall mechanical properties is demonstrated using tuber tissue from wild-type and transgenic potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) that differ in rhamnogalacturonan I side chain structure.
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Bootten TJ, Harris PJ, Melton LD, Newman RH. Using solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to study the molecular organisation of primary plant cell walls. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 715:179-96. [PMID: 21222085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-008-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the mobilities of polysaccharides or parts of polysaccharides in a cell-wall preparation may give clues about the molecular interactions among the polysaccharides in the cell wall and the relative locations of polysaccharides within the cell wall. A number of solid-state (13)C NMR techniques have been developed that can be used to investigate different types of polysaccharide mobilities: rigid, semi-rigid, mobile, and highly mobile. In this chapter, techniques are described for obtaining spectra from primary cell-wall preparations using CP/MAS, proton-rotating frame, proton spin-spin, spin-echo relaxation spectra, and single-pulse excitation. We also describe how proton spin relaxation editing can be used to obtain subspectra for cell-wall polysaccharides of different mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Bootten
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Harholt J, Suttangkakul A, Vibe Scheller H. Biosynthesis of pectin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:384-95. [PMID: 20427466 PMCID: PMC2879803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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34
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Sarang S, Sastry SK. Diffusion and equilibrium distribution coefficients of salt within vegetable tissue: Effects of salt concentration and temperature. J FOOD ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Guillemin F, Guillon F, Bonnin E, Devaux MF, Chevalier T, Knox JP, Liners F, Thibault JF. Distribution of pectic epitopes in cell walls of the sugar beet root. PLANTA 2005; 222:355-71. [PMID: 15887026 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabelling techniques with antibodies specific to partially methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (JIM5: unesterified residues flanked by methylesterified residues. JIM7: methyl-esterified residues flanked by unesterified residues), a blockwise de-esterified homogalacturonan (2F4), 1,4-galactan (LM5) and 1,5-arabinan (LM6) were used to map the distribution of pectin motifs in cell walls of sugar beet root (Beta vulgaris). PME and alkali treatments of sections were used in conjunction with JIM5-7 and 2F4. The JIM7 epitope was abundant and equally distributed in all cells. In storage parenchyma, the JIM5 epitope was restricted to some cell junctions and the lining of intercellular spaces while in vascular tissues it occurred at cell junctions in some phloem walls and in xylem derivatives. After secondary wall formation, the JIM5 epitope was restricted to inner cell wall regions between secondary thickenings. The 2F4 epitope was not detected without de-esterification treatment. PME treatments prior to the use of 2F4 indicated that HG at cell corners was not acetylated. The LM5 epitope was mainly present in the cambial zone and when present in storage parenchyma, it was restricted to the wall region closest to the plasma membrane. The LM6 epitope was widely distributed throughout primary walls but was more abundant in bundles than in medullar ray tissue and storage parenchyma. These data show that the occurrence of oligosaccharide motifs of pectic polysaccharides are spatially regulated in sugar beet root cell walls and that the spatial patterns vary between cell types suggesting that structural variants of pectic polymers are involved in the modulation of cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Guillemin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche sur les Polysaccharides, leurs Organisations et Interactions, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316, Nantes cedex 03, France
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36
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Ha MA, Viëtor RJ, Jardine GD, Apperley DC, Jarvis MC. Conformation and mobility of the arabinan and galactan side-chains of pectin. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1817-24. [PMID: 16019042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The function of the arabinan and galactan side-chains of pectin remains unknown. We describe 13C NMR experiments designed to yield spectra from the most mobile polymer components of hydrated cell walls isolated from a range of plant species. In pectin-rich cell walls, these corresponded to the pectic side-chains. The arabinan side-chains were in general more mobile than the galactans, but the long galactan side-chains of potato pectin showed high mobility. Due to motional line-narrowing effects these arabinan and galactan chains gave 13C NMR spectra of higher resolution than has previously been observed from 'solid' biopolymers. These spectra were similar to those reported for the arabinan and galactan polymers in the solution state, implying time-averaged conformations resembling those found in solution. The mobility of the highly esterified galacturonan in citrus cell walls overlapped with the lower end of the mobility range characteristic of the pectic side-chains. The cellulose-rich cell walls of flax phloem fibres gave spectra of low intensity corresponding to mobile type II arabinogalactans. Cell walls from oat coleoptiles appeared to contain no polymers as mobile as the pectic arabinans and galactans in primary cell walls of the other species examined. These properties of the pectic side-chains suggest a role in interacting with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ann Ha
- Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
The post-genomics era has brought with it ever increasing demands to observe and characterise variation within biological systems. This variation has been studied at the genomic (gene function), proteomic (protein regulation) and the metabolomic (small molecular weight metabolite) levels. Whilst genomics and proteomics are generally studied using microarrays (genomics) and 2D-gels or mass spectrometry (proteomics), the technique of choice is less obvious in the area of metabolomics. Much work has been published employing mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, amongst others, for the study of variations within the metabolome in many animal, plant and microbial systems. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, putting the current status of the field of metabolomics in context, and providing examples of applications for each technique employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Bioanalytical Sciences Group, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Faraday Building, Sackville Street, P. O. Box 88, Manchester, UKM60 1QD.
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Ulvskov P, Wium H, Bruce D, Jørgensen B, Qvist KB, Skjøt M, Hepworth D, Borkhardt B, Sørensen SO. Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes. PLANTA 2005; 220:609-20. [PMID: 15517357 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two lines of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants modified in their cell wall structure were characterized and compared to wild type with regard to biomechanical properties in order to assign functional roles to the particular cell wall polysaccharides that were targeted by the genetic changes. The targeted polymer was rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), a complex pectic polysaccharide comprised of mainly neutral oligosaccharide side chains attached to a backbone of alternating rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl units. Tuber rhamnogalacturonan I molecules from the two transformed lines are reduced in linear galactans and branched arabinans, respectively. The transformed tuber tissues were found to be more brittle when subjected to uniaxial compression and the side-chain truncation was found to be correlated with the physical properties of the tissue. Interpretation of the force-deflection curves was aided by a mathematical model that describes the contribution of the cellulose microfibrils, and the results lead to the proposition that the pectic matrix plays a role in transmitting stresses to the load-bearing cellulose microfibrils and that even small changes to the rheological properties of the matrix have consequences for the biophysical properties of the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Biotechnology Group, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Heux L, Hägglund P, Putaux JL, Chanzy H. Structural Aspects in Semicrystalline Samples of the Mannan II Family. Biomacromolecules 2004; 6:324-32. [PMID: 15638536 DOI: 10.1021/bm0495349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of samples having the mannan II character were prepared by either (i) desincrusting stems of Acetabularia crenulata, or (ii) acetylating these stems, followed by dissolution and recrystallization under deacetylation conditions, or (iii) recrystallizing at low temperature the alkali soluble fraction of ivory nut mannan. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction analysis together with (13)C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Whereas the A. crenulata stems consisted of a mixture of mannan I and mannan II, the recrystallized samples were all of the hydrated mannan II family and occurred in a ribbonlike morphology where the mannan chains were organized with their molecular axis perpendicular to the ribbon long axis. The recrystallized ivory nut mannan samples presented X-ray and electron diffraction diagrams, together with (13)C solid-state NMR spectra recorded at 95% RH, different from those of recrystallized A. crenulata recorded under the same RH conditions. They corresponded therefore to a new allomorph of the mannan II family. Despite this difference, when the recrystallized samples were in an aqueous environment, they revealed an additional well-defined perhydrated phase, which showed the same (13)C solid-state NMR spectrum for both samples. As this phase, which gave 6-band NMR spectra with narrow line-width and low T1, had no counterpart in X-ray diffraction, it was attributed to specific amorphous segments of mannan chains, gaining some mobility when swollen in water. When the samples were totally dried, their NMR spectra lost their resolution, thus indicating the role played by water for the structural organization of the crystalline and amorphous components of mannan II.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heux
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, ICMG-CNRS, affiliated with the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, B. P.53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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40
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Hediger S, Lesage A, Emsley L. A New NMR Method for the Study of Local Mobility in Solids and Application to Hydration of Biopolymers in Plant Cell Walls. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hediger
- Laboratoire de Stéréochimie et des Interactions Moléculaires (UMR-5532 CNRS/ENS), Laboratoire de Recherche Conventionné du CEA (23V), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Laboratoire de Stéréochimie et des Interactions Moléculaires (UMR-5532 CNRS/ENS), Laboratoire de Recherche Conventionné du CEA (23V), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratoire de Stéréochimie et des Interactions Moléculaires (UMR-5532 CNRS/ENS), Laboratoire de Recherche Conventionné du CEA (23V), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
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41
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Tang HR, Belton PS. Molecular dynamics of polycrystalline cellobiose studied by solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2002; 21:117-133. [PMID: 12199355 DOI: 10.1006/snmr.2002.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motions of polycrystalline cellobiose have been investigated by measuring proton spin-lattice relaxation times, T1 and T1rho, and the second moment, M2, in both protonated and D2O exchanged forms over the temperature range 120-380 K. T1 relaxation is dominated by the motions of hydroxyl groups between 150 and 380 K, characterised by an activation energy of about 8.74 kJ/mol, whereas T1rho relaxation is driven by the motions of the same groups between 120 and 300 K. T1rho results suggest that hydroxyl groups have a distribution of dynamics. Motion of methylene groups was detected in the second-moment experiments at about 350 K, characterised by activation energy of about 40 kJ/mol. Consideration of the calculated and observed rigid-lattice second moments suggests that the reported X-ray data are incorrect for the inter-proton distance on C6'. 13C CPMAS spectra of both protonated and deuterated cellobiose have also been measured. Spectra of the deuterated material showed the existence of a second crystalline form in addition to the normal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Tang
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK.
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42
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Smernik RJ, Oades JM. Background signal in solid state 13C NMR spectra of soil organic matter (SOM)-quantification and minimization. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2001; 20:74-84. [PMID: 11529421 DOI: 10.1006/snmr.2001.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
13C background signal, obtained for an empty rotor, was shown by spin counting experiments to be equivalent to 1 mg of observable carbon for cross-polarization (CP) spectra and 69 mg of observable C for Bloch decay (BD) spectra. The BD background was mainly due to Kel-F in the stator. with minimal signal detected from the Kel-F end-caps. The CP background was attributed to non-Kel-F components of the stator, probe, or probe supports. The BD background signal was eliminated by using a modified dipolar dephasing pulse sequence in which the absence of 19F decoupling (rather than the absence of 1H decoupling) causes selective elimination of the Kel-F signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smernik
- Department of Soil and Water, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia.
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43
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Tang HR, Belton PS, Davies SC, Hughes DL. Solid state NMR and X-ray diffraction studies of alpha-D-galacturonic acid monohydrate. Carbohydr Res 2001; 330:391-9. [PMID: 11270818 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline alpha-D-galacturonic acid monohydrate has been studied by 13C CPMAS NMR and X-ray crystallography. The molecular dynamics were investigated by evaluating 13C spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1rho) and chemical-shift-anisotropy properties of each carbon. Only limited molecular motions can be detected in the low frequency (< 10(4) Hz) range by 13C relaxation time measurements (T1rho) and changes of chemical shift anisotropy properties as a function of temperature. X-ray analysis (at both ambient temperature and 150 K) shows that the acid has the usual chair-shaped, pyranose ring conformation, and that the acid and water molecules are linked, through all their O-H groups, in an extensively hydrogen-bonded lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Tang
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK
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44
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Tang HR, Wang YL, Belton PS. 13C CPMAS studies of plant cell wall materials and model systems using proton relaxation-induced spectral editing techniques. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2000; 15:239-248. [PMID: 10772266 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(99)00064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The solid state 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of plant cell walls are often complex owing to superposition of resonances from different polysaccharides and the heterogeneity of the cell wall assembly. In this paper, we describe the application of a set of proton relaxation-induced spectral editing (PRISE) experiments which combine 1H relaxation properties (T1, T1rho, T2) with 13C high resolution spectroscopy (CPMAS) to relate the dynamics of the plant cell walls and model systems to their domain structural details. With PRISE it has been found that in plant cell wall materials, cellulose is always associated with the long components of spin-lattice relaxation in both the laboratory and rotating frames whereas non-cellulose polysaccharides (pectin and hemicellulose) are associated with the short ones. For the proton T2 relaxation, cellulose is only associated with the short component (below 20 micros), pectin contributes to both the short component and the long one.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Tang
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK
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