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Feng Q, Yang W, Peng Z, Wang G. Recent advances in the synthetic thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 934:175319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Ragab FA, Nissan YM, Seif EM, Maher A, Arafa RK. Synthesis and in vitro investigation of novel cytotoxic pyrimidine and pyrazolopyrimidne derivatives showing apoptotic effect. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Sankarganesh M, Vijay Solomon R, Dhaveethu Raja J. Platinum complex with pyrimidine- and morpholine-based ligand: synthesis, spectroscopic, DFT, TDDFT, catalytic reduction, in vitro anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA binding and molecular modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1055-1067. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1727364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sankarganesh
- Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Design, synthesis and anti-tumour activity of new pyrimidine-pyrrole appended triazoles. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Dorababu A. Evolution of uracil based thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, SAR and electronic correlation: revisit. Drug Dev Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Studies in ChemistrySRMPP Govt. First Grade College Huvinahadagali Karnataka India
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6
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Singh H, Singh JV, Bhagat K, Gulati HK, Sanduja M, Kumar N, Kinarivala N, Sharma S. Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for therapeutic coumarin hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3477-3510. [PMID: 31255497 PMCID: PMC7970831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules, furnished by combining two or more pharmacophores is an emerging concept in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery that has attracted substantial traction in the past few years. Naturally occurring scaffolds such as coumarins display a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including anticancer, antibiotic, antidiabetic and others, by acting on multiple targets. In this view, various coumarin-based hybrids possessing diverse medicinal attributes were synthesized in the last five years by conjugating coumarin moiety with other therapeutic pharmacophores. The current review summarizes the recent development (2014 and onwards) of these pharmacologically active coumarin hybrids and demonstrates rationale behind their design, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mechanistic studies performed on these hybrid molecules. This review will be beneficial for medicinal chemist and chemical biologist, and in general to the drug discovery community and will facilitate the synthesis and development of novel, potent coumarin hybrid molecules serving as lead molecules for the treatment of complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder Vir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Mohit Sanduja
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal 121105, Haryana, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Dash AK, Nayak D, Hussain N, Mintoo MJ, Bano S, Katoch A, Mondhe DM, Goswami A, Mukherjee D. Synthesis and Investigation of the Role of Benzopyran Dihydropyrimidinone Hybrids in Cell Proliferation, Migration and Tumor Growth. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2018; 19:276-288. [PMID: 30179143 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180903101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide after heart diseases, and lung cancer is the topmost cause of all cancer-related deaths in both sexes. Dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) are medicinally important class of molecules with diverse pharmacological activities including anticancer activity. The present study focuses on the molecular hybridization of novel Benzopyran with Dihydropyrimidinone and evaluation of the resulting hybrids for cancer cell proliferation, migration and tumor growth. METHODS We have synthesized a focused library of dihydropyrimidinone benzopyran hybrids (compounds 1-11) by joining the aromatic as well as pyran portions of the benzopyran core with dihydropyrimidinone. All the synthesized hybrid molecules were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against a panel of four human cancer cell lines of diverse tissue origin, viz: A549 (lung carcinoma), MCF7 (mammary gland adenocarcinoma), HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), and PANC-1 (pancreatic duct carcinoma) with the help of MTT cell viability assay. A structure-activity relationship was made on the basis of IC50 values of different hybrids. Effect on cell proliferation was examined through colony formation assay, reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential studies. Wound healing assays and cell scattering assays were employed to check the effect on cell migration. Western blotting experiments were performed to find out the molecular mechanism of action and anti-tumor studies were carried out to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the selected lead molecule. RESULTS Two types of novel hybrids were synthesized efficiently from benzopyran aldehydes, ethylacetoacetate and urea under heteropolyacid catalysis. Compound 3 was found to be the most potent hybrid among the synthesized compounds with consistent cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (IC50 values: 0.139 - 2.32 μM). Compound 3 strongly inhibited proliferation abilities of A549 cells in colony formation assay. Compound 3 exerted oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, in which mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as a mechanism of its anti-proliferative effects was analysed. Further, the molecule abrogated migration and cell scattering properties of aggressive PANC-1 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 3 modulated NF-kB expression and its downstream oncogenic proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Finally, compound 3 confirmed its in vivo anti-tumor efficacy; there observed 41.87% tumor growth inhibition at a dose of 30 mg/kg/body weight against a mouse model of Ehrlich solid tumor. CONCLUSION Our study unravels a potential anticancer lead (compound 3) from DHPMs that have opened up new research avenues for the development of promising anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Dash
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Schoolof pharmaceutical sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Distt. Solan-173229 (HP), India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Nazar Hussain
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Mubashir J Mintoo
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sumera Bano
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Archana Katoch
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Dilip M Mondhe
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
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8
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Naik SD, Hosamani K, Vootla SK. Microwave synthesis, biological screening and computational studies of pyrimidine based novel coumarin scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel betulinic acid derivative as an inducer of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:93-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Hosamani KM, Reddy DS, Devarajegowda HC. Microwave-assisted synthesis of new fluorinated coumarin–pyrimidine hybrids as potent anticancer agents, their DNA cleavage and X-ray crystal studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and high yielding synthesis of new fluorinated coumarin–pyrimidine hybrids and their application as potent anticancer agents is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinesh S. Reddy
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Karnatak University Dharwad
- Dharwad-580003
- India
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11
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A One-pot, Efficient Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines and Uncyclized Adducts by Aldehydes, 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds, and 6-Aminouracils. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Košiová I, Šimák O, Panova N, Buděšínský M, Petrová M, Rejman D, Liboska R, Páv O, Rosenberg I. Inhibition of human thymidine phosphorylase by conformationally constrained pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonic acids and their “open-structure” isosteres. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:145-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Attia MI, El-Emam AA, Al-Turkistani AA, Kansoh AL, El-Brollosy NR. Synthesis of novel 2-(substituted amino)alkylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as potential antimicrobial agents. Molecules 2013; 19:279-90. [PMID: 24378967 PMCID: PMC6271362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Alkyl-6-(substituted benzyl)-2-thiouracils 3a,c were reacted with (2-chloroethyl) diethylamine hydrochloride to afford the corresponding 2-(2-diethylamino)ethylthiopyrimidin- 4(3H)-ones 4a,b. Reaction of 3a-c with N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride and/or N-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride gave the corresponding 2-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]-thiopyrimidin-4(3H)-ones 5a-c and 2-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]thiopyrimidin-4(3H)-ones 6a,b, respectively. Treatment of 3a-d with N-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride under the same reaction conditions formed the corresponding 2-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]thiopyrimidines 6c-f. On the other hand, 3a,b were reacted with N-(2-bromoethyl)phthalimide and/or N-(3-bromopropyl)phthalimide to furnish the corresponding 2-[2-(N-phthalimido)ethyl]-pyrimidines 7a,b and 2-[3-(N-phthalimido)-propyl]pyrimidines 7c,d, respectively. Compounds 3a-d, 4a,b, 5a-c, 6a-f and 7a-d were screened against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis NRRL 4219 and Bacillus cereus), yeast-like pathogenic fungus (Candida albicans ATCC 10231) and a fungus (Aspergillusniger NRRL 599). The best antibacterial activity was displayed by compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 5a, 5b, 6d, 6f, 7b and 7d, whereas compounds 4b, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b and 6f exhibited the best antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulghafoor A Al-Turkistani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany L Kansoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser R El-Brollosy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of some pyrimidine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:276-95. [PMID: 23811090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some novel pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives bearing various substituent have been synthesized. The structures of target compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data. Some selected members of the newly synthesized compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic potency against certain human tumor cell lines. Five representative active anticancer compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 17a and 18a were subjected to docking using MOE program on the 3D structure of two enzymes, namely; thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri and Candida albicans. Compounds 2c, 7a and 9c showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
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15
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Ravendra Babu K, Koteswara Rao V, Nanda Kumar Y, Polireddy K, Venkata Subbaiah K, Bhaskar M, Lokanatha V, Naga Raju C. Identification of substituted [3, 2-a] pyrimidines as selective antiviral agents: Molecular modeling study. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Kulakov IV, Turdybekov DM. Synthesis of bicyclic pyrimido[2,1-b][1, 3]thiazines based on 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-(1H)-2-thiones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-010-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Hussain S, Gaffney J, Ahmed N, Slevin M, Iqbal Choudhary M, Ahmad VU, Qasmi Z, Abbasi MA. An investigation of the kinetic and anti-angiogenic properties of plant glycoside inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2009; 11:159-167. [PMID: 19219729 DOI: 10.1080/10286020802618860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of symplocomoside (1) and symponoside (2), glycosides isolated from the bark of Symplocos racemosa to inhibit thymidine phosphorylase (TP) activity and associated angiogenesis. Compound 1 was a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of deoxythymidine binding to TP (IC(50) = 65.45 +/- 5.08 microM; K(i) = 62.83 +/- 2.10 microM) and 2 was a reversible, uncompetitive inhibitor (IC(50) = 94.17 +/- 4.05 microM; K(i) = 101.95 +/- 1.65 microM). Molecular modeling analysis indicated that both compounds bound at the active site of the enzyme but not solely to amino acid residues involved in catalysis. Both compounds were active in in vitro angiogenic assays inhibiting endothelial cell migration and invasion in Matrigel, but did not inhibit growth factor-induced proliferation and were not cytotoxic. Compound 1 may have potential as an anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hussain
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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18
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Svenstrup N, Kuhl A, Ehlert K, Häbich D. Improved synthesis of antibacterial 3-substituted 6-anilinouracils. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3215-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Liekens S, Balzarini J, Hernández AI, De Clercq E, Priego EM, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Thymidine phosphorylase is noncompetitively inhibited by 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) and related compounds. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:975-80. [PMID: 17065049 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600888925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We found that 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) inhibits recombinant bacterial (E. coli) and human thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) with an IC50 of 44 microM and 67 microM, respectively. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with thymidine (dThd) at the pyrimidine nucleoside-binding site or with inorganic phosphate (Pi) at the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme. These findings are strongly suggestive for the presence of an allosteric binding site at the enzyme. TPase is identical to the angiogenic protein platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). As such, PD-ECGF stimulates angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. This angiogenic response was completely inhibited by KIN59. Inosine did not inhibit the enzyme or the angiogenic effect of TPase, confirming that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effect. Our observations indicate that allosteric sites in TPase may regulate its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Panova NG, Alexeev CS, Kuzmichov AS, Shcheveleva EV, Gavryushov SA, Polyakov KM, Kritzyn AM, Mikhailov SN, Esipov RS, Miroshnikov AI. Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:21-8. [PMID: 17309433 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase to thymidine derivatives modified at 5' -, 3' -, and 2' ,3' - positions of the sugar moiety was studied. Equilibrium and kinetic constants (K(m), K(I), k(cat)) of the phosphorolysis reaction have been determined for 20 thymidine analogs. The results are compared with X-ray and molecular dynamics data. The most important hydrogen bonds in the enzyme-substrate complex are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Panova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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21
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Allan AL, Gladstone PL, Price MLP, Hopkins SA, Juarez JC, Doñate F, Ternansky RJ, Shaw DE, Ganem B, Li Y, Wang W, Ealick S. Synthesis and Evaluation of Multisubstrate Bicyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Inhibitors of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7807-15. [PMID: 17181163 DOI: 10.1021/jm060428u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel, multisubstrate, bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is described. Thymidine phosphorylase has been implicated in angiogenesis and plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. The presence and orientation of the phosphonate moiety (acting as a phosphate mimic) in these derivatives were critical for inhibitory activity. The most active compounds possessed a phosphonate group in an endo orientation. This was consistent with molecular modeling results that showed the endo isomer protein-ligand complex to be lower in energy than the exo complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Allan
- Attenuon, LLC, 11535 Sorrento Valley Road Suite 401, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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22
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Kalman TI, Lai L. 6-substituted 5-fluorouracil derivatives as transition state analogue inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:367-73. [PMID: 16247953 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A combination of mechanism-based and structure-based design strategies led to the synthesis of a series of 5- and 6-substituted uracil derivatives as potential inhibitors of thymidine phosphorlase/platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (TP/PD-ECGF). Among those tested, 6-imidazolylmethyl-5-fluorouracil was found to be the most potent inhibitor with a Ki-value of 51 nM, representing a new class of 5-fluoropyrimidines with a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kalman
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
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23
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Corelli F, Botta M, Lossani A, Pasquini S, Spadari S, Focher F. Microwave-assisted synthesis and biological evaluation of novel uracil derivatives inhibiting human thymidine phosphorylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:987-92. [PMID: 15598434 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New 5-chloro-6-substituted-uracil derivatives have been prepared by microwave assisted-synthesis and tested in vitro as thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors. One of these compounds showed potent inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value in the submicromolar range. The biological activity of the new compounds is discussed in terms of structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Yano S, Kazuno H, Suzuki N, Emura T, Wierzba K, Yamashita JI, Tada Y, Yamada Y, Fukushima M, Asao T. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-methylene-bridged uracil derivatives. Part 1: Discovery of novel orally active inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:3431-41. [PMID: 15186829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-methylene-bridged uracil derivatives have been prepared as inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase (TP). To enhance the in vivo antitumor activity of fluorinated pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides such as 2'-deoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)uridine (F(3)dThd), a potent TP inhibitor preventing their degradation to an inactive compound, has become a target of medicinal chemistry. We present here the synthesis and evaluation of novel human TP inhibitors. Introduction of an N-substituted aminomethyl side chain at the 6-position of 5-chlorouracil has improved water solubility and enhanced inhibitory activity compared with the known TP inhibitor, 6-amino-5-chlorouracil. Compound 42 was reasonably well absorbed in mice after oral administration. When combined with F(3)dThd, compound 42 exerted its TP inhibitory potency by increasing the maximum plasma concentrations of the former as evidenced in experiments with monkeys. Positive changes in pharmacokinetic profile were accompanied by the enhanced in vivo antitumor activity of this combination when compared to F(3)dThd alone, in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Both biochemical and pharmacological effects appeared to fit the concept as anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yano
- Hanno Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-27 Misugidai, Hanno-shi, Saitama 357-8527, Japan.
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25
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Liekens S, Hernández AI, Ribatti D, De Clercq E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. The nucleoside derivative 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) suppresses thymidine phosphorylase-triggered angiogenesis via a noncompetitive mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29598-605. [PMID: 15123637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402602200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides to 2-deoxy-d-ribose-1-phosphate and their respective pyrimidine bases. The enzymatic activity of TPase was found to be essential for its angiogenesis-stimulating properties. All of the previously described TPase inhibitors are either pyrimidine analogues that interact with the nucleoside-binding site of the enzyme or modified purine derivatives that mimic the pyrimidine structure and either compete with thymidine or act as a multisubstrate (competitive) inhibitor. We now describe the inhibitory activity of the purine riboside derivative KIN59 (5'-O-tritylinosine) against human and bacterial recombinant TPase and TPase-induced angiogenesis. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with the pyrimidine nucleoside or the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme but noncompetitively inhibits TPase when thymidine or phosphate is used as the variable substrate. In addition, KIN59 was far more active than other TPase inhibitors, previously tested by us, against TPase-induced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. The observed anti-angiogenic effect of KIN59 was not accompanied by inflammation or any visible toxicity. Inosine did not inhibit the enzymatic or angiogenic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effects. In contrast with current concepts, our data indicate that the angiogenic activity of TPase is not solely directed through its functional nucleoside and phosphate-binding sites. Other regulatory (allosteric) site(s) in TPase may play an important role in the mechanism of TPase-triggered angiogenesis stimulation and apoptosis inhibition. Identification of these site(s) is important to obtain a better insight into the molecular role of TPase in the progression of cancer and angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Mugnaini C, Botta M, Coletta M, Corelli F, Focher F, Marini S, Renzulli ML, Verri A. Research on L-nucleosides. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of L- and D-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-[tris(methylthio)methyl]-beta-pentofuranosyl nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:357-66. [PMID: 12517431 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel nucleoside analogues of both D and L enantiomeric series were prepared by coupling reaction between a 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-modified furanose moiety and four different nucleobases. Though in all cases anomeric mixtures of nucleosides were obtained, the presence of the sterically bulky 3'-tris(methylthio)methyl group allowed a good stereoselectivity level. All the compounds of both enantiomeric series showed high IC(50) values as HSV-1 TK inhibitors and scarce ability to be phosphorylated by HSV-1 TK. In order to overcome possible problems related to the first phosphorylation step and to facilitate the penetration of the molecule through the cellular membrane, a monophosphate prodrug containing a long lipophilic chain was synthesized. No appreciable antiviral activity was exhibited by this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro, snc, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Cole C, Reigan P, Gbaj A, Edwards PN, Douglas KT, Stratford IJ, Freeman S, Jaffar M. Potential tumor-selective nitroimidazolylmethyluracil prodrug derivatives: inhibitors of the angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:207-9. [PMID: 12519058 DOI: 10.1021/jm020964w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an angiogenic growth factor and a target for anticancer drug design. Molecular modeling suggested that 2'-aminoimidazolylmethyluracils would be potent inhibitors of TP. The novel 5-halo-2-aminoimidazolylmethyluracils (4b/4c) were very potent inhibitors of E. coli TP (IC50 approximately 20 nM). Contrastingly, the corresponding 2'-nitroimidazolylmethyluracil (as bioreductively activated) prodrugs (3b/3c) were 1000-fold less active (IC50 22-24 microM). This approach may be used to selectively deliver TP inhibitors into hypoxic regions of solid tumors where TP is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cole
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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28
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Kanciurzewska A, Raczkowski M, Ciszewski K, Celewicz L. Photochemical reactions of 5-fluoropyrimidine bases with selected alkylamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Murray PE, McNally VA, Lockyer SD, Williams KJ, Stratford IJ, Jaffar M, Freeman S. Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of pyridinium-substituted uracil derivatives as novel inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:525-30. [PMID: 11814838 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of water soluble N(1)- and C(6)-substituted uracil pyridinium compounds were prepared as potential inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase (TP). The C(6)-uracil substituted derivatives were the most active. 1-[(5-Chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidin-6-yl)methyl]pyridinium chloride, was identified as the best inhibitor being 5-fold more potent than the known inhibitor, 6-amino-5-bromouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Murray
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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30
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Kita T, Takahashi H, Hashimoto Y. Thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors with a homophthalimide skeleton. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:860-2. [PMID: 11456133 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several N-phenylhomophthalimide derivatives were prepared and their inhibitory activity on thymidine phosphorylase/ platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (TP/PD-ECGF) was assessed. Among them, 2-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1,3-dione (9) was found to be a more potent inhibitor than the classical inhibitor, 5-nitrouracil (1). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that 9 shows mixed-type competitive inhibition of TP/PD-ECGF, while 1 is a competitive inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kita
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Salvetti R, Marchand A, Pregnolato M, Verri A, Spadari S, Focher F, Briant M, Sommadossi JP, Mathé C, Gosselin G. 5-(Trifluoromethyl)-beta-l-2'-deoxyuridine, the L-enantiomer of trifluorothymidine: stereospecific synthesis and antiherpetic evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1731-8. [PMID: 11425574 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing work on beta-L-nucleoside analogues as potential antiviral drugs, we have synthesized 5-(trifluoromethyl)-beta-L-2'-deoxyuridine (L-TFT), the hitherto unknown L-enantiomer of trifluorothymidine (CF(3)dUrd, TFT). We have also studied the effect of L-TFT on human and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 thymidine kinases, and human thymidine phosphorylase, as well as its anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activities in cell cultures. L-TFT has been found: (i) to inhibit HSV-1 TK with activity comparable to TFT, with no effect on human TK, (ii) to be phosphorylated by the viral enzyme with similar efficiency to TFT, (iii) to be resistant, in contrast to TFT, to hydrolysis by human thymidine phosphorylase. Unfortunately, when evaluated in cell cultures, L-TFT did not show any anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salvetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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