1
|
Xu G, Gaul MD, Song F, Du F, Liang Y, DesJarlais RL, DiLoreto K, Shook B, Rentzeperis D, Santulli R, Eckardt A, Demarest K. Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable indazole-based glucagon receptor antagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
2
|
Song F, Xu G, Gaul MD, Zhao B, Lu T, Zhang R, DesJarlais RL, DiLoreto K, Huebert N, Shook B, Rentzeperis D, Santulli R, Eckardt A, Demarest K. Design, synthesis and structure activity relationships of indazole and indole derivatives as potent glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1974-1980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
3
|
Shu S, Dai A, Wang J, Wang B, Feng Y, Li J, Cai X, Yang D, Ma D, Wang MW, Liu H. A novel series of 4-methyl substituted pyrazole derivatives as potent glucagon receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis and evaluation of biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29523469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 4-methyl substituted pyrazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as potent glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists. In this study, compounds 9q, 9r, 19d and 19e showed high GCGR binding (IC50 = 0.09 μM, 0.06 μM, 0.07 μM and 0.08 μM, respectively) and cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activities (IC50 = 0.22 μM, 0.26 μM, 0.44 μM and 0.46 μM, respectively) in cell-based assays. Most importantly, the docking experiment demonstrated that compound 9r formed extensive hydrophobic interactions with the receptor binding pocket, making it justifiable to further investigate the potential of becoming a GCGR antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Feng
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dakota Ma
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shu S, Cai X, Li J, Feng Y, Dai A, Wang J, Yang D, Wang MW, Liu H. Design, synthesis, structure–activity relationships, and docking studies of pyrazole-containing derivatives as a novel series of potent glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2852-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Lefèbvre PJ, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Inhibiting or antagonizing glucagon: making progress in diabetes care. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:720-5. [PMID: 25924114 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Absolute or relative hyperglucagonaemia has been recognized for years in all experimental or clinical forms of diabetes. It has been suggested that excess secretion of glucagon by the islet α cells is a direct consequence of intra-islet insulin secretory defects. Recent studies have shown that knockout of the glucagon receptor or administration of a monoclonal specific glucagon receptor antibody make insulin-deficient type 1 diabetic rodents thrive without insulin. These observations suggest that glucagon plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and that targeting the α cell and glucagon are innovative approaches in the management of diabetes. Despite active research and identification of promising compounds, no one selective glucagon antagonist is presently used in the treatment of diabetes. Interestingly, besides insulin, several drugs used today in the management of diabetes appear to exert their effects, in part, by inhibiting glucagon secretion (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors and, possibly, sulphonylureas) or glucagon action (metformin). The potential risks associated with total glucagon suppression include α-cell hyperplasia, increased mass of the pancreas, increased susceptibility to hepatosteatosis and hepatocellular injury and increased risk of hypoglycaemia, and these should be considered in the search and development of new compounds reducing glucagon receptor signalling. More than 40 years after its initial description, hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes can no longer be ignored or minimized, and its correction represents an attractive way to improve diabetes management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Paquot
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lotfy M, Kalasz H, Szalai G, Singh J, Adeghate E. Recent Progress in the Use of Glucagon and Glucagon Receptor Antago-nists in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:28-35. [PMID: 25674162 PMCID: PMC4321206 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is an important pancreatic hormone, released into blood circulation by alpha cells of the islet of
Langerhans. Glucagon induces gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in hepatic glucose
production and subsequently hyperglycemia in susceptible individuals. Hyperglucagonemia is a constant feature in
patients with T2DM. A number of bioactive agents that can block glucagon receptor have been identified. These glucagon
receptor antagonists can reduce the hyperglycemia associated with exogenous glucagon administration in normal as well
as diabetic subjects. Glucagon receptor antagonists include isoserine and beta-alanine derivatives, bicyclic 19-residue peptide
BI-32169, Des-His1-[Glu9] glucagon amide and related compounds, 5-hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines, N-[3-cano-6-
(1,1 dimethylpropyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl]-2-ethylbutamide, Skyrin and NNC 250926. The absorption,
dosage, catabolism, excretion and medicinal chemistry of these agents are the subject of this review. It emphasizes the
role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and how it could be applied as a novel tool for the management of diabetes mellitus
by blocking its receptors with either monoclonal antibodies, peptide and non-peptide antagonists or gene knockout
techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University; School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, England, UK; National Research Centre, Hormones Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Huba Kalasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Szalai
- ENT Department, St. Janos Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, England, UK
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Ar-ab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miknis GF, Stevens SJ, Smith LE, Ostrov DA, Churchill MEA. Development of novel Asf1-H3/H4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:963-8. [PMID: 25582598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The histone chaperone anti-silencing function 1 (Asf1) has emerged as a promising target for therapeutic intervention for multiple cancers (Cell2006, 127, 458). Asf1 is involved in the packaging of the eukaryotic genome into chromatin, which is essential for normal growth, development, and differentiation, as this regulates all nuclear processes that use DNA as a substrate. Starting from a collection of HTS leads, we identified a series of N-acyl hydrazones as novel inhibitors of the Asf-histone H3/H4 interaction. These compounds represent the first example of inhibitors capable of disrupting the Asf1-H3/H4 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg F Miknis
- Colorado Center for Drug Discovery, Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
| | - Sarah J Stevens
- Colorado Center for Drug Discovery, Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Luke E Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and the Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-3633, USA
| | - Mair E A Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology and the Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Harte FPM, Franklin ZJ, Irwin N. Two novel glucagon receptor antagonists prove effective therapeutic agents in high-fat-fed and obese diabetic mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1214-22. [PMID: 25060150 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of two novel, enzymatically stable, glucagon receptor peptide antagonists, on metabolic control in two mouse models of obesity/diabetes. METHOD The effects of twice daily i.p. administration of desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon or desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon for 10 days on metabolic control in high-fat-fed (HFF; 45% fat) and obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice were compared with saline-treated controls. RESULTS Neither analogue altered body weight or food intake in either model over 10 days; however, treatment with each peptide restored non-fasting blood glucose towards normal control values in HFF mice. Basal glucose was also reduced (p < 0.01) in desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon treated ob/ob mice by day 10, coinciding with increases (p < 0.001) in circulating insulin. At the end of the treatment period, both analogues significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) improved oral and i.p. glucose tolerance (p < 0.05) and peripheral insulin sensitivity, increased pancreatic insulin and glucagon content (p < 0.05-0.01) and decreased (p < 0.05) cholesterol levels in HFF mice. Similarly beneficial metabolic effects on oral glucose tolerance (p < 0.01) and pancreatic insulin content (p < 0.05) were observed in ob/ob mice, especially after desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon treatment. No significant differences in circulating triglycerides or aspects of indirect calorimetry were noted between peptide treatment groups and respective control HFF and ob/ob mice. Finally, glucagon-mediated elevations of glucose and insulin were significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) annulled after 10 days of desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon or desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon treatment in both animal models. CONCLUSION These data indicate that peptide-based glucagon receptor antagonists can reverse aspects of genetically and dietary-induced obesity-related diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F P M O'Harte
- The Saad Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
Treatment of diabetes mellitus requires, at a certain stage of its course, drug intervention. This article reviews the properties of available antidiabetic medications and highlights potential targets for developing newer and safer drugs. Antidiabetic agents are grouped in the article as parts I, II and III according to the history of development. Part I groups early developed drugs, during the 20th century, including insulin, sulfonylureas, the metiglinides, insulin sensitizers, biguanides and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Part II groups newer drugs developed during the early part of the 21st century, the past decade, including GLP-1 analogs, DPP-VI inhibitors, amylin analogs and SGLT2 inhibitors. Part III groups potential targets for future design of newer antidiabetic agents with less adverse effects than the currently available antidiabetic drugs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:247-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
12
|
Xiong Y, Guo J, Candelore MR, Liang R, Miller C, Dallas-Yang Q, Jiang G, McCann PE, Qureshi SA, Tong X, Xu SS, Shang J, Vincent SH, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine (MK-0893) for the treatment of type II diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6137-48. [PMID: 22708876 DOI: 10.1021/jm300579z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent, selective glucagon receptor antagonist 9m, N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine, was discovered by optimization of a previously identified lead. Compound 9m is a reversible and competitive antagonist with high binding affinity (IC(50) of 6.6 nM) and functional cAMP activity (IC(50) of 15.7 nM). It is selective for glucagon receptor relative to other family B GPCRs, showing IC(50) values of 1020 nM for GIPR, 9200 nM for PAC1, and >10000 nM for GLP-1R, VPAC1, and VPAC2. Compound 9m blunted glucagon-induced glucose elevation in hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys. It also lowered ambient glucose levels in both acute and chronic mouse models: in hGCGR ob/ob mice it reduced glucose (AUC 0-6 h) by 32% and 39% at 3 and 10 mpk single doses, respectively. In hGCGR mice on a high fat diet, compound 9m at 3, and 10 mpk po in feed lowered blood glucose levels by 89% and 94% at day 10, respectively, relative to the difference between the vehicle control and lean hGCGR mice. On the basis of its favorable biological and DMPK properties, compound 9m (MK-0893) was selected for further preclinical and clinical evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xiong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mu J, Jiang G, Brady E, Dallas-Yang Q, Liu F, Woods J, Zycband E, Wright M, Li Z, Lu K, Zhu L, Shen X, Sinharoy R, Candelore ML, Qureshi SA, Shen DM, Zhang F, Parmee ER, Zhang BB. Chronic treatment with a glucagon receptor antagonist lowers glucose and moderately raises circulating glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 without severe alpha cell hypertrophy in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2381-91. [PMID: 21695571 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Antagonism of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) represents a potential approach for treating diabetes. Cpd-A, a potent and selective GCGR antagonist (GRA) was studied in preclinical models to assess its effects on alpha cells. METHODS Studies were conducted with Cpd-A to examine the effects on glucose-lowering efficacy, its effects in combination with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and the extent and reversibility of alpha cell hypertrophy associated with GCGR antagonism in mouse models. RESULTS Chronic treatment with Cpd-A resulted in effective and sustained glucose lowering in mouse models in which endogenous murine Gcgr was replaced with human GCGR (hGCGR). Treatment with Cpd-A also led to stable, moderate elevations in both glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, which were completely reversible and not associated with a hyperglycaemic overshoot following termination of treatment. When combined with a DPP-4 inhibitor, Cpd-A led to additional improvement of glycaemic control correlated with elevated active GLP-1 levels after glucose challenge. In contrast to Gcgr-knockout mice in which alpha cell hypertrophy was detected, chronic treatment with Cpd-A in obese hGCGR mice did not result in gross morphological changes in pancreatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A GRA lowered glucose effectively in diabetic models without significant alpha cell hypertrophy during or following chronic treatment. Treatment with a GRA may represent an effective approach for glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, which could be further enhanced when combined with DPP-4 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mu
- Merck, RY80N-A58, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen DM, Lin S, Parmee ER. A survey of small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists from recent patents (2006 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1211-40. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.587001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Kawamori D, Welters HJ, Kulkarni RN. Molecular Pathways Underlying the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic α-Cell Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:421-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Chu A, Caldwell JS, Chen YA. Identification and characterization of a small molecule antagonist of human VPAC(2) receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:95-101. [PMID: 19854890 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and their class II G protein-coupled receptors VPAC(1), VPAC(2), and PAC(1) play important roles in human physiology. No small molecule modulator has ever been reported for the VIP/PACAP receptors, and there is a lack of specific VPAC(2) antagonists. Via high-throughput screening of 1.67 million compounds, we discovered a single small molecule antagonist of human VPAC(2), compound 1. Compound 1 inhibits VPAC(2)-mediated cAMP accumulation with an IC(50) of 3.8 microM and the ligand-activated beta-arrestin2 binding with an IC(50) of 2.3 microM. Compound 1 acts noncompetitively in Schild analysis. It is a specific VPAC(2) antagonist with no detectable agonist or antagonist activities on VPAC(1) or PAC(1). Compound 2, a close structural analog of compound 1, was also found to be weakly active. To our surprise, compound 1 is completely inactive on the closely related mouse VPAC(2). Chimera experiments indicate that compounds 1 and 2 bind to the seven transmembrane (7TM) region of the receptor as opposed to the N-terminal extracellular domain, where the natural ligand binds. Compound 1, being the first small molecular antagonist that is specific for VPAC(2), and the only VPAC(2) antagonist molecule known to date that allosterically interacts with the 7TM region, will be a valuable tool in further study of VPAC(2) and related receptors. This study also highlights the opportunities and challenges facing small molecule drug discovery for class II peptide G protein-coupled receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chu
- GPCR Platform, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Madsen P, Kodra JT, Behrens C, Nishimura E, Jeppesen CB, Pridal L, Andersen B, Knudsen LB, Valcarce-Aspegren C, Guldbrandt M, Christensen IT, Jørgensen AS, Ynddal L, Brand CL, Bagger MA, Lau J. Human Glucagon Receptor Antagonists with Thiazole Cores. A Novel Series with Superior Pharmacokinetic Properties. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2989-3000. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8016249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - János T. Kodra
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Carsten Behrens
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Erica Nishimura
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Pridal
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars Ynddal
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jesper Lau
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beebe X, Darczak D, Davis-Taber RA, Uchic ME, Scott VE, Jarvis MF, Stewart AO. Discovery and SAR of hydrazide antagonists of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor type 1 (PAC1-R). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Kirchhausen T, Macia E, Pelish HE. Use of dynasore, the small molecule inhibitor of dynamin, in the regulation of endocytosis. Methods Enzymol 2008; 438:77-93. [PMID: 18413242 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)38006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The large GTPase dynamin is essential for clathrin-dependent coated-vesicle formation. Dynasore is a cell-permeable small molecule that inhibits the GTPase activity of dynamin1, dynamin2 and Drp1, the mitochondrial dynamin. Dynasore was discovered in a screen of approximately 16,000 compounds for inhibitors of the dynamin2 GTPase. Dynasore is a noncompetitive inhibitor of dynamin GTPase activity and blocks dynamin-dependent endocytosis in cells, including neurons. It is fast acting (seconds) and its inhibitory effect in cells can be reversed by washout. Here we present a detailed synthesis protocol for dynasore, and describe a series of experiments used to analyze the inhibitory effects of dynasore on dynamin in vitro and to study the effects of dynasore on endocytosis in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and IDI Immune Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li XC, Zhuo JL. Targeting glucagon receptor signalling in treating metabolic syndrome and renal injury in Type 2 diabetes: theory versus promise. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 113:183-93. [PMID: 17623014 PMCID: PMC2277524 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic bi-hormones insulin and glucagon are the Yin and Yang in the regulation of glucose metabolism and homoeostasis. Insulin is synthesized primarily by pancreatic beta-cells and is released in response to an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). By contrast, glucagon is synthesized by pancreatic alpha-cells and is released in response to a decrease in blood glucose (hypoglycaemia). The principal role of glucagon is to counter the actions of insulin on blood glucose homoeostasis, but it also has diverse non-hyperglycaemic actions. Although Type 1 diabetes is caused by insulin deficiency (insulin-dependent) and can be corrected by insulin replacement, Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease and its treatment is not dependent on insulin therapy alone. Type 2 diabetes in humans is characterized by increased insulin resistance, increased fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and the development of glomerular hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria, ultimately leading to diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease. Clinical studies have suggested that an inappropriate increase in hyperglycaemic glucagon (hyperglucagonaemia) over hypoglycaemic insulin (not insulin deficiency until advanced stages) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. However, for decades, research efforts and resources have been devoted overwhelmingly to studying the role of insulin and insulin-replacement therapy. By contrast, the implication of glucagon and its receptor signalling in the development of Type 2 diabetic metabolic syndromes and end-organ injury has received little attention. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence as to whether glucagon and its receptor signalling play any role(s) in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetic renal injury, and to explore whether targeting glucagon receptor signalling remains only a theoretical antidiabetic strategy in Type 2 diabetes or may realize its promise in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dunning BE, Gerich JE. The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:253-83. [PMID: 17409288 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hyperglycemic activity of pancreatic extracts was encountered some 80 yr ago during efforts to optimize methods for the purification of insulin. The hyperglycemic substance was named "glucagon," and it was subsequently determined that glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha-cells. This article begins with a brief overview of the discovery of glucagon and the contributions that somatostatin and a sensitive and selective assay for pancreatic (vs. gut) glucagon made to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of glucagon. Studies utilizing these tools to establish the function of glucagon in normal nutrient homeostasis and to document a relative glucagon excess in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and precursors thereof are then discussed. The evidence that glucagon excess contributes to the development and maintenance of fasting hyperglycemia and that failure to suppress glucagon secretion contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia is then reviewed. Although key human studies are emphasized, salient animal studies highlighting the importance of glucagon in normal and defective glucoregulation are also described. The past eight decades of research in this area have led to development of new therapeutic approaches to treating T2DM that have been shown to, or are expected to, improve glycemic control in patients with T2DM in part by improving alpha-cell function or by blocking glucagon action. Accordingly, this review ends with a discussion of the status and therapeutic potential of glucagon receptor antagonists, alpha-cell selective somatostatin agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Our overall conclusions are that there is considerable evidence that relative hyperglucagonemia contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM, and there are several new and emerging pharmacotherapies that may improve glycemic control in part by ameliorating the hyperglycemic effects of this relative glucagon excess.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lau J, Behrens C, Sidelmann UG, Knudsen LB, Lundt B, Sams C, Ynddal L, Brand CL, Pridal L, Ling A, Kiel D, Plewe M, Shi S, Madsen P. New beta-alanine derivatives are orally available glucagon receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:113-28. [PMID: 17201415 DOI: 10.1021/jm058026u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A weak human glucagon receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 7 microM was initially found by screening of libraries originally targeted to mimic the binding of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) hormone to its receptor. Optimization of this hit for binding affinity for the glucagon receptor led to ligands with affinity in the nanomolar range. In addition to receptor binding, optimization efforts were made to stabilize the molecules against fast metabolic turnover. A potent antagonist of the human human glucagon receptor was obtained that had 17% oral availability in rats with a plasma half-life of 90 min. The major metabolites of this lead were identified and used to further optimize this series with respect to pharmacokinetic properties. This final optimization led to a potent glucagon antagonist that was orally available in rats and dogs and was efficacious in lowering blood glucose levels in a diabetic animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Lau
- Protein Engineering, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Nonpeptidic glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a magic bullet for diabetes? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:689-90. [PMID: 17213306 PMCID: PMC1783373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610679104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Murphy
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Sixth Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - S. R. Bloom
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Sixth Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Knudsen LB, Kiel D, Teng M, Behrens C, Bhumralkar D, Kodra JT, Holst JJ, Jeppesen CB, Johnson MD, de Jong JC, Jorgensen AS, Kercher T, Kostrowicki J, Madsen P, Olesen PH, Petersen JS, Poulsen F, Sidelmann UG, Sturis J, Truesdale L, May J, Lau J. Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:937-42. [PMID: 17213325 PMCID: PMC1783418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 has important actions resulting in glucose lowering along with weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. As a peptide hormone, GLP-1 has to be administered by injection. Only a few small-molecule agonists to peptide hormone receptors have been described and none in the B family of the G protein coupled receptors to which the GLP-1 receptor belongs. We have discovered a series of small molecules known as ago-allosteric modulators selective for the human GLP-1 receptor. These compounds act as both allosteric activators of the receptor and independent agonists. Potency of GLP-1 was not changed by the allosteric agonists, but affinity of GLP-1 for the receptor was increased. The most potent compound identified stimulates glucose-dependent insulin release from normal mouse islets but, importantly, not from GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Also, the compound stimulates insulin release from perfused rat pancreas in a manner additive with GLP-1 itself. These compounds may lead to the identification or design of orally active GLP-1 agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bjerre Knudsen
- Department of Discovery Biology, Novo Nordisk Als, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Conarello SL, Jiang G, Mu J, Li Z, Woods J, Zycband E, Ronan J, Liu F, Roy RS, Zhu L, Charron MJ, Zhang BB. Glucagon receptor knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and streptozotocin-mediated beta cell loss and hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia 2007; 50:142-50. [PMID: 17131145 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Under normal physiological conditions, glucagon signalling is important in glucose homeostasis. Hyperglucagonaemia or altered insulin:glucagon ratio plays a role in maintaining hyperglycaemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes. It has been reported that glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr (-/-)) mice develop normally and have lower plasma glucose on a normal diet. The goal of the current research was to further investigate the role of glucagon signalling in metabolic control and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Gcgr (-/-) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) and with streptozotocin, which induces beta cell damage. They were then analysed for whole-body and serum metabolic phenotypes as well as pancreatic islet morphology. RESULTS In comparison with wild-type mice, Gcgr (-/-) mice exhibited decreased body weight and food intake, reduced plasma glucose levels, and improved oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. Elevated glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and reduced gastric emptying were also observed in Gcgr (-/-) mice, which also had reduced HFD-induced hyperinsulinaemia and hyperleptinaemia, and were resistant to the development of hepatic steatosis. In addition, Gcgr (-/-) mice were resistant to STZ-induced hyperglycaemia and pancreatic beta cell destruction. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that blocking glucagon signalling by targeted Gcgr gene deletion leads to an improvement in metabolic control in this mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Conarello
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dallas-Yang Q, Shen X, Strowski M, Brady E, Saperstein R, Gibson RE, Szalkowski D, Qureshi SA, Candelore MR, Fenyk-Melody JE, Parmee ER, Zhang BB, Jiang G. Hepatic glucagon receptor binding and glucose-lowering in vivo by peptidyl and non-peptidyl glucagon receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 501:225-34. [PMID: 15464082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon receptor antagonists have been actively pursued as potential therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptidyl and non-peptidyl glucagon receptor antagonists have been shown to block glucagon-induced blood glucose elevation in both animals and humans. How the antagonists and the glucagon receptor interact in vivo has not been reported and is the subject of the current study. Using (125)I-labeled glucagon as a radiotracer, we developed an in vivo glucagon receptor occupancy assay in mice expressing a human glucagon receptor in place of the endogenous mouse glucagon receptor (hGCGR mice). Using this assay, we first showed that the glucagon receptor is expressed predominantly in liver, to a much lesser extent in kidney, and is below detection in several other tissues/organs in the mice. We subsequently showed that, at 2 mg/kg body weight (mg/pk) dosed intraperitoneally (i.p.), peptidyl glucagon receptor antagonist des-His-glucagon binds to approximately 78% of the hepatic glucagon receptor and blocks an exogenous glucagon-induced blood glucose elevation in the mice. Finally, we also showed that, at 10 and 30 mg/kg dosed orally (p.o.), compound A, a non-peptidyl small molecule glucagon receptor antagonist, occupied 65-70% of the hepatic glucagon receptor, and significantly diminished exogenous glucagon-induced blood glucose elevation in the mice. At 3 mg/kg, however, compound A occupied only approximately 39% of the hepatic glucagon receptor and did not affect exogenous glucagon-induced blood glucose elevation in the mice. Taken together, the results confirmed previous reports that glucagon receptors are present predominantly in the liver, and provide the first direct evidence that peptidyl and non-peptidyl glucagon receptor antagonists bind to the hepatic glucagon receptor in vivo, and that at least 60% receptor occupancy correlates with the glucose lowering efficacy by the antagonists in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dallas-Yang
- Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Chen H, Yao X, Petitjean M, Xia H, Yao J, Panaye A, Doucet J, Fan B. Insight into the Bioactivity and Metabolism of Human Glucagon Receptor Antagonists from 3D-QSAR Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200430884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
Many lead compounds with the potential to progress to viable drug candidates have been identified from libraries during the past two years. There are two key strategies most often employed to find leads from libraries: first, high-throughput biological screening of corporate compound collections; and second, synthesis and screening of project-directed libraries (i.e. target-based libraries). Numerous success stories, including the discovery of several clinical candidates, testify to the utility of chemical library collections as proven sources of new leads for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Golebiowski
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040-8006, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
As a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, glucagon plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Compared with healthy subjects, diabetic patients and animals have abnormal secretion of not only insulin but also glucagon. Hyperglucagonemia and altered insulin-to-glucagon ratios play important roles in initiating and maintaining pathological hyperglycemic states. Not surprisingly, glucagon and glucagon receptor have been pursued extensively in recent years as potential targets for the therapeutic treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Jiang
- Department of Metabolic Disorders and Molecular Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratory, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D, Dalle S, Göke B, Thorens B, Drucker DJ. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor family. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:167-94. [PMID: 12615957 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones within the secretin-glucagon family are expressed in endocrine cells of the pancreas and gastrointestinal epithelium and in specialized neurons in the brain, and subserve multiple biological functions, including regulation of growth, nutrient intake, and transit within the gut, and digestion, energy absorption, and energy assimilation. Glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, growth hormone-releasing hormone and secretin are structurally related peptides that exert their actions through unique members of a structurally related G protein-coupled receptor class 2 family. This review discusses advances in our understanding of how these peptides exert their biological activities, with a focus on the biological actions and structural features of the cognate receptors. The receptors have been named after their parent and only physiologically relevant ligand, in line with the recommendations of the International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Madsen P, Ling A, Plewe M, Sams CK, Knudsen LB, Sidelmann UG, Ynddal L, Brand CL, Andersen B, Murphy D, Teng M, Truesdale L, Kiel D, May J, Kuki A, Shi S, Johnson MD, Teston KA, Feng J, Lakis J, Anderes K, Gregor V, Lau J. Optimization of alkylidene hydrazide based human glucagon receptor antagonists. Discovery of the highly potent and orally available 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene]hydrazide. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5755-75. [PMID: 12477359 DOI: 10.1021/jm0208572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent human glucagon receptor (hGluR) antagonists have been prepared employing both medicinal chemistry and targeted libraries based on modification of the core (proximal) dimethoxyphenyl group, the benzyl ether linkage, as well as the (distal) benzylic aryl group of the lead 2, 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzyloxybenzylidene)hydrazide. Electron-rich proximal aryl moieties such as mono- and dimethoxy benzenes, naphthalenes, and indoles were found to be active. The SAR was found to be quite insensitive regarding the linkage to the distal aryl group, since long and short as well as polar and apolar linkers gave highly potent compounds. The presence of a distal aryl group was not crucial for obtaining high binding affinity to the hGluR. In many cases, however, the affinity could be further optimized with substituted distal aryl groups. Representative compounds have been tested for in vitro metabolism, and structure-metabolism relationships are described. These efforts lead to the discovery of 74, NNC 25-2504, 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene]hydrazide, with low in vitro metabolic turnover. 74 was a highly potent noncompetitive antagonist of the human glucagon receptor (IC(50) = 2.3 nM, K(B) = 760 pM) and of the isolated rat receptor (IC(50) = 430 pM, K(B) = 380 pM). Glucagon-stimulated glucose production from isolated primary rat hepatocytes was inhibited competitively by 74 (K(i) = 14 nM). This compound was orally available in dogs (F(po) = 15%) and was active in a glucagon-challenged rat model of hyperglucagonemia and hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Madsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2001. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:369-418. [PMID: 12217012 DOI: 10.1021/cc020039v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ling A, Plewe M, Gonzalez J, Madsen P, Sams CK, Lau J, Gregor V, Murphy D, Teston K, Kuki A, Shi S, Truesdale L, Kiel D, May J, Lakis J, Anderes K, Iatsimirskaia E, Sidelmann UG, Knudsen LB, Brand CL, Polinsky A. Human glucagon receptor antagonists based on alkylidene hydrazides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:663-6. [PMID: 11844695 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkylidene hydrazide derivatives containing an alkoxyaryl moiety was optimized. The resulting hydrazide-ethers were competitive antagonists at the human glucagon receptor. Pharmacokinetic experiments showed fast clearance of most of the compounds tested. A representative compound [4-hydroxy-3-cyanobenzoic acid (4-isopropylbenzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxymethylene)hydrazide] with an IC50 value of 20 nM was shown to reduce blood glucose levels in fasted rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ling
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ladouceur GH, Cook JH, Doherty EM, Schoen WR, MacDougall ML, Livingston JN. Discovery of 5-hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines as a new class of glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:461-4. [PMID: 11814820 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines have been identified as a novel class of glucagon antagonists with potential utility for the treatment of diabetes. A lead structure with moderate activity was discovered through a high throughput screening assay. Structure-activity relationships led to the discovery of a potent antagonist, IC(50)=0.11 microM, more than 60-fold improvement over the lead structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan H Ladouceur
- Department of Chemistry Research, Bayer Research Center, 400Morgan Lane, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|