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Kotańska M, Dziubina A, Szafarz M, Mika K, Bednarski M, Nicosia N, Temirak A, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Preliminary Evidence of the Potent and Selective Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist PSB-603 in Reducing Obesity and Some of Its Associated Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13439. [PMID: 36362227 PMCID: PMC9656786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2A and A2B receptors are promising therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and diabetes since the agonists and antagonists of these receptors have the potential to positively affect metabolic disorders. The present study investigated the link between body weight reduction, glucose homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory activity induced by a highly potent and specific adenosine A2B receptor antagonist, compound PSB-603. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks, and after 12 weeks, they were treated for 14 days intraperitoneally with the test compound. The A1/A2A/A2B receptor antagonist theophylline was used as a reference. Following two weeks of treatment, different biochemical parameters were determined, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, TNF-α, and IL-6 blood levels, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance. To avoid false positive results, mouse locomotor and spontaneous activities were assessed. Both theophylline and PSB-603 significantly reduced body weight in obese mice. Both compounds had no effects on glucose levels in the obese state; however, PSB-603, contrary to theophylline, significantly reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol blood levels. Thus, our observations showed that selective A2B adenosine receptor blockade has a more favourable effect on the lipid profile than nonselective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Dziubina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Temirak
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Chair of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
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Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Catarzi D, Colotta V, Francucci B, Spinaci A, Varano F, Volpini R. A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and their Potential in Neurological Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4780-4795. [PMID: 35184706 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220218094501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous nucleoside adenosine modulates a number of physiological effects through interaction with P1 purinergic receptors. All of them are G protein coupled receptors and, to date, four subtypes have been characterized and named A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. In recent years adenosine receptors, particularly the A2A subtype, have become attractive targets for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders, known to involve neuroinflammation, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, multiple sclerosis and neuropsychiatric conditions. In fact, it has been demonstrated that inhibition of A2A adenosine receptors exerts neuroprotective effects counteracting neuroinflammatory processes and astroglial and microglial activation. The A2A adenosine receptor antagonist istradefylline, developed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Inc., was approved in Japan as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and very recently it was approved also by the US Food and Drug Administration. These findings pave the way for new therapeutic opportunities, so, in this review, a summary of the most relevant and promising A2A adenosine receptor antagonists will be presented along with their preclinical and clinical studies in neuroinflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Beatrice Francucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Lee LC, Peng YH, Chang HH, Hsu T, Lu CT, Huang CH, Hsueh CC, Kung FC, Kuo CC, Jiaang WT, Wu SY. Xanthine Derivatives Reveal an Allosteric Binding Site in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2). J Med Chem 2021; 64:11288-11301. [PMID: 34337952 PMCID: PMC8389891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Methylenetetrahydrofolate
dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) plays an important
role in one-carbon metabolism. The MTHFD2 gene is upregulated in various
cancers but very low or undetectable in normal proliferating cells,
and therefore a potential target for cancer treatment. In this study,
we present the structure of MTHFD2 in complex with xanthine derivative 15, which allosterically binds to MTHFD2 and coexists with
the substrate analogue. A kinetic study demonstrated the uncompetitive
inhibition of MTHFD2 by 15. Allosteric inhibitors often
provide good selectivity and, indeed, xanthine derivatives are highly
selective for MTHFD2. Moreover, several conformational changes were
observed upon the binding of 15, which impeded the binding
of the cofactor and phosphate to MTHFD2. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first study to identify allosteric inhibitors targeting
the MTHFD family and our results would provide insights on the inhibition
mechanism of MTHFD proteins and the development of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Chun Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hui Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Huei Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Tai Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Cheng Hsueh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Chun Kung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Weir-Torn Jiaang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350 Taiwan, ROC
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Chock VY, Cho SH, Frymoyer A. Aminophylline for renal protection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the era of therapeutic hypothermia. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:974-980. [PMID: 32503030 PMCID: PMC7718287 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) frequently develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Aminophylline has been shown to reduce severe renal dysfunction in neonates after perinatal asphyxia. However, the effect of aminophylline on renal function in neonates undergoing hypothermia has not been studied. METHODS A single-center, retrospective chart review of neonates cooled for moderate/severe HIE who received aminophylline for AKI was conducted to assess changes in urine output (UOP) and serum creatinine (SCr). Comparisons were also made to control neonates matched for hours of life who were cooled but unexposed to aminophylline. RESULTS Sixteen neonates cooled for HIE received aminophylline starting at 25 ± 14 h of life. Within 12 h of starting aminophylline, UOP increased by 2.6 ± 1.9 mL/kg/h. SCr declined by 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/dL in survivors over the first 4 days. When compared to control neonates, UOP increase was greater in the aminophylline group (p < 0.001). SCr declined in survivors in both groups, although baseline SCr was higher in the aminophylline group. CONCLUSIONS Aminophylline use in neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia was associated with an increase in UOP and a decline in SCr. A randomized trial will be needed to establish a potential renal protective role of aminophylline. IMPACT The renal protective effect of aminophylline in neonates with HIE has not yet been studied in the context of therapeutic hypothermia. Aminophylline exposure in neonates cooled for HIE was associated with increased UOP and a similar decline in SCr when compared to control infants unexposed to aminophylline. Improved renal function after receiving aminophylline in this observational cohort study suggests the need for future randomized trials to establish the potential benefit of aminophylline in the HIE population undergoing hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y Chock
- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Seo-Ho Cho
- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Adam Frymoyer
- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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5
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Frymoyer A, Van Meurs KP, Drover DR, Klawitter J, Christians U, Chock VY. Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Pediatr Res 2020; 88:871-877. [PMID: 32919393 PMCID: PMC7704857 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theophylline, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, improves renal perfusion in the setting of hypoxia-ischemia and may offer therapeutic benefit in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) undergoing hypothermia. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure relationships of theophylline in this population to guide dosing strategies. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in 22 neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia who were part of a prospective study or retrospective chart review. Aminophylline (intravenous salt form of theophylline) was given per institutional standard of care for low urine output and/or rising serum creatinine (5 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) load then 1.8 mg/kg i.v. q6h). The ability of different dosing regimens to achieve target concentrations (4-10 mg/L) associated with clinical response was examined. RESULTS Birth weight was a significant predictor of theophylline clearance and volume of distribution (p < 0.05). The median half-life was 39.5 h (range 27.2-50.4). An aminophylline loading dose of 7 mg/kg followed by 1.6 mg/kg q12h was predicted to achieve target concentrations in 84% of simulated neonates. CONCLUSIONS In neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia, theophylline clearance was low with a 50% longer half-life compared to full-term normothermic neonates without HIE. Dosing strategies need to consider the unique pharmacokinetic needs of this population. IMPACT Theophylline is a potential renal-protective therapy in neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia; however, the pharmacokinetics and dose needs in this population are not known. Theophylline clearance was low in neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia with a 50% longer half-life compared to full-term normothermic neonates without HIE. As theophylline is advanced in clinical development, dosing strategies will need to consider the unique pharmacokinetic needs of neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frymoyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Krisa P Van Meurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R Drover
- Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Valerie Y Chock
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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6
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Deb PK, Chandrasekaran B, Mailavaram R, Tekade RK, Jaber AMY. Molecular modeling approaches for the discovery of adenosine A2B receptor antagonists: current status and future perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1854-1864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Abdulla HO, Amin AA, Raviola C, Opatz T, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Smooth Metal-Free Photoinduced Preparation of Valuable 8-Arylxanthines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Havall Othman Abdulla
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
- Chemistry Department; College of Science; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Ahmed A. Amin
- Chemistry Department; College of Education; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; College of Education; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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8
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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. The adenosine A 2B G protein-coupled receptor: Recent advances and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:20-33. [PMID: 30677476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is one of four adenosine receptor subtypes belonging to the Class A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Until recently, the A2BAR remained poorly characterised, in part due to its relatively low affinity for the endogenous agonist adenosine and therefore presumed minor physiological significance. However, the substantial increase in extracellular adenosine concentration, the sensitisation of the receptor and the upregulation of A2BAR expression under conditions of hypoxia and inflammation, suggest the A2BAR as an exciting therapeutic target in a variety of pathological disease states. Here we discuss the pharmacology of the A2BAR and outline its role in pathophysiology including ischaemia-reperfusion injury, fibrosis, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Inhibitory effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation-related tumorigenesis in rat colon. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33972-33981. [PMID: 30338039 PMCID: PMC6188053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the colorectum increases the risk of colorectal cancer development. Pentoxifylline, a medicine used for improving the circulation, has been reported to inhibit TNF-α production and to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, we investigated the effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation-related colon tumorigenesis in a rodent model using Kyoto APC delta rats, which have APC mutation and are susceptible to colon carcinogenesis. Male Kyoto APC delta rats were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, and were subsequently administered water, with or without pentoxifylline. At the end of the experiment, the development of colorectal tumor was significantly inhibited in the pentoxifylline group. The pentoxifylline treatment also lowered the levels of oxidative stress markers and mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, in the colon mucosa. The PCNA labeling index and the inflammation score were also decreased in the colon of rats in the pentoxifylline -treated group. We also used an endoscopy to observe the tumor progression and inflammation in the colon of rats, revealing that inflammation grade was significantly lower in pentoxifylline-treated group at several points during the experiment. These findings suggest that pentoxifylline treatment might be useful for chemoprevention of inflammation-related colon cancer.
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Załuski M, Stanuch K, Karcz T, Hinz S, Latacz G, Szymańska E, Schabikowski J, Doroż-Płonka A, Handzlik J, Drabczyńska A, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Tricyclic xanthine derivatives containing a basic substituent: adenosine receptor affinity and drug-related properties. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:951-962. [PMID: 30108984 PMCID: PMC6071793 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of 27 novel amide derivatives of annelated xanthines was designed and synthesized. The new compounds represent 1,3-dipropyl- and 1,3-dibutyl-pyrimido[2,1-f]purinedione-9-ethylphenoxy derivatives including a CH2CONH linker between the (CH2)2-amino group and the phenoxy moiety. A synthetic strategy to obtain the final products was developed involving solvent-free microwave irradiation. The new compounds were evaluated for their adenosine receptor (AR) affinities. The most potent derivatives contained a terminal tertiary amino function. Compounds with nanomolar AR affinities and at the same time high water-solubility were obtained (A1 (Ki = 24-605 nM), A2A (Ki = 242-1250 nM), A2B (Ki = 66-911 nM) and A3 (Ki = 155-1000 nM)). 2-(4-(2-(1,3-Dibutyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydropyrimido[2,1-f]purin-9(6H)-yl)ethyl)phenoxy)-N-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)acetamide (27) and the corresponding N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)acetamide (36) were found to be the most potent antagonists of the present series. While 27 showed CYP inhibition and moderate metabolic stability, 36 was found to possess suitable properties for in vivo applications. In an attempt to explain the affinity data for the synthesized compounds, molecular modeling and docking studies were performed using homology models of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors. The potent compound 36 was used as an example for discussion of the possible ligand-protein interactions. Moreover, the compounds showed high water-solubility indicating that the approach of introducing a basic side chain was successful for the class of generally poorly soluble AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Załuski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Katarzyna Stanuch
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Jakub Schabikowski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Agata Doroż-Płonka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Anna Drabczyńska
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 12 6205580
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Synthesis of a new class of bisheterocycles via the Heck reaction of eudesmane type methylene lactones with 8-bromoxanthines. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Preventive Effects of Pentoxifylline on the Development of Colonic Premalignant Lesions in Obese and Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020413. [PMID: 28212276 PMCID: PMC5343947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic abnormalities, including enhanced oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, are closely related to colorectal tumorigenesis. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative, has been reported to suppress the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and possess anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the effects of PTX on the development of carcinogen-induced colorectal premalignant lesions in obese and diabetic mice. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice, which are severely obese and diabetic, were administered weekly subcutaneous injections of the colonic carcinogen azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight) for four weeks and then received drinking water containing 125 or 500 ppm PTX for eight weeks. At the time of sacrifice, PTX administration markedly suppressed the development of premalignant lesions in the colorectum. The levels of oxidative stress markers were significantly decreased in the PTX-treated group compared with those in the untreated control group. In PTX-administered mice, the mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-6, and TNF-α, and the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in the colonic mucosa, were significantly reduced. These observations suggest that PTX attenuated chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, and prevented the development of colonic tumorigenesis in an obesity-related colon cancer model.
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Szymańska E, Drabczyńska A, Karcz T, Müller CE, Köse M, Karolak-Wojciechowska J, Fruziński A, Schabikowski J, Doroz-Płonka A, Handzlik J, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Similarities and differences in affinity and binding modes of tricyclic pyrimido- and pyrazinoxanthines at human and rat adenosine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4347-4362. [PMID: 27485602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 32 pyrimido- and 5 tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-f]purinediones was obtained and evaluated for their adenosine receptors (ARs) affinities. The 1,3-dibutyl derivative of 9-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-f]purine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione was found to be the most potent A1 AR antagonist of the present series, showing selectivity over the other AR subtypes. The structure-activity for the obtained purinediones was established. Docking experiments of the investigated library to homology models of the human and rat A1 and A2A ARs allowed to compare the expected binding modes for selected compounds. The detailed analysis of binding cavities within individual AR subtypes indicated small but significant structural variations that may underlie the observed differences in binding affinities of purinediones at particular subtypes and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Drabczyńska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andrzej Fruziński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żwirki 36, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jakub Schabikowski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Doroz-Płonka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Alnouri MW, Jepards S, Casari A, Schiedel AC, Hinz S, Müller CE. Selectivity is species-dependent: Characterization of standard agonists and antagonists at human, rat, and mouse adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:389-407. [PMID: 26126429 PMCID: PMC4529847 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) have emerged as new drug targets. The majority of data on affinity/potency and selectivity of AR ligands described in the literature has been obtained for the human species. However, preclinical studies are mostly performed in mouse or rat, and standard AR agonists and antagonists are frequently used for studies in rodents without knowing their selectivity in the investigated species. In the present study, we selected a set of frequently used standard AR ligands, 8 agonists and 16 antagonists, and investigated them in radioligand binding studies at all four AR subtypes, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, of three species, human, rat, and mouse. Recommended, selective agonists include CCPA (for A1AR of rat and mouse), CGS-21680 (for A2A AR of rat), and Cl-IB-MECA (for A3AR of all three species). The functionally selective partial A2B agonist BAY60-6583 was found to additionally bind to A1 and A3AR and act as an antagonist at both receptor subtypes. The antagonists PSB-36 (A1), preladenant (A2A), and PSB-603 (A2B) displayed high selectivity in all three investigated species. MRS-1523 acts as a selective A3AR antagonist in human and rat, but is only moderately selective in mouse. The comprehensive data presented herein provide a solid basis for selecting suitable AR ligands for biological studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arrestin/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/drug effects
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Rats
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Wessam Alnouri
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Jepards
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandro Casari
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Romanenko NI, Pakhomova OA, Ivanchenko DG, Kamyshnyi AM, Polishchuk NN. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 8-Benzylidenehydrazino-3-Methyl-7-β-Methoxyethylxanthines. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Baraldi PG, Fruttarolo F, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Novel 8-heterocyclyl xanthine derivatives in drug development - an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1161-83. [PMID: 23496127 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methyl xanthines, especially caffeine and theophylline, have been widely investigated for their pharmacological properties as cognition enhancers, bronchodilator agents and mild diuretics. The xanthine core (3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione) has been largely manipulated in the search for selective ligands for different pharmacological targets, proving to be a versatile scaffold for the development of lead compounds in multiple therapeutic areas. The introduction of a heterocycle at the 8-position of some xanthine derivatives demonstrated to be a successful strategy for the identification of potent and selective A1 or A2B adenosine receptors antagonists as potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and asthma, respectively. Interesting examples of 8-heterocyclyl-xanthines as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and liver X receptor agonists have been claimed for their possible therapeutic use in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier G Baraldi
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, 44100 Ferrara, Italy +39 0532 455921 ; +39 0532 455953 ;
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17
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Massart J, Robin MA, Noury F, Fautrel A, Lettéron P, Bado A, Eliat PA, Fromenty B. Pentoxifylline aggravates fatty liver in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice by increasing intestinal glucose absorption and activating hepatic lipogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1361-74. [PMID: 21740407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pentoxifylline is in clinical trials for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy. Metabolic and hepatic effects of pentoxifylline were assessed in a murine model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pentoxifylline (100 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1)) was administered for 4 days or 3 weeks in lean and obese/diabetic ob/ob mice. Plasma lipids, glucose, other metabolites and relevant enzymes were measured by standard assays. Hepatic lipids in vivo were assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by histology. Hepatic extracts were also analysed with RT-PCR and Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Four days of pentoxifylline treatment slightly increased liver lipids in ob/ob mice. After 3 weeks, pentoxifylline exacerbated fatty liver and plasma transaminases in ob/ob mice but did not induce liver steatosis in lean mice. Plasma glucose was highest in fed, but not fasted, ob/ob mice treated with pentoxifylline. During the first 10 min of an oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose increased more rapidly in pentoxifylline-treated mice. Jejunal expression of glucose transporter 2 isoform was increased in pentoxifylline-treated obese mice. Hepatic activity of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) increased after pentoxifylline in ob/ob, but not lean, mice. Hepatic expression of lipogenic enzymes was highest in pentoxifylline-treated ob/ob mice. However, pentoxifylline reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ob/ob liver. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Pentoxifylline exacerbated fatty liver in ob/ob mice through enhanced intestinal glucose absorption, increased postprandial glycaemia and activation of hepatic lipogenesis. Long-term treatment with pentoxifylline could worsen fatty liver in some patients with pre-existing hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massart
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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18
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Bandyopadhyay P, Agrawal SK, Sathe M, Sharma P, Kaushik M. A facile and rapid one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthine derivatives via tandem ring closure at room temperature. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Baraldi PG, Baraldi S, Saponaro G, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Piccagli L, Cavalli A, Recanatini M, Moorman AR, Zaid AN, Varani K, Borea PA, Tabrizi MA. Novel 1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-benzimidazol-2-yl-methoxy-1-methylpyrazol-5-yl)xanthines as potent and selective A₂B adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:797-811. [PMID: 22148859 DOI: 10.1021/jm201292w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modeling studies, including the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method, on 52 antagonists of the A(2B) adenosine receptor with known biological activity were performed to identify the three-dimensional features responsible for A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist activity. On the basis of these and previous results on the potent antagonist effect of 8-pyrazolyl-xanthines at human A(2B)AR, a new series of compounds was synthesized and evaluated in binding studies against the human A(1), A(2A), A(3), and A(2B)ARs. A remarkable improvement in selectivity with respect to the previous series, maintaining the potency at human A(2B) receptor, was achieved, as exemplified by the 8-[3-(4-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl-methoxy)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1,3-dipropyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione derivative 66: K(i) A(2B) = 9.4 nM, IC(50) hA(2B) = 26 nM hA(1)/hA(2B) = 269, hA(2A)/hA(2B) > 106, hA(3)/hA(2B) >106. This study also led to the identification of a series of pyrazole-xanthine compounds with a simplified structure, exemplified by 8-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-xanthine 80 displaying very high affinity at A(2B)AR with good selectivity over AR subtypes (K(i) = 4.0 nM, IC(50) hA(2B) = 20 nM hA(1)/hA(2B) = 183, hA(2A),hA(3)/hA(2B) > 250).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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20
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Bansal R, Kumar G, Gandhi D, Young LC, Harvey AL. Synthesis of a New Series of 1H-Imidazol-1-yl Substituted 8-Phenylxanthines as Adenosine Receptor Ligands. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1290-300. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Müller CE, Jacobson KA. Recent developments in adenosine receptor ligands and their potential as novel drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1808:1290-308. [PMID: 21185259 PMCID: PMC3437328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemical approaches have been applied to all four of the adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)) to create selective agonists and antagonists for each. The most recent class of selective AR ligands to be reported is the class of A(2B)AR agonists. The availability of these selective ligands has facilitated research on therapeutic applications of modulating the ARs and in some cases has provided clinical candidates. Prodrug approaches have been developed which improve the bioavailability of the drugs, reduce side-effects, and/or may lead to site-selective effects. The A(2A) agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan®), a diagnostic drug for myocardial perfusion imaging, is the first selective AR agonist to be approved. Other selective agonists and antagonists are or were undergoing clinical trials for a broad range of indications, including capadenoson and tecadenoson (A(1) agonists) for atrial fibrillation, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, respectively, apadenoson and binodenoson (A(2A) agonists) for myocardial perfusion imaging, preladenant (A(2A) antagonist) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and CF101 and CF102 (A(3) agonists) for inflammatory diseases and cancer, respectively.
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22
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Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Linden J, Müller CE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors--an update. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1-34. [PMID: 21303899 PMCID: PMC3061413 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1015] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments have led to major changes in the recommendations. However, there have been so many other developments that an update is needed. The fact that the structure of one of the adenosine receptors has recently been solved has already led to new ways of in silico screening of ligands. The evidence that adenosine receptors can form homo- and heteromultimers has accumulated, but the functional significance of such complexes remains unclear. The availability of mice with genetic modification of all the adenosine receptors has led to a clarification of the functional roles of adenosine, and to excellent means to study the specificity of drugs. There are also interesting associations between disease and structural variants in one or more of the adenosine receptors. Several new selective agonists and antagonists have become available. They provide improved possibilities for receptor classification. There are also developments hinting at the usefulness of allosteric modulators. Many drugs targeting adenosine receptors are in clinical trials, but the established therapeutic use is still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Belikoff BG, Hatfield S, Georgiev P, Ohta A, Lukashev D, Buras JA, Remick DG, Sitkovsky M. A2B adenosine receptor blockade enhances macrophage-mediated bacterial phagocytosis and improves polymicrobial sepsis survival in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2444-53. [PMID: 21242513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment strategies must improve to reduce the high mortality rates in septic patients. In noninfectious models of acute inflammation, activation of A2B adenosine receptors (A2BR) in extracellular adenosine-rich microenvironments causes immunosuppression. We examined A2BR in antibacterial responses in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Antagonism of A2BR significantly increased survival, enhanced bacterial phagocytosis, and decreased IL-6 and MIP-2 (a CXC chemokine) levels after CLP in outbred (ICR/CD-1) mice. During the CLP-induced septic response in A2BR knockout mice, hemodynamic parameters were improved compared with wild-type mice in addition to better survival and decreased plasma IL-6 levels. A2BR deficiency resulted in a dramatic 4-log reduction in peritoneal bacteria. The mechanism of these improvements was due to enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity without augmenting neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria. Following ex vivo LPS stimulation, septic macrophages from A2BR knockout mice had increased IL-6 and TNF-α secretion compared with wild-type mice. A therapeutic intervention with A2BR blockade was studied by using a plasma biomarker to direct therapy to those mice predicted to die. Pharmacological blockade of A2BR even 32 h after the onset of sepsis increased survival by 65% in those mice predicted to die. Thus, even the late treatment with an A2BR antagonist significantly improved survival of mice (ICR/CD-1) that were otherwise determined to die according to plasma IL-6 levels. Our findings of enhanced bacterial clearance and host survival suggest that antagonism of A2BRs offers a therapeutic target to improve macrophage function in a late treatment protocol that improves sepsis survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Belikoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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24
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Al-Salahi R, Geffken D, Koellner M. A New Series of 2-Alkoxy(aralkoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5-ones as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:730-3. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University
| | - Detlef Geffken
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Hamburg University
| | - Maria Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Hamburg University
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Abstract
The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non-selective. A large number of derivatives and analogues were subsequently synthesized and evaluated as AR antagonists. Very potent antagonists have thus been developed with selectivity for each of the four AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Phone +49-228-73-2301, Fax +49-228-73-2567
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America, Phone +1-301-496-9024, Fax +1-301-480-8422
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26
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Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel substituted 9-deazaxanthines as A2B receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2884-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hierrezuelo J, Manuel López-Romero J, Rico R, Brea J, Isabel Loza M, Cai C, Algarra M. Synthesis of theophylline derivatives and study of their activity as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2081-2088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Homology modelling of the human adenosine A2B receptor based on X-ray structures of bovine rhodopsin, the beta2-adrenergic receptor and the human adenosine A2A receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 23:807-28. [PMID: 19757091 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model of the human adenosine A2B receptor was generated by means of homology modelling, using the crystal structures of bovine rhodopsin, the beta2-adrenergic receptor, and the human adenosine A2A receptor as templates. In order to compare the three resulting models, the binding modes of the adenosine A2B receptor antagonists theophylline, ZM241385, MRS1706, and PSB601 were investigated. The A2A-based model was much better able to stabilize the ligands in the binding site than the other models reflecting the high degree of similarity between A2A and A2B receptors: while the A2B receptor shares about 21% of the residues with rhodopsin, and 31% with the beta2-adrenergic receptor, it is 56% identical to the adenosine A2A receptor. The A2A-based model was used for further studies. The model included the transmembrane domains, the extracellular and the intracellular hydrophilic loops as well as the terminal domains. In order to validate the usefulness of this model, a docking analysis of several selective and nonselective agonists and antagonists was carried out including a study of binding affinities and selectivities of these ligands with respect to the adenosine A2A and A2B receptors. A common binding site is proposed for antagonists and agonists based on homology modelling combined with site-directed mutagenesis and a comparison between experimental and calculated affinity data. The new, validated A2B receptor model may serve as a basis for developing more potent and selective drugs.
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29
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Kalla RV, Zablocki J, Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG. Recent developments in A2B adenosine receptor ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:99-122. [PMID: 19639280 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A selective, high-affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist will be useful as a pharmacological tool to help determine the role of the A(2B)AR in inflammatory diseases and angiogenic diseases. Based on early A(2B)AR-selective ligands with nonoptimal pharmaceutical properties, such as 15 (MRS 1754: K(i)(hA(2B)) = 2 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) = 403 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) = 503 NM, and K(i)(hA(3)) = 570 nM), several groups have discovered second-generation A(2B)AR ligands that are suitable for development. Scientists at CV Therapeutics have discovered the selective, high-affinity A(2B)AR antagonist 22, a 8-(4-pyrazolyl)-xanthine derivative, (CVT-6883, K(i)(hA(2B)) = 22 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) = 1,940 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) = 3,280; and K(i)(hA(3)) = 1,070 nM). Compound 22 has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (T(1/2) = 4 h and F > 35% rat), and it is a functional antagonist at the A(2B)AR(K (B) = 6 nM). In a mouse model of asthma, compound 22 demonstrated a dose-dependent efficacy supporting the role of the A(2B)AR in asthma. In two Phase I clinical trails, 22 (CVT-6883) was found to be safe, well tolerated, and suitable for once-daily dosing. Baraldi et al. have independently discovered a selective, high-affinity A(2B)AR antagonist, 30 (MRE2029F20), 8-(5-pyrazolyl)-xanthine (K(i)(hA(2B)) = 5.5 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) = 200 nM; K(i)(hA(2A), A(3)) > 1,000, that has been selected for development in conjunction with King Pharmaceuticals. Compound 30 has been demonstrated to be a functional antagonist of the A(2B)AR, and it has been radiolabeled for use in pharmacological studies. A third compound, 58 (LAS-38096), is a 2-aminopyrimidine derivative (discovered by the Almirall group) that has high A(2B)AR affinity and selectivity (K(i)(hA(2B)) = 17 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) > 1,000 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) > 2,500; and K(i)(hA(3)) > 1,000 nM), and 58 has been moved into preclinical safety testing. A fourth selective, high-affinity A(2B)AR antagonist, 54 (OSIP339391 K(i))(hA(2B)) = 0.5 nM; K(i))(hA(1)) = 37 nM; K(i))(hA(2A)) = 328; and K(i))(hA(3)) = 450 nm) was discovered by the OSI group. The three highly selective, high-affinity A(2B)AR antagonists that have been selected for development should prove useful in subsequent clinical trials that will establish the role of the A(2B)ARs in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao V Kalla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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30
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Balo MC, Brea J, Caamaño O, Fernández F, García-Mera X, López C, Loza MI, Nieto MI, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 1- and 8-substituted-3-furfuryl xanthines as adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6755-60. [PMID: 19682912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an important set of 3-furfurylxanthine derivatives is described. Binding affinities were determined for rat A(1) and human A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) receptors. Several of the 3-furfuryl-7-methylxanthine derivatives showed moderate-to-high affinity at human A(2B) receptors, the most active compound (10d) having a K(i) of 7.4 nM for hA(2B) receptors, with selectivities over rA(1) and hA(2A) receptors up to 14-fold and 11-fold, respectively. Affinities for hA(3) receptors were very low for all members of the set.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Balo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Borrmann T, Hinz S, Bertarelli DCG, Li W, Florin NC, Scheiff AB, Müller CE. 1-Alkyl-8-(piperazine-1-sulfonyl)phenylxanthines: Development and Characterization of Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonists and a New Radioligand with Subnanomolar Affinity and Subtype Specificity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3994-4006. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Borrmann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela C. G. Bertarelli
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenjin Li
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole C. Florin
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja B. Scheiff
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Nieto MI, Balo MC, Brea J, Caamaño O, Cadavid MI, Fernández F, Mera XG, López C, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Synthesis of novel 1-alkyl-8-substituted-3-(3-methoxypropyl) xanthines as putative A(2B) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3426-32. [PMID: 19346133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify a high-affinity, selective antagonist for the A(2B) subtype adenosine receptor, more than 40 1,8-disubstituted-3-(3-methoxypropyl) xanthines were prepared and evaluated for their binding affinity at recombinant human adenosine receptors, mainly of the A(2A) and A(2B) subtypes. Some of the 1-ethyl-3-(3-methoxypropyl)-8-aryl substituted derivatives 15(a-m) showed moderate-to-high affinity at human A(2B) receptors, with compound 15d showing A(2B) selectivity over the other A receptors assayed (A(1), A(2A), A(3)) of 34-fold or over.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Nieto
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Química, Universidade de A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
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33
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Kalla RV, Zablocki J. Progress in the discovery of selective, high affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists as clinical candidates. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:21-9. [PMID: 18568423 PMCID: PMC2721775 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective, high affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor (AdoR) antagonists that were synthesized by several research groups should aid in determining the role of the A(2B) AdoR in inflammatory diseases like asthma or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and angiogenic diseases like diabetic retinopathy or cancer. CV Therapeutics scientists discovered the selective, high affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonist 10, a 8-(4-pyrazolyl)-xanthine derivative [CVT-6883, K(i)(hA(2B)) = 22 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) = 1,940 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) = 3,280; and K(i)(hA(3)) = 1,070 nM] that has favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (t (1/2) = 4 h and F > 35% rat). Compound 10 demonstrated functional antagonism at the A(2B) AdoR (K(B) = 6 nM) and efficacy in a mouse model of asthma. In two phase 1 clinical trials, CVT-6883 was found to be safe, well tolerated, and suitable for once daily dosing. A second compound 20, 8-(5-pyrazolyl)-xanthine, has been nominated for development from Baraldi's group in conjunction with King Pharmaceuticals that has favorable A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity [K(i)(hA(2B)) = 5.5 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) > 1,000 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) > 1,000; and K(i)(hA(3)) > 1,000 nM], and it has been demonstrated to be a functional antagonist. A third compound 32, a 2-aminopyrimidine, from the Almirall group has high A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity [K(i)(hA(2B)) = 17 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) > 1,000 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) > 2,500; and K(i)(hA(3)) > 1,000 nM], and 32 has been moved into preclinical safety testing. Since three highly selective, high affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonists have been nominated for development with 10 (CVT-6883) being the furthest along in the development process, the role of the A(2B) AdoR in various disease states will soon be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao V. Kalla
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
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34
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Recent improvements in the development of A(2B) adenosine receptor agonists. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:3-19. [PMID: 19184536 PMCID: PMC2721777 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is known to exert most of its physiological functions by acting as local modulator at four receptor subtypes named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) (ARs). Principally as a result of the difficulty in identifying potent and selective agonists, the A(2B) AR is the least extensively characterised of the adenosine receptors family. Despite these limitations, growing understanding of the physiological meaning of this target indicates promising therapeutic perspectives for specific ligands. As A(2B) AR signalling seems to be associated with pre/postconditioning cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, selective agonists may represent a new therapeutic group for patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Herein we present an overview of the recent advancements in identifying potent and selective A(2B) AR agonists reported in scientific and patent literature. These compounds can be classified into adenosine-like and nonadenosine ligands. Nucleoside-based agonists are the result of modifying adenosine by substitution at the N (6)-, C(2)-positions of the purine heterocycle and/or at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or combinations of these substitutions. Compounds 1-deoxy-1-{6-[N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl}-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide (19, hA(1) K (i) = 1050 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 1550 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 82 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) and its 2-chloro analogue 23 (hA(1) K (i) = 3500 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 4950 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 210 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) were confirmed to be potent and selective full agonists in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hA(2B) AR. Nonribose ligands are represented by conveniently substituted dicarbonitrilepyridines, among which 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY-60-6583, hA(1), hA(2A), hA(3) EC(50) > 10 muM; hA(2B) EC(50) = 3 nM) is currently under preclinical-phase investigation for treating coronary artery disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy,
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35
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Auchampach JA, Kreckler LM, Wan TC, Maas JE, van der Hoeven D, Gizewski E, Narayanan J, Maas GE. Characterization of the A2B adenosine receptor from mouse, rabbit, and dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:2-13. [PMID: 19141710 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned and pharmacologically characterized the A(2B) adenosine receptor (AR) from the dog, rabbit, and mouse. The full coding regions of the dog and mouse A(2B)AR were obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and the rabbit A(2B)AR cDNA was obtained by screening a rabbit brain cDNA library. It is noteworthy that an additional clone was isolated by library screening that was identical in sequence to the full-length rabbit A(2B)AR, with the exception of a 27-base pair deletion in the region encoding amino acids 103 to 111 (A(2B)AR(103-111)). This 9 amino acid deletion is located in the second intracellular loop at the only known splice junction of the A(2B)AR and seems to result from the use of an additional 5' donor site found in the rabbit and dog but not in the human, rat, or mouse sequences. [(3)H]3-Isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine and 8-[4-[((4-cyano-[2,6-(3)H]-phenyl)carbamoylmethyl)oxy]phenyl]-1,3-di(n-propyl)xanthine ([(3)H]MRS 1754) bound with high affinity to membranes prepared from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing mouse, rabbit, and dog A(2B)ARs. Competition binding studies performed with a panel of agonist (adenosine and 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-phenylpyridine analogs) and antagonist ligands identified similar potency orders for the A(2B)AR orthologs, although most xanthine antagonists displayed lower binding affinity for the dog A(2B)AR compared with A(2B)ARs from rabbit and mouse. No specific binding could be detected with membranes prepared from HEK 293 cells expressing the rabbit A(2B)AR(103-111) variant. Furthermore, the variant failed to stimulate adenylyl cyclase or calcium mobilization. We conclude that significant differences in antagonist pharmacology of the A(2B)AR exist between species and that some species express nonfunctional variants of the A(2B)AR due to "leaky" splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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36
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Recent improvements in the development of A(2B) adenosine receptor agonists. Purinergic Signal 2008; 4:287-303. [PMID: 18443746 PMCID: PMC2583210 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is known to exert most of its physiological functions by acting as local modulator at four receptor subtypes named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) (ARs). Principally as a result of the difficulty in identifying potent and selective agonists, the A(2B) AR is the least extensively characterised of the adenosine receptors family. Despite these limitations, growing understanding of the physiological meaning of this target indicates promising therapeutic perspectives for specific ligands. As A(2B) AR signalling seems to be associated with pre/postconditioning cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, selective agonists may represent a new therapeutic group for patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Herein we present an overview of the recent advancements in identifying potent and selective A(2B) AR agonists reported in scientific and patent literature. These compounds can be classified into adenosine-like and nonadenosine ligands. Nucleoside-based agonists are the result of modifying adenosine by substitution at the N (6)-, C(2)-positions of the purine heterocycle and/or at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or combinations of these substitutions. Compounds 1-deoxy-1-{6-[N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl}-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide (19, hA(1) K (i) = 1050 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 1550 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 82 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) and its 2-chloro analogue 23 (hA(1) K (i) = 3500 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 4950 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 210 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) were confirmed to be potent and selective full agonists in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hA(2B) AR. Nonribose ligands are represented by conveniently substituted dicarbonitrilepyridines, among which 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY-60-6583, hA(1), hA(2A), hA(3) EC(50) > 10 muM; hA(2B) EC(50) = 3 nM) is currently under preclinical-phase investigation for treating coronary artery disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy,
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37
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Stefanachi A, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Cellamare S, Campagna F, Loza MI, Brea JM, Mazza F, Gavuzzo E, Carotti A. 1,3-Dialkyl-8-(hetero)aryl-9-OH-9-deazaxanthines as potent A2B adenosine receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis, structure–affinity and structure–selectivity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9780-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Psarra TA, Batzias GC, Peeters TL, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M. Relaxing and contracting effects of theophylline's metabolites on the rabbit upper gastrointestinal tract. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:537-47. [PMID: 18844725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study, aimed to clarify whether the gastrointestinal adverse effects following administration of the bronchodilator theophylline are owing to the action of the drug itself or its metabolites, investigates the pharmacodymanic effects of theophylline's metabolites on the spontaneous contractility in the rabbit upper gastrointestinal tract. Comparative examination reveals that while two of the metabolites, namely 1-methylxanthine (1-MX) and 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), cause a similar, but less pronounced than the parent drug, concentration-dependent relaxation on the isolated oesophagus, lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), fundus, antrum and pylorus, the remaining two metabolites, 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU) and 1-methyluric acid (1-MU), produce either a weak stimulating effect, or an even weaker relaxation. The relaxation which is muscle-mediated, non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) and nitric oxide (NO)-independent is probably mediated via inhibition of the metabolites on phosphodiesterases (PDEs), while a presynaptic cholinergic pathway is involved in the weak stimulating effect. The effects of all substances are additive. As a consequence, the net result of the cumulative action of all metabolites in the oesophagus, LOS, antrum and pylorus is, at 10(-3) m, comparable with that of theophylline, but in the fundus it is lower than that of the parent drug, because in the latter tissue the stimulating effect of 1,3-DMU and 1-MU counteracts the relaxing effect of the other two metabolites. However, combination of the parent drug with its metabolites leads to a considerable relaxation in all the gastrointestinal regions extending from the oesophagus to pylorus. Conclusively, upper gastrointestinal adverse effects following theophylline's administration are also because of theophylline's metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophano A Psarra
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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39
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Buceta M, Domínguez E, Castro M, Brea J, Alvarez D, Barcala J, Valdés L, Alvarez-Calderón P, Domínguez F, Vidal B, Díaz JL, Miralpeix M, Beleta J, Cadavid MI, Loza MI. A new chemical tool (C0036E08) supports the role of adenosine A(2B) receptors in mediating human mast cell activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:912-21. [PMID: 18687311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that involves many cell types, amongst which mast cells are known to be important. Adenosine, a potent bronchoconstricting agent, exerts its ability to modulate adenosine receptors of mast cells thereby potentiating derived mediator release, histamine being one of the first mediators to be released. The heterogeneity of sources of mast cells and the lack of highly potent ligands selective for the different adenosine receptor subtypes have been important hurdles in this area of research. In the present study we describe compound C0036E08, a novel ligand that has high affinity (pK(i) 8.46) for adenosine A(2B) receptors, being 9 times, 1412 times and 3090 times more selective for A(2B) receptors than for A(1), A(2A) and A(3) receptors, respectively. Compound C0036E08 showed antagonist activity at recombinant and native adenosine receptors, and it was able to fully block NECA-induced histamine release in freshly isolated mast cells from human bronchoalveolar fluid. C0036E08 has been shown to be a valuable tool for the identification of adenosine A(2B) receptors as the adenosine receptors responsible for the NECA-induced response in human mast cells. Considering the increasing interest of A(2B) receptors as a therapeutic target in asthma, this chemical tool might provide a base for the development of new anti-asthmatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Buceta
- BioFarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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40
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Beukers MW, Meurs I, Ijzerman AP. Structure-affinity relationships of adenosine A2B receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2007; 26:667-98. [PMID: 16847822 DOI: 10.1002/med.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many selective and high affinity agonists and antagonists have been developed for the adenosine A(1), A(2A), and A(3) receptors. Very recently such compounds have been identified for the adenosine A(2B) receptors. This review presents an overview of the structure-affinity relationships of antagonists and agonists for this receptor subtype as published in the scientific and patent literature. To date the most selective >370-fold, high affinity adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonist is the xanthine analog, compound 16 (8-(1-(3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione). The pyrrolopyrimidine analog OSIP339391 (73) is slightly less selective, 70-fold, but has a higher affinity 0.41 nM compared to 1 nM for compound 16. Other promising classes of compounds with selectivities ranging from 10- to 160-fold and affinities ranging from 3 to 112 nM include triazolo, aminothiazole, quinazoline, and pyrimidin-2-amine analogs. Progress has also been achieved concerning the development of selective high affinity agonists for the adenosine A(2B) receptor. For years the most potent, albeit non-selective adenosine A(2B) receptor agonist was (S)PHPNECA (88). Last year, a new class of non-ribose ligands was reported. Several compounds displayed selectivity with respect to adenosine A(2A) and A(3) receptors. In addition, full and partial agonists for the adenosine A(2B) receptor were identified with EC(50) values of 10 nM (LUF5835, 103) and 9 nM (LUF5845, 105), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot W Beukers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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41
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Rüsing D, Müller CE, Verspohl EJ. The impact of adenosine and A(2B) receptors on glucose homoeostasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007; 58:1639-45. [PMID: 17331328 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.12.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and adenosine receptor antagonists are involved in glucose homoeostasis. The participating receptors are not known, mainly due to a lack of specific agonists and antagonists, but are reasonable targets for anti-diabetic therapy. The stable, albeit nonselective, adenosine analogue NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) (10 microM) reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release from INS-1 cells. This was mimicked by A(1)-(CHA), A(2A)-(CGS-21680) and A(3)-receptor agonists (Cl-IB-MECA). Two newly synthesized A(2B)-receptor antagonists, PSB-53 and PSB-1115, counteracted the inhibitory effect of NECA. These in-vitro effects were mirrored by in-vivo data with respect to CHA, CGS and Cl-IB-MECA. Distinct concentrations of either PSB-53 or PSB-1115 reversed the decrease in plasma insulin induced by NECA. This was not mimicked by a corresponding change in blood glucose. The effect of PSB-1115 was also obvious in diabetic GotoKakizaki rats: plasma insulin was increased whereas blood glucose was unchanged. During most experiments the effects on blood glucose were not impressive probably because of the physiologically necessary homoeostasis. The adenosine levels were not different in normal Wistar rats and in diabetic GotoKakzaki rats. Altogether the A(2B)-receptor antagonists showed an anti-diabetic potential mainly by increasing plasma insulin levels under conditions when the adenosine tonus was elevated in-vivo and increased insulin release in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rüsing
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Muenster, Germany
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Anderson CMH, Thwaites DT. Regulation of intestinal hPepT1 (SLC15A1) activity by phosphodiesterase inhibitors is via inhibition of NHE3 (SLC9A3). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1822-9. [PMID: 17498647 PMCID: PMC2428106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The H+-coupled transporter hPepT1 (SLC15A1) mediates the transport of di/tripeptides and many orally-active drugs across the brush-border membrane of the small intestinal epithelium. Incubation of Caco-2 cell monolayers (15 min) with the dietary phosphodiesterase inhibitors caffeine and theophylline inhibited Gly–Sar uptake across the apical membrane. Pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor given orally to treat intermittent claudication, also decreased Gly–Sar uptake through a reduction in capacity (Vmax) without any effect on affinity (Km). The reduction in dipeptide transport was dependent upon both extracellular Na+ and apical pH but was not observed in the presence of the selective Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 (SLC9A3) inhibitor S1611. Measurement of intracellular pH confirmed that caffeine was not directly inhibiting hPepT1 but rather having an indirect effect through inhibition of NHE3 activity. NHE3 maintains the H+-electrochemical gradient which, in turn, acts as the driving force for H+-coupled solute transport. Uptake of β-alanine, a substrate for the H+-coupled amino acid transporter hPAT1 (SLC36A1), was also inhibited by caffeine. The regulation of NHE3 by non-nutrient components of diet or orally-delivered drugs may alter the function of any solute carrier dependent upon the H+-electrochemical gradient and may, therefore, be a site for both nutrient–drug and drug–drug interactions in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M H Anderson
- Epithelial Research Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Saponaro G, Baraldi S, Romagnoli R, Moorman AR, Gessi S, Varani K, Borea PA. N(6)-[(hetero)aryl/(cyclo)alkyl-carbamoyl-methoxy-phenyl]-(2-chloro)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosines: the first example of adenosine-related structures with potent agonist activity at the human A(2B) adenosine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2514-27. [PMID: 17306548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N(6)-[(hetero)aryl/(cyclo)alkyl-carbamoyl-methoxy-phenyl]-(2-chloro)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosines (24-43) has been synthesised and tested in binding assays at hA(1), hA(2A) and hA(3) adenosine receptors, and in a functional assay at the hA(2B) subtype. The examined compounds displayed high potency in activating A(2B) receptors with good selectivity versus A(2A) subtypes. The introduction of an unsubstituted 4-[(phenylcarbamoyl)-methoxy]-phenyl chain at the N(6) position of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine led us to the recognition of compound 24 as a full agonist displaying the highest efficacy of the series (EC(50) hA(2B)=7.3 nM). These compounds represent the first report about adenosine-related structures capable of activating hA(2B) subtype in the low nanomolar range.
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Wakeno M, Minamino T, Seguchi O, Okazaki H, Tsukamoto O, Okada KI, Hirata A, Fujita M, Asanuma H, Kim J, Komamura K, Takashima S, Mochizuki N, Kitakaze M. Long-Term Stimulation of Adenosine A2b Receptors Begun After Myocardial Infarction Prevents Cardiac Remodeling in Rats. Circulation 2006; 114:1923-32. [PMID: 17043167 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.630087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Adenosine inhibits proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, both of which may play crucial roles in cardiac remodeling. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic stimulation of adenosine receptors begun after myocardial infarction (MI) prevents cardiac remodeling.
Methods and Results—
MI was produced in Wistar rats by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. One week after the onset of MI, animals were randomized into 8 groups: vehicle, dipyridamole (DIP; the adenosine uptake inhibitor, 50 mg/kg), 2-chroloadenosine (CADO; the stable analogue of adenosine, 2 mg/kg), and CADO in the presence of the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT) or the selective antagonist for adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, or A3 receptor. Three weeks after treatment, hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters in the DIP and CADO groups were significantly improved compared with the vehicle group. These hemodynamic and echocardiographic improvements were blunted by either 8-SPT or the selective adenosine A2b antagonist MRS1754 but not by the selective antagonists for other subtypes of adenosine receptors. The collagen volume fraction was smaller, and gene expression of the molecules associated with cardiac remodeling such as matrix metalloproteinase in noninfarcted areas was reduced in the DIP and CADO groups compared with the vehicle group, both of which were attenuated by either 8-SPT or MRS1754.
Conclusions—
Long-term stimulation of adenosine A2b receptors begun after MI attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the noninfarcted myocardium and improves cardiac function. Drugs that stimulate adenosine A2b receptors or increase adenosine levels are new candidates for preventing cardiac remodeling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Wakeno
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Characterization of human and rodent native and recombinant adenosine A(2B) receptors by radioligand binding studies. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:559-71. [PMID: 18404493 PMCID: PMC2096648 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A(2B) receptors of native human and rodent cell lines were investigated using [(3)H]PSB-298 [(8-{4-[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-oxoethoxy]phenyl}-1-propylxanthine] in radioligand binding studies. [(3)H]PSB-298 showed saturable and reversible binding. It exhibited a K(D) value of 60 +/- 1 nM and limited capacity (B(max) = 3.511 fmol per milligram protein) at recombinant human adenosine A(2B) receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). The addition of sodium chloride (100 mM) led to a threefold increase in the number of binding sites recognized by the radioligand. The curve of the agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) was shifted to the right in the presence of NaCl, while the curve of the antagonist PSB-298 was shifted to the left, indicating that PSB-298 may be an inverse agonist at A(2B) receptors. Adenosine A(2B) receptors were shown to be the major adenosine A(2) receptor subtype on the mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15 cells. Binding studies at rat INS-1 cells (insulin secreting cell line) demonstrated that [(3)H]PSB-298 is a selective radioligand for adenosine A(2B) binding sites in this cell line.
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Keir S, Boswell-Smith V, Spina D, Page C. Mechanism of adenosine-induced airways obstruction in allergic guinea pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:720-8. [PMID: 16432507 PMCID: PMC1751508 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled adenosine induces airway obstruction in asthmatic but not healthy subjects, a phenomenon that is also observed in various animal species when they are immunised to a relevant antigen, but which does not occur in naïve animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of airway responsiveness to adenosine receptor agonists in anaesthetised allergic guinea pigs. Inhaled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), the A1-selective adenosine receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and ovalbumin all caused airway obstruction in allergic guinea pigs, but not naïve animals, as assessed by changes in total lung resistance. In contrast, the A(2a)-selective (CGS 21680; 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxoamido adenosine) and A3-selective (IB-MECA; 1-deoxy-1-[6-[[3-iodophenyl)-methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-N-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide) adenosine receptor agonists failed to elicit airway obstruction in passively sensitised guinea pigs. Airway obstruction induced by AMP or CPA was not inhibited by the H1 receptor antagonist, mepyramine (1 mg kg(-1)) in passively sensitised guinea-pigs. In contrast, airway obstruction to ovalbumin was significantly inhibited by this antagonist. Airway obstruction induced by AMP and CPA was significantly inhibited in sensitised animals chronically treated with capsaicin. In contrast, airway obstruction to ovalbumin was not inhibited by this treatment. Airway obstruction induced by AMP, CPA and ovalbumin was significantly inhibited following bilateral vagotomy or pharmacological treatment with atropine (2 mg kg(-1)). Airway obstruction to CPA was inhibited by the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX: 0.1-1 mg kg(-1)). In contrast, airway obstruction to ovalbumin was not inhibited by this treatment. These observations provide evidence indicating that AMP and CPA may induce airway obstruction in sensitised guinea pigs by a mechanism unrelated to histamine release from mast cells, but is mediated via an adenosine A1-receptor-dependent mechanism. The inhibition of AMP- and CPA-induced airway obstruction by atropine, capsaicin and bilateral vagotomy suggests a neuronal-dependent mechanism with the particular involvement of capsaicin-sensitive nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Keir
- King's College London School of Biomedical and Health and Life Sciences, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Victoria Boswell-Smith
- King's College London School of Biomedical and Health and Life Sciences, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Domenico Spina
- King's College London School of Biomedical and Health and Life Sciences, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Clive Page
- King's College London School of Biomedical and Health and Life Sciences, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
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Moro S, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G. Progress in the pursuit of therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:131-59. [PMID: 16380972 PMCID: PMC9194718 DOI: 10.1002/med.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of adenosine, adenosine receptors continue to represent promising drug targets. First, this is due to the fact that the receptors are expressed in a large variety of tissues. In particular, the actions of adenosine (or methylxanthine antagonists) in the central nervous system, in the circulation, on immune cells, and on other tissues can be beneficial in certain disorders. Second, there exists a large number of ligands, which have been generated by introducing several modifications in the structure of the lead compounds (adenosine and methylxanthine), some of them highly specific. Four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) have been cloned and pharmacologically characterized, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors can be distinguished according to their preferred mechanism of signal transduction: A1 and A3 receptors interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi and Go family; the canonical signaling mechanism of the A2A and of the A2B receptors is stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs proteins. In addition to the coupling to adenylyl cyclase, all four subtypes may positively couple to phospholipase C via different G protein subunits. The development of new ligands, in particular, potent and selective antagonists, for all subtypes of adenosine receptors has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry. The availability of genetic information promises to facilitate understanding of the drug-receptor interaction leading to the rational design of a potentially therapeutically important class of drugs. Moreover, molecular modeling may further rationalize observed interactions between the receptors and their ligands. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant progress in developing new therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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Berk B, Akgün H, Erol K, Sirmagül B, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. New 8-substituted xanthiene derivatives as potent bronchodilators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:974-80. [PMID: 16243321 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure determination of 8-aryl /alkyl aryl 1, 3-dimethyl-3, 7-dihydropurin-2, 6-dione derivatives (1-13), was carried out in this study. Bronchodilator activity is investigated using isolated guinea-pig tracheal strips, pre-contracted by acetylcholine and histamine. Spasmolytic activity of the compounds was compared to theophylline. Synthesized compounds (1-13) did not inhibit the acetylcholine-induced pre-contractions except compound (8) at 10(-5) M concentration. In contrast, some of the compounds, especially (7), (11), (12) at 10(-5) M and (3), (4), (9) and (11) in 10(-4) M displayed inhibitory activity on the tracheal strips pre-contracted by histamine. The potency of the compounds at human adenosine receptors was evaluated using radioligand binding assay and a cyclic AMP functional assay in CHO cells expressing these receptors. Compound (11) displayed the greatest activity against radioligand binding of specific agonists to A2A and A2B receptors. The compounds were relatively selective for both A2A and A2B compared with A1 and A3 receptors. All compounds were also tested for the inhibition of NECA-induced cAMP accumulation mediated by the A2B adenosine receptor and compound (11) was found to be the most effective. Our results showed that these compounds are acting as selective adenosine antagonists, especially for adenosine A2B receptors, and are promising as potent anti-inflammatory agents rather than bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkin Berk
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 26 Ağustos Yerleşimi, 34755, Kayişdaği, Istanbul, Turkey
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Holgate ST. The Quintiles Prize Lecture 2004. The identification of the adenosine A2B receptor as a novel therapeutic target in asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145:1009-15. [PMID: 15980878 PMCID: PMC1576223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a powerful bronchoconstrictor of asthmatic, but not normal, airways. In vitro studies on isolated human mast cells and basophils revealed that adenosine and selective analogues augmented inflammatory mediator release from mast cells by stimulating A(2) receptors. Pharmacological blockade of mast cell mediator release in vivo also attenuated adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction, as did theophylline, by adenosine A(2) receptor antagonism. Further in vitro studies revealed that the asthmatic response to adenosine is likely to be mediated via the A(2B) subtype which is selectively antagonised by enprofylline. Studies in animal models, especially mice, have shown a close synergistic interaction between adenosine, Th2 and airway remodelling responses. The recent description of A(2B) receptors on human airway smooth muscle cells that mediate cytokine and chemokine release and induce differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts strengthens the view that adenosine maybe more than an inflammatory mediator in asthma but also participates in airway wall remodelling in this disease. These data have provided a firm basis for developing adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonists as a new therapeutic approach to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Holgate
- Allergy and Inflammation Research, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton.
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50
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Solinas M, Ferré S, Antoniou K, Quarta D, Justinova Z, Hockemeyer J, Pappas LA, Segal PN, Wertheim C, Müller CE, Goldberg SR. Involvement of adenosine A1 receptors in the discriminative-stimulus effects of caffeine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:576-86. [PMID: 15696333 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist in vitro, but involvement of different adenosine receptor subtypes, particularly adenosine A1 and A 2A receptors, in the central effects of caffeine remains a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE Investigate the role of adenosine A1 and A 2A receptors in the discriminative-stimulus effects of caffeine. METHODS Rats were trained to discriminate an injection of 30 mg/kg (i.p.) caffeine from saline. The selective A1 receptor antagonist CPT, the selective A 2A receptor antagonist MSX-3 and the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist DMPX were assessed for their ability to produce caffeine-like discriminative effects. The ability of CPT, MSX-3, the A1 receptor agonist CPA and the A 2A receptor agonist CGS21680 to reduce the discriminative effects of caffeine was also tested. Radioligand binding experiments with membrane preparations from rat striatum and transfected mammalian cell lines were performed to characterize binding affinity profiles of the different adenosine antagonists used in the present study (caffeine, DMPX, CPT and MSX-3) in relation to all known adenosine receptors (A1, A 2A, A 2B, A3). RESULTS DMPX and CPT, but not MSX-3, produced significant caffeine-like discriminative effects. MSX-3, but not CPT, markedly reduced the discriminative effects of caffeine and the caffeine-like discriminative effects of CPT. Furthermore, the A1 receptor agonist CPA, but not the A 2A agonist CGS21680, reduced caffeine's discriminative effects. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine A1 receptor blockade is involved in the discriminative-stimulus effects of behaviorally relevant doses of caffeine; A 2A receptor blockade does not play a central role in caffeine's discriminative effects and counteracts the A1 receptor-mediated discriminative-stimulus effects of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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