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Dall’Anese A, Kulyabin PS, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Voskoboynikov AZ, Busico V, Tensi L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Octahedral Zirconium Salan Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Substituent and Solvent Effects on Structure and Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16021-16037. [PMID: 37725565 PMCID: PMC10548417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Group 4 metal-Salan olefin polymerization catalysts typically have relatively low activity, being slowed down by a pre-equilibrium favoring a non-polymerization active resting state identified as a mer-mer isomer (MM); formation of the polymerization active fac-fac species (FF) requires isomerization. We now show that the chemistry is more subtle than previously realized. Salan variations bearing large, flat substituents can achieve very high activity, and we ascribe this to the stabilization of the FF isomer, which becomes lower in energy than MM. Detailed in situ NMR studies of a fast (o-anthracenyl) and a slow (o-tBu) Salan precursors, suitably activated, indicate that preferred isomers in solution are different: the fast catalyst prefers FF while the slow catalyst prefers a highly distorted MM geometry. Crystal structures of the activated o-anthracenyl substituted complex with a moderately (chlorobenzene) and, more importantly, a weakly coordinating solvent (toluene) in the first coordination sphere emphasize that the active FF isomer is preferred, at least for the benzyl species. Site epimerization (SE) barriers for the fast catalyst (ΔS > 0, dissociative) and the slow catalyst (ΔS < 0, associative) in toluene corroborate the solvent role. Diagnostic NMe 13C chemical shift differences allow unambiguous detection of FF or MM geometries for seven activated catalysts in different solvents, highlighting the role of solvent coordination strength and bulkiness of the ortho-substituent on the isomer equilibrium. For the first time, active polymeryl species of Zr-Salan catalysts were speciated. The slow catalyst is effectively trapped in the inactive MM state, as previously suggested. Direct observation of fast catalysts is hampered by their high reactivity, but the product of the first 1-hexene insertion maintains its FF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel S. Kulyabin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Schwartz ZT, Theisen PD, Bjornstal OT, Rodebaugh M, Jemal MA, Lee D, Shelton SD, Zhao Z, Du L, Kerwin SM. Scalable Synthesis and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Rooperol and Analogues. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061792. [PMID: 35335155 PMCID: PMC8949049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols, such as the African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea)-derived bis-catechol rooperol, can display promising anticancer activity yet suffer from rapid metabolism. Embarking upon a program to systematically examine potentially more metabolically stable replacements for the catechol rings in rooperol, we report here a general, scalable synthesis of rooperol and analogues that builds on our previous synthetic approach incorporating a key Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling strategy. Using this approach, we have prepared and evaluated the cancer cell cytotoxicity of rooperol and a series of analogues. While none of the analogues examined here were superior to rooperol in preventing the growth of cancer cells, analogues containing phenol or methylenedioxyphenyl replacements for one or both catechol rings were nearly as effective as rooperol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Peter D. Theisen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Olaf T. Bjornstal
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Mary Rodebaugh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Mauricio A. Jemal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Dallas Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Spencer D. Shelton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Zhenze Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Liqin Du
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Sean M. Kerwin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (Z.T.S.); (P.D.T.); (M.R.); (M.A.J.); (D.L.); (S.D.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.)
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-5122452056
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3
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Sava A, Buron F, Routier S, Panainte A, Bibire N, Constantin SM, Lupașcu FG, Focșa AV, Profire L. Design, Synthesis, In Silico and In Vitro Studies for New Nitric Oxide-Releasing Indomethacin Derivatives with 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol Scaffold. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7079. [PMID: 34209248 PMCID: PMC8267937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from indomethacin (IND), one of the most prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), new nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin derivatives with 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol scaffold (NO-IND-OXDs, 8a-p) have been developed as a safer and more efficient multitarget therapeutic strategy. The successful synthesis of designed compounds (intermediaries and finals) was proved by complete spectroscopic analyses. In order to study the in silico interaction of NO-IND-OXDs with cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, a molecular docking study, using AutoDock 4.2.6 software, was performed. Moreover, their biological characterization, based on in vitro assays, in terms of thermal denaturation of serum proteins, antioxidant effects and the NO releasing capacity, was also performed. Based on docking results, 8k, 8l and 8m proved to be the best interaction for the COX-2 (cyclooxygense-2) target site, with an improved docking score compared with celecoxib. Referring to the thermal denaturation of serum proteins and antioxidant effects, all the tested compounds were more active than IND and aspirin, used as references. In addition, the compounds 8c, 8h, 8i, 8m, 8n and 8o showed increased capacity to release NO, which means they are safer in terms of gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Sava
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Frederic Buron
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Alina Panainte
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Nela Bibire
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Sandra Mădălina Constantin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.C.); (F.G.L.); (A.V.F.)
| | - Florentina Geanina Lupașcu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.C.); (F.G.L.); (A.V.F.)
| | - Alin Viorel Focșa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.C.); (F.G.L.); (A.V.F.)
| | - Lenuţa Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.C.); (F.G.L.); (A.V.F.)
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4
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Jia X, Ganter B, Meier C. Improving properties of the nucleobase analogs T-705/T-1105 as potential antiviral. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:1-47. [PMID: 34728864 PMCID: PMC8553380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this minireview we describe our work on the improvement of the nucleobase analogs Favipiravir (T-705) und its non-fluorinated derivative T-1105 as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 active compounds. Both nucleobases were converted into nucleotides and then included in our nucleotide prodrugs technologies cycloSal-monophosphates, DiPPro-nucleoside diphosphates and TriPPPro-nucleoside triphosphates. Particularly the DiPPro-derivatives of T-1105-RDP proved to be very active against influenza viruses. T-1105-derivatives in general were found to be more antivirally active as compared to their T-705 counterpart. This may be due to the low chemical stability of all ribosylated derivatives of T-705. The ribosyltriphosphate derivative of T-1105 was studied for the potential to act as a inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and was found to be an extremely potent compound causing lethal mutagenesis. The pronucleotide technologies, the chemical synthesis, the biophysical properties and the biological effects of the compounds will be addressed as well.
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5
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Vendeville JB, Matters RF, Chen A, Light ME, Tizzard GJ, Chai CLL, Harrowven DC. A synthetic approach to chrysophaentin F. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4837-4840. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01666j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic approach to chrysophaentin F is described featuring an array of metal catalysed coupling reactions (Cu, Ni, Pd, W, Mo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Vendeville
- Chemistry, University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
| | | | - Anqi Chen
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Mark E. Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | | | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy
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6
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Kang H, Herling MR, Niederer KA, Lee YE, Vasu Govardhana Reddy P, Dey S, Allen SE, Sung P, Hewitt K, Torruellas C, Kim GJ, Kozlowski MC. Enantioselective Vanadium-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling: Development and Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14362-14384. [PMID: 30376626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of a more reactive chiral vanadium catalyst for enantioselective oxidative coupling of phenols is reported, ultimately resulting in a simple monomeric vanadium species combined with a Brønsted or Lewis acid additive. The resultant vanadium complex is found to effect the asymmetric oxidative ortho-ortho coupling of simple phenols and 2-hydroxycarbazoles with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity. Experimental and quantum mechanical studies of the mechanism indicate that the additives aggregate the vanadium monomers. In addition, a singlet to triplet crossover is implicated prior to carbon-carbon bond formation. The two lowest energy diastereomeric transition states leading to the enantiomeric products differ substantially with the path to the minor enantiomer involving greater torsional strain between the two phenol moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houng Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Madison R Herling
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kyle A Niederer
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Peddiahgari Vasu Govardhana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Sangeeta Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Scott E Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Paul Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kirsten Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Carilyn Torruellas
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Gina J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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7
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Yi J, Du G, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Li B, Zhu W, Huang C, Li Y, Guo F. Bavachinin analogues as agonists of pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Assoah B, Vale JR, Kalenius E, Veiros LF, Candeias NR. Lewis Base Catalyzed Intramolecular Reduction of Salicylaldehydes by Pinacol-Derived Chlorohydrosilane. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedicta Assoah
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33101 Tampere Finland
| | - João R. Vale
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33101 Tampere Finland
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Elina Kalenius
- University of Jyväskylä; Department of Chemistry; Nanoscience Center; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Luis F. Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais No. 1 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33101 Tampere Finland
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Kannan M, De PB, Pradhan S, Punniyamurthy T. Chiral Fe‐Dendrimer‐Catalyzed Domino Michael and Aldol Reactions of Chalcones with 1,4‐Dithiane‐2,5‐diol. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanam Kannan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institution of Technology Guwahati Guwahati - 781039 India
| | - Pinaki Bhusan De
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institution of Technology Guwahati Guwahati - 781039 India
| | - Sourav Pradhan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institution of Technology Guwahati Guwahati - 781039 India
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10
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Zhan G, Zhong W, Wei Z, Liu Z, Liu X. Roles of phenol groups and auxiliary ligand of copper(ii) complexes with tetradentate ligands in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Dalton Trans 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mimics structurally assembled to form the metal center of GOase. The phenol group(s) and substituent (R) and the auxiliary ligand (L) of the mimics significantly affect catalysis during the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Zhan
- School of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Wei Zhong
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- China
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- China
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11
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Lorke DE, Stegmeier-Petroianu A, Petroianu GA. Biologic activity of cyclic and caged phosphates: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:13-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E. Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami Florida USA
| | - Anka Stegmeier-Petroianu
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; D-68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - Georg A. Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami Florida USA
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12
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Bertini S, Chicca A, Arena C, Chicca S, Saccomanni G, Gertsch J, Manera C, Macchia M. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new biphenylic derivatives as CB2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 116:252-266. [PMID: 27078864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) is considered a feasible strategy to develop new drugs for the treatment of diseases like neuropathic pain, chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Such drugs are devoid of the undesired central side effects that are typically mediated by the CB1 receptor. In this work we synthesized 18 biphenylic carboxamides as new CB2-selective ligands and evaluated their pharmacological profiles. The functional activity of these compounds is strongly influenced by the nature of the substituent at position 4' and 5 of the biphenyl scaffold. Position 5 seems to be responsible for the agonist or inverse agonist behaviour independently of the substituent in position 4', with the exception of the methoxyl group which transforms both full agonists and inverse agonists into neutral antagonists. This study provides a novel complete toolbox of CB2 functional modulators that derive from the same chemical scaffold. Such probes may be useful to investigate the biological role of CB2 receptors in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Arena
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Saccomanni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clementina Manera
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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13
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Rulev YA, Gugkaeva Z, Maleev VI, North M, Belokon YN. Robust bifunctional aluminium-salen catalysts for the preparation of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1614-23. [PMID: 26664580 PMCID: PMC4660930 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new one-component aluminium-based catalysts for the reaction between epoxides and carbon dioxide have been prepared. The catalysts are composed of aluminium–salen chloride complexes with trialkylammonium groups directly attached to the aromatic rings of the salen ligand. With terminal epoxides, the catalysts induced the formation of cyclic carbonates under mild reaction conditions (25–35 °C; 1–10 bar carbon dioxide pressure). However, with cyclohexene oxide under the same reaction conditions, the same catalysts induced the formation of polycarbonate. The catalysts could be recovered from the reaction mixture and reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Rulev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow 19991, Russia
| | - Zalina Gugkaeva
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow 19991, Russia
| | - Victor I Maleev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow 19991, Russia
| | - Michael North
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Yuri N Belokon
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow 19991, Russia
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14
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Liu L, Carroll PJ, Kozlowski MC. Vanadium-catalyzed regioselective oxidative coupling of 2-hydroxycarbazoles. Org Lett 2015; 17:508-11. [PMID: 25590578 PMCID: PMC4576935 DOI: 10.1021/ol503521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first regioselective oxidative coupling of 2-hydroxycarbazoles is described. With a vanadium catalyst and oxygen as the terminal oxidant, dimers with an ortho-ortho' coupling pattern were obtained with high selectivity. Further oxidation led to ortho'-ortho' coupling to generate a tetramer, which provided insight that the atropisomerization barriers of the unsymmetrical biaryl bonds are much lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn Merck High Throughput Experimentation Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United Sates
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn Merck High Throughput Experimentation Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United Sates
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn Merck High Throughput Experimentation Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United Sates
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15
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Bertini S, Parkkari T, Savinainen JR, Arena C, Saccomanni G, Saguto S, Ligresti A, Allarà M, Bruno A, Marinelli L, Di Marzo V, Novellino E, Manera C, Macchia M. Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling of new biphenylic carboxamides as potent and selective CB2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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17
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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18
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Pertenbreiter F, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside mono- and diphosphate prodrugs of 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:94-106. [PMID: 25209965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their close structural similarity to nucleoside analogues such as the anti-HIV drugs AZT and d4T, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (ddU) and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine (d4U) are entirely inactive against HIV in their nucleoside form. However, it has been shown that the corresponding triphosphates of these two nucleosides can effectively block HIV reverse transcriptase. Herein we report on two types of nucleotide prodrugs (cycloSal and DiPPro nucleotides) of ddU and d4U to investigate their ability to overcome insufficient intracellular phosphorylation, which may be the reason behind their low anti-HIV activity. The release of the corresponding mono- and diphosphates from these compounds was demonstrated by hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. Surprisingly, however, these compounds showed low or no anti-HIV activity in tests with human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells. Studies of the conversion of ddUDP and d4UDP into their triphosphate metabolites by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) showed nearly no conversion of either diphosphate, which may be the reason for low intracellular triphosphate levels that result in low antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pertenbreiter
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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19
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Li W, Huang H, Jin X, Liu Y, Xu C, Zhu H. Stereoselective synthesis of (R)-salmeterol via asymmetric cyanohydrin reaction. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Schulz T, Balzarini J, Meier C. The DiPPro approach: synthesis, hydrolysis, and antiviral activity of lipophilic d4T diphosphate prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:762-75. [PMID: 24616176 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioreversible protection of the β-phosphate group of nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) as bis(acyloxybenzyl)phosphate esters is presented. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of these potential NDP prodrugs (DiPPro drugs) a series of DiPPro compounds was synthesized bearing fatty acids of various lengths and d4T as a model nucleoside. For synthesis of the lipophilically modified diphosphate group, preformed phosphoramidites were allowed to react with nucleotides, and the β-P(III) moiety was subsequently oxidized. The chemical and enzymatic stability of these prodrugs was studied in different media such as phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) or CEM cell extracts. In all media, the hydrolysis rate was clearly dependent on the acyl moiety and decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The compounds showed a markedly lower half-life in cell extracts than in pH 7.3 phosphate buffer due to the presence of enzyme-catalyzed cleavage. In all media, the DiPPro compounds released d4T diphosphate (d4TDP) as the main product beside d4TMP. In antiviral assays, the compounds proved to be at least as potent as d4T against HIV-1 and 2 in wild-type CEM/0 cells. As a proof of concept, compounds with longer acyl residues showed very good anti-HIV activities in thymidine-kinase-deficient cells (CEM/TK(-) ), indicating their ability to penetrate cell membranes and the delivery of phosphorylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Schulz
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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21
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Oleinik II, Oleinik IV, Zaitsev DE, Ivanchev SS, Tolstikov GA. Design of postmetallocene catalytic systems of arylimine type for olefin polymerization: XVI. Synthesis of (N-aryl)salicylaldimines containing pent-4-enyloxy group and their complexes with titanium(IV) dichloride. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Li HJ, Wu YY, Wu QX, Wang R, Dai CY, Shen ZL, Xie CL, Wu YC. Water-promoted ortho-selective monohydroxymethylation of phenols in the NaBO2 system. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3100-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-promoted ortho-selective monohydroxymethylation of phenols in the NaBO2 system generates salicyl alcohols in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- and Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
| | - Ying-Ying Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Qin-Xi Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Chun-Yang Dai
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Lun Shen
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Cheng-Long Xie
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
- Shandong 264209, China
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23
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Li S, Jia Y, Jacobson B, McCauley J, Kratzke R, Bitterman PB, Wagner CR. Treatment of breast and lung cancer cells with a N-7 benzyl guanosine monophosphate tryptamine phosphoramidate pronucleotide (4Ei-1) results in chemosensitization to gemcitabine and induced eIF4E proteasomal degradation. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:523-31. [PMID: 23289910 DOI: 10.1021/mp300699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of cancer and fibrotic diseases has been shown to be highly dependent on disregulation of cap-dependent translation. Binding protein eIF4E to N(7)-methylated guanosine capped mRNA has been found to be the rate-limiting step governing translation initiation, and therefore represents an attractive target for drug discovery. Our group has found that 7-benzyl guanosine monophosphate (7Bn-GMP) is a potent antagonist of eIF4E cap binding (K(d) = 0.8 μM). Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have revealed that the cap-dependent pocket undergoes a unique structural change in order to accommodate the benzyl group. Unfortunately, 7Bn-GMP is not cell permeable. Recently, we have prepared a tryptamine phosphoramidate prodrug of 7Bn-GMP, 4Ei-1, and shown that it is a substrate for human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein (hHINT1) and inhibits eIF4E initiated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Zebra fish embryo cells. To assess the intracellular uptake of 4Ei-1 and conversion to 7Bn-GMP by cancer cells, we developed a sensitive assay using LC-ESI-MS/MS for the intracellular quantitation of 4Ei-1 and 7Bn-GMP. When incubated with the breast cancer cell line MDA-231 or lung cancer cell lines H460, H383 and H2009, 4Ei-1 was found to be rapidly internalized and converted to 7Bn-GMP. Since oncogenic mRNAs are predicted to have the highest eIF4E requirement for translation, we carried out chemosensitization studies with 4Ei-1. The prodrug was found to chemosensitize both breast and lung cancer cells to nontoxic levels of gemcitabine. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the expressed levels of eIF4E were substantially reduced in cells treated with 4Ei-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of eI4E could be restored by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 4Ei-1 is likely to inhibit translation initiation by eIF4E cap binding by both antagonizing eIF4E cap binding and initiating eIF4E proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Kiuru E, Ahmed Z, Lönnberg H, Beigelman L, Ora M. 2,2-Disubstituted 4-Acylthio-3-oxobutyl Groups as Esterase- and Thermolabile Protecting Groups of Phosphodiesters. J Org Chem 2013; 78:950-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302421u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kiuru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- AliosBiopharma, 260 East Grand Avenue, Second Floor, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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25
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Rios Morales EH, Balzarini J, Meier C. Stereoselective synthesis and antiviral activity of methyl-substituted cycloSal-pronucleotides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7245-52. [PMID: 22827702 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-substituted cycloSal-pronucleotides of d4TMP were synthesized with high diastereoselectivities in satisfying chemical yields. The individual diastereomers were tested against HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected wild-type CEM/0 and HIV-2 infected thymidine kinase deficient CEM cells. All diastereomers tested showed significant antiviral activity in CEM/0 and strong activity in CEM/TK(-) cell cultures. The antiviral activities were strongly dependent on the chirality at the phosphate group and the position of the methyl-group(s) in the cycloSal moiety. In CEM/TK(-) cell cultures the difference in antiviral potency was found to be 7- to 20-fold. The stability of each diastereomer was studied in aqueous phosphate buffer and in CEM/0 cell extracts. Large differences in the half-lives were found. A comparison of the relative lipophilicity of the methyl-substituted cycloSal triesters was performed based on the retention times obtained by reversed phase HPLC. The results obtained clearly confirm the importance of a diastereoselective synthesis of cycloSal-pronucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwuin H Rios Morales
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Tsay OG, Lee KM, Churchill DG. Selective and competitive cysteine chemosensing: resettable fluorescent “turn on” aqueous detection via Cu2+ displacement and salicylaldimine hydrolysis. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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28
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Guo ZL, Deng YQ, Zhong S, Lu G. Enantioselective synthesis of (R)-salmeterol employing an asymmetric Henry reaction as the key step. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Bryliakov KP, Talsi EP. Catalytic Enantioselective Oxidation of Bulky Alkyl Aryl Thioethers with H2O2 over Titanium-Salan Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Morales EHR, Román CA, Thomann JO, Meier C. Linear Synthesis of Chiral cycloSal-Pronucleotides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Rios Morales EH, Balzarini J, Meier C. Diastereoselective synthesis of cyclosaligenyl-nucleosyl-phosphotriesters. Chemistry 2010; 17:1649-59. [PMID: 21268168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective synthesis of cycloSal-phosphotriesters (cycloSal=cycloSaligenyl) based on chiral auxiliaries has been developed that allows the synthesis of single diastereomers of the cycloSal-pronucleotides. In previously described synthesis routes, the cycloSal-compounds were always obtained as 1:1 diastereomeric mixtures that could be separated in only rare cases. However, it was shown that the diastereomers have different antiviral activity, toxicity, and hydrolysis stabilities. Here, first a chiral thiazoline derivative was used to prepare nonsubstituted and 5-methyl-cycloSal-phosphotriesters in 48 and ≥95% de (de=diastereomeric excess). However, this approach failed to give the important group of 3-substituted cycloSal-nucleotides. Therefore, two other chiral groups were discovered that allowed the synthesis of (R(P))- and (S(P))-3-methyl-cycloSal-phosphotriesters as well. The antiviral activity was found to be five- to 20-fold different between the two individual diastereomers, which proved the importance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwuin H Rios Morales
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Wolf S, Zismann T, Lunau N, Warnecke S, Wendicke S, Meier C. A convenient synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate glycopyranoses and other polyphosphorylated bioconjugates. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:63-75. [PMID: 20045214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize results obtained using a conceptionally new chemical synthesis of NDP-sugars based on cycloSaligenyl (cycloSal) nucleotides as starting material (cycloSal technique). The cycloSal technique not only leads to stereoisomerically defined NDP-sugars in high yield, but the same principle provides very efficient routes towards nucleoside di- and -triphosphates. Moreover, sugar-nucleotides such as CMP-Neu5Ac and dinucleoside polyphosphates are available. Thus, the method offers a nearly universal chemical access towards a large number of highly interesting bioconjugates and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Ora M, Taherpour S, Linna R, Leisvuori A, Hietamäki E, Poijärvi-Virta P, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Biodegradable protections for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates: comparative study on the removal of O-acetyl and O-acetyloxymethyl protected 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4992-5001. [PMID: 19462989 DOI: 10.1021/jo9005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups as biodegradable phosphate protecting groups for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been studied in a HEPES buffer at pH 7.5. Enzymatic deacetylation with porcine carboxyesterase triggers the removal of the resulting 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-hydroxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups by retro-aldol condensation and consecutive half acetal hydrolysis and retro-aldol condensation, respectively. The kinetics of these multistep deprotection reactions have been followed by HPLC, using appropriately protected thymidine 5'-monophosphates as model compounds. The enzymatic deacetylation of the 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl 5'-triester (2) is 25-fold faster than the deacetylation of its 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl-protected counterpart 1, and the difference in the deacetylation rates of the resulting diesters, 12b and 12a, is even greater. With 2, conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-TMP) is quantitative, while conversion of 1 to 5'-TMP is accompanied by formation of thymidine. Consistent with the preceding observations, quantitative release of 5'-TMP from 2 has been shown to take place in a whole cell extract of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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34
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Petersen MÅ, Deniz E, Nielsen MB, Sortino S, Raymo FM. Photochromic Oxazines with Extended Conjugation. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Gisch N, Balzarini J, Meier C. Doubly loaded cycloSaligenyl-pronucleotides - 5,5'-Bis-(cycloSaligenyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphates). J Med Chem 2009; 52:3464-73. [PMID: 19438207 DOI: 10.1021/jm900164g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported on 3,3'-bis-(cycloSaligenyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphates) (3,3'-bis-(cycloSal-d4TMPs) 4) as the first pronucleotides with a mask-to-drug ratio of 1:2 that is still a novelty in the field of pronucleotides. Here, we report on a new set of compounds of these unique type of cycloSaligenyl prodrugs 5 that bear a biaryl axis at the 5-position of the cycloSal residue. All compounds 5 showed pronounced in vitro activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in wild-type CEM cell cultures and better retained their antiviral activities in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells than the compound 4 series. Moreover, compound 5b is the first bis-(cycloSal-d4TMP) that even showed complete retention of antiviral activity in TK-deficient CEM cells. The complex hydrolysis behavior of 5 was investigated, and the proposed hydrolysis mechanism was proven by means of (31)P NMR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, Germany
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Peterson LW, McKenna CE. Prodrug approaches to improving the oral absorption of antiviral nucleotide analogues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:405-20. [PMID: 19382883 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902824808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues have been well accepted as therapeutic agents active against a number of viruses. However, their use as antiviral agents is limited by the need for phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes, and if the analogue is orally administered, by low bioavailability due to the presence of an ionizable diacid group. To circumvent these limitations, a number of prodrug approaches have been proposed. The ideal prodrug achieves delivery of a parent drug by attachment of a non-toxic moiety that is stable during transport and delivery, but is readily cleaved to release the parent drug once at the target. Here, a brief overview of several promising prodrug strategies currently under development is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA.
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The application of the phosphoramidate ProTide approach confers micromolar potency against Hepatitis C virus on inactive agent 4′-azidoinosine: Kinase bypass on a dual base/sugar modified nucleoside. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3122-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Gisch N, Pertenbreiter F, Balzarini J, Meier C. 5-(1-Acetoxyvinyl)-cycloSaligenyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'- didehydrothymidine monophosphates, a second type of new, enzymatically activated cycloSaligenyl pronucleotides. J Med Chem 2009; 51:8115-23. [PMID: 19053827 DOI: 10.1021/jm801197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our attempt to further develop the cycloSal pronucleotide concept, we report on 5-(1-acetoxyvinyl)-cycloSal-d4TMPs as a new type of enzyme-activated pronucleotides. These compounds were converted into 5-acetyl-cycloSal-d4TMPs by (carboxy)esterase cleavage inside the cells. The enzymatic reaction led to the formation of a strong electron-withdrawing substituent that strongly accelerates the chemical hydrolysis of the cycloSal nucleotide to give d4TMP. For some cycloSal-d4TMPs a separation into the diastereomers was achieved. The absolute configuration was assigned by correlation of circular dichroism spectra with similar compounds. Most of the compounds showed complete retention of antiviral activity in TK-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells, which proves the TK-bypass potential of this approach. Interestingly, (S(P))-isomers of cycloSal phosphate triesters showed better antiviral activity in HIV-2-infected thymidine-kinase deficient CEM/TK(-) cells than their (R(P))-counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Gisch N, Balzarini J, Meier C. Studies on enzyme-cleavable dialkoxymethyl-cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphates. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6752-60. [PMID: 18834186 DOI: 10.1021/jm800853p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported on conceptually new enzymatically activated cycloSal-pronucleotides. Now, we developed this concept further with new compounds of this type. The basic idea is fast intracellular cleavage of a functionalized group at the cycloSal residue that results in a rapid delivery of the nucleotide and thus an intracellular enrichment of the nucleotide. The introduction of a higher alkylated acylal group, the di- iso-butyryloxymethyl group, to the aromatic ring led to the expected higher stability of these prodrugs against enzymatic cleavage but also entailed surprisingly a decrease in hydrolysis stabilities and solubility problems. For some compounds, a separation of the two diastereomeric forms ( R P or S P) was achieved. By X-ray structure analysis, the absolute configuration at the P-atom was assigned. For all separated diastereomers the ( S P) form showed better antiviral activity than the ( R P) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Miao Z, Zhang J, Cui Z, Chen R. Acetyl Chloride-Mediated Synthesis oftrans-2-[(Diethoxyphosphorylamino)alkyl]-4-aryl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphorinane-2-oxide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.81.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Hecker
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark D. Erion
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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