1
|
Marchesi E, Perrone D, Navacchia ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Strategy for Developing Artemisinin-Derived Anticancer Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 37765156 PMCID: PMC10536797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a natural compound extracted from Artemisia species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Currently, artemisinin and its derivatives are considered among the most significant small-molecule antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin and its derivatives have also been shown to possess selective anticancer properties, however, there are several limitations and gaps in knowledge that retard their repurposing as effective anticancer agents. Hybridization resulting from a covalent combination of artemisinin with one or more active pharmacophores has emerged as a promising approach to overcome several issues. The variety of hybridization partners allows improvement in artemisinin activity by tuning the ability of conjugated artemisinin to interact with various molecule targets involved in multiple biological pathways. This review highlights the current scenario of artemisinin-derived hybrids with potential anticancer activity. The synthetic approaches to achieve the corresponding hybrids and the structure-activity relationships are discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marchesi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Navacchia
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hassam M, Singh AS, Yadav DK, Singh C, Puri SK, Verma VP. Reduction of the Double Bond of 6-Arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes Leads to a Remarkable Increase in Their Antimalarial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss Mice Model. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30790-30799. [PMID: 34805707 PMCID: PMC8600630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel 6-arylethyl-1,2,4-trioxanes6a-i and 7a-i are easily accessible in one step from the diimide reduction of 6-arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes 5a-i. All of these new trioxanes were assessed for their oral antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss mice model. Most of the saturated trioxanes 6c, 6f, 6g, 6h, and 6i, the active compounds of the series, provided 100% protection to the malaria-infected mice at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days. Further, trioxane 6i, the most active compound of the series, also showed 100% protection even at a dose of 12 mg/kg × 4 days and 20% protection at a dose of 6 mg/kg × 4 days. In this model, β-arteether provided 100% protection at a dose of 48 mg/kg × 4 days and only 20% protection at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days via the oral route, which was found to exhibit 4-fold antimalarial activity compared with the currently used drug β-arteether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassam
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ajit Shankar Singh
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Parasitology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Çapcı A, Herrmann L, Sampath Kumar HM, Fröhlich T, Tsogoeva SB. Artemisinin-derived dimers from a chemical perspective. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2927-2970. [PMID: 34114227 DOI: 10.1002/med.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made with the rather recently developed dimer approach, which has already found applications in the development of new effective artemisinin-derived antimalarial, anticancer, and antiviral agents. One observation common to these potential applications is the significant (i.e., much more than double) improvement in activity of artemisinin based dimers, which are not toxic to normal cells and have fewer or less harmful side effects, with respect to monomers against parasites, cancer cells and viruses. Due to the high potential of the dimerization concept, many new artemisinin-derived dimer compounds and their biological activities have been recently reported. In this review an overview of the synthesis of dimer drug candidates based on the clinically used drug artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives is given. Besides the highlighting of biological activities of the selected dimers, the main focus is set on different synthetic approaches toward the dimers containing a broad variety of symmetric and nonsymmetric linking moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Herrmann
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Halmuthur M Sampath Kumar
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marchesi E, Chinaglia N, Capobianco ML, Marchetti P, Huang TE, Weng HC, Guh JH, Hsu LC, Perrone D, Navacchia ML. Dihydroartemisinin-Bile Acid Hybridization as an Effective Approach to Enhance Dihydroartemisinin Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2020; 14:779-787. [PMID: 30724466 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of hybrid compounds based on natural products-bile acids and dihydroartemisinin-were prepared by different synthetic methodologies and investigated for their in vitro biological activity against HL-60 leukemia and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Most of these hybrids presented significantly improved antiproliferative activities with respect to dihydroartemisinin and the parent bile acid. The two most potent hybrids of the series exhibited a 10.5- and 15.4-fold increase in cytotoxic activity respect to dihydroartemisinin alone in HL-60 and HepG2 cells, respectively. Strong evidence that an ursodeoxycholic acid hybrid induced apoptosis was obtained by flow cytometric analysis and western blot analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marchesi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Chinaglia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo L Capobianco
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tzu-En Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cheng Weng
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Navacchia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang P, Lu M, Li K, Xie Y. Artemisinin‐derived dimers and their antimalarial activities. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody‐based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHunan University of Medicine Huaihua China
| | - MeiLong Lu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody‐based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHunan University of Medicine Huaihua China
| | - Ke Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody‐based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHunan University of Medicine Huaihua China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fröhlich T, Çapcı Karagöz A, Reiter C, Tsogoeva SB. Artemisinin-Derived Dimers: Potent Antimalarial and Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7360-88. [PMID: 27010926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of new efficient therapeutics for the treatment of malaria and cancer is an important endeavor. Over the past 15 years, much attention has been paid to the synthesis of dimeric structures, which combine two units of artemisinin, as lead compounds of interest. A wide variety of atemisinin-derived dimers containing different linkers demonstrate improved properties compared to their parent compounds (e.g., circumventing multidrug resistance), making the dimerization concept highly compelling for development of efficient antimalarial and anticancer drugs. The present Perspective highlights recent developments on different types of artemisinin-derived dimers and their structural and functional features. Particular emphasis is put on the respective in vitro and in vivo studies, exploring the role of the length and nature of linkers on the activities of the dimers, and considering the future prospects of the dimerization concept for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aysun Çapcı Karagöz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Highly potent artemisinin-derived dimers and trimers: Synthesis and evaluation of their antimalarial, antileukemia and antiviral activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5452-8. [PMID: 26260339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New pharmaceutically active compounds can be obtained by modification of existing drugs to access more effective agents in the wake of drug resistance amongst others. To achieve this goal the concept of hybridization was established during the last decade. We employed this concept by coupling two artemisinin-derived precursors to obtain dimers or trimers with increased in vitro activity against Plasmodiumfalciparum 3D7 strain, leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant subline CEM/ADR5000) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Dimer 4 (IC50 of 2.6 nM) possess superior antimalarial activity compared with its parent compound artesunic acid(3) (IC50 of 9.0 nM). Dimer5 and trimers6 and 7 display superior potency against both leukemia cell lines (IC50 up to 0.002 μM for CCRF-CEM and IC50 up to 0.20 μM for CEM/ADR5000) and are even more active than clinically used doxorubicin (IC50 1.61 μM for CEM/ADR5000). With respect to anti-HCMV activity, trimer6 is the most efficient hybrid (IC50 0.04 μM) outperforming ganciclovir (IC50 2.6 μM), dihydroartemisinin(IC50 >10 μM) and artesunic acid (IC50 3.8 μM).
Collapse
|
11
|
Griesbeck AG, Kleczka M, de Kiff A, Vollmer M, Eske A, Sillner S. Singlet oxygen and natural substrates: functional polyunsaturated models for the photooxidative degradation of carotenoids. PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe primary chemical reactions of singlet molecular oxygen with polyunsaturated carotenoids are the focus of this research report. Model compounds that exhibit electronic properties and substituent pattern similar to natural carotenes, xanthophylls or apocarotenoids, respectively, were investigated with regard to photooxygenation reactivity. For dienes and trienes as substrates, high tandem reactivity was observed and hydroperoxy-endoperoxides were isolated as the secondary products of singlet oxygen reaction. The electronic gem-effect on the regioselectivity of the ene reaction is conserved also in vinylogous positions and thus appears to originate from a radical-stabilizing effect. In an attempt to combine different peroxide groups derived from natural products as a tool for new pharmaceutically active products, a dyade synthesis of an artemisinine-safranol with subsequent singlet oxygen addition was realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel G. Griesbeck
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Margarethe Kleczka
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan de Kiff
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Vollmer
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika Eske
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Sillner
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
New efficient artemisinin derived agents against human leukemia cells, human cytomegalovirus and Plasmodium falciparum: 2nd generation 1,2,4-trioxane-ferrocene hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
13
|
Kumar S, Kumari R, Pandey R. New insight-guided approaches to detect, cure, prevent and eliminate malaria. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:717-753. [PMID: 25323622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New challenges posed by the development of resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as well as previous first-line therapies, and the continuing absence of vaccine, have given impetus to research in all areas of malaria control. This review portrays the ongoing progress in several directions of malaria research. The variants of RTS,S and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) are being developed and test adapted as multicomponent and multistage malaria control vaccines, while many other vaccine candidates and methodologies to produce antigens are under experimentation. To track and prevent the spread of artemisinin resistance from Southeast Asia to other parts of the world, rolling circle-enhanced enzyme activity detection (REEAD), a time- and cost-effective malaria diagnosis in field conditions, and a DNA marker associated with artemisinin resistance have become available. Novel mosquito repellents and mosquito trapping and killing techniques much more effective than the prevalent ones are undergoing field testing. Mosquito lines stably infected with their symbiotic wild-type or genetically engineered bacteria that kill sympatric malaria parasites are being constructed and field tested for stopping malaria transmission. A complementary approach being pursued is the addition of ivermectin-like drug molecules to ACTs to cure malaria and kill mosquitoes. Experiments are in progress to eradicate malaria mosquito by making it genetically male sterile. High-throughput screening procedures are being developed and used to discover molecules that possess long in vivo half life and are active against liver and blood stages for the fast cure of malaria symptoms caused by simple or relapsing and drug-sensitive and drug-resistant types of varied malaria parasites, can stop gametocytogenesis and sporogony and could be given in one dose. Target-based antimalarial drug designing has begun. Some of the putative next-generation antimalarials that possess in their scaffold structure several of the desired properties of malaria cure and control are exemplified by OZ439, NITD609, ELQ300 and tafenoquine that are already undergoing clinical trials, and decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2, ferroquine, WEHI-916, MMV396749 and benzothiophene-type N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibitors, which are candidates for future clinical usage. Among these, NITD609, ELQ300, decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2 and NMT inhibitors not only cure simple malaria and are prophylactic against simple malaria, but they also cure relapsing malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- SKA Institution for Research, Education and Development (SKAIRED), 4/11 SarvPriya Vihar, New Delhi, 110016, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patel K, Simpson JA, Batty KT, Zaloumis S, Kirkpatrick CM. Modelling the time course of antimalarial parasite killing: a tour of animal and human models, translation and challenges. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:97-107. [PMID: 24251882 PMCID: PMC4294080 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global public health concern and current treatment options are suboptimal in some clinical settings. For effective chemotherapy, antimalarial drug concentrations must be sufficient to remove completely all of the parasites in the infected host. Optimized dosing therefore requires a detailed understanding of the time course of antimalarial response, whilst simultaneously considering the parasite life cycle and host immune elimination. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the development of mathematical models for understanding better antimalarial drug resistance and management. Other international groups have also suggested that mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models can support the rationalization of antimalarial dosing strategies. At present, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended as first line treatment of falciparum malaria for all patient groups. This review summarizes the PK-PD characterization of artemisinin derivatives and other partner drugs from both preclinical studies and human clinical trials. We outline the continuous and discrete time models that have been proposed to describe antimalarial activity on specific stages of the parasite life cycle. The translation of PK-PD predictions from animals to humans is considered, because preclinical studies can provide rich data for detailed mechanism-based modelling. While similar sampling techniques are limited in clinical studies, PK-PD models can be used to optimize the design of experiments to improve estimation of the parameters of interest. Ultimately, we propose that fully developed mechanistic models can simulate and rationalize ACT or other treatment strategies in antimalarial chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap Patel
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin T Batty
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin UniversityBentley, WA, Australia
- West Coast InstituteJoondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Sophie Zaloumis
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl M Kirkpatrick
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schultz TL, Hencken CP, Woodard LE, Posner GH, Yolken RH, Jones-Brando L, Carruthers VB. A Thiazole Derivative of Artemisinin Moderately ReducesToxoplasma gondiiCyst Burden in Infected Mice. J Parasitol 2014; 100:516-21. [DOI: 10.1645/13-451.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
16
|
Cloete TT, de Kock C, Smith PJ, N'Da DD. Synthesis, in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of a series of artemisinin–triazine hybrids and hybrid-dimers. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:470-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
17
|
Kotoni D, Piras M, Cabri W, Giorgi F, Mazzanti A, Pierini M, Quaglia M, Villani C, Gasparrini F. Thermodynamic and kinetic investigation of monoketo-aldehyde-peroxyhemiacetal (MKA), a stereolabile degradation product of dihydroartemisinin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Theβ⇆αepimerization process ofMKAhas been studied under a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view in several solvents. LSER analyses and molecular modeling calculations allowed an effective rationalization of the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kotoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Piras
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - W. Cabri
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - F. Giorgi
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - A. Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Quaglia
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - C. Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - F. Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aditya N, Vathsala P, Vieira V, Murthy R, Souto E. Advances in nanomedicines for malaria treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 201-202:1-17. [PMID: 24192063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease that mainly affects children and pregnant women from tropical countries. The mortality rate of people infected with malaria per year is enormous and became a public health concern. The main factor that has contributed to the success of malaria proliferation is the increased number of drug resistant parasites. To counteract this trend, research has been done in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, for the development of new biocompatible systems capable of incorporating drugs, lowering the resistance progress, contributing for diagnosis, control and treatment of malaria by target delivery. In this review, we discussed the main problems associated with the spread of malaria and the most recent developments in nanomedicine for anti-malarial drug delivery.
Collapse
|
19
|
Manohar S, Khan SI, Rawat DS. 4-aminoquinoline-triazine-based hybrids with improved in vitro antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:625-30. [PMID: 23331618 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A systematic chemical modification in the triazine moiety covalently attached via suitable linkers to 4-amino-7-chloroquinolines yielded a series of new 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline-triazine hybrids exhibiting high in vitro activity against W2 (chloroquine-resistant) and D6 (chloroquine-sensitive) strains of Plasmodium falciparum without any toxicity against mammalian cell lines (Vero, LLC-PK11, HepG2). Many of the compounds (6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 27, 29 and 33) showed excellent potency against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains. In particular, compounds 6, 8, 14, 16 and 29 were found to be significantly more active than chloroquine against the chloroquine-resistant strains (W2 clone) of P. falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Navacchia ML, Capobianco ML, D’Angelantonio M, Marconi G. Monoelectronic reduction of dihydroartemsisinin (DHA): pH dependence and product analysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang YJ, Gallis B, Taya M, Wang S, Ho RJY, Sasaki T. pH-responsive artemisinin derivatives and lipid nanoparticle formulations inhibit growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and induce down-regulation of HER family members. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59086. [PMID: 23516601 PMCID: PMC3597601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) dimers show potent anti-proliferative activities against breast cancer cells. To facilitate their clinical development, novel pH-responsive artemisinin dimers were synthesized for liposomal nanoparticle formulations. A new ART dimer was designed to become increasingly water-soluble as pH declines. The new artemisinin dimer piperazine derivatives (ADPs) remained tightly associated with liposomal nanoparticles (NPs) at neutral pH but were efficiently released at acidic pH's that are known to exist within solid tumors and organelles such as endosomes and lysosomes. ADPs incorporated into nanoparticles down regulated the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin, and cyclin D1 when incubated at low concentrations with breast cancer cell lines. We demonstrate for the first time, for any ART derivative, that ADP NPs can down regulate the oncogenic protein HER2, and its counterpart, HER3 in a HER2+ cell line. We also show that the wild type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER1) declines in a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line in response to ADP NPs. The declines in these proteins are achieved at concentrations of NP109 at or below 1 µM. Furthermore, the new artemisinin derivatives showed improved cell-proliferation inhibition effects compared to known dimer derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong J. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Byron Gallis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michio Taya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rodney J. Y. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tomikazu Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3670-95. [PMID: 23428572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1570] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature has been a source of medicinal products for millennia, with many useful drugs developed from plant sources. Following discovery of the penicillins, drug discovery from microbial sources occurred and diving techniques in the 1970s opened the seas. Combinatorial chemistry (late 1980s), shifted the focus of drug discovery efforts from Nature to the laboratory bench. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review traces natural products drug discovery, outlining important drugs from natural sources that revolutionized treatment of serious diseases. It is clear Nature will continue to be a major source of new structural leads, and effective drug development depends on multidisciplinary collaborations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The explosion of genetic information led not only to novel screens, but the genetic techniques permitted the implementation of combinatorial biosynthetic technology and genome mining. The knowledge gained has allowed unknown molecules to be identified. These novel bioactive structures can be optimized by using combinatorial chemistry generating new drug candidates for many diseases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The advent of genetic techniques that permitted the isolation / expression of biosynthetic cassettes from microbes may well be the new frontier for natural products lead discovery. It is now apparent that biodiversity may be much greater in those organisms. The numbers of potential species involved in the microbial world are many orders of magnitude greater than those of plants and multi-celled animals. Coupling these numbers to the number of currently unexpressed biosynthetic clusters now identified (>10 per species) the potential of microbial diversity remains essentially untapped.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M Cragg
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Slack RD, Jacobine AM, Posner GH. Antimalarial peroxides: advances in drug discovery and design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Mondal S, Yadav RN, Ghosh S. Influence of Diene Substituent Position on the Stereochemical Outcome in IMDA Reaction of Decatrienones. An Asymmetric Synthesis of C10-epi-Dihydro-epi-deoxy Arteannuin B. Org Lett 2011; 13:6078-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202562w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Mondal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ram Naresh Yadav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cabri W, D’Acquarica I, Simone P, Iorio MD, Mattia MD, Gasparrini F, Giorgi F, Mazzanti A, Pierini M, Quaglia M, Villani C. Stereolability of Dihydroartemisinin, an Antimalarial Drug: A Comprehensive Kinetic Investigation. Part 2. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4831-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102392p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Cabri
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Ilaria D’Acquarica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Di Iorio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Di Mattia
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giorgi
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Quaglia
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cabri W, D’Acquarica I, Simone P, Di Iorio M, Di Mattia M, Gasparrini F, Giorgi F, Mazzanti A, Pierini M, Quaglia M, Villani C. Stereolability of Dihydroartemisinin, an Antimalarial Drug: A Comprehensive Thermodynamic Investigation. Part 1. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1751-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102391s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Cabri
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, sigma-tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Ilaria D’Acquarica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Di Iorio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Di Mattia
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, sigma-tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giorgi
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, sigma-tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Quaglia
- Analytical Development, R&D Department, sigma-tau S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
28
|
A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
29
|
6-(4′-Aryloxy-phenyl)vinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes: A new series of orally active peroxides effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii in Swiss mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4459-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
Malaria-Infected Mice Are Cured by a Single Low Dose of a New Silylamide Trioxane Plus Mefloquine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2009; 2:228-235. [PMID: 27713236 PMCID: PMC3978545 DOI: 10.3390/ph2030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three thermally and hydrolytically stable silylamide trioxanes have been prepared from the natural trioxane artemisinin in only five simple chemical steps and in at least 56% overall yield. Two of these new chemical entities completely cured malariainfected mice at a single oral dose of only 8 mg/kg combined with 24 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride. The high efficacy of this ACT chemotherapy is considerably better than the efficacy using the popular trioxane drug artemether plus mefloquine hydrochloride.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chaturvedi D, Goswami A, Saikia PP, Barua NC, Rao PG. Artemisinin and its derivatives: a novel class of anti-malarial and anti-cancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 39:435-54. [PMID: 20111769 DOI: 10.1039/b816679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, an effort towards presentation of a comprehensive account of the recent developments on various kinds of artemisinin derivatives including artemisinin dimers, trimers and tetramers has been made and their efficacy towards malaria parasites and different cancer cells lines was compared with that of artemisinins, and various other anti-malarial and anti-cancer drugs. It is expected that this review will provide first-hand information on artemisinin chemistry to organic/medicinal chemists, and pharmacologists working on anticancer and anti-malarial drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devdutt Chaturvedi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Assam, Jorhat-785006, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Progress in the development of peroxide-based anti-parasitic agents. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:793-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Rosenthal AS, Chen X, Liu JO, West DC, Hergenrother PJ, Shapiro TA, Posner GH. Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1198-203. [PMID: 19186946 PMCID: PMC2698029 DOI: 10.1021/jm801484v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 6 dimeric trioxane sulfones has been prepared from the natural trioxane artemisinin in five or six chemical steps. One of these thermally and hydrolytically stable new chemical entities (4c) completely cured malaria-infected mice via a single oral dose of 144 mg/kg. At a much lower single oral dose of only 54 mg/kg combined with 13 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, this trioxane dimer 4c as well as its parent trioxane dimer 4b also completely cured malaria-infected mice. Both dimers 4c and 4b were potently and selectively cytotoxic toward five cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Diana C. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - Theresa A. Shapiro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Gary H. Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The problem of endemic malaria continues unabated globally. Malaria affects 40 % of the global population, causing an estimated annual mortality of 1.5-2.7 million people. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 90 % of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa among infants under the age of five. While a vaccine against malaria continues to be elusive, chemotherapy remains the most viable alternative towards treatment of the disease. During last years, the situation has become urgent in many ways, but mainly because of the development of chloroquine-resistant (CQR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The discovery that artemisinin (ART, 1), an active principle of Artemisia annua L., expresses a significant antimalarial activity, especially against CQR strains, opened new approaches for combating malaria. Since the early 1980s, hundreds of semi-synthetic and synthetic peroxides have been developed and tested for their antimalarial activity, the results of which were extensively reviewed. In addition, in therapeutic practice, there is no reported case of drug resistance to these antimalarial peroxides. This review summarizes recent achievements in the area of peroxide drug development for malaria chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
35
|
Moon DK, Singhal V, Kumar N, Shapiro TA, Posner GH. Antimalarial Preclinical Drug Development: A Single Oral Dose of A 5-Carbon-linked Trioxane Dimer Plus Mefloquine Cures Malaria-Infected Mice. Drug Dev Res 2009; 71:76-81. [PMID: 20686674 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Three new 5-carbon-linked trioxane dimer carboxylate esters have been prepared from the natural trioxane, artemisinin in only 3-steps and 40-50% overall yields. Each one of these new chemical entities is at least as efficacious as the clinically used trioxane antimalarial drug artemether when combined with mefloquine hydrochloride in a low single oral dose cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deuk Kyu Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Acharya BN, Saraswat D, Kaushik MP. Pharmacophore based discovery of potential antimalarial agent targeting haem detoxification pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2840-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Singh C, Verma VP, Naikade NK, Singh AS, Hassam M, Puri SK. Novel Bis- and Tris-1,2,4-trioxanes: Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Plasmodium yoelii in Swiss Mice. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7581-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801006v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Niraj Krishna Naikade
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ajit Shankar Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ekoue-Kovi K, Yearick K, Iwaniuk DP, Natarajan JK, Alumasa J, de Dios AC, Roepe PD, Wolf C. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of new 4-amino-7-chloroquinolyl amides, sulfonamides, ureas and thioureas. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:270-83. [PMID: 19041248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and in vitro antimalarial activities of more than 50 7-chloro-4-aminoquinolyl-derived sulfonamides 3-8 and 11-26, ureas 19-22, thioureas 23-26, and amides 27-54. Many of the CQ analogues prepared for this study showed submicromolar antimalarial activity versus HB3 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum) and low resistance indices were obtained in most cases. Systematic variation of the side chain length and introduction of fluorinated aliphatic and aromatic termini revealed promising leads that overcome CQ resistance. In particular, sulfonamide 3 exhibiting a short side chain with a terminal dansyl moiety combined high antiplasmodial potency with a low resistance index and showed IC(50)s of 17.5 and 22.7 nM against HB3 and Dd2 parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kekeli Ekoue-Kovi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and "O" Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Singh AS, Verma VP, Hassam M, Krishna NN, Puri SK, Singh C. Amino- and Hydroxy-Functionalized 11-Azaartemisinins and Their Derivatives. Org Lett 2008; 10:5461-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Shankar Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Naikade Niraj Krishna
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
This review covers the isolation, structural determination, synthesis and chemical and microbiological transformations of natural sesquiterpenoids. 423 references are cited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Natarajan JK, Alumasa JN, Yearick K, Ekoue-Kovi KA, Casabianca LB, de Dios AC, Wolf C, Roepe PD. 4-N-, 4-S-, and 4-O-chloroquine analogues: influence of side chain length and quinolyl nitrogen pKa on activity vs chloroquine resistant malaria. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3466-79. [PMID: 18512900 DOI: 10.1021/jm701478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using predictions from heme-quinoline antimalarial complex structures, previous modifications of chloroquine (CQ), and hypotheses for chloroquine resistance (CQR), we synthesize and assay CQ analogues that test structure-function principles. We vary side chain length for both monoethyl and diethyl 4-N CQ derivatives. We alter the pKa of the quinolyl N by introducing alkylthio or alkoxy substituents into the 4 position and vary side chain length for these analogues. We introduce an additional titratable amino group to the side chain of 4-O analogues with promising CQR strain selectivity and increase activity while retaining selectivity. We solve atomic resolution structures for complexes formed between representative 4-N, 4-S, and 4-O derivatives vs mu-oxo dimeric heme, measure binding constants for monomeric vs dimeric heme, and quantify hemozoin (Hz) formation inhibition in vitro. The data provide additional insight for the design of CQ analogues with improved activity vs CQR malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar K Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mixed tetraoxanes containing the acetone subunit as antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7039-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
43
|
Posner GH, Maio WA, Kalinda AS. Electronically stabilized versions of the antimalarial acetal trioxanes artemether and artesunate. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5247-53. [PMID: 18353653 PMCID: PMC2668193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
From 9-substituted DHA, several new artemisinin-derived C-10 acetal ethers and esters were prepared with either a 9-fluoro or a 9-sulfonyl substituent. The very strong inductive electron-withdrawing C-9 substituent is shown to retard considerably C-10 ionization (acid-promoted etherification) of 9-fluoro-DHA and 9-sulfonyl-DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Itokawa H, Morris-Natschke SL, Akiyama T, Lee KH. Plant-derived natural product research aimed at new drug discovery. J Nat Med 2008; 62:263-80. [PMID: 18425692 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-008-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many important bioactive compounds have been discovered from natural sources using bioactivity-directed fractionation and isolation (BDFl) [Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD (2005) Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci 78:431-441]. Continuing discovery has also been facilitated by the recent development of new bioassay methods. These bioactive compounds are mostly plant secondary metabolites, and many naturally occurring pure compounds have become medicines, dietary supplements, and other useful commercial products. Active lead compounds can also be further modified to enhance the biological profiles and developed as clinical trial candidates. In this review, the authors will summarize research on many different useful compounds isolated or developed from plants with emphasis placed on those recently discovered by the authors' laboratories as antitumor and anti-HIV clinical trial candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideji Itokawa
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yearick K, Ekoue-Kovi K, Iwaniuk DP, Natarajan JK, Alumasa J, de Dios AC, Roepe PD, Wolf C. Overcoming drug resistance to heme-targeted antimalarials by systematic side chain variation of 7-chloro-4-aminoquinolines. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1995-8. [PMID: 18345611 DOI: 10.1021/jm800106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematic variation of the branching and basicity of the side chain of chloroquine yielded a series of new 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline derivatives exhibiting high in vitro activity against four different strains of P. falciparum. Many of the compounds tested showed excellent potency against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains. In particular 4b, 5a, 5b, 5d, 17a, and 17b were found to be significantly more potent than chloroquine against the resistant strains Dd2 and FCB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Yearick
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Opsenica I, Opsenica D, Smith KS, Milhous WK, Solaja BA. Chemical stability of the peroxide bond enables diversified synthesis of potent tetraoxane antimalarials. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2261-6. [PMID: 18330976 DOI: 10.1021/jm701417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Of 17 prepared 1,2,4,5-tetraoxacyclohexanes stable to reductive and acidic conditions, 3 of them were more active than artemisinin against CQ and MFQ resistant strain TM91C235 and all compounds were more active in vitro against W2 than against D6 strain. In vivo, amines 10 and 11a cured all mice at higher doses with MCD < or = 37.5 (mg/kg)/day. Triol 13 was exceptionally active against melanoma (LOX IMVI) and ovarian cancer (IGROV1), both with LC 50 = 60 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Singh C, Chaudhary S, Puri SK. Orally active esters of dihydroartemisinin: Synthesis and antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1436-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
48
|
Posner GH, Chang W, Hess L, Woodard L, Sinishtaj S, Usera AR, Maio W, Rosenthal AS, Kalinda AS, D’Angelo JG, Petersen KS, Stohler R, Chollet J, Santo-Tomas J, Snyder C, Rottmann M, Wittlin S, Brun R, Shapiro TA. Malaria-Infected Mice Are Cured by Oral Administration of New Artemisinin Derivatives. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701168h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Lindsey Hess
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Lauren Woodard
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sandra Sinishtaj
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Aimee R. Usera
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - William Maio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Andrew S. Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alvin S. Kalinda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - John G. D’Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Kimberly S. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Remo Stohler
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jacques Chollet
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Josefina Santo-Tomas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Christopher Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Theresa A. Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Studies of protonated and anionic artemisinin in the gas-phase by infrared multi-photon dissociation and by negative ion photoelectron spectroscopies. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
50
|
Tripathi R, Mishra D, Rizvi A, Singh C. Evaluation of some adamantane-based synthetic trioxanes against Plasmodium knowlesi in rhesus monkeys. Life Sci 2007; 81:1544-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|