Insight on nano drug delivery systems with targeted therapy in treatment of oral cancer

Oral cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the mouth and is one of the deadliest malignancies in the world. Currently surgical, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are most common treatments. Better treatment and early detection strategies are required. Chemotherapeutic drugs fail frequently due to toxicity and poor tumor targeting. There are high chances of failure of chemotherapeutic drugs due to toxicity. Active, passive, and immunity-targeting techniques are devised for tumor-specific activity. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are the best available solution and important for precise targeting. Nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, and cyclodextrins are nano-based carriers for drug delivery. Nanotechnology is being used to develop new techniques such as intratumoral injections, microbubble mediated ultrasonic therapy, phototherapies, and site-specific delivery. This systematic review delves into the details of such targeted and nano-based drug delivery systems in order to improve patient health and survival rates in oral cancer.

Threatening cancer with nanoparticle aided combination oncotherapy

Employing combination therapy has become obligatory in cancer cases exhibiting high tumor load, chemoresistant tumor population, and advanced disease stages. Realization of this fact has now led many of the combination oncotherapies to become an integral part of anticancer regimens. Combination oncotherapy may encompass a combination of anticancer agents belonging to a similar therapeutic category or that of different therapeutic categories (e.g. chemotherapy + gene therapy). Differences in the physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution pattern of different payloads are the major constraints that are faced by combination chemotherapy. Concordant efforts in the field of nanotechnology and oncology have emerged with several approaches to solve the major issues encountered by combination therapy. Unique colloidal behaviors of various types of nanoparticles and differential targeting strategies have accorded an unprecedented ability to optimize combination oncotherapeutic delivery. Nanocarrier based delivery of the various types of payloads such as chemotherapeutic agents and other anticancer therapeutics such as small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), chemosensitizers, radiosensitizers, and antiangiogenic agents have been addressed in the present review. Various nano-delivery systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymerosomes, dendrimers, micelles, lipid based nanoparticles, prodrug based nanocarriers, polymer-drug conjugates, polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, supramolecular nanocarriers and inorganic nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and mesoporous silica based nanoparticles) that have been extensively explored for the formulation of multidrug delivery is an imperative part of discussion in the review. The present review features the outweighing benefits of combination therapy over mono-oncotherapy and discusses several existent nanoformulation strategies that facilitate a successful combination oncotherapy. Several obstacles that may impede in transforming nanotechnology-based combination oncotherapy from bench to bedside, and challenges associated therein have also been discussed in the present review.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Structure, Preparation and Application

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted special interest during last few decades. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are two major types of Lipid-based nanoparticles. SLNs were developed to overcome the limitations of other colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles because they have advantages like good release profile and targeted drug delivery with excellent physical stability. In the next generation of the lipid nanoparticle, NLCs are modified SLNs which improve the stability and capacity loading. Three structural models of NLCs have been proposed. These LNPs have potential applications in drug delivery field, research, cosmetics, clinical medicine, etc. This article focuses on features, structure and innovation of LNPs and presents a wide discussion about preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages and applications of LNPs by focusing on SLNs and NLCs.

Advances in nanomedicines for malaria treatment

Malaria is an infectious disease that mainly affects children and pregnant women from tropical countries. The mortality rate of people infected with malaria per year is enormous and became a public health concern. The main factor that has contributed to the success of malaria proliferation is the increased number of drug resistant parasites. To counteract this trend, research has been done in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, for the development of new biocompatible systems capable of incorporating drugs, lowering the resistance progress, contributing for diagnosis, control and treatment of malaria by target delivery. In this review, we discussed the main problems associated with the spread of malaria and the most recent developments in nanomedicine for anti-malarial drug delivery.

Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of ramipril

Solid lipid nanoparticles are typically spherical with an average diameter between 1 and 1000 nm. It is an alternative carrier system to tradition colloidal carriers, such as, emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric micro and nanoparticles. Ramipril is an antihypertensive agent used in the treatment of hypertension. Its oral bioavailability is 28% and it is rapidly excreted through the renal route. This drug has many side effects such as, postural hypotension, hyperkalemia, and angioedema, when given as an immediate dosage form. To overcome the side effects and to increase the bioavailability of ramipril, solid lipid nanoparticles of ramipril are prepared by using lipids (glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monooleate) with stabilizers (tween 80, poloxamer 188, and span 20). The prepared formulations have been evaluated for entrapment efficiency, drug content, in-vitro drug release, particle size analysis, scanning electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared studies, and stability. A formulation containing glyceryl monooleate, stabilized with span 20 as surfactant showed prolonged drug release, smaller particle size, and narrow particle size distribution, as compared to other formulations with different surfactants and lipids.