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Safaeian Laein S, Mohajer F, Khanzadi A, Gheybi F, Azizzadeh M, Noori SMA, Mollaei F, Hashemi M. Effect of alginate coating activated by solid lipid nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil on chicken fillet's preservation. Food Chem 2024; 446:138816. [PMID: 38422646 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to assess the chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) in chicken fillets stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 12 days. As a result, the optimized ZEO-SLNS sample exhibited a spherical morphology with a droplet size of 251.51 ± 1.11 nm and a PDI of 0.34 ± 0.01 under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and zeta potential were approximately 55.4 % and -20.87 ± 1.39 mV, respectively. Furthermore, encapsulating ZEO in SLNS enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity compared to pure ZEO. As a result, the application of alginate-loaded ZEO-SLNS extended the storage time of fresh chicken fillets. Thus, the application of this edible coating showcased a remarkable ability to substantially decelerate both microbial and chemical changes in chicken fillets during cold storage conditions. This finding underscores the potential of the edible coating as an effective means to enhance the safety and quality of chicken products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Safaeian Laein
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Khanzadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gheybi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azizzadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mollaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Aldayel TS, Badran MM, Alomrani AH, AlFaris NA, Altamimi JZ, Alqahtani AS, Nasr FA, Ghaffar S, Orfali R. Optimization of cationic nanoparticles stabilized by poloxamer 188: A potential approach for improving the biological activity of Aloeperryi. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22691. [PMID: 38125510 PMCID: PMC10730718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe perryi (AP) has gained considerable interest as a medicinal herb in various biological applications due to its rich phytochemical composition. However, the therapeutic benefits of AP could be potentiated by utilizing nanotechnology. Moreover, cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) possess remarkable characteristics that can greatly enrich a variety of biological uses. An optimization approach was used to achieve high-quality CSLNs to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of AP. Therefore, a factorial design was used to investigate the influence of various variables on the attributes of CSLNs quality. In this study, the factors under investigation were compritol 888 ATO (C-888, X1), poloxamer 188 (PL188, X2), and chitosan (CS, X3), which served as independent variables. The parameters measured as dependent variables included particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and encapsulation efficiency EE (Y3). The relationship among these variables was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and response surface plots. The results revealed that PL188 played a significant role in reducing the particle size of CSLNS (ranging from 207 to 261 nm with 1 % PL188 to 167-229 nm with 3 % PL188). Conversely, an increase in the concentration of CS led to a rise in the particle size. The magnitude of positive zeta potential values was dependent on the increased concentration of CS. Moreover, the higher amounts of C-888 and PL188 improved the EE% of the CSLNs from 42 % to 86 %. Furthermore, a concentration-dependent antioxidant effect of the optimized AP-CSLNs was observed. The antioxidant activity of the optimized AP-CSLNs at 100 μg/mL was 75 % compared to 62 % and 60 % for AP-SLNs and AP solution, respectively. A similar pattern of improvement was also observed with antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of the optimized AP-CSLNs. These findings demonstrated the potential of AP-CSLNs as a carrier system, enhancing the biological activities of AP, opening new possibilities in herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahany Saleh Aldayel
- Clinical Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah H. Alomrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A. AlFaris
- Department of Physical Sports Sciences, College of Sports Sciences & Physical Activity, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jozaa Z. Altamimi
- Department of Physical Sports Sciences, College of Sports Sciences & Physical Activity, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safina Ghaffar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ishtiaq I, Zeb A, Badshah H, Alattar A, Alshaman R, Koh PO, Rehman NU, Shah FA, Althobaiti YS. Enhanced cardioprotective activity of ferulic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle in an animal model of myocardial injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 476:116657. [PMID: 37597755 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction results in an increased inflammatory and oxidative stress response in the heart, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress after MI may offer protective effects to the heart. In the present study, we examined the cardioprotective effects of ferulic acid (FA) and ferulic acid nanostructured solid lipid nanoparticles (FA-SLNs) in an isoproterenol (ISO) induced MI model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five experimental groups to compare the effects of FA and FA-SLNs. The findings revealed that ISO led to extensive cardiomyopathy, characterized by increased infarction area, edema formation, pressure load, and energy deprivation. Additionally, ISO increased the levels of inflammatory markers (COX-2, NLRP3, and NF-кB) and apoptotic mediators such as p-JNK. However, treatment with FA and FA-SLNs mitigated the severity of the ISO-induced response, and elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes while downregulating inflammatory pathways, along with upregulation of the mitochondrial bioenergetic factor PPAR-γ. Furthermore, virtual docking analysis of FA with various protein targets supported the in vivo results, confirming drug-protein interactions. Overall, the results demonstrated that FA-SLNs offer a promising strategy for protecting the heart from further injury following MI. This is attributed to the improved drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes compared to FA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Ishtiaq
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Zeb
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan KP, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Addiction and Neuroscience Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Islamie R, Myint SLL, Rojanaratha T, Ritthidej G, Wanakhachornkrai O, Wattanathamsan O, Rodsiri R. Neuroprotective effect of nose-to-brain delivery of Asiatic acid in solid lipid nanoparticles and its mechanisms against memory dysfunction induced by Amyloid Beta 1-42 in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37608290 PMCID: PMC10464452 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) plays an essential role in the development of the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Asiatic acid (AA), an active compound in Centella asiatica L, exhibit neuroprotective properties in previous studies. Due to its low bioavailability, the nose-to-brain delivery technique was used to enhance AA penetration in the brain. In this study, AA was also loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a strategy to increase its absorption in the nasal cavity. METHODS Memory impairment was induced via direct intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 oligomer into mouse brain. The neuroprotective effect and potential underlying mechanisms were investigated using several memory behavioral examinations and molecular techniques. RESULTS The intranasal administration of AA in SLNs attenuated learning and memory impairment induced by Aβ1-42 in Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. AA significantly inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation of pTau-S396 and pTau-T231 and prevented astrocyte reactivity and microglial activation in the hippocampus of Aβ1-42-treated mice. It is also decreased the high levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that nose-to-brain delivery of AA in SLNs could be a promising strategy to treat the early stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridho Islamie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Su Lwin Lwin Myint
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tissana Rojanaratha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Garnpimol Ritthidej
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Wanakhachornkrai
- Physiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Rangsit University, Pathumthani, 12000, Thailand
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Albasri OWA, Kumar PV, Rajagopal MS. Development of Computational In Silico Model for Nano Lipid Carrier Formulation of Curcumin. Molecules 2023; 28:1833. [PMID: 36838817 PMCID: PMC9965590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral delivery system is very important and plays a significant role in increasing the solubility of drugs, which eventually will increase their absorption by the digestive system and enhance the drug bioactivity. This study was conducted to synthesize a novel curcumin nano lipid carrier (NLC) and use it as a drug carrier with the help of computational molecular docking to investigate its solubility in different solid and liquid lipids to choose the optimum lipids candidate for the NLCs formulation and avoid the ordinary methods that consume more time, materials, cost, and efforts during laboratory experiments. The antiviral activity of the formed curcumin-NLC against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was assessed through a molecular docking study of curcumin's affinity towards the host cell receptors. The novel curcumin drug carrier was synthesized as NLC using a hot and high-pressure homogenization method. Twenty different compositions of the drug carrier (curcumin nano lipid) were synthesized and characterized using different physicochemical techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, DSC, XRD, particle size, the zeta potential, and AFM. The in vitro and ex vivo studies were also conducted to test the solubility and the permeability of the 20 curcumin-NLC formulations. The NLC as a drug carrier shows an enormous enhancement in the solubility and permeability of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Arya RKK, Vijay J, Bisht D, Rashid M, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Afzal O, Sethiya NK. Enhanced Brain Delivery via Intranasal Administration of Carbamazepine Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Optimization, Pharmacokinetic Analysis, In-vitro, and In-vivo Drug Release Study. Curr Drug Deliv 2023; 20:587-600. [PMID: 35598246 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220519120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbamazepine (Cbz) is the first-line drug for epileptic seizures but exhibits fluctuation at the plasma level and side effects after oral administration.To overcome these problems, Cbz should be targeted directly into the brain. Therefore, the current experimental design was aimed to formulate and optimize the Cbz containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for brain delivery via intranasal administration to get rid of oral complications associated with Cbz. METHODS A full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect of variables (X1 lipid concentration, X2 surfactant concentration, and X3 sonication time) on the response variables (size of nanoparticles, entrapment efficiency, and drug release). A two-level, three-factor design was employed herewith, and eight formulations were developed. Further, the formation of Cbz containing SLNs was characterized by compatibility, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release with the support of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Zeta sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Ultra-violet (U.V.), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS All eight formulations were characterized through particle size, entrapment efficiency, and invitro drug release performance. Out of eight characterized formulations, SN1 showed the most promising results, including particle size of 210 ± 2.14 nm, entrapment efficiency of 42.1 ± 1.09%, and drug release of 61.3 ± 2.02% and considered an optimized batch. Additionally, the optimized batch SN1was further evaluated for an in-vivo study on male Wistar Rats. CONCLUSION The study revealed that a high amount of drug was reached into the brain through intranasal administration compared to the intravenous route. Therefore, it can minimize the unwanted side effects of the Cbz associated with oral administration. The formulation SN1 possesses an excellent drug targeting efficiency of 3.014. Finally, the current experimental work concluded that there is a direct pathway from the intranasal route to the brain. This delivery system can be beneficial for directly delivering CNS-active drugs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital- 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Juyal Vijay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital- 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital- 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohammad Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj-11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Sethiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248009, India
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Dudhipala N, Ettireddy S, Youssef AAA, Puchchakayala G. Development and In vivo Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of an Oral Innovative Cyclodextrin Complexed Lipid Nanoparticles of Irbesartan Formulation for Enhanced Bioavailability. Nanotheranostics 2023; 7:117-127. [PMID: 36593793 PMCID: PMC9760361 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.78102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irbesartan (IR) is used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and nephropathy in Type II diabetes. IR bioavailability is limited by poor solubility and presystemic metabolism. In our previous investigations, cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complexed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of IR were prepared, optimized, and characterized. The current study aimed to confirm the reproducibility of the previous methodology and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of the selected lead formulations in an experimental animal model. Methods: SLNs were prepared by hot homogenization followed by probe sonication with IR/HPβCD inclusion complex loaded into a solid lipid (Dynasan 112). SLNs were evaluated for physical characteristics, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and surface morphology. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the SLNs were evaluated in Wistar rats. Results: Photon correlation spectroscopy, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution studies results were reproducible and consistent with our earlier investigation. PK studies showed 2.1-, 6.6-, and 9.9-fold improvement in the relative oral bioavailability of the drug from IR-HPβCD, IR-SLN, and IR-HPβCD-SLN formulations, respectively compared to IR suspension. However, IR-HPβCD-SLNs showed 1.5- and 4.7-fold improvement in the relative oral bioavailability of the drug compared to IR-SLN and IR-HPβCD formulations, respectively. PD studies in hypertensive Wistar rats showed a good control over systolic blood pressure for 48 h for SLN formulations compared to 2 h for IR suspension. However, the IR-HPβCD inclusion complex exhibited immediate antihypertensive activity (0.5 h) with a period of systolic blood pressure control similar to IR suspension. Conclusions: The current approach exhibited improved oral bioavailability along with improved and prolonged pharmacodynamic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Dudhipala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506005.,Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506001.,✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Narendar Dudhipala M.Pharm., Ph.D.; Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal 50 6005, Telangana State, India.
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Goverdhan Puchchakayala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506005.,Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506001
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Keshavarz-Rezaei M, Hatamian-Zarmi A, Alvandi H, Ebrahimi-Hosseinzadeh B, Mokhtari-Hosseini ZB. The HbA1c and blood glucose response to selenium-rich polysaccharide from Fomes fomentarius loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as a potential antidiabetic agent in rats. Biomater Adv 2022; 140:213084. [PMID: 36027667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fomes fomentarius is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various illnesses. Antidiabetic effects of F. fomentarius extracts have been reported recently. In this study, F. fomentarius extracellular polysaccharide (PS) was prepared, and then to enhance its antidiabetic effects, Na2SeO3 was added to the culture medium, and selenium-polysaccharide (PS-Se) was obtained. Also, solid lipid nanoparticles containing PS (SLN-PS) and PS-Se (SLN-PS-Se) were synthesized by the microemulsion method to compare their effects with free polysaccharides in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Optimized SLNs had a size of 170.5 nm and drug loading of 9.27 %. EDS analysis confirmed that Se presence in PS-Se. Characterization analyses such as FTIR, DSC, TGA, and XRD suggested that SLNs have good thermal stability and crystalline nature. Release of PS from SLNs demonstrated sustained profile, and MTT assay proved that PSs and SLNs have no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, oral administration of PS, PS-Se, SLN-PS, and SLN-PS-Se for 28 days to diabetic rats significantly declined blood glucose by 48.24 %, 49.96 %, 55.50 %, and 60.47 %, respectively. Also, insulin secretion and body weight improved, and HbA1c levels decreased. Treatment by PS, PS-Se, SLN-PS, and SLN-PS-Se alleviated lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and serum proteins. Liver anti-oxidant parameters and histopathological observation of the liver, pancreas, and kidney confirmed that F. fomentarius PSs and SLNs have antidiabetic impacts. Moreover, supplementation of PS with selenium improves its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Finally, SLN-PS and SLN-PS-Se showed a higher antidiabetic impact than free PS and PS-Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Keshavarz-Rezaei
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashrafalsadat Hatamian-Zarmi
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hale Alvandi
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Ebrahimi-Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Beagom Mokhtari-Hosseini
- Chemical Engineering Group, Faculty of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
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Hussein RM, Kandeil MA, Mohammed NA, Khallaf RA. Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against paracetamol overdose toxicity : Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Liposome Res 2022; 32:365-375. [PMID: 35132919 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a natural compound that exhibited therapeutic effects against various liver injuries however Cur showed poor water solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to design Cur-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in a model of acute hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (PCM) overdose compared to the raw Cur and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). SLNs were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method and 32 factorial design was employed. Wistar rats were divided into Control, PCM, PCM + NAC, PCM + raw Cur, and PCM + Cur-SLNs groups and treated orally for 14 days before receiving a single PCM dose. The Cur-loaded SLNs showed high entrapment efficiency % ranging between 69.1 and 92.1%, particle size (PS) between 217 and 506 nm, and zeta potential values between -17.9 and -25.5 mV. The in vivo results revealed that the PCM group exhibited deterioration of liver functions, pathological lesions on the liver tissues, severe oxidative stress, and increases in both the serum and hepatic iNOS levels. Remarkably, the PCM + Cur-SLNs group showed significantly better liver functions and tissue integrity compared to the PCM group. Furthermore, higher reduced glutathione and catalase but lower malondialdehyde and iNOS levels were observed. In conclusion, Cur-loaded SLNs effectively prevented the liver damage induced by PCM overdose through alleviating the oxidative stress and inhibiting the serum and hepatic iNOS expression in an effect comparable to NAC and better than raw Cur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Norhan A Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Al-Fayoum Health directorate, Al-Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Khallaf
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Wang W, Liu Q, Liang X, Kang Q, Wang Z. Protective role of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109711. [PMID: 34717916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the hepatoprotective activity of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles (NRG-SLNs) and compared with free naringin (FNRG) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's self-healing ability was studied using a self-recovery group that received no therapy. Following AFB1 therapy, rats were given NRG-SLNs produced using the ion-gelation technique. Histology, serum injury indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, a pro-inflammatory response biomarker, and tumor indicators were used to evaluate the liver tumor and its responsiveness to therapy. At a dosage of 6.18 mg/kg BW, NRG-SLNs (128 ± 4 nm) provided substantially greater hepatoprotection than free NRG. The actions of NRG-SLNs were equivalent to those of silymarin (SILY), which was given at a dosage of 20 mg/kg BW. The lack of regeneration potential of liver tissue after the damage was verified by the self-recovery group. NRG's efficiency in treating hepatic cancer was increased by using SLN's approach. The increased impact is most likely due to: a) enhanced oral bioavailability, b) the regulated and sustained action of enclosed NRG, and c) a decrease in discomfort and toxicity if any after orally administered. NRG-SLNs may be considered as a therapeutic option for hepatic ailments as effectiveness post-induction of liver carcinoma, is demonstrated presently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital (Army Medical Center), Third Military Medical University (Army medical university), Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ganmei Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Xianchun Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital (Army Medical Center), Third Military Medical University (Army medical university), Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Peoples Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Zinian Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Peoples Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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Amiri M, Jafari S, Kurd M, Mohamadpour H, Khayati M, Ghobadinezhad F, Tavallaei O, Derakhshankhah H, Sadegh Malvajerd S, Izadi Z. Engineered Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as New Generations of Blood-Brain Barrier Transmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4475-4490. [PMID: 34841846 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the most challenging barrier in brain drug delivery. Indeed, there is a definite link between the BBB integrity defects and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, increasing concerns in the contemporary era because of the inability of most therapeutic approaches. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have already been identified as having several advantages in facilitating the transportation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents across the BBB. This review first explains BBB functions and its challenges in brain drug delivery, followed by a brief description of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for brain diseases. A detailed presentation of recent progressions in optimizing SLNs and NLCs for controlled release drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers is approached. Finally, the problems, challenges, and future perspectives in optimizing these carriers for potential clinical application were described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Amiri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kurd
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Tehran 15469-13111, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Maryam Khayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Student’s Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Omid Tavallaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Soroor Sadegh Malvajerd
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Patel S, Raghavan S, Prem A. Prognostic impact of pathological response in lymph nodes in esophageal squamous cell cancers: Is it over-rated? Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47:2959. [PMID: 34462141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Patel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MPMMMCC & Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sriniket Raghavan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MPMMMCC & Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Amar Prem
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MPMMMCC & Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Sabir F, Katona G, Ismail R, Sipos B, Ambrus R, Csóka I. Development and Characterization of n-Propyl Gallate Encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles-Loaded Hydrogel for Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070696. [PMID: 34358121 PMCID: PMC8308668 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop n-propyl gallate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (PG-SLNs) in a hydrogel (HG) formulation using Transcutol-P (TC-P) as a permeation enhancer. Modified solvent injection technique was applied to produce optimized PG-SLNs via the Quality by Design approach and central composite design. The in vitro mucoadhesion, scavenging activity, drug release, permeation studies of PG from PG-SLNs-loaded HG were evaluated under simulated nasal conditions. Compared with in vitro release behavior of PG from SLNs, the drug release from the PG-SLNs-loaded HG showed a lower burst effect and sustained release profile. The cumulative permeation of PG from PG-SLNs-loaded HG with TC-P was 600 μg/cm2 within 60 min, which is 3–60-fold higher than PG-SLNs and native PG, respectively. Raman mapping showed that the distribution of PG-SLNs was more concentrated in HG having lower concentrations of hyaluronic acid. The scavenging assay demonstrated increased antioxidant activity at higher concentrations of HG. Due to enhanced stability and mucoadhesive properties, the developed HG-based SLNs can improve nasal absorption by increasing residence time on nasal mucosa. This study provides in vitro proof of the potential of combining the advantages of SLNs and HG for the intranasal delivery of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhara Sabir
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
- Department of Applied & Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla sqr. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.S.); (G.K.); (R.I.); (B.S.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-546-116
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Salunkhe SA, Chitkara D, Mahato RI, Mittal A. Lipid based nanocarriers for effective drug delivery and treatment of diabetes associated liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:394-415. [PMID: 33831474 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a cluster of several liver diseases like hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis which may eventually progress to liver carcinoma. One of the primary key factors associated with the development and pathogenesis of NAFLD is diabetes mellitus. The present review emphasizes on diabetes-associated development of liver fibrosis and its treatment using different lipid nanoparticles such as stable nucleic acid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, and conjugates including phospholipid, fatty acid and steroid-based. We have comprehensively described the various pathological and molecular events linking effects of elevated free fatty acid levels, insulin resistance, and diabetes with the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Various passive and active targeting strategies explored for targeting hepatic stellate cells, a key target in liver fibrosis, have also been discussed in detail in this review.
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Maurya VK, Shakya A, Aggarwal M, Gothandam KM, Bohn T, Pareek S. Fate of β-Carotene within Loaded Delivery Systems in Food: State of Knowledge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:426. [PMID: 33802152 PMCID: PMC8001630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has opened new opportunities for delivering bioactive agents. Their physiochemical characteristics, i.e., small size, high surface area, unique composition, biocompatibility and biodegradability, make these nanomaterials an attractive tool for β-carotene delivery. Delivering β-carotene through nanoparticles does not only improve its bioavailability/bioaccumulation in target tissues, but also lessens its sensitivity against environmental factors during processing. Regardless of these benefits, nanocarriers have some limitations, such as variations in sensory quality, modification of the food matrix, increasing costs, as well as limited consumer acceptance and regulatory challenges. This research area has rapidly evolved, with a plethora of innovative nanoengineered materials now being in use, including micelles, nano/microemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, solidlipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipids and nanostructured carriers. These nanodelivery systems make conventional delivery systems appear archaic and promise better solubilization, protection during processing, improved shelf-life, higher bioavailability as well as controlled and targeted release. This review provides information on the state of knowledge on β-carotene nanodelivery systems adopted for developing functional foods, depicting their classifications, compositions, preparation methods, challenges, release and absorption of β-carotene in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and possible risks and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India; (V.K.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Amita Shakya
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India;
| | - Manjeet Aggarwal
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India; (V.K.M.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Sunil Pareek
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India;
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Rai N, Madni A, Faisal A, Jamshaid T, Khan MI, Khan MM, Parveen F. Glyceryl Monostearate Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Controlled Delivery of Docetaxel. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1368-1376. [PMID: 33538673 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210203180153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) is the drug delivery systems that has the capability to improve drug release at the desired tumor site. The aim of present study was to develop Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) based SLNs for the controlled delivery of docetaxel. METHOD Hot Melt Encapsulation (HME) method was employed avoiding the use of organic solvents and therefore, regarded as green synthesis of SLNs. RESULTS Optimized DTX-SLNs showed desirable size (100 nm) with low poly dispersity index and excellent entrapment efficiency. Surface charge confirmed the stability of formulation. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis showed spherical shaped particles and Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) revealed compatibility among formulation excipients. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) analysis revealed that melting transition peak of optimized formulation was also greater than 40°C indicating that SLNs would be solid at body temperature. In-vitro release profile (68% in 24 hours) revealed the controlled release profile of DTX-SLNs indicating lipophilic docetaxel drug was entrapped inside high melting point lipid core. Cytotoxicity study revealed that blank SLNs were found to be biocompatible while dose dependent cytotoxicity was shown by DTX-SLNs. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that DTX-SLNs have potential for controlled delivery of docetaxel and improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Amir Faisal
- Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Talha Jamshaid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muzamil Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Sun K, Hu K. Preparation and Characterization of Tacrolimus-Loaded SLNs in situ Gel for Ocular Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Immune Conjunctivitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:141-150. [PMID: 33469266 PMCID: PMC7811375 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s287721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to develop a novel in situ gel of tacrolimus-loaded SLNs (solid lipid nanoparticles) for ocular drug delivery. Methods The optimal formulation was characterized by surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and in vitro release behavior. In vivo studies were also conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results. Results In this study, TAC-SLNs ISG were prepared using homogenization followed by probe sonication method. The average particle size of TAC-SLNs ISG was observed to be 122.3±4.3 nm. Compared with TAC-SLNs, in situ gel did not increase particle size, and there was no significant difference between them. The results of viscosity measurement showed that TAC SLNs-ISG were typical of pseudo plastic systems and showed a marked increase in viscosity as temperature increased and ultimately formed a rigid gel (32°C). In vitro and in vivo studies illustrated the sustained release model of the drug from TAC-SLNs ISG. Animal model showed that TAC-SLNs ISG had good pharmacodynamics when compared with eye drops and SLNs. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that TAC SLNs-ISG had the potential for being an ideal ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Huang R, Zhu Y, Lin L, Song S, Cheng L, Zhu R. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Enhanced the Neuroprotective Role of Curcumin against Epilepsy through Activation of Bcl-2 Family and P38 MAPK Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1985-1995. [PMID: 32464055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress of neurons caused by a series of complex neuropathological processes will induce certain neurodegenerative disorders including epilepsy. Curcumin (Cur) is an effective natural antioxidant compound; however, the poor bioavailability obstructs its neural protective applications. In this study, Cur is encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for better neuroprotective efficacy. In vitro study certified that Cur-SLNs functioned obviously better against neuronal apoptosis than Cur, by significantly decreasing the level of free radical and reversing mitochondrial function through the activation of the Bcl-2 family. In vivo experiments showed that SLNs transported Cur through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The behavioral performance of epileptic mice was improved by Cur-SLNs, with more NeuN but less TUNEL positive cells observed in hippocampus. The in vivo mechanism was also explored. Cur-SLNs reduced neuronal apoptosis through Bcl2 family and P38 MAPK pathways. Overall, Cur-SLNs have better protective effects toward oxidative stress in neurons than free Cur both in vitro and in vivo, which suggests they may be a promising agent against neurodegenerative disorders including epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Simin Song
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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Kaushik L, Srivastava S, Panjeta A, Chaudhari D, Ghadi R, Kuche K, Malik R, Preet S, Jain S, Raza K. Exploration of docetaxel palmitate and its solid lipid nanoparticles as a novel option for alleviating the rising concern of multi-drug resistance. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119088. [PMID: 32001291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX), a widely prescribed anticancer agent, is now associated with increased instances of multidrug resistance. Also, being a problematic BCS class IV drug, it poses challenges for the formulators. Henceforth, it was envisioned to synthesize an analogue of DTX with a biocompatible lipid, i.e., palmitic acid. The in-silico studies (molecular docking and simulation) inferred lesser binding of docetaxel palmitate (DTX-PL) with P-gp vis-à-vis DTX and paclitaxel, indicating it to be a poor substrate for P-gp efflux. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of the conjugate were prepared using various lipids, viz. palmitic acid, stearic acid, cetyl palmitate and glyceryl monostearate. The characterization studies for the nanocarrier were performed for the surface charge, drug payload, micromeritics, release pattern of drug and surface morphology. From the cytotoxicity assays on resistant MCF-7 cells, it was established that the new analogue offered substantially decreased IC50 to that of DTX. Further, apoptosis assay also corroborated the results obtained in IC50 determination wherein, SA-SLNs showed the highest apoptotic index than free DTX. The conjugate not only enhanced the solubility but also offered lower plasma protein binding and improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effect for DTX loaded SA-SLNs in apt animal models, and lower affinity to P-gp efflux. The studies provide preliminary evidence and a ray of hope for a better candidate in its nano version for safer and effective cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Anshul Panjeta
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
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Akel H, Ismail R, Csóka I. Progress and perspectives of brain-targeting lipid-based nanosystems via the nasal route in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 148:38-53. [PMID: 31926222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since health care systems dedicate substantial resources to Alzheimer's disease (AD), it poses an increasing challenge to scientists and health care providers worldwide, especially that many decades of research in the medical field revealed no optimal effective treatment for this disease. The intranasal administration route seems to be a preferable route of anti-AD drug delivery over the oral one as it demonstrates an ability to overcome the related obstacles reflected in low bioavailability, limited brain exposure and undesired pharmacokinetics or side effects. This delivery route can bypass the systemic circulation through the intraneuronal and extraneuronal pathways, providing truly needleless and direct brain drug delivery of the therapeutics due to its large surface area, porous endothelial membrane, the avoidance of the first-pass metabolism, and ready accessibility. Among the different nano-carrier systems developed, lipid-based nanosystems have become increasingly popular and have proven to be effective in managing the common symptoms of AD when administered via the nose-to-brain delivery route, which provides an answer to circumventing the BBB. The design of such lipid-based nanocarriers could be challenging since many factors can contribute to the quality of the final product. Hence, according to the authors, it is recommended to follow the quality by design methodology from the early stage of development to ensure high product quality while saving efforts and costs. This review article aims to draw attention to the up-to-date findings in the field of lipid-based nanosystems and the potential role of developing such forms in the management of AD by means of the nose-to-brain delivery route, in addition to highlighting the significant role of applying QbD methodology in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Akel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Rajpoot K, Jain SK. Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate loaded folic acid-tailored solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting colorectal cancer: development, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity study using HT-29 cells. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:659-676. [PMID: 31495238 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1665723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the potential of folic acid-tailored solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for encapsulation as well as for in vitro cytotoxicity study of irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (IHT) against colorectal cancer (CRC) by using HT-29 cells. Methods: Solvent diffusion technique was employed for the preparation of SLNs. Further, the formulations were optimised via three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Results: The uncoupled SLNs (IRSLNs) and folic acid-coupled SLNs (IRSLNFs) formulations revealed not only high %entrapment efficiency but also small particle size. Moreover, in vitro drug release results from IRSLNs and IRSLNFs confirmed that they followed sustained-release effect for up to 144 h. Whereas, in vitro cell viability study against HT-29 cell line suggested significantly (p < 0.05) higher cytotoxicity (IC50 = 15 µg/ml) of IRSLNFs over IRSLNs and IHT solution. Conclusions: Outcomes suggested that the engineered IRSLNFs hold great potential for targeting CRC for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Rajpoot
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) , Bilaspur , India
| | - Sunil K Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) , Bilaspur , India
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Patel KK, Surekha DB, Tripathi M, Anjum MM, Muthu MS, Tilak R, Agrawal AK, Singh S. Antibiofilm Potential of Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Nanoparticle Formulations: A Study on the Effect of DNase-I on Microbial Biofilm and Wound Healing Activity. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3916-3925. [PMID: 31318574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm resistance is one of the severe complications associated with chronic wound infections, which impose extreme microbial tolerance against antibiotic therapy. Interestingly, deoxyribonuclease-I (DNase-I) has been empirically proved to be efficacious in improving the antibiotic susceptibility against biofilm-associated infections. DNase-I hydrolyzes the extracellular DNA, a key component of the biofilm responsible for the cell adhesion and strength. Moreover, silver sulfadiazine, a frontline therapy in burn wound infections, exhibits delayed wound healing due to fibroblast toxicity. In this study, a chitosan gel loaded with solid lipid nanoparticles of silver sulfadiazine (SSD-SLNs) and supplemented with DNase-I has been developed to reduce the fibroblast cytotoxicity and overcome the biofilm-imposed resistance. The extensive optimization using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) resulted in the formation of SSD-SLNs with a smooth surface as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and controlled release (83%) for up to 24 h. The compatibility between the SSD and other formulation excipients was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Developed SSD-SLNs in combination with DNase-I inhibited around 96.8% of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared to SSD with DNase-I (82.9%). In line with our hypothesis, SSD-SLNs were found to be less toxic (cell viability 90.3 ± 3.8% at 100 μg/mL) in comparison with SSD (Cell viability 76.9 ± 4.2%) against human dermal fibroblast cell line. Eventually, the results of the in vivo wound healing study showed complete wound healing after 21 days' treatment with SSD-SLNs along with DNase-I, whereas marketed formulations SSD and SSD-LSNs showed incomplete healing after 21 days. Data in hand suggest that the combination of SSD-SLNs with DNase-I is an effective treatment strategy against the biofilm-associated wound infections and accelerates wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - D Bhavya Surekha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Muktanand Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Md Meraj Anjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - M S Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Ragini Tilak
- Department of Microbiology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
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Abstract
AIM The present work investigates the efficacy of Polysorbate 80(P80) coated Kokum butter (KB) solid lipid nanoparticles (P80NvKLNs) for the brain targeted delivery of Nevirapine (Nv). METHODS Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique and evaluated for drug excipient compatibility studies, z- average particle size (nm), zeta potential (mv), percentage drug entrapment efficiency (%EE), surface morphology and in-vitro drug release properties. The in-vivo biodistribution and brain targeting efficiency of nanoparticles were studied in healthy male Wistar rat (150-200 g). RESULTS P80NvKLNs were found to be smooth surfaced, spherical shaped having average particle size of 177.80 ± 0.82 nm, zeta potential of -8.91 ± 4.36 mv and %EE of 31.32 ± 0.42%. P80NvKLNs remained in blood circulation for 48 h maintaining a sustained release in brain for 24 h (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The study proves the efficacy of Polysorbate 80 coated Kokum butter nanoparticles for brain-targeted delivery of drugs providing ample opportunities for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Lahkar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrugarh University , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - Malay Kumar Das
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrugarh University , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
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Gambhire VM, Gambhire MS, Ranpise NS. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Dronedarone Hydrochloride for Oral Delivery: Optimization, In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Uptake Studies. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:375-388. [PMID: 31376827 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666190802140607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dronedarone HCl (DRD), owing to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive presystemic metabolism shows low oral bioavailability of about 4% without food, which increases to approximately 15% when administered with a high fat meal. OBJECTIVE Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were designed with glyceryl monstearate (GMS) in order to improve oral bioavailability of DRD. METHODS Hot homogenization followed by probe sonication was used to prepare SLN dispersions. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize manufacturing conditions. SLN were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, physical state and in vitro drug release. Pharmacokinetics and intestinal uptake study of dronedarone HCl loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (DRD-SLN) in the presence and absence of endocytic uptake inhibitor, chlorpromazine (CPZ) was performed with conscious male Wistar rats. RESULTS Optimized formulation of SLN showed particle size of 233 ± 42 nm and entrapment efficiency of 87.4 ± 1.29%. Results of pharmacokinetic studies revealed enhancement of bioavailability of DRD by 2.68 folds from SLN as compared to DRD suspension. Significantly reduced bioavailability of DRD-SLNs in the presence of chlorpromazine, demonstrated the role of endocytosis in uptake of SLN formulation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that dronedarone HCl loaded SLN could potentially be exploited as a delivery system for improving oral bioavailability by minimizing first pass metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali M Gambhire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune 411041, India
| | - Makarand S Gambhire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune 411041, India
| | - Nisharani S Ranpise
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune 411041, India
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Xu W, Bae EJ, Lee MK. Enhanced anticancer activity and intracellular uptake of paclitaxel-containing solid lipid nanoparticles in multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7549-7563. [PMID: 30532538 PMCID: PMC6241869 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to show enhanced anticancer activity of paclitaxel (Ptx) incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and reveal reversal of multidrug resistance (MDR) by SLNs mediated by increased uptake through different entry mechanisms from that in drug-sensitive cells. METHODS Anticancer activity of Ptx incorporated in SLNs (Ptx-SLNs) was measured in the drug-sensitive human breast cancer cell line MCF7 and its MDR variant MCF7/ADR. Cellular uptake of cargo molecules in SLNs was compared using Ptx-SLNs and rhodamine 123-loaded SLNs (Rho-SLNs) in both cell lines. In addition, endocytic uptake was evaluated using genistein (Gen) and chlorpromazine (Cpz) as inhibitors of clathrin- and caveola-mediated endocytosis, respectively. RESULTS Ptx-SLNs showed remarkably enhanced anticancer activity in MCF7/ADR compared to Ptx delivered in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Cremophor EL-based vehicles. SLNs significantly increased intracellular uptake of Ptx and Rho in MCF7/ADR. Western blotting demonstrated that clathrin was expressed in both cell lines, while caveolin 1 was expressed only in MCF7/ADR. In MCF7/ADR, uptake of Ptx-SLNs and Rho-SLNs was reduced by Gen, while there was no change by Cpz, suggesting the involvement of caveola-mediated endocytosis. Size reduction of Rho-SLNs through high-pressure homogenization (Rho-SLNs) appeared to cause a shift of the endocytosis mechanism from a clathrin-independent pathway to a clathrin-dependent one. In contrast to MCF7/ADR, the uptake of SLNs into MCF7 was not changed by Gen or Cpz, suggesting involvement of clathrin- and caveola-independent mechanism for the entry of SLNs. CONCLUSION MDR was reversed by incorporating drug into SLNs, and the reversal was mediated by increased uptake of SLNs evading efflux pumps in MDR cells. The enhanced uptake could also be due to the use of different endocytosis pathways by SLNs in MDR cells from drug-sensitive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk, South Korea,
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk, South Korea,
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk, South Korea,
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Mandiwana V, Kalombo L, Grobler A, Zeevaart JR. 99mTc-MDP as an imaging tool to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution of solid lipid nanoparticles. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:51-56. [PMID: 30170270 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the in vivo uptake and tissue distribution of 99mTc-MDP-encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) post administration. Radioactive 99mTc-MDP encapsulated into SLNs was administered to rats to trace their biodistribution through imaging and ex vivo studies. As expected IV injected 99mTc-MDP exhibited predominant visual bone uptake and a high localisation of particles in the kidneys (3.87%ID/g) followed by bone (2.66%ID/g). IV administered 99mTc-MDP encapsulated by SLN showed similar uptake than 99mTc-MDP. Orally administrated 99mTc-MDP showed no uptake in any organs except the GI-tract while orally administered 99mTc-MDP-SLN showed distinct transfer of 99mTc-MDP from the GI tract with measurable levels in the kidneys and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusani Mandiwana
- Centre of Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Lonji Kalombo
- Centre of Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Anne Grobler
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, P.O. Box 582, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Suñé-Pou M, Prieto-Sánchez S, El Yousfi Y, Boyero-Corral S, Nardi-Ricart A, Nofrerias-Roig I, Pérez-Lozano P, García-Montoya E, Miñarro-Carmona M, Ticó JR, Suñé-Negre JM, Hernández-Munain C, Suñé C. Cholesteryl oleate-loaded cationic solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for efficient gene-silencing therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3223-3233. [PMID: 29881274 PMCID: PMC5985802 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s158884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been given considerable attention for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery owing to their advantages over viral and other nanoparticle delivery systems. However, poor delivery efficiency and complex formulations hinder the clinical translation of SLNs. Aim The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize SLNs incorporating the cholesterol derivative cholesteryl oleate to produce SLN–nucleic acid complexes with reduced cytotoxicity and more efficient cellular uptake. Methods Five cholesteryl oleate-containing formulations were prepared. Laser diffraction and laser Doppler microelectrophoresis were used to evaluate particle size and zeta potential, respectively. Nanoparticle morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lipoplexes were evaluated using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The gene inhibition capacity of the lipoplexes was assessed using siRNAs to block constitutive luciferase expression. Results We obtained nanoparticles with a mean diameter of approximately 150–200 nm in size and zeta potential values of 25–40 mV. SLN formulations with intermediate concentrations of cholesteryl oleate exhibited good stability and spherical structures with no aggregation. No cell toxicity of any reference SLN was observed. Finally, cellular uptake experiments with DNA-and RNA-SLNs were performed to select one reference with superior transient transfection efficiency that significantly decreased gene activity upon siRNA complexation. Conclusion The results indicate that cholesteryl oleate-loaded SLNs are a safe and effective platform for nonviral nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suñé-Pou
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Prieto-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Younes El Yousfi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sofía Boyero-Corral
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Anna Nardi-Ricart
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Nofrerias-Roig
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Lozano
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarna García-Montoya
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Miñarro-Carmona
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Ramón Ticó
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Mª Suñé-Negre
- Service of Development of Medicines (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, IDIBELL-UB, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández-Munain
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Suñé
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Kumar P, Sharma G, Gupta V, Kaur R, Thakur K, Malik R, Kumar A, Kaushal N, Raza K. Preclinical Explorative Assessment of Dimethyl Fumarate-Based Biocompatible Nanolipoidal Carriers for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1152-1158. [PMID: 29357233 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which myelin sheath damage occurs due to internal and external factors. MS especially affects the young population. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a promising agent for MS treatment, although it is associated with concerns such as poor brain permeation, multiple dosing, and gastrointestinal flushing. The present study attempts to evaluate the preclinical performance of specially designed DMF-based lipoidal nanoparticles in a cuprizone-induced demyelination model in rodents. The studies proved the efficacy of lipid-based nanoparticles containing DMF in a once-a-day dosage regimen over that of thrice-a-day plain DMF administration on crucial parameters like motor coordination, grip strength, mortality, body weight, and locomotor activity. However, neither blank lipid nor blank neuroprotective (vitamins A, D, and E) loaded nanoparticles were able to elicit any desirable behavioral response. Histopathological studies showed that the designed once-a-day DMF nanomedicines were well tolerated and rejuvenated the myelin sheath vis-à-vis the plain DMF thrice-a-day regimen. These findings provide proof of concept for a biocompatible nanomedicine for MS with tremendous promise for effective brain delivery and patient compliance on the grounds of a reduction in the dosage frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305817
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Varun Gupta
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Kanika Thakur
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305817
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Naveen Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305817
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Tapeinos C, Battaglini M, Ciofani G. Advances in the design of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting brain diseases. J Control Release 2017; 264:306-332. [PMID: 28844756 PMCID: PMC6701993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) comprise a category of versatile drug delivery systems that have been used in the biomedical field for >25years. SLNs and NLCs have been used for the treatment of various diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and are considered a standard treatment for the latter, due to their inherent ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). In this review, a presentation of the most important brain diseases (brain cancer, ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis) is approached, followed by the basic fabrication techniques of SLNs and NLCs. A detailed description of the reported studies of the last seven years, of active and passive targeting SLNs and NLCs for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and of other brain cancers, as well as for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is also carried out. Finally, a brief description of the advantages, the disadvantages, and the future perspectives in the use of these nanocarriers is reported, aiming at giving an insight of the limitations that have to be overcome in order to result in a delivery system with high therapeutic efficacy and without the limitations of the existing nano-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tapeinos
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy.
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy; Politecnico di Torino, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Kumar P, Sharma G, Kumar R, Malik R, Singh B, Katare OP, Raza K. Vitamin-Derived Nanolipoidal Carriers for Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate: A Novel Approach with Preclinical Evidence. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1390-1396. [PMID: 28157295 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various oral treatment options have been reported for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Recently, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been approved for the management of the same. Though effective, DMF is associated with concerns like multiple dosing, patient incompliance, gastrointestinal flushing, lower brain permeation, and economic hurdles. Henceforth, the objective of the present study was to develop vitamin-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for effective brain delivery of DMF with a promise of once-a-day dosing. The developed SLNs were characterized for micromeritics, morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and in vitro drug release. Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines were used to assess the intestinal permeability and neuronal uptake. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were performed on rats. The developed nanometeric lipidparticles were able to control the drug release and substantially enhance the Caco-2 as well as SH-5YSY cell permeability. The developed systems not only enhanced the oral bioavailability of the drug, but also offered substantially elevated brain drug levels to that of plain drug. The drug was protected from liver and biological residence was increased, indicating promising potential of the carriers in effective brain delivery of DMF. Enhanced bioavailability and elevated bioresidence of DMF by vitamin-based SLNs provided the evidence for once-a-day delivery potential for DMF in the management of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- UGC-Centre
of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and
Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
- UGC-Centre
of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and
Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - O. P. Katare
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
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Kumar P, Sharma G, Kumar R, Malik R, Singh B, Katare OP, Raza K. Enhanced Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate Employing Tocopherol-Acetate-Based Nanolipidic Carriers: Evidence from Pharmacokinetic, Biodistribution, and Cellular Uptake Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:860-865. [PMID: 27983793 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an approved drug for the management of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Despite efficacy, DMF is also reported to be a challenging drug owing to concerns like gastrointestinal tract flushing, multiple dosing, lower brain permeability, less patient compliance, and economic hurdles. The present study aims to develop DMF-tocopherol acetate nanolipidic carrier (NLCs) to enhance brain permeability and improve the gastric tolerance. The developed DMF-tocopherol acetate NLCs offered an average size of 69.70 nm, PDI of 0.317, and a zeta potential of -9.71 mV. Higher drug entrapment (90.12%) and drug loading (20.13%) assured controlled drug release behavior both in gastric and intestinal pH. Cellular uptake studies on Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y monolayers confirmed better intestinal absorption and neuronal uptake of the developed system, which was further corroborated by the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies. The oral bioavailability was enhanced by 4.09 times and brain availability was substantially improved vis-à-vis plain drug. The findings are promising and offer preclinical evidence for better brain availability of DMF, which can be exploited in the better management of diseases like multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | | | | | - Ruchi Malik
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | | | | | - Kaisar Raza
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
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Kotmakçı M, Çetintaş VB, Kantarcı AG. Preparation and characterization of lipid nanoparticle/pDNA complexes for STAT3 downregulation and overcoming chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:101-111. [PMID: 28428090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the field of molecular oncology have revealed that resistance to chemotherapeutics is acqured through several mechanisms including overexpression of common oncogenic proteins. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of these oncogenes that is overexpressed in many cancer types. RNA interference (RNAi) is proven powerful tool for downregulating STAT3, allowing re-sensitization of resistant cancer cells. However, delivery of RNA interference-mediating molecules for STAT3 downregulation in lung cancer cells is limited to a small number of studies most of which employ commercially available transfection kits. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for delivery of RNAi-mediating plasmid DNA in order to down regulate STAT3 in cisplatin resistant lung cancer cells. We focused on obtaining cSLN:plasmid DNA complexes with size below or equal to 100nm, and a positive zeta potential. Two successful candidate cSLN:plasmid DNA complexes (K2 and K3) were selected for in vitro tests and cell culture studies. These formulations have particle sizes of 98 and 93nm, and zeta potential values of 10.5 and 8.9mV, respectively. Plasmid DNA in these complexes was protected against DNaseI and serum-mediated degradation. Substantial part of DNA retained its supercoiled and circular conformation. TEM images showed nearly spherical complex structure. Both formulations reduced STAT3 expression by approx. 5-fold in cisplatin resistant Calu1 cell line and increased the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kotmakçı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Vildan Bozok Çetintaş
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Gülten Kantarcı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Singh N, Khullar N, Kakkar V, Kaur IP. Hepatoprotective effects of sesamol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in carbon tetrachloride induced sub-chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:520-532. [PMID: 25410024 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sesamol is a phenolic component of sesame seed oil, which has been established as an antioxidant and also possesses potential for hepatoprotection. However, its protective role in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) induced sub-chronic hepatotoxicity has not been studied. Limited oral bioavailability (BA) and rapid elimination (as conjugates) in rats is reported for sesamol. Considering its significant antioxidant potential and compromised BA, we packaged sesamol into solid lipid nanoparticles (S-SLNs) to enhance its hepatoprotective bioactivity. S-SLNs prepared by microemulsification method were nearly spherical in shape with an average particle size of 120.30 nm and their oral administration at 8 mg/kg body weight (BW) showed significantly (p < 0.001) better hepatoprotection than free sesamol (FS) and a well established hepatoprotective antioxidant silymarin [SILY (25 mg/kg BW); p < 0.05) in CCl4 induced sub-chronic liver injury in rats. Evaluations were done in terms of histological changes in the liver tissue, liver injury markers (serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and serum lactate dehydrogenase); oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) and proinflammatory response marker (tumor necrosis factor-alpha).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neeraj Khullar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vandita Kakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Naseri N, Valizadeh H, Zakeri-Milani P. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Structure, Preparation and Application. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:305-13. [PMID: 26504751 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted special interest during last few decades. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are two major types of Lipid-based nanoparticles. SLNs were developed to overcome the limitations of other colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles because they have advantages like good release profile and targeted drug delivery with excellent physical stability. In the next generation of the lipid nanoparticle, NLCs are modified SLNs which improve the stability and capacity loading. Three structural models of NLCs have been proposed. These LNPs have potential applications in drug delivery field, research, cosmetics, clinical medicine, etc. This article focuses on features, structure and innovation of LNPs and presents a wide discussion about preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages and applications of LNPs by focusing on SLNs and NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Naseri
- Student Research Committee and Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
Considered a popular drug for diabetes in recent years, metformin was determined to have a moderate anti-tumor effect, particularly in breast cancer. In this study, the anticancer mechanism of metformin was verified by preparing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and chitosan-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) containing metformin and then estimating the potential of these SLNs for uptake in cells and mitochondria. Metformin-SLNs were prepared using an emulsification and low-temperature solidification method. The mean particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and loading efficiency of metformin-SLNs and metformin chitosan-modified SLNs were 102.3 ± 4.16 and 200.1 ± 17.69 nm, -21.25 ± 4.89 and 50.6 ± 4.09 mv, 26.25 ± 2.59% and 33.6 ± 2.21%, and 1.74 ± 0.16% and 1.46 ± 0.10%, respectively. TEM images showed that both the nanoparticles had spherical morphologies with no aggregation. Results of cellular and mitochondrial uptake showed that the metformin-SLNs were easier to uptake in cells and mitochondria than the pure drug group (that was the control group without SLN structure modification). The findings of this research provide a basis for conducting further studies on the anticancer mechanism of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Tao Zhu
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chaoli Yi
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qi Shen
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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Shilpi S, Vimal VD, Soni V. Assessment of lactoferrin-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles for efficient targeting to the lung. Prog Biomater 2015; 4:55-63. [PMID: 29470795 PMCID: PMC5151107 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-015-0037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a target oriented drug delivery system for the lungs. Lactoferrin (Lf)-coupled solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) bearing rifampicin was prepared by a solvent injection method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for shape, particle size, polydispersity and percentage drug entrapment. An optimized formulation was then studied for its in vivo performance in animals and to determine its targeting efficiency. It was observed that, upon coupling with Lf, the size of SLNs increased while the percent entrapment efficiency decreases. In in vitro release, determined by a dialysis technique, analysis showed that uncoupled SLNs exhibited higher drug release as compared to coupled SLNs. An in vivo biodistribution study shows 47.7 ±0.4 drug uptakes by the lungs, which was 3.05 times higher in comparison to uncoupled SLNs. These biodistribution studies are further supported by the fluorescence study that revealed enhanced uptake of Lf-coupled SLNs in the lung. From the presented results, it can be concluded that Lf-coupled SLNs enhanced drug uptake in the lung. Moreover, lactoferrin is an efficient molecule that can be used for targeting active agents directly to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Shilpi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India. .,Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, 462 010, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Vishnoo Dayal Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Wang J, Zhu R, Sun X, Zhu Y, Liu H, Wang SL. Intracellular uptake of etoposide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles induces an enhancing inhibitory effect on gastric cancer through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3987-98. [PMID: 25187702 PMCID: PMC4149454 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize etoposide (VP16)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and evaluate their antitumor activity in vitro. VP16-SLNs were prepared using emulsification and low-temperature solidification methods. The physicochemical properties of the VP16-SLNs were investigated by particle-size analysis, zeta potential measurement, drug loading, drug entrapment efficiency, stability, and in vitro drug-release behavior. In contrast to free VP16, the VP16-SLNs were well dispersed in aqueous medium, showing a narrow size distribution at 30–50 nm, a zeta potential value of −28.4 mV, high drug loading (36.91%), and an ideal drug entrapment efficiency (75.42%). The drug release of VP16-SLNs could last up to 60 hours and exhibited a sustained profile, which made it a promising vehicle for drug delivery. Furthermore, VP16-SLNs could significantly enhance in vitro cytotoxicity against SGC7901 cells compared to the free drug. Furthermore, VP16-SLNs could induce higher apoptotic rates, more significant cell cycle arrest effects, and greater cellular uptake in SGC7901 cells than free VP16. Moreover, results demonstrated that the mechanisms of VP16-SLNs were similar to those claimed for free VP16, including induction of cellular apoptosis by activation of p53, release of cytochrome c, loss of membrane potential, and activation of caspases. Thus, these results suggested that the SLNs might be a promising nanocarrier for VP16 to treat gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Long Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Campos DA, Madureira AR, Gomes AM, Sarmento B, Pintado MM. Optimization of the production of solid Witepsol nanoparticles loaded with rosmarinic acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:109-17. [PMID: 24413308 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in the formulation of new food and nutraceutical products containing compounds with antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, due to their structure, certain compounds such as polyphenols, in particular rosmarinic acid (RA) are not stable and may interact easily with matrices in which they are incorporated. To overcome such limitations, the formulation of loaded polyphenols nanoparticles can offer an efficient solution to protect such compounds. Based on this rationale, the aim of this study was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with RA using a hot melt ultrasonication method, where Witepsol H15 was used as lipid and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as surfactant, following a 3(2) fractional factorial design, resulting in the use of 3 different percentages of surfactant (viz. 1, 2 and 3%, v/v) and lipid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, w/v). The stability of the nanoparticles systems were tested during 28 d in aqueous solution stored at refrigeration temperature (ca. 5 °C), tracking the mean particle size of different formulations by photon correlation spectroscopy. To confirm RA entrapment, thermal analyses of the nanoparticles by DSC and FTIR were performed. The association efficiencies percentages (AE%) were determined using HPLC to quantitatively assess the RA in supernatants. Results showed that Witepsol H15 produced nanoparticles with initial mean diameters between 270 and 1000 nm, yet over time, a slight increase occurred, but without occurrence of aggregation. The AE% showed a high percentage of encapsulation (ca. 99%), which reveals low polyphenol releases from SLNs throughout storage time. In general, results showed a successful production of SLNs with properties that can be used to food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A Campos
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NewTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; CICS - Health Sciences Reseach Center, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde - Norte, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Bhatt R, Singh D, Prakash A, Mishra N. Development, characterization and nasal delivery of rosmarinic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for the effective management of Huntington's disease. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:931-9. [PMID: 24512295 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.880860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a drug delivery system to enhance the brain-targeting efficiency of rosmarinic acid (RA) following intranasal (i.n.) administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RA-loaded SLNs was prepared by the hot homogenization technique, in which glycerol monostearate (GMS) as lipid, tween 80 and soya lecithin were used as surfactant along with hydrogenated soya phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) as a stabilizer, and were characterized for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), in vitro study. Nasal delivery of the developed formulation followed by the study of behavioral (locomotor, narrow beam, body weight) and biochemical parameters (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, catalase and nitrite) in wistar rat was carried out. RESULTS Optimized RA-loaded SLNs using tween 80 (SLNPRT) have the mean size of (149.2 ± 3.2 nm), ZP (-38.27 mV) entrapment efficiency (61.9 ± 2.2%). 3-NP-treated rat significantly increased behavioral alterations, oxidative damage as compared with the control group. SLNPRT treatment significantly improved behavioral abnormalities and attenuated the oxidative stress in 3NP-treated rats. However, the nasal delivery of SLNPRT produced significant therapeutic action as compared to intravenous application. In the organ distribution study, brain drug concentration was found to be 5.69 µg, in pharmacokinetic study Cmax, tmax, t1/2, AUC values were found to be 0.284 µg/ml, 1.5 h, 3.17 h, and 1.505 µg/ml/h, respectively. CONCLUSION The encouraging results confirmed the developed optimized RA-loaded SLNs formulation following the non-invasive nose-to-brain drug delivery that is a promising therapeutic approach for the effective management in Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atish Prakash
- b Department of Pharmacology , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
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Karavana SY, Gökçe EH, Rençber S, Özbal S, Pekçetin C, Güneri P, Ertan G. A new approach to the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with bioadhesive gels containing cyclosporine A solid lipid nanoparticles: in vivo/in vitro examinations. Int J Nanomedicine 2012. [PMID: 23180964 PMCID: PMC3497893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To develop a suitable buccal bioadhesive gel formulation containing cyclosporine A solid lipid nanoparticles (CsA SLNs) for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Methods The suitability of the prepared formulations for buccal application was assessed by means of rheological studies, textural profile analysis, and ex vivo drug-release studies. Plastic flows, typical gel-like spectra, and suitable mechanical properties were obtained from prepared formulations. The retention time was explored in in vivo distribution studies and the effect of the gel containing CsA SLNs on the healing of oral mucosal ulceration was investigated in an animal model. In vivo distribution studies are a very important indicator of the retention time of formulations at the application site. Results Distribution studies showed that 64.76% ± 8.35% of the formulation coded “F8+SLN” remained on the buccal mucosa 6 hours after application. For the second part of the in vivo experiments, 36 rabbits were separated into three groups: the first group was treated with the gel formulation without the active agent; the second group with the gel formulation containing CsA SLNs; and the third group, used as the control group, received no treatment. Wound healing was established by scoring of the rate of wound healing on Days 3, 6, 9, and 12. Histological observations were made on the same days as the scoring studies. The bioadhesive gel formulation that included CsA SLNs increased the rate of mucosal repair significantly. Conclusion This study has shown that the bioadhesive gel formulation containing CsA SLNs reported here is a promising candidate for the topical treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Yaprak Karavana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Fang YP, Wu PC, Huang YB, Tzeng CC, Chen YL, Hung YH, Tsai MJ, Tsai YH. Modification of polyethylene glycol onto solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulating a novel chemotherapeutic agent (PK-L4) to enhance solubility for injection delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4995-5005. [PMID: 23055719 PMCID: PMC3457677 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic potential chemotherapeutic agent 3-Chloro-4-[(4-methoxyphenyl) amino]furo[2,3-b]quinoline (PK-L4) is an analog of amsacrine. The half-life of PK-L4 is longer than that of amsacrine; however, PK-L4 is difficult to dissolve in aqueous media, which is problematic for administration by intravenous injection. AIMS To utilize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve the delivery of PK-L4 and investigate its biodistribution behavior after intravenous administration. RESULTS The particle size of the PK-L4-loaded SLNs was 47.3 nm and the size of the PEGylated form was smaller, at 28 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of PK-L4 in SLNs with and without PEG showed a high capacity of approximately 100% encapsulation. Results also showed that the amount of PK-L4 released over a prolonged period from SLNs both with and without PEG was comparable to the non-formulated group, with 16.48% and 30.04%, respectively, of the drug being released, which fit a zero-order equation. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of PK-L4-loaded SLNs with and those without PEG were significantly reduced by 45%-64% in the human lung carcinoma cell line (A549), 99% in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line with estrogen receptor (MCF7), and 95% in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). The amount of PK-L4 released by SLNs with PEG was significantly higher than that from the PK-L4 solution (P < 0.05). After intravenous bolus of the PK-L4-loaded SLNs with PEG, there was a marked significant difference in half-life alpha (0.136 ± 0.046 hours) when compared with the PK-L4 solution (0.078 ± 0.023 hours); also the area under the curve from zero to infinity did not change in plasma when compared to the PK-L4 solution. This demonstrated that PK-L4-loaded SLNs were rapidly distributed from central areas to tissues and exhibited higher accumulation in specific organs. The highest deposition of PK-L4-loaded SLNs with PEG was found in the lung and spine. CONCLUSION Sufficient amounts of PK-L4 were entrapped in the SLNs, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of PK-L4-loaded SLNs was established. This formulation successfully resolved the delivery problem, and the drug was localized in particular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Fang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Zhao Y, Wang L, Yan M, Ma Y, Zang G, She Z, Deng Y. Repeated injection of PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles induces accelerated blood clearance in mice and beagles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2891-900. [PMID: 22745552 PMCID: PMC3383289 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface modification of nanocarriers with amphiphilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG), known as PEGylation, is regarded as a major breakthrough in the application of nanocarriers. However, PEGylated nanocarriers (including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles) induce what is referred to as the “accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon” upon repeated injection and consequently they lose their sustained circulation characteristics. Despite this, the present authors are not aware of any reports of accelerated clearance due to repeated injection for PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), another promising nanocarrier. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of PEGylated SLNs upon repeated administration in mice; moreover, the impact of circulation time on the induction of the ABC phenomenon was studied in beagles for the first time. The ABC index, selected as the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measured concentration of a second injection to that of the first injection, was used to evaluate the extent of this phenomenon. Results showed that the PEGylated SLNs exhibited accelerated clearance from systemic circulation upon repeated injection, both in mice and in beagles, and the ratio for the different time intervals, which showed that the ABC index exhibited significant difference within 30 minutes following the second injection, was good enough to evaluate the magnitude of ABC. This ABC index indicated that the 10 mol% PEG SLNs with a suitable prolonged circulation time induced the most marked ABC phenomenon in this research. This study demonstrated that, like PEGylated nanocarriers such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, PEGylated SLNs induced the ABC phenomenon upon repeated injection – the beagle was a valuable experimental animal for this research. Furthermore, the authors considered that a relatively extended circulation time of the initial dose may be the underlying major factor determining the induction of the ABC phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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