1
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Deskeuvre M, Lan J, Messens J, Riant O, Feron O, Frédérick R. A novel approach to pH-Responsive targeted cancer Therapy: Inhibition of FaDu cancer cell proliferation with a pH low insertion Peptide-Conjugated DGAT1 inhibitor. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124132. [PMID: 38641019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Targeting enzymes involved in lipid metabolism is increasingly recognized as a promising anticancer strategy. Efficient inhibition of diacylglycerol O-transferase 1 (DGAT1) can block fatty acid (FA) storage. This, in turn, triggers an increase in free polyunsaturated FA concentration, leading to peroxidation and ferroptosis. In this study, we report the development of a pH-sensitive peptide (pHLIP)-drug conjugate designed to selectively deliver DGAT1 inhibitors to cancer cells nested within the acidic microenvironment of tumors. We utilized two previously established pHLIP sequences for coupling with drugs. The study of DGAT1 conjugates in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of different compositions did not reveal enhanced pH-dependent insertion compared to POPC LUVs. However, using in vitro 3D tumor spheroids, significant antiproliferative effects were observed upon exposure to pHLIP-T863 (DGAT1 inhibitor) conjugates, surpassing the inhibitory activity of T863 alone. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that pHLIP-based conjugates with DGAT1 inhibitors have the potential to specifically target the acidic compartment of tumors. Moreover, it sheds light on the limitations of LUV models in capturing the pH-dependency of such conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Deskeuvre
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Medicinal Chemistry Research Group (CMFA), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 73 Avenue Emmanuel Mounier, B-1200 Brussel, Belgium; Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 57 Avenue Hippocrate B1.57.04, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Junjie Lan
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, MOST Division, Place Louis Pasteur, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, MOST Division, Place Louis Pasteur, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 57 Avenue Hippocrate B1.57.04, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO) Department, WEL Research Institute, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Frédérick
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Medicinal Chemistry Research Group (CMFA), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 73 Avenue Emmanuel Mounier, B-1200 Brussel, Belgium.
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2
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Omar YM, Santucci G, Afarinkia K. tert-Butyl(2-oxo-2 H-pyran-5-yl)carbamate as the First Chameleon Diene Bearing an Electron-Donating Substituent. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175666. [PMID: 36080432 PMCID: PMC9458009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2(H)-pyran-2-one bearing electron-donating tert-butylcarbamate (BocNH-) group at the 5- position is a “chameleon” diene and undergoes efficient Diels–Alder cycloadditions with alkene dienophiles with both electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents. Cycloadditions afford the 5-substituted bicyclic lactone cycloadducts regardless of the electronic nature of the dienophile. However, cycloadditions with electronically matched electron-deficient dienophiles proceed faster than those with electronically mismatched electron-rich dienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Omar
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- Department Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Giulia Santucci
- Department Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Kamyar Afarinkia
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
- Correspondence:
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3
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Koul S, Kurhade S, Bhosale S, Naik K, Salunkhe V, Ravula S, Punde P, Velayutham R, Tiwari A, Ahl D, Malkapuram S, Mudagala V, Raje A, Umrani D, Tambe S, Patil P, Singh U, Bhuniya D, Hariharan N, Mookhtiar K. Design and synthesis of novel spirocyclic carboxylic acids as potent and orally bioavailable DGAT1 inhibitors and their biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 62:128632. [PMID: 35189320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel spirocyclic DGAT1 inhibitors containing the oxadiazole motif were designed and synthesized for biological evaluation. Several compounds exhibited potent diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitory activity. Optimization of the series led to the identification of five lead compounds 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 that showed excellent in-vitro activity with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 20 nM against human DGAT1. All compounds demonstrated good druggability as well as microsomal stability and safety profiles such as hERG and CYP. Compound 12 significantly reduced plasma triglyceride levels in-vivo in the mouse model of acute lipid challenge. Significant reduction in plasma TG excursion was observed, thus indicating DGAT1 inhibition in-vivo.
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4
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Tunyasuvunakool K, Adler J, Wu Z, Green T, Zielinski M, Žídek A, Bridgland A, Cowie A, Meyer C, Laydon A, Velankar S, Kleywegt GJ, Bateman A, Evans R, Pritzel A, Figurnov M, Ronneberger O, Bates R, Kohl SAA, Potapenko A, Ballard AJ, Romera-Paredes B, Nikolov S, Jain R, Clancy E, Reiman D, Petersen S, Senior AW, Kavukcuoglu K, Birney E, Kohli P, Jumper J, Hassabis D. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome. Nature 2021; 596:590-596. [PMID: 34293799 PMCID: PMC8387240 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1332] [Impact Index Per Article: 444.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein structures can provide invaluable information, both for reasoning about biological processes and for enabling interventions such as structure-based drug development or targeted mutagenesis. After decades of effort, 17% of the total residues in human protein sequences are covered by an experimentally determined structure1. Here we markedly expand the structural coverage of the proteome by applying the state-of-the-art machine learning method, AlphaFold2, at a scale that covers almost the entire human proteome (98.5% of human proteins). The resulting dataset covers 58% of residues with a confident prediction, of which a subset (36% of all residues) have very high confidence. We introduce several metrics developed by building on the AlphaFold model and use them to interpret the dataset, identifying strong multi-domain predictions as well as regions that are likely to be disordered. Finally, we provide some case studies to illustrate how high-quality predictions could be used to generate biological hypotheses. We are making our predictions freely available to the community and anticipate that routine large-scale and high-accuracy structure prediction will become an important tool that will allow new questions to be addressed from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sameer Velankar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Gerard J Kleywegt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
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5
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Nakao S, Saikai M, Nishimoto Y, Yasuda M. InBr
3
‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction between Electron‐Deficient Alkenyl Ethers with Silyl Enolates for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,5‐Dioxo‐alk‐2‐enes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Nakao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Miki Saikai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
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6
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Zambre VP, Khamkar SM, Gavhane DD, Khedkar SC, Chavan MR, Pandey MM, Sanap SB, Patil RB, Sawant SD. Patent landscape for discovery of promising acyltransferase DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:873-896. [PMID: 32878484 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1815707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DGAT and MGAT enzymes play an important role in triacylglycerol (TGA) biosynthesis. Overexpression of these enzymes may lead to accumulation of TGA in adipose tissues causing development of diseases such as obesity and diabetes. High triglyceride levels increase risk factors for atherosclerosis, and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and other heart diseases. DGAT and MGAT inhibitors are used for the treatment of such metabolic diseases. A number of DGAT and MGAT inhibitors entered into clinical and preclinical stages. However, some adverse effects are associated with them. Thus there is need to develop new, potent and safe DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. AREA COVERED In this review, the authors carefully searched patent literature and reviewed recent advances since the year 2014. Diverse chemical classes reported in the patents belonging to the category DGAT and MGAT inhibitors have been highlighted. EXPERT OPINION DGAT and MGAT inhibitors are now gaining significant importance in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Fused heterocycles with a combination of aromatic and aliphatic hydrophobic substituents could offer more potent DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. Previously reported chemical scaffolds and their DGAT and MGAT inhibitory activity could be employed as an input for some in silico studies to discover novel, potent and safe DGAT and MGAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal P Zambre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Shamali M Khamkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar D Gavhane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sagar C Khedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Monali R Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Madhuri M Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sonali B Sanap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sanjay D Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
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7
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Hong DJ, Jung SH, Kim J, Jung D, Ahn YG, Suh KH, Min KH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thienopyrimidine derivatives as diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT-1) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:227-234. [PMID: 31752563 PMCID: PMC6882492 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1693555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesised and their inhibitory effects against diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT-1) were assessed. cis-Isomer 17a showed potent and selective inhibitory activity against DGAT-1 in SF9 cells. In addition, 17a had an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile and accumulated mainly in the small intestine and liver. Oral administration of 17a led to a significant reduction in plasma triacylglycerol level during an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) in murine and canine models. Taken together, 17a is a high-quality candidate that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Jung
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisook Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gil Ahn
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwee Hyun Suh
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cravcenco A, Hertzog M, Ye C, Iqbal MN, Mueller U, Eriksson L, Börjesson K. Multiplicity conversion based on intramolecular triplet-to-singlet energy transfer. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw5978. [PMID: 31555728 PMCID: PMC6754226 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to convert between molecular spin states is of utmost importance in materials chemistry. Förster-type energy transfer is based on dipole-dipole interactions and can therefore theoretically be used to convert between molecular spin states. Here, a molecular dyad that is capable of transferring energy from an excited triplet state to an excited singlet state is presented. The rate of conversion between these states was shown to be 36 times faster than the rate of emission from the isolated triplet state. This dyad provides the first solid proof that Förster-type triplet-to-singlet energy transfer is possible, revealing a method to increase the rate of light extraction from excited triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. N. Iqbal
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U. Mueller
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Morentin Gutierrez P, Yates J, Nilsson C, Birtles S. Evolving data analysis of an Oral Lipid Tolerance Test toward the standard for the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Cross species modeling effects of AZD7687 on plasma triacylglycerol. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00465. [PMID: 30899516 PMCID: PMC6408865 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to describe the time course of plasma triglyceride (TAG) after Oral Lipid Tolerance Test (OLTT) and the effects of AZD7687, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), in humans, rats, and mice. Pharmacokinetic and plasma TAG data were obtained both in animals and in two phase I OLTT studies. In the PK/PD model, the introduction of exogenous TAG is represented by a first order process. The endogenous production and removal of TAG from plasma are described with a turnover model. AZD7687 inhibits the contribution of exogenous TAG into circulation. One or two compartment models with first order absorption was used to describe the PK of AZD7687 for the different species. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was used to fit the model to the data. The effects of AZD7687 on the plasma TAG time course during an OLTT as well as interindividual variability were well described by the model in all three species. Meal fat content or data from single vs repeated dosing did not affect model parameter estimates. Body mass index was found to be a significant covariate on the plasma TAG baseline. The system parameters of the model will facilitate analysis for other compounds and provide tools to bring the standard of OLTT data analysis closer to the analyses of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test data maximizing knowledge gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Yates
- AstraZeneca R&DIMEDDMPKChesterford Science ParkUK
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10
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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11
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Tejedor D, Díaz-Díaz A, Diana-Rivero R, Delgado-Hernández S, García-Tellado F. Synthesis and Utility of 2,2-Dimethyl-2 H-pyrans: Dienes for Sequential Diels-Alder/Retro-Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2018; 20:7987-7990. [PMID: 30525705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The practical use of 2,2-dimethyl-2 H-pyrans as electron-rich dienes in sequential Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder (DA/rDA) domino processes to generate aromatic platforms has been demonstrated. Different polysubstituted alkyl 2-naphthoates have been synthesized by the DA/rDA reaction of benzynes and 2,2-dimethyl-2 H-pyrans. The use of other activated alkynes allows the access of substituted alkyl benzoate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tejedor
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Abián Díaz-Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Raquel Diana-Rivero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Fernando García-Tellado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
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12
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Yu T, Wu C, Shih N, Li Q, Chan C, Pan H, Yao D, Pan Y, Liang W, Shen L, Zhao H, Li J, Chen S. Discovery of dimethyl pent-4-ynoic acid derivatives, as potent and orally bioavailable DGAT1 inhibitors that suppress body weight in diet-induced mouse obesity model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1686-1692. [PMID: 29699923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is expressed abundantly in intestine, liver, and adipose tissues. DGAT1 is the crucial and rate-limiting enzyme that mediates the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) resynthesis during dietary fat absorption. However, too much triacylglycerol (TAG) reserve will lead to genetic obesity (Hubert et al., 2000). DGAT1 knockout mice could survive and displayed a reduction in the postprandial rise of plasma TG, and increased sensitivity of insulin and leptin. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a novel selective DGAT1 inhibitor 29 to potentially treat obesity. Compound 29 showed lipid lowering effect in mouse lipid tolerance test (LTT) and also reduced body weight in DIO mice without observable liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengde Wu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - NengYang Shih
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Chichung Chan
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - He Pan
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yao
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Pan
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
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13
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Maciejewski BS, Manion TB, Steppan CM. Pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 and insights into postprandial gut peptide secretion. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:161-175. [PMID: 29184702 PMCID: PMC5696614 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the role that enzyme Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) plays in postprandial gut peptide secretion and signaling.
METHODS The standard experimental paradigm utilized to evaluate the incretin response was a lipid challenge. Following a lipid challenge, plasma was collected via cardiac puncture at each time point from a cohort of 5-8 mice per group from baseline at time zero to 10 h. Incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] were then quantitated. The impact of pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 on the incretin effect was evaluated in WT mice. Additionally, a comparison of loss of DGAT1 function either by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition. To further elucidate the pathways and mechanisms involved in the incretin response to DGAT1 inhibition, other interventions [inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (sitagliptin), pancreatic lipase (Orlistat), GPR119 knockout mice] were evaluated.
RESULTS DGAT1 deficient mice and wildtype C57/BL6J mice were lipid challenged and levels of both active and total GLP-1 in the plasma were increased. This response was further augmented with DGAT1 inhibitor PF-04620110 treated wildtype mice. Furthermore, PF-04620110 was able to dose responsively increase GLP-1 and PYY, but blunt GIP at all doses of PF-04620110 during lipid challenge. Combination treatment of PF-04620110 and Sitagliptin in wildtype mice during a lipid challenge synergistically enhanced postprandial levels of active GLP-1. In contrast, in a combination study with Orlistat, the ability of PF-04620110 to elicit an enhanced incretin response was abrogated. To further explore this observation, GPR119 knockout mice were evaluated. In response to a lipid challenge, GPR119 knockout mice exhibited no increase in active or total GLP-1 and PYY. However, PF-04620110 was able to increase total GLP-1 and PYY in GPR119 knockout mice as compared to vehicle treated wildtype mice.
CONCLUSION Collectively, these data provide some insight into the mechanism by which inhibition of DGAT1 enhances intestinal hormone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Maciejewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tara B Manion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
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Camilleri P, Buch A, Soldo B, Hutt AJ. The influence of physicochemical properties on the reactivity and stability of acyl glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:958-972. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1384967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshay Buch
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Brandi Soldo
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Andrew J. Hutt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, UK
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Yan J, Wang G, Dang X, Guo B, Chen W, Wang T, Zeng L, Wang H, Hu Y. Discovery of a low-systemic-exposure DGAT-1 inhibitor with a picolinoylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4701-4714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Obydennov DL, Goncharov AO, Sosnovskikh VY. Preparative synthesis of ethyl 5-acyl-4-pyrone-2-carboxylates and 6-aryl-, 6-alkyl-, and 5-acylcomanic acids on their basis. Russ Chem Bull 2016; 65:2233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Aliagas I, Berger R, Goldberg K, Nishimura RT, Reilly J, Richardson P, Richter D, Sherer EC, Sparling BA, Bryan MC. Sustainable Practices in Medicinal Chemistry Part 2: Green by Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5955-5968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Aliagas
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Raphaëlle Berger
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kristin Goldberg
- Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Milton Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Rachel T. Nishimura
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul Richardson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive (CB2), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel Richter
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive (CB2), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brian A. Sparling
- Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marian C. Bryan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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18
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Abdullahi MH, Thompson LM, Bearpark MJ, Vinader V, Afarinkia K. The role of substituents in retro Diels–Alder extrusion of CO2 from 2(H)-pyrone cycloadducts. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Sachdev V, Leopold C, Bauer R, Patankar JV, Iqbal J, Obrowsky S, Boverhof R, Doktorova M, Scheicher B, Goeritzer M, Kolb D, Turnbull AV, Zimmer A, Hoefler G, Hussain MM, Groen AK, Kratky D. Novel role of a triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme: DGAT1 at the crossroad between triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1132-1141. [PMID: 27344248 PMCID: PMC4948681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TG) biosynthesis. Here we show that genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 in mice alters cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol absorption, as assessed by acute cholesterol uptake, was significantly decreased in the small intestine and liver upon DGAT1 deficiency/inhibition. Ablation of DGAT1 in the intestine (I-DGAT1−/−) alone is sufficient to cause these effects. Consequences of I-DGAT1 deficiency phenocopy findings in whole-body DGAT1−/− and DGAT1 inhibitor-treated mice. We show that deficiency/inhibition of DGAT1 affects cholesterol metabolism via reduced chylomicron size and increased trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion. These effects are independent of cholesterol uptake at the apical surface of enterocytes but mediated through altered dietary fatty acid metabolism. Our findings provide insight into a novel role of DGAT1 and identify a pathway by which intestinal DGAT1 deficiency affects whole-body cholesterol homeostasis in mice. Targeting intestinal DGAT1 may represent a novel approach for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Raimund Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 11203 New York, United States
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela Doktorova
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 11203 New York, United States
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Tsuda N, Kumadaki S, Higashi C, Ozawa M, Shinozaki M, Kato Y, Hoshida K, Kikuchi S, Nakano Y, Ogawa Y, Furusako S. Intestine-targeted DGAT1 inhibition improves obesity and insulin resistance without skin aberrations in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112027. [PMID: 25405858 PMCID: PMC4236014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final committed step in triglyceride biosynthesis. DGAT1 null mice are known to be resistant to diet-induced obesity, and more insulin sensitive relative to the wild-type; however, the mice exhibit abnormalities in the skin. This work determined whether the intestine-targeted DGAT1 inhibitor could improve obesity and insulin resistance without skin aberrations in mice. Design and Methods We synthesized 2 DGAT1 inhibitors: Compound A, described in the patent application from the Japan Tobacco, and Compound B (A-922500), reported by Abbott Laboratories. Both compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activities against DGAT1 enzymes and effects on the skin in mice in vivo. Compound B was further investigated for effects on obesity and insulin resistance in diet-induced-obese (DIO) mice. Results The 2 compounds comparably inhibited the DGAT1 enzyme activity and the cellular triglyceride synthesis in vitro, while they showed different distribution patterns in mice in vivo. Compound A, which distributed systemically, caused skin aberrations, while Compound B, which preferentially distributed to the intestine, improved obesity and insulin resistance without skin aberrations in DIO mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that the intestine is the key tissue in which DGAT1 plays a role in promoting obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tsuda
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shin Kumadaki
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chika Higashi
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Shinozaki
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koutarou Hoshida
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuchi
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Furusako
- Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shizuoka, Japan
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Urner LM, Sekita M, Trapp N, Schweizer WB, Wörle M, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Guldi DM, Diederich F. Systematic Variation of Cyanobuta-1,3-dienes and Expanded Tetracyanoquinodimethane Analogues as Electron Acceptors in Photoactive, Rigid Porphyrin Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Liu L, Trent CM, Fang X, Son NH, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Hu Y, Yin YX, Farese RV, Homma S, Turnbull AV, Eriksson JW, Hu SL, Ginsberg HN, Huang LS, Goldberg IJ. Cardiomyocyte-specific loss of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) reproduces the abnormalities in lipids found in severe heart failure. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29881-91. [PMID: 25157099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step in triglyceride synthesis, the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to triglyceride. Dgat1(-/-) mice exhibit a number of beneficial metabolic effects including reduced obesity and improved insulin sensitivity and no known cardiac dysfunction. In contrast, failing human hearts have severely reduced DGAT1 expression associated with accumulation of DAGs and ceramides. To test whether DGAT1 loss alone affects heart function, we created cardiomyocyte-specific DGAT1 knock-out (hDgat1(-/-)) mice. hDgat1(-/-) mouse hearts had 95% increased DAG and 85% increased ceramides compared with floxed controls. 50% of these mice died by 9 months of age. The heart failure marker brain natriuretic peptide increased 5-fold in hDgat1(-/-) hearts, and fractional shortening (FS) was reduced. This was associated with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and cluster of differentiation 36. We crossed hDgat1(-/-) mice with previously described enterocyte-specific Dgat1 knock-out mice (hiDgat1(-/-)). This corrected the early mortality, improved FS, and reduced cardiac ceramide and DAG content. Treatment of hDgat1(-/-) mice with the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exenatide also improved FS and reduced heart DAG and ceramide content. Increased fatty acid uptake into hDgat1(-/-) hearts was normalized by exenatide. Reduced activation of protein kinase Cα (PKCα), which is increased by DAG and ceramides, paralleled the reductions in these lipids. Our mouse studies show that loss of DGAT1 reproduces the lipid abnormalities seen in severe human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Chad M Trent
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Xiang Fang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 230001 Hefei, China
| | - Ni-Huiping Son
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - HongFeng Jiang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | | | - Yunying Hu
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Yu-Xin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Robert V Farese
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Astra-Zeneca Company, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Shi-Lian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 230001 Hefei, China
| | | | - Li-Shin Huang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Naik R, Obiang-Obounou BW, Kim M, Choi Y, Lee HS, Lee K. Therapeutic Strategies for Metabolic Diseases: Small-Molecule Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase (DGAT) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2410-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhou G, Zorn N, Ting P, Aslanian R, Lin M, Cook J, Lachowicz J, Lin A, Smith M, Hwa J, van Heek M, Walker S. Development of novel benzomorpholine class of diacylglycerol acyltransferase I inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:544-9. [PMID: 24900877 DOI: 10.1021/ml400527n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) presents itself as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes for its important role in triglyceride biosynthesis. Herein we report the rational design of a novel class of DGAT1 inhibitors featuring a benzomorpholine core (23n). SAR exploration yielded compounds with good potency and selectivity as well as reasonable physical and pharmacokinetic properties. This class of DGAT1 inhibitors was tested in rodent models to evaluate DGAT1 inhibition as a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Compound 23n conferred weight loss and a reduction in liver triglycerides when dosed chronically in mice with diet-induced obesity and depleted serum triglycerides following a lipid challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicolas Zorn
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Pauline Ting
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mingxiang Lin
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Cook
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jean Lachowicz
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Albert Lin
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michelle Smith
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joyce Hwa
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret van Heek
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott Walker
- Discovery and Preclinical
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Kandre S, Bhagat PR, Kumar Reddy MM, Dalal R, Dixit A, Deshmukh NJ, Anthony J, Bose J, Anupindi R, Sharma R, Gupte A. Synthesis and evaluation of cyclohexane carboxylic acid head group containing isoxazole and thiazole analogs as DGAT1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:203-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kudyakova YS, Bazhin DN, Goryaeva MV, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI. The use of 2-(1-alkoxyalkylidene)-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in organic synthesis. Russ Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n02abeh004388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Zhang J, Xu D, Nie J, Cao J, Zhai Y, Tong D, Shi Y. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 is a tetrameric enzyme that selectively heterodimerizes with diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10909-10918. [PMID: 24573674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferases (MGATs) and diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze the two consecutive steps in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, a key process required for dietary fat absorption into the enterocytes of the small intestine. In this report, we investigated the tendency of MGAT2 to form an enzyme complex with DGAT1 and DGAT2 in intact cells. We demonstrated that in addition to the 38-kDa monomer of the MGAT2 enzyme predicted by its peptide sequence, a 76-kDa moiety was detected in SDS-PAGE without reducing agent and heat inactivation. The 76-kDa MGAT2 moiety was greatly enhanced by treatment with a cross-linking reagent in intact cells. Additionally, the cross-linking reagent dose-dependently yielded a band corresponding to the tetramer (152 kDa) in SDS-PAGE, suggesting that the MGAT2 enzyme primarily functions as a homotetrameric protein and as a tetrameric protein. Likewise, DGAT1 also forms a homodimer under nondenaturing conditions. When co-expressed in COS-7 cells, MGAT2 heterodimerized with DGAT1 without treatment with a cross-linking reagent. MGAT2 also co-eluted with DGAT1 on a gel filtration column, suggesting that the two enzymes form a complex in intact cells. In contrast, MGAT2 did not heterodimerize with DGAT2 when co-expressed in COS-7 cells, despite high sequence homology between the two enzymes. Furthermore, systematic deletion analysis demonstrates that N-terminal amino acids 35-80 of DGAT1, but not a signal peptide at the N terminus of MGAT2, is required for the heterodimerization. Finally, co-expression of MGAT2 with DGAT1 significantly increased lipogenesis in COS-7 cells, indicating the functional importance of the dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Nie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jingsong Cao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033.
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Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has recently become a highly interesting target for metabolic disorders as well as for hepatitis C virus (HCV). DGAT1 processes diacylglycerol to triglycerides in the final step of resynthesis for the absorption of fat across the intestine. Pharmaceutical companies have developed many novel inhibitors of DGAT1, several of which have reached the clinic. Proof of target engagement was achieved with the observation of reduced triglycerides upon treatment of humans with DGAT1 inhibitors; however, there were gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. These adverse events have been reported with multiple compounds and are possibly linked to the target because of the recent identification of a human cohort deficient in DGAT1. Clinical studies are continuing in a trial to treat patients with an orphan indication for familial chylomicronemia. The full potential of DGAT1 as a therapeutic target will need to overcome observed clinical adverse events, which are possibly mechanism based. The widespread use of DGAT1 inhibitors will ultimately depend upon a better understanding of how to improve the GI tolerability of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DeVita
- Department Cardiovascular and Diabetes Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Liu J, Gorski JN, Gold SJ, Chen D, Chen S, Forrest G, Itoh Y, Marsh DJ, McLaren DG, Shen Z, Sonatore L, Carballo-Jane E, Craw S, Guan X, Karanam B, Sakaki J, Szeto D, Tong X, Xiao J, Yoshimoto R, Yu H, Roddy TP, Balkovec J, Pinto S. Pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 reduces body weight and modulates gut peptide release--potential insight into mechanism of action. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1406-15. [PMID: 23671037 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation was conducted to understand the mechanism of action of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) using small molecules DGAT1 inhibitors, compounds K and L. DESIGN AND METHODS Biochemical and stable-label tracer approaches were applied to interrogate the functional activities of compounds K and L on TG synthesis and changes of carbon flow. Energy homeostasis and gut peptide release upon DGAT1 inhibition was conducted in mouse and dog models. RESULTS Compounds K and L, dose-dependently inhibits post-prandial TG excursion in mouse and dog models. Weight loss studies in WT and Dgat1(-/-) mice, confirmed that the effects of compound K on body weight loss is mechanism-based. Compounds K and L altered incretin peptide release following oral fat challenge. Immunohistochemical studies with intestinal tissues demonstrate lack of detectable DGAT1 immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells. Furthermore, (13) C-fatty acid tracing studies indicate that compound K inhibition of DGAT1 increased the production of phosphatidyl choline (PC). CONCLUSION Treatment with DGAT1 inhibitors improves lipid metabolism and body weight. DGAT1 inhibition leads to enhanced PC production via alternative carbon channeling. Immunohistological studies suggest that DGAT1 inhibitor's effects on plasma gut peptide levels are likely via an indirect mechanism. Overall these data indicate a translational potential towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Maciejewski BS, LaPerle JL, Chen D, Ghosh A, Zavadoski WJ, McDonald TS, Manion TB, Mather D, Patterson TA, Hanna M, Watkins S, Gibbs EM, Calle RA, Steppan CM. Pharmacological inhibition to examine the role of DGAT1 in dietary lipid absorption in rodents and humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G958-69. [PMID: 23558010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in fat metabolism, in particular elevated plasma concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides (TG), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), a member of the large family of membrane-bound O-acyltransferases, catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol formation. In the intestine, DGAT1 is one of the acyltransferases responsible for the reesterficiation of dietary TG. Following a single dose of a selective pharmacological inhibitor of DGAT1, PF-04620110, a dose-dependent inhibition of TG and vitamin A absorption postprandially was demonstrated in rodents and human subjects. In C57/BL6J mice, acute DGAT1 inhibition alters the temporal and spatial pattern of dietary lipid absorption. To understand the impact of DGAT1 inhibition on enterocyte lipid metabolism, lipomic profiling was performed in rat intestine and plasma as well as human plasma. DGAT1 inhibition causes an enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the TG class of lipids. This pharmacological intervention gives us insight as to the role of DGAT1 in human dietary lipid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Maciejewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Shih CC, Ciou JL, Lin CH, Wu JB, Ho HY. Cell suspension culture of Eriobotrya japonica regulates the diabetic and hyperlipidemic signs of high-fat-fed mice. Molecules 2013; 18:2726-53. [PMID: 23455665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the anti-hyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects and mechanism in high-fat (HF)-fed mice of cell suspension culture of Eriobotrya japonica (TA), which contains a great number of pentacyclic terpenoids. Firstly, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups: the control (CON) group was fed with a low-fat diet (n = 9), whereas the experimental group was fed a 45% HF diet for 8 weeks. Afterwards, the CON group was treated with vehicle, whereas the HF group was subdivided into five groups and was orally given TA or rosiglitazone or not for 4 weeks. Blood and visceral adipose tissue, liver tissue and skeletal muscle were examined. Treatment with TA reduced body weight gain, weights of white adipose tissue (WAT) (including epididymal, perirenal, mesenteric WAT and visceral fat), and hepatic triacylglycerol content significantly without affecting food intake in diet-induced diabetic mice. TA effectively prevented HF diet-induced increases in the levels of blood glucose, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR index (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) and attenuated insulin resistance. Treatment with TA, adipocytes in the visceral depots showed a reduction in size. TA effectively significantly increased the protein contents of phosphorylation of AMPK-α (Thr172) both in liver and adipose tissue. It is shown that TA exhibits hypolipidemic effect in HF-fed mice by decreasing gene expressions of fatty acid synthesis, including acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 2, which catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of triglycerides, and antidiabetic properties occurred as a result of decreased hepatic glucose production via phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) down- regulation, improved insulin sensitization and TA (at 1.0 g/kg dose) decreased expression of hepatic and adipose 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydroxygenase (11β-HSD1) gene, which contributed in attenuating diabetic state. Futhermore, TA at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg had serum lipid-lowering action characterized by the inhibition of DGAT 1 expression. Thus, amelioration of diabetic and dyslipidemic state by TA in HF-fed mice occurred by regulation of PEPCK, DGAT2 and AMPK phosphorylation.
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32
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Schober G, Arnold M, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Pacheco-López G, Turnbull AV, Langhans W, Mansouri A. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibition enhances intestinal fatty acid oxidation and reduces energy intake in rats. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1369-84. [PMID: 23449193 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and is highly expressed in the small intestine. Because DGAT-1 knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, we investigated the acute effects of intragastric (IG) infusion of a small molecule diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor (DGAT-1i) on eating, circulating fat metabolites, indirect calorimetry, and hepatic and intestinal expression of key fat catabolism enzymes in male rats adapted to an 8 h feeding-16 h deprivation schedule. Also, the DGAT-1i effect on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was investigated in enterocyte cell culture models. IG DGAT-1i infusions reduced energy intake compared with vehicle in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, but scarcely in chow-fed rats. IG DGAT-1i also blunted the postprandial increase in serum TAG and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels only in HFD-fed rats, in which it lowered the respiratory quotient and increased intestinal, but not hepatic, protein levels of Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and of mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Finally, the DGAT-1i enhanced FAO in CaCo2 (EC50 = 0.3494) and HuTu80 (EC50 = 0.00762) cells. Thus, pharmacological DGAT-1 inhibition leads to an increase in intestinal FAO and ketogenesis when dietary fat is available. This may contribute to the observed eating-inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schober
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Floettmann JE, Buckett LK, Turnbull AV, Smith T, Hallberg C, Birch A, Lees D, Jones HB. ACAT-selective and Nonselective DGAT1 Inhibition. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:941-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313477753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-Acyltransferase (ACAT) and Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes play important roles in synthesizing neutral lipids, and inhibitors of these enzymes have been investigated as potential treatments for diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Administration of a Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor with very limited cellular selectivity over ACAT resulted in significant adrenocortical degenerative changes in dogs. These changes included macrosteatotic vacuolation associated with adrenocyte cell death in the zonae glomerulosa and fasciculata and minimal to substantial mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and were similar to those described previously for some ACAT inhibitors in dogs. In the mouse, similar but only transient adrenocortical degenerative changes were seen as well as a distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation. In the marmoset, only the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation was observed, suggesting that the dog, followed by the mouse, is the most sensitive species for cortical degeneration. Biochemical analysis of adrenal cholesterol and cholesteryl ester indicated that the distinctive reduction in cortical fine vacuolation correlated with a significant reduction in cholesteryl ester in the mouse and marmoset, whereas no significant reduction in cholestryl ester, but an increase in free cholesterol was observed in dogs. Administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor with markedly improved selectivity over ACAT to the marmoset and the mouse resulted in no adrenal pathology at exposures sufficient to cause substantial DGAT1 but not ACAT inhibition, thereby implicating ACAT rather than DGAT1 inhibition as the probable cause of the observed adrenal changes. Recognizing that the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation in the mouse could be used as a histopathological biomarker for an in vivo model of the more severe changes observed in dogs, the mouse has subsequently been used as a model to select DGAT1 inhibitors free of adrenocortical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Eike Floettmann
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K. Buckett
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Smith
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Hallberg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alan Birch
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Lees
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Huw B. Jones
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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34
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Lin HV, Chen D, Shen Z, Zhu L, Ouyang X, Vongs A, Kan Y, Levorse JM, Kowalik EJ Jr, Szeto DM, Yao X, Xiao J, Chen S, Liu J, Garcia-Calvo M, Shin MK, Pinto S. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibition perturbs postprandial gut hormone release. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54480. [PMID: 23336002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. However, the degree of DGAT1 inhibition required for metabolic benefits is unclear. Here we show that partial DGAT1 deficiency in mice suppressed postprandial triglyceridemia, led to elevations in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) only following meals with very high lipid content, and did not protect from diet-induced obesity. Maximal DGAT1 inhibition led to enhanced GLP-1 and PYY secretion following meals with physiologically relevant lipid content. Finally, combination of DGAT1 inhibition with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition led to further enhancements in active GLP-1 in mice and dogs. The current study suggests that targeting DGAT1 to enhance postprandial gut hormone secretion requires maximal inhibition, and suggests combination with DPP-4i as a potential strategy to develop DGAT1 inhibitors for treatment of metabolic diseases.
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35
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Plowright AT, Barton P, Bennett S, Birch AM, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Butlin RJ, Davies RDM, Ertan A, Gutierrez PM, Kemmitt PD, Leach AG, Svensson PH, Turnbull AV, Waring MJ. Design and synthesis of a novel series of cyclohexyloxy-pyridyl derivatives as inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of a novel series of cyclohexyloxy-pyridyl inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1.
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36
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Waring MJ, Birch AM, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Butlin RJ, Campbell L, Gutierrez PM, Kemmitt PD, Leach AG, MacFaul PA, O'Donnell C, Turnbull AV. Optimisation of biphenyl acetic acid inhibitors of diacylglycerol acetyl transferase 1 – the discovery of AZD2353. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Focus on ligand efficiency, ligand lipophilicity efficiency, and conformational restriction led to the discovery of AZD2353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Waring
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Alan M. Birch
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Susan Birtles
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Linda K. Buckett
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Roger J. Butlin
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Leonie Campbell
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | | | - Paul D. Kemmitt
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Charles O'Donnell
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit
- AstraZeneca R&D
- Cheshire
- UK
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37
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Goldberg FW, Birch AM, Leach AG, Groombridge SD, Snelson WL, Gutierrez PM, Hammond CD, Birtles S, Buckett LK. Discovery and optimization of efficacious neutral 4-amino-6-biphenyl-7,8-dihydropyrimido[5,4-f][1,4]oxazepin-5-one diacylglycerol acyl transferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitors. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutral DGAT1 inhibitors have been designed with comparable pre-clinical efficacy and PK/PD to those previously described for acidic inhibitors.
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38
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Lee K, Kim M, Lee B, Goo J, Kim J, Naik R, Seo JH, Kim MO, Byun Y, Song GY, Lee HS, Choi Y. Discovery of indolyl acrylamide derivatives as human diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 selective inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:849-58. [PMID: 23242135 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of indolyl acrylamide derivatives was synthesized as potential diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitors. Furfurylamine containing indolyl acrylamide derivative 5h exhibited the most potent DGAT inhibitory activity using microsomes prepared from rat liver. Further evaluation against human DGAT-1 and DGAT-2 identified indolyl acrylamide analogues as selective inhibitors against human DGAT-2. In addition, the most potent compound 5h inhibited triglyceride synthesis dose-dependently in HepG2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Korea
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Barlind JG, Bauer UA, Birch AM, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Butlin RJ, Davies RDM, Eriksson JW, Hammond CD, Hovland R, Johannesson P, Johansson MJ, Kemmitt PD, Lindmark BT, Morentin Gutierrez P, Noeske TA, Nordin A, O’Donnell CJ, Petersson AU, Redzic A, Turnbull AV, Vinblad J. Design and Optimization of Pyrazinecarboxamide-Based Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) Leading to a Clinical Candidate Dimethylpyrazinecarboxamide Phenylcyclohexylacetic Acid (AZD7687). J Med Chem 2012; 55:10610-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G. Barlind
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Udo A. Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alan M. Birch
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Susan Birtles
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Linda K. Buckett
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Roger J. Butlin
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical
Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clare D. Hammond
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Ragnar Hovland
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Petra Johannesson
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul D. Kemmitt
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Bo T. Lindmark
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias A. Noeske
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Nordin
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Annika U. Petersson
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alma Redzic
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Vinblad
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit Mölndal, AstraZeneca R&D, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Lee K, Goo JI, Jung HY, Kim M, Boovanahalli SK, Park HR, Kim MO, Kim DH, Lee HS, Choi Y. Discovery of a novel series of benzimidazole derivatives as diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7456-60. [PMID: 23141914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzimidazole derivatives was prepared and evaluated for their diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitory activity using microsome from rat liver. Among the newly synthesized compounds, furfurylamine containing benzimidazole carboxamide 10j showed the most potent DGAT inhibitory effect (IC(50)=4.4 μM) and inhibited triglyceride formation in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, compound 10j reduced body weight gain of Institute of Cancer Research mice on a high-fat diet and decreased levels of total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the blood accompanied with a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The microvascular complications of insufficiently controlled diabetes (neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy) and the marked increased risk of macrovascular events (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction) have a dire impact on society in both human and economic terms. In Type 1 diabetes total β-cell loss occurs. In Type 2 diabetes, partial β-cell loss occurs before diagnosis, and the progressive β-cell loss during the life of the patient increases the severity of the disease. In patients with diabetes, increased insulin resistance in the muscle and liver are key pathophysiologic defects. In addition, defects in metabolic processes in the fat, GI tract, brain, pancreatic α-cells and kidney are detrimental to the overall health of the patient. This review addresses novel therapies for these deficiencies in clinical and preclinical evaluation, emphasizing their potential to address glucose homeostasis, β-cell mass and function, and the comorbidities of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Aicher
- Principal Research Investigator, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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42
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Ables GP, Yang KJZ, Vogel S, Hernandez-Ono A, Yu S, Yuen JJ, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Turnbull AV, Goldberg IJ, Blaner WS, Huang LS, Ginsberg HN. Intestinal DGAT1 deficiency reduces postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion and delaying gastric emptying. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2364-79. [PMID: 22911105 PMCID: PMC3466005 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 catalyzes the final step of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. We show that acute administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor (DGAT1i) by oral gavage or genetic deletion of intestinal Dgat1 (intestine-Dgat1(-/-)) markedly reduced postprandial plasma TG and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion in mice. Loss of DGAT1 activity did not affect the efficiency of retinol esterification, but it did reduce TG and retinoid accumulation in the small intestine. In contrast, inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) reduced chylomicron secretion after oral fat/retinol loads, but with accumulation of dietary TG and retinoids in the small intestine. Lack of intestinal accumulation of TG and retinoids in DGAT1i-treated or intestine-Dgat1(-/-) mice resulted, in part, from delayed gastric emptying associated with increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. However, neither bypassing the stomach through duodenal oil injection nor inhibiting the receptor for GLP-1 normalized postprandial TG or retinyl esters excursions in the absence of DGAT1 activity. In summary, intestinal DGAT1 inhibition or deficiency acutely delayed gastric emptying and inhibited chylomicron secretion; however, the latter occurred when gastric emptying was normal or when lipid was administered directly into the small intestine. Long-term hepatic retinoid metabolism was not impacted by DGAT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene P Ables
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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43
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McCoull W, Addie MS, Birch AM, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Butlin RJ, Bowker SS, Boyd S, Chapman S, Davies RD, Donald CS, Green CP, Jenner C, Kemmitt PD, Leach AG, Moody GC, Morentin Gutierrez P, Newcombe NJ, Nowak T, Packer MJ, Plowright AT, Revill J, Schofield P, Sheldon C, Stokes S, Turnbull AV, Wang SJ, Whalley DP, Matthew Wood J. Identification, optimisation and in vivo evaluation of oxadiazole DGAT-1 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3873-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Serrano-Wu MH, Coppola GM, Gong Y, Neubert AD, Chatelain R, Clairmont KB, Commerford R, Cosker T, Daniels T, Hou Y, Jain M, Juedes M, Li L, Mullarkey T, Rocheford E, Sung MJ, Tyler A, Yang Q, Yoon T, Hubbard BK. Intestinally Targeted Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) Inhibitors Robustly Suppress Postprandial Triglycerides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:411-5. [PMID: 24900485 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High DGAT1 expression levels in the small intestine highlight the critical role this enzyme plays in nutrient absorption. Identification of inhibitors which predominantly inhibit DGAT1 in the gut is an attractive drug discovery strategy with anticipated benefits of reduced systemic toxicity. In this report we describe our discovery and optimization of DGAT1 inhibitors whose plasma exposure is minimized by the action of transporters, including the P-glycoprotein transporter. The impact of this unique absorption profile on efficacy in rat and dog efficacy models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Serrano-Wu
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Gary M. Coppola
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Yongjin Gong
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Alan D. Neubert
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Ricardo Chatelain
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Kevin B. Clairmont
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Renee Commerford
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Theresa Cosker
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Thomas Daniels
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Ying Hou
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Monish Jain
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Marlene Juedes
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Lisha Li
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Tara Mullarkey
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Erik Rocheford
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Moo Je Sung
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Andrew Tyler
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Qing Yang
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Taeyoung Yoon
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Brian K. Hubbard
- Departments
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and Metabolism, §Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Translational
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge Massachusetts
02139, United States
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45
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Yeh VSC, Beno DWA, Brodjian S, Brune ME, Cullen SC, Dayton BD, Dhaon MK, Falls HD, Gao J, Grihalde N, Hajduk P, Hansen TM, Judd AS, King AJ, Klix RC, Larson KJ, Lau YY, Marsh KC, Mittelstadt SW, Plata D, Rozema MJ, Segreti JA, Stoner EJ, Voorbach MJ, Wang X, Xin X, Zhao G, Collins CA, Cox BF, Reilly RM, Kym PR, Souers AJ. Identification and preliminary characterization of a potent, safe, and orally efficacious inhibitor of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1751-7. [PMID: 22263872 DOI: 10.1021/jm201524g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screen against human DGAT-1 led to the identification of a core structure that was subsequently optimized to afford the potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compound 14. Oral administration at doses ≥0.03 mg/kg significantly reduced postprandial triglycerides in mice following an oral lipid challenge. Further assessment in both acute and chronic safety pharmacology and toxicology studies demonstrated a clean profile up to high plasma levels, thus culminating in the nomination of 14 as clinical candidate ABT-046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince S C Yeh
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6100, United States
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46
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Chandak PG, Obrowsky S, Radovic B, Doddapattar P, Aflaki E, Kratzer A, Doshi LS, Povoden S, Ahammer H, Hoefler G, Levak-Frank S, Kratky D. Lack of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption and attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1811:1011-20. [PMID: 21924378 PMCID: PMC3223411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TG) are the major storage molecules of metabolic energy and fatty acids in several tissues. The final step in TG biosynthesis is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. Lack of whole body DGAT1 is associated with reduced lipid-induced inflammation. Since one major component of atherosclerosis is chronic inflammation we hypothesized that DGAT1 deficiency might ameliorate atherosclerotic lesion development. We therefore crossbred Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice with Dgat1(-/-) mice. ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-)Dgat1(-/-) mice were fed Western-type diet (WTD) for 9weeks and thereafter examined for plaque formation. The mean atherosclerotic lesion area was substantially reduced in ApoE(-/-)Dgat1(-/-) compared with ApoE(-/-) mice in en face and aortic valve section analyses. The reduced lesion size was associated with decreased cholesterol uptake and absorption by the intestine, reduced plasma TG and cholesterol concentrations and increased cholesterol efflux from macrophages. The expression of adhesion molecules was reduced in aortas of ApoE(-/-)Dgat1(-/-) mice, which might be the reason for less migration capacities of monocytes and macrophages and the observed decreased amount of macrophages within the plaques. From our results we conclude that the lack of DGAT1 is atheroprotective, implicating an additional application of DGAT1 inhibitors with regard to maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and attenuating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G. Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Branislav Radovic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash Doddapattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lalit S. Doshi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Povoden
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Ahammer
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Levak-Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria,Corresponding author. Tel.: + 43 3163807543.
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47
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Cao J, Zhou Y, Peng H, Huang X, Stahler S, Suri V, Qadri A, Gareski T, Jones J, Hahm S, Perreault M, McKew J, Shi M, Xu X, Tobin JF, Gimeno RE. Targeting Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) with small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41838-41851. [PMID: 21990351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is one of two known DGAT enzymes that catalyze the final step in triglyceride synthesis. Findings from genetically modified mice as well as pharmacological studies suggest that inhibition of DGAT1 is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we characterize a tool DGAT1 inhibitor compound, T863. We found that T863 is a potent inhibitor for both human and mouse DGAT1 in vitro, which acts on the acyl-CoA binding site of DGAT1 and inhibits DGAT1-mediated triacylglycerol formation in cells. In an acute lipid challenge model, oral administration of T863 significantly delayed fat absorption and resulted in lipid accumulation in the distal small intestine of mice, mimicking the effects of genetic ablation of DGAT1. In diet-induced obese mice, oral administration of T863 for 2 weeks caused weight loss, reduction in serum and liver triglycerides, and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition to the expected triglyceride-lowering activity, T863 also lowered serum cholesterol. Hepatic IRS2 protein was dramatically up-regulated in mice treated with T863, possibly contributing to improved insulin sensitivity. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, T863 enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, suggesting a possible role for adipocytes to improve insulin sensitivity upon DGAT1 inhibition. These results reveal novel mechanistic insights into the insulin-sensitizing effects of DGAT1 inhibition in mouse models. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive evaluation of a small molecule inhibitor for DGAT1 and suggests that pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 holds promise in treating diverse metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Haibing Peng
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Screening Sciences, Pfizer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Shannon Stahler
- Screening Sciences, Pfizer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Vipin Suri
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Ariful Qadri
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Tiffany Gareski
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Juli Jones
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Seung Hahm
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Mylene Perreault
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - John McKew
- Exploratory Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Mengxiao Shi
- Discovery Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Xin Xu
- Discovery Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - James F Tobin
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.
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48
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Dow RL, Li JC, Pence MP, Gibbs EM, LaPerle JL, Litchfield J, Piotrowski DW, Munchhof MJ, Manion TB, Zavadoski WJ, Walker GS, McPherson RK, Tapley S, Sugarman E, Guzman-Perez A, DaSilva-Jardine P. Discovery of PF-04620110, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of DGAT-1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:407-12. [PMID: 24900321 DOI: 10.1021/ml200051p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final committed step in the biosynthesis of triglycerides. DGAT-1 knockout mice have been shown to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and have increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, inhibition of DGAT-1 may represent an attractive target for the treatment of obesity or type II diabetes. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective DGAT-1 inhibitor PF-04620110 (3). Compound 3 inhibits DGAT-1 with an IC50 of 19 nM and shows high selectivity versus a broad panel of off-target pharmacologic end points. In vivo DGAT-1 inhibition has been demonstrated through reduction of plasma triglyceride levels in rodents at doses of ≥0.1 mg/kg following a lipid challenge. On the basis of this pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 3 has been advanced to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Dow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jian-Cheng Li
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael P. Pence
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - E. Michael Gibbs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jennifer L. LaPerle
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W. Piotrowski
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael J. Munchhof
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tara B. Manion
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William J. Zavadoski
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Kirk McPherson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Susan Tapley
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eliot Sugarman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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49
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McLaren DG, He T, Wang SP, Mendoza V, Rosa R, Gagen K, Bhat G, Herath K, Miller PL, Stribling S, Taggart A, Imbriglio J, Liu J, Chen D, Pinto S, Balkovec JM, DeVita RJ, Marsh DJ, Castro-Perez JM, Strack A, Johns DG, Previs SF, Hubbard BK, Roddy TP. The use of stable-isotopically labeled oleic acid to interrogate lipid assembly in vivo: assessing pharmacological effects in preclinical species. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1150-1161. [PMID: 21415123 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m011049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stable isotopically labeled substrates and analysis by mass spectrometry have provided substantial insight into rates of synthesis, disposition, and utilization of lipids in vivo. The information to be gained from such studies is of particular benefit to therapeutic research where the underlying causes of disease may be related to the production and utilization of lipids. When studying biology through the use of isotope tracers, care must be exercised in interpreting the data to ensure that any response observed can truly be interpreted as biological and not as an artifact of the experimental design or a dilutional effect on the isotope. We studied the effects of dosing route and tracer concentration on the mass isotopomer distribution profile as well as the action of selective inhibitors of microsomal tri-glyceride transfer protein (MTP) in mice and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) in nonhuman primates, using a stable-isotopically labeled approach. Subjects were treated with inhibitor and subsequently given a dose of uniformly ¹³C-labeled oleic acid. Samples were analyzed using a rapid LC-MS technique, allowing the effects of the intervention on the assembly and disposition of triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids to be determined in a single 3 min run from just 10 μl of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy He
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | | | - Raymond Rosa
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | - Karen Gagen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | - Gowri Bhat
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Paul L Miller
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Andrew Taggart
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Jinqi Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | - Dunlu Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | | | - Donald J Marsh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Alison Strack
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
| | | | | | | | - Thomas P Roddy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, NJ
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50
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Qian Y, Wertheimer SJ, Ahmad M, Cheung AWH, Firooznia F, Hamilton MM, Hayden S, Li S, Marcopulos N, McDermott L, Tan J, Yun W, Guo L, Pamidimukkala A, Chen Y, Huang KS, Ramsey GB, Whittard T, Conde-Knape K, Taub R, Rondinone CM, Tilley J, Bolin D. Discovery of orally active carboxylic acid derivatives of 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyloxazole-4-carboxamide as potent diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitors for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2433-46. [PMID: 21413799 DOI: 10.1021/jm101580m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the final and committed step of triglyceride formation, namely, the acylation of diacylglycerol with acyl coenzyme A. DGAT-1 deficient mice demonstrate resistance to weight gain on high fat diet, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced liver triglyceride content. Inhibition of DGAT-1 thus represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. In this communication, we report the identification of the lead structure 6 and our lead optimization efforts culminating in the discovery of potent, selective, and orally efficacious carboxylic acid derivatives of 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyloxazole-4-carboxamides. In particular, compound 29 (DGAT-1 enzyme assay, IC(50) = 57 nM; CHO-K1 cell triglyceride formation assay, EC(50) = 0.5 μM) demonstrated dose dependent inhibition of weight gain in diet induced obese (DIO) rats (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, p.o., qd) during a 21-day efficacy study. Furthermore, compound 29 demonstrated improved glucose tolerance determined by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qian
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.
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