1
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Schiffmann A, Ahlswede L, Gimpl G. Reversible translocation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) between the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicular structures. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1258799. [PMID: 38028547 PMCID: PMC10667705 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1258799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is normally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it can esterify cholesterol for storage in lipid droplets and/or the formation of lipoproteins. Here, we report that ACAT can translocate from the ER into vesicular structures in response to different ACAT inhibitors. The translocation was fast (within minutes), reversible and occurred in different cell types. Interestingly, oleic acid was able to fasten the re-translocation from vesicles back into the reticular ER network. The process of ACAT translocation could also be induced by cyclodextrins, cholesterol, lanosterol (but not 4-cholestene-3 one), 25-hydroxycholesterol, and by certain stress stimuli such as hyperosmolarity (sucrose treatment), temperature change, or high-density cultivation. In vitro esterification showed that ACAT remains fully active after it has been translocated to vesicles in response to hyperosmotic sucrose treatment of the cells. The translocation process was not accompanied by changes in the electrophoretic mobility of ACAT, even after chemical crosslinking. Interestingly, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide showed a stimulating effect on ACAT activity and prevented the translocation of ACAT from the ER into vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Gimpl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biocenter II, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Baier D, Mendrina T, Schoenhacker‐Alte B, Pirker C, Mohr T, Rusz M, Regner B, Schaier M, Sgarioto N, Raynal NJ, Nowikovsky K, Schmidt WM, Heffeter P, Meier‐Menches SM, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Berger W. The Lipid Metabolism as Target and Modulator of BOLD-100 Anticancer Activity: Crosstalk with Histone Acetylation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301939. [PMID: 37752764 PMCID: PMC10646284 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The leading first-in-class ruthenium-complex BOLD-100 currently undergoes clinical phase-II anticancer evaluation. Recently, BOLD-100 is identified as anti-Warburg compound. The present study shows that also deregulated lipid metabolism parameters characterize acquired BOLD-100-resistant colon and pancreatic carcinoma cells. Acute BOLD-100 treatment reduces lipid droplet contents of BOLD-100-sensitive but not -resistant cells. Despite enhanced glycolysis fueling lipid accumulation, BOLD-100-resistant cells reveal diminished lactate secretion based on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) loss mediated by a frame-shift mutation in the MCT1 chaperone basigin. Glycolysis and lipid catabolism converge in the production of protein/histone acetylation substrate acetyl-coenzymeA (CoA). Mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses uncover spontaneous cell-free BOLD-100-CoA adduct formation suggesting acetyl-CoA depletion as mechanism bridging BOLD-100-induced lipid metabolism alterations and histone acetylation-mediated gene expression deregulation. Indeed, BOLD-100 treatment decreases histone acetylation selectively in sensitive cells. Pharmacological targeting confirms histone de-acetylation as central mode-of-action of BOLD-100 and metabolic programs stabilizing histone acetylation as relevant Achilles' heel of acquired BOLD-100-resistant cell and xenograft models. Accordingly, histone gene expression changes also predict intrinsic BOLD-100 responsiveness. Summarizing, BOLD-100 is identified as epigenetically active substance acting via targeting several onco-metabolic pathways. Identification of the lipid metabolism as driver of acquired BOLD-100 resistance opens novel strategies to tackle therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Baier
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Theresa Mendrina
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Beatrix Schoenhacker‐Alte
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
- ScienceConsultGuntramsdorf2351Austria
| | - Mate Rusz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
| | - Benedict Regner
- Anna Spiegel Center of Translational ResearchDepartment of Medicine IMedical University ViennaLazarettgasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Martin Schaier
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
| | - Nicolas Sgarioto
- Départment de pharmacologie et physiologieFaculté de médecineCentre de recherché de l hôpitalUniversité de MontréalSaint‐Justine (7.17.020), 3175 Chemin de la Côte Ste‐CatherineQuebecH3T1C5Canada
| | - Noël J.‐M. Raynal
- Départment de pharmacologie et physiologieFaculté de médecineCentre de recherché de l hôpitalUniversité de MontréalSaint‐Justine (7.17.020), 3175 Chemin de la Côte Ste‐CatherineQuebecH3T1C5Canada
| | - Karin Nowikovsky
- Unit of Physiology and BiophysicsDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVeterinaerplatz 1Vienna1210Austria
| | - Wolfgang M. Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research DepartmentCenter for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Str. 13Vienna1090Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 38Vienna1090Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 42Vienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaBorschkegasse 8aVienna1090Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Vienna1090Austria
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3
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Tu T, Zhang H, Xu H. Targeting sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 to disrupt cholesterol metabolism for cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1197502. [PMID: 37409263 PMCID: PMC10318190 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1197502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esterification is often dysregulated in cancer. Sterol O-acyl-transferase 1 (SOAT1) plays an important role in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis by catalyzing the formation of cholesterol esters from cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids in cells. Many studies have implicated that SOAT1 plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression and is an attractive target for novel anticancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanism and regulation of SOAT1 in cancer and summarize the updates of anticancer therapy targeting SOAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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5
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Zhu Y, Kim SQ, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Kim KH. Pharmacological inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase alleviates obesity and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice by regulating food intake. Metabolism 2021; 123:154861. [PMID: 34371065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to regulate intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia and their emerging role in cancer and Alzheimer's disease, the role of ACATs in adipose lipid metabolism and obesity is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of ACATs in obesity. METHODS We administrated avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, or vehicle to high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice via intraperitoneal injection and evaluated adiposity, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we examined the effect of avasimibe on the expressions of the genes in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, inflammation and adipose pathology in adipose tissue by real-time PCR. We also performed a pair feeding study to determine the mechanism for body weight lowering effect of avasimibe. RESULTS Avasimibe treatment markedly decreased body weight, body fat content and food intake with increased energy expenditure in DIO mice. Avasimibe treatment significantly lowered blood levels of glucose and insulin, and improved glucose tolerance in obese mice. The beneficial effects of avasimibe were associated with lower levels of adipocyte-specific genes in adipose tissue and the suppression of food intake. Using a pair-feeding study, we further demonstrated that avasimibe-promoted weight loss is attributed mainly to the reduction of food intake. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that avasimibe ameliorates obesity and its-related insulin resistance in DIO mice through, at least in part, suppression of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sora Q Kim
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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6
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Websdale A, Kiew Y, Chalmers P, Chen X, Cioccoloni G, Hughes TA, Luo X, Mwarzi R, Poirot M, Røberg-Larsen H, Wu R, Xu M, Zulyniak MA, Thorne JL. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of cholesterol esterification enzymes reduces tumour burden: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical models. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114731. [PMID: 34407453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterification proteins Sterol-O acyltransferases (SOAT) 1 and 2 are emerging prognostic markers in many cancers. These enzymes utilise fatty acids conjugated to coenzyme A to esterify cholesterol. Cholesterol esterification is tightly regulated and enables formation of lipid droplets that act as storage organelles for lipid soluble vitamins and minerals, and as cholesterol reservoirs. In cancer, this provides rapid access to cholesterol to maintain continual synthesis of the plasma membrane. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarise the current depth of understanding of the role of this metabolic pathway in pan-cancer development. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for preclinical studies identified eight studies where cholesteryl ester concentrations were compared between tumour and adjacent-normal tissue, and 24 studies where cholesterol esterification was blocked by pharmacological or genetic approaches. Tumour tissue had a significantly greater concentration of cholesteryl esters than non-tumour tissue (p < 0.0001). Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of SOAT was associated with significantly smaller tumours of all types (p ≤ 0.002). SOAT inhibition increased tumour apoptosis (p = 0.007), CD8 + lymphocyte infiltration and cytotoxicity (p ≤ 0.05), and reduced proliferation (p = 0.0003) and metastasis (p < 0.0001). Significant risk of publication bias was found and may have contributed to a 32% overestimation of the meta-analysed effect size. Avasimibe, the most frequently used SOAT inhibitor, was effective at doses equivalent to those previously reported to be safe and tolerable in humans. This work indicates that SOAT inhibition should be explored in clinical trials as an adjunct to existing anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Websdale
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yi Kiew
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Philip Chalmers
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Giorgia Cioccoloni
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Luo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rufaro Mwarzi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ruoying Wu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mengfan Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael A Zulyniak
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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7
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Alavez-Rubio JS, Juarez-Cedillo T. ACAT1 as a Therapeutic Target and its Genetic Relationship with Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:699-709. [PMID: 31441726 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190823125245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers, families and societies physically, psychologically and economically. Currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms, have no impact on progression and are not curative, so identifying and studying new drug targets is important. There are evidences which indicate disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis can be related with AD pathology, especially the compartmentation of intracellular cholesterol and cytoplasmic cholesterol esters formed by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) can be implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, involved in AD. Blocking ACAT1 activity, beneficial effects are obtained, so it has been suggested that ACAT1 can be a potential new therapeutic target. The present review discusses the role of cholesterol homeostasis in AD pathology, especially with ACAT inhibitors, and how they have been raised as a therapeutic approach. In addition, the genetic relationship of ACAT and AD is discussed. CONCLUSION Although there are several lines of evidence from cell-based and animal studies that suggest that ACAT inhibition is an effective way of reducing cerebral Aβ, there is still an information gap in terms of mechanisms and concerns to cover before passing to the next level. Additionally, an area of interest that may be useful in understanding AD to subsequently propose new therapeutic approaches is pharmacogenetics; however, there is still a lot of missing information in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Juarez-Cedillo
- Unidad de Investigacion Epidemiologica y en Servicios de Salud, Area Envejecimiento, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Actualmente comisionada en la Unidad de Investigacion en Epidemiologia, Clínica, Hospital Regional, Num. 1 Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sanchez Navarro IMSS), Mexico
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8
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Liu X, Ducasa GM, Mallela SK, Kim JJ, Molina J, Mitrofanova A, Wilbon SS, Ge M, Fontanella A, Pedigo C, Santos JV, Nelson RG, Drexler Y, Contreras G, Al-Ali H, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 has a role in kidney disease associated with diabetes and Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1275-1285. [PMID: 32739420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Defective cholesterol metabolism primarily linked to reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome. However, whether the accumulation of free or esterified cholesterol contributes to progression in kidney disease remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1), the enzyme at the endoplasmic reticulum that converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, which are then stored in lipid droplets, effectively reduced cholesterol ester and lipid droplet formation in human podocytes. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of SOAT1 in podocytes reduced lipotoxicity-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome in association with increased ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. In vivo, Soat1 deficient mice did not develop albuminuria or mesangial expansion at 10-12 months of age. However, Soat1 deficiency/inhibition in experimental models of diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome reduced cholesterol ester content in kidney cortices and protected from disease progression. Thus, targeting SOAT1-mediated cholesterol metabolism may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat kidney disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome, like that suggested for Alzheimer's disease and cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gloria Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shamroop Kumar Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sydney Symone Wilbon
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Fontanella
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yelena Drexler
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriel Contreras
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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9
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van der Kant R, Langness VF, Herrera CM, Williams DA, Fong LK, Leestemaker Y, Steenvoorden E, Rynearson KD, Brouwers JF, Helms JB, Ovaa H, Giera M, Wagner SL, Bang AG, Goldstein LSB. Cholesterol Metabolism Is a Druggable Axis that Independently Regulates Tau and Amyloid-β in iPSC-Derived Alzheimer's Disease Neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:363-375.e9. [PMID: 30686764 PMCID: PMC6414424 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiologic, and biochemical evidence suggests that predisposition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) may arise from altered cholesterol metabolism, although the molecular pathways that may link cholesterol to AD phenotypes are only partially understood. Here, we perform a phenotypic screen for pTau accumulation in AD-patient iPSC-derived neurons and identify cholesteryl esters (CE), the storage product of excess cholesterol, as upstream regulators of Tau early during AD development. Using isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines carrying mutations in the cholesterol-binding domain of APP or APP null alleles, we found that while CE also regulate Aβ secretion, the effects of CE on Tau and Aβ are mediated by independent pathways. Efficacy and toxicity screening in iPSC-derived astrocytes and neurons showed that allosteric activation of CYP46A1 lowers CE specifically in neurons and is well tolerated by astrocytes. These data reveal that CE independently regulate Tau and Aβ and identify a druggable CYP46A1-CE-Tau axis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa F Langness
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cheryl M Herrera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel A Williams
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauren K Fong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yves Leestemaker
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Steenvoorden
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Research Biologist, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Shibuya K, Kawamine K, Ozaki C, Ohgiya T, Edano T, Yoshinaka Y, Tsunenari Y. Discovery of Clinical Candidate 2-(4-(2-((1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-N-(6-methyl-2,4-bis(methylthio)pyridin-3-yl)acetamide Hydrochloride [K-604], an Aqueous-Soluble Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol O-Acyltransferase-1 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10635-10650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyuki Shibuya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kawamine
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Chiyoka Ozaki
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ohgiya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Edano
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshinaka
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsunenari
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43, Noguchicho,
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
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11
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Shibuya K, Kawamine K, Miura T, Ozaki C, Edano T, Mizuno K, Yoshinaka Y, Tsunenari Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacology of aortic-selective acyl-CoA: Cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT/SOAT) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4001-4013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Zhu Y, Chen CY, Li J, Cheng JX, Jang M, Kim KH. In vitro exploration of ACAT contributions to lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:820-829. [PMID: 29549095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As adipose tissue is the major cholesterol storage organ and most of the intracellular cholesterol is distributed to lipid droplets (LDs), cholesterol homeostasis may have a role in the regulation of adipocyte size and function. ACATs catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to modulate the cholesterol balance. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia, their role in LD development during adipogenesis remains elusive. Here, we identify ACATs as regulators of de novo lipogenesis and LD formation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of ACAT activity suppressed intracellular cholesterol and CE levels, and reduced expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. ACAT inhibition resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis, as demonstrated by reduced maturation of SREBP1 and SREBP1-downstream lipogenic gene expression. Consistent with this observation, knockdown of either ACAT isoform reduced total adipocyte lipid content by approximately 40%. These results demonstrate that ACATs are required for storage ability of lipids and cholesterol in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 .,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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13
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Geng F, Cheng X, Wu X, Yoo JY, Cheng C, Guo JY, Mo X, Ru P, Hurwitz B, Kim SH, Otero J, Puduvalli V, Lefai E, Ma J, Nakano I, Horbinski C, Kaur B, Chakravarti A, Guo D. Inhibition of SOAT1 Suppresses Glioblastoma Growth via Blocking SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5337-5348. [PMID: 27281560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated lipogenesis regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a transcription factor playing a central role in lipid metabolism, is a novel characteristic of glioblastoma (GBM). The aim of this study was to identify effective approaches to suppress GBM growth by inhibition of SREBP-1. As SREBP activation is negatively regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol, we sought to determine whether suppression of sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT), a key enzyme converting ER cholesterol to cholesterol esters (CE) to store in lipid droplets (LDs), effectively suppressed SREBP-1 and blocked GBM growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The presence of LDs in glioma patient tumor tissues was analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and electronic microscopy. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed to analyze protein levels and gene expression of GBM cells, respectively. Intracranial GBM xenografts were used to determine the effects of genetically silencing SOAT1 and SREBP-1 on tumor growth. RESULTS Our study unraveled that cholesterol esterification and LD formation are signature of GBM, and human patients with glioma possess elevated LDs that correlate with GBM progression and poor survival. We revealed that SOAT1 is highly expressed in GBM and functions as a key player in controlling the cholesterol esterification and storage in GBM. Targeting SOAT1 suppresses GBM growth and prolongs survival in xenograft models via inhibition of SREBP-1-regulated lipid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol esterification and storage in LDs are novel characteristics of GBM, and inhibiting SOAT1 to block cholesterol esterification is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat GBM by suppressing SREBP-1. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5337-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey Yunhua Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peng Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Hurwitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery at University Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jose Otero
- Department of Pathology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vinay Puduvalli
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, University de Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery at University Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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14
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Clonoamide, a new inhibitor of sterol O-acyltransferase, produced by Clonostachys sp. BF-0131. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:615-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Lee SSY, Li J, Tai JN, Ratliff TL, Park K, Cheng JX. Avasimibe encapsulated in human serum albumin blocks cholesterol esterification for selective cancer treatment. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2420-32. [PMID: 25662106 PMCID: PMC5909415 DOI: 10.1021/nn504025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Undesirable side effects remain a significant challenge in cancer chemotherapy. Here we report a strategy for cancer-selective chemotherapy by blocking acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1)-mediated cholesterol esterification. To efficiently block cholesterol esterification in cancer in vivo, we developed a systemically injectable nanoformulation of avasimibe (a potent ACAT-1 inhibitor), called avasimin. In cell lines of human prostate, pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer, avasimin significantly reduced cholesteryl ester storage in lipid droplets and elevated intracellular free cholesterol levels, which led to apoptosis and suppression of proliferation. In xenograft models of prostate cancer and colon cancer, intravenous administration of avasimin caused the concentration of avasimibe in tumors to be 4-fold higher than the IC50 value. Systemic treatment of avasimin notably suppressed tumor growth in mice and extended the length of survival time. No adverse effects of avasimin to normal cells and organs were observed. Together, this study provides an effective approach for selective cancer chemotherapy by targeting altered cholesterol metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Seung-Young Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jien Nee Tai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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16
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Ćwiek R, Niedziejko P, Kałuża Z. Synthesis of Tunable Diamine Ligands with Spiro Indane-2,2′-pyrrolidine Backbone and Their Applications in Enantioselective Henry Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1222-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402631u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Ćwiek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Niedziejko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kałuża
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Spillane W, Malaubier JB. Sulfamic Acid and Its N- and O-Substituted Derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2507-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Spillane
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Malaubier
- Manufacturing Science
and
Technology, Roche Ireland Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
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18
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Ohtawa M, Omura S, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Structure-Activity Relationship Study and Total Synthesis of Pyripyropene A as a Potent ACAT2-Selective Inhibitor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Kelley KL, Marshall SM, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Sawyer JK, Farese RV, Brown JM, Rudel LL. Tissue-specific knockouts of ACAT2 reveal that intestinal depletion is sufficient to prevent diet-induced cholesterol accumulation in the liver and blood. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1144-52. [PMID: 22460046 PMCID: PMC3351821 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m024356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) generates cholesterol esters (CE) for packaging into newly synthesized lipoproteins and thus is a major determinant of blood cholesterol levels. ACAT2 is expressed exclusively in the small intestine and liver, but the relative contributions of ACAT2 expression in these tissues to systemic cholesterol metabolism is unknown. We investigated whether CE derived from the intestine or liver would differentially affect hepatic and plasma cholesterol homeostasis. We generated liver-specific (ACAT2(L-/L-)) and intestine-specific (ACAT2(SI-/SI-)) ACAT2 knockout mice and studied dietary cholesterol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. ACAT2(SI-/SI-) mice, in contrast to ACAT2(L-/L-) mice, had blunted cholesterol absorption. However, specific deletion of ACAT2 in the intestine generated essentially a phenocopy of the conditional knockout of ACAT2 in the liver, with reduced levels of plasma very low-density lipoprotein and hepatic CE, yet hepatic-free cholesterol does not build up after high cholesterol intake. ACAT2(L-/L-) and ACAT2(SI-/SI-) mice were equally protected from diet-induced hepatic CE accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. These results suggest that inhibition of intestinal or hepatic ACAT2 improves atherogenic hyperlipidemia and limits hepatic CE accumulation in mice and that depletion of intestinal ACAT2 is sufficient for most of the beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism. Inhibitors of ACAT2 targeting either tissue likely would be beneficial for atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Stephanie M. Marshall
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Janet K. Sawyer
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Robert V. Farese
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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20
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Isoform-specific inhibitors of ACATs: recent advances and promising developments. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:2039-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of synthetic ACAT inhibitors have been developed, they have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Now, the presence of two ACAT isoforms with distinct functions, ACAT1 and ACAT2, has been discovered. Thus, the selectivity of ACAT inhibitors toward the two isoforms is important for their development as novel anti-atherosclerotic agents. The selectivity study indicated that fungal pyripyropene A (PPPA) is only an ACAT2-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, PPPA proved orally active in atherogenic mouse models, indicating it possessed cholesterol-lowering and atheroprotective activities. Certain PPPA derivatives, semi-synthetically prepared, possessed more potent and selective in vitro activity than PPPA against ACAT2. This review covers these studies and describes the future prospects of ACAT2-specific inhibitors.
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21
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Nohara T, Ono M, Ikeda T, Fujiwara Y, El-Aasr M. The tomato saponin, esculeoside A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1734-1741. [PMID: 20853874 DOI: 10.1021/np100311t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Esculeoside A (2), a spirosolane steroidal glycoside, is a major constituent isolated from Solanum lycopersicum, a commercial strain of mini tomatoes. The content variability of esculeoside A (2) was examined in mini, midi, and Momotaro tomatoes and various processed tomato products. In the green immature tomato fruit, tomatine (1) is oxidized at C-23 and C-27 to produce esculeoside A (2) in the ripe fruit. Further, esculeoside A (2) is partly converted to 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregn-16-en-20-one 3-O-β-lycotetraoside (6), a pregnane glycoside, in the overripe fruit. Esculeogenin A (3), the sapogenol of 2, is easily converted into 3β,16β-dihydroxy-5α-pregn-20-one (17). Metabolic studies showed excretion of androstane derivatives in the urine of human volunteer subjects after tomato consumption. Esculeogenin A (3) inhibited the accumulation of cholesterol esters in macrophages through its effects on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT). Oral administration of esculeoside A (2) to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol and ameliorated the severity of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 22-1, 4-Chome, Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
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22
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Shoji Y, Takahashi K, Ohta M, Kasai M, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Yogai S, Takeuchi Y, Shirahase H. Novel indoline-based acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor: Effects of introducing a methanesulfonamide group on physicochemical properties and biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6020-31. [PMID: 19608421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of indoline-based acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors with a methanesulfonamide group at the 5-position were synthesized and their lipophilicity and biological activities were evaluated. Hepatic ACAT inhibitory and anti-foam cell formation activity increased dependent on lipophilicity of derivatives with various alkyl chains at the 1-position. The logD(7.0)-biological activity curve of the derivatives with a methanesulfonamide group shifted leftward compared to that of Pactimibe derivatives with a carboxymethyl group, and derivatives with no substituent, suggesting that a methanesulfonamide group plays an important role in the interaction with ACAT protein. Among derivatives, N-(1-ethyl-5-methanesulfonylamino-4,6-dimethylindolin-7-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (1b) had about twofold lower logD(7.0) than Pactimibe, while it showed twofold higher hepatic ACAT inhibition than and the same anti-foam cell formation as Pactimibe, respectively. The C(max) of 1b (10mg/kg, po) was higher than that of Pactimibe in rats. The plasma protein binding ratio of 1b was lower than that of Pactimibe: 64.8% and 97.9%, respectively. Compound 1b showed greater inhibitory effects on hepatic cholesterol secretion in mice than Pactimibe. In conclusion, the introduction of a methanesulfonamide group is effective to design less lipophilic, more efficacious and more bioavailable indoline-based ACAT inhibitors than previous indoline-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Shoji
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Japan
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23
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Asano S, Ban H, Kino K, Ioriya K, Muraoka M. Novel 1,4-diarylpiperidine-4-methylureas as anti-hyperlipidemic agents: dual effectors on acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1062-5. [PMID: 19167888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of 1,4-diarylpiperidine-4-methylureas were designed and synthesized as novel dual effectors on ACAT and LDL receptor expression. We examined SAR of the synthesized compounds focusing on substitution at the three aromatic parts of the starting compound 1 and succeeded in identifying essential substituents for inhibition of ACAT and up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptor expression. Especially, we found that compound 12f, which can easily be prepared, has biological properties comparable to those of SMP-797, a promising ACAT inhibitor. In addition, the in vitro effects of 12f on lipid metabolism were substantially superior to those of a known ACAT inhibitor, Avasimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Asano
- Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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24
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Choi JH, Rho MC, Lee SW, Choi JN, Kim K, Song GY, Kim YK. Bavachin and isobavachalcone, acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors from Psoralea corylifolia. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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26
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Brahmkshatriya PS, Jani MH, Chhabria MT. Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:1-15. [PMID: 16570499 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500337634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. The major cause of this disease is high concentrations of lipid in the blood. Medicinal agents so far have been quite successful in the management of hyperlipidemia. Among the several widely used drugs, (fibrates, statins and niacin) statins are the most frequently prescribed in many forms of hyperlipidemia. Recently, statins have been found to produce serious toxicities, which are rare but can be potentially harmful and are noise concern for the immediate need to develop some new chemical entities in this category. This review is primarily concerned with recent developments in atherosclerotic drug discovery including novel inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and antioxidants. The review also focuses on possible future targets including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
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27
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Takahashi K, Kasai M, Ohta M, Shoji Y, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Kurahashi K, Shirahase H. Novel Indoline-Based Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor with Antiperoxidative Activity: Improvement of Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities by Introduction of Carboxylic Acid. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4823-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800248r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takahashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kasai
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohta
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Shoji
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kunishiro
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kanda
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kurahashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirahase
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Fujiwara Y, Kiyota N, Hori M, Matsushita S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, Shibata D, Takeya M, Ikeda T, Nohara T, Nagai R. Esculeogenin A, a new tomato sapogenol, ameliorates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by inhibiting ACAT. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2400-6. [PMID: 17872457 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.147405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently identified esculeoside A, a new spirosolane-type glycoside, with a content in tomatoes that is 4-fold higher than that of lycopene. In the present study, we examined the effects of esculeoside A and esculeogenin A, a new aglycon of esculeoside A, on foam cell formation in vitro and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Esculeogenin A significantly inhibited the accumulation of cholesterol ester (CE) induced by acetylated low density lipoprotein (acetyl-LDL) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) in a dose-dependent manner without inhibiting triglyceride accumulation, however, it did not inhibit the association of acetyl-LDL to the cells. Esculeogenin A also inhibited CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-coenzymeA (CoA): cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that esculeogenin A suppresses the activity of both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2. Furthermore, esculeogenin A prevented the expression of ACAT-1 protein, whereas that of SR-A and SR-BI was not suppressed. Oral administration of esculeoside A to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced the levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and the areas of atherosclerotic lesions without any detectable side effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that purified esculeogenin A significantly suppresses the activity of ACAT protein and leads to reduction of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Bellina F, Cauteruccio S, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of vicinal diaryl-substituted 1H-imidazoles. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Burnett JR, Huff MW. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors as a therapeutic option for hypercholesterolaemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1337-51. [PMID: 17040195 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.11.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of cholesterol-lowering drugs (including a variety of statins, bile acid-binding resins and recently discovered inhibitors of cholesterol absorption) has expanded the options for cardiovascular prevention. Recent treatment guidelines emphasise that individuals at substantial risk for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease should meet defined targets for LDL cholesterol concentrations. Combination therapy with drugs that have different or complementary mechanisms of action is often needed to achieve lipid goals. Existing approaches to the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia are still ineffective in halting the progression of coronary artery disease in some patients despite combination therapies. Other patients are resistant to conventional drug treatment and remain at high risk for the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and alternative approaches are needed. The discovery and development of ezetimibe (a novel, selective and potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor) has advanced the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. New agents including the phytostanol preparation FM-VP4 and inhibitors of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, the apical Na(+)-dependent bile acid transporter and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein may also play a future role in combination therapy. This review focuses on the recent progress in the molecular mechanisms of intestinal cholesterol absorption and transport, and novel therapeutic approaches to inhibit the cholesterol absorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Burnett
- Royal Perth Hospital, Department of Core Clinical Pathology & Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Wellington Street Campus, GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA 6847, Australia.
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Kitayama K, Tanimoto T, Koga T, Terasaka N, Fujioka T, Inaba T. Importance of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1/2 dual inhibition for anti-atherosclerotic potency of pactimibe. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 540:121-30. [PMID: 16730694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pactimibe sulfate, [7-(2,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4,6-dimethyl-1-octylindolin-5-yl]acetic acid hemisulfate, a novel Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, was investigated in vitro and in vivo to characterize its potential. Pactimibe exhibited dual inhibition for ACAT1 and ACAT2 (concentrations inhibiting 50% [IC50s] at micromolar levels) more potently than avasimibe. Kinetic analysis revealed pactimibe is a noncompetitive inhibitor of oleoyl-CoA (Ki value: 5.6 microM). Furthermore, pactimibe markedly inhibited cholesteryl ester formation (IC50: 6.7 microM) in human monocyte-derived macrophages, and inhibited copper-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein more potently than probucol. Pactimibe exerted potent lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects in atherogenic diet-fed hamsters. At doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg for 90 days, pactimibe decreased serum total cholesterol by 70% and 72%, and aortic fatty streak area by 79% and 95%, respectively. Despite similar cholesterol lowering, fatty streak area reduction was greater by 10 mg/kg. These results suggest that ACAT1/2 dual inhibitor pactimibe has anti-atherosclerotic potential beyond its plasma cholesterol-lowering activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kitayama
- Pharmacology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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Saini HK, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Tappia PS, Dhalla NS. Pharmacological basis of different targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2006; 9:818-39. [PMID: 16364193 PMCID: PMC6740287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic plaque is a highly regulated and complex process which occurs as a result of structural and functional alterations in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), monocytes/macrophages, T-lymphocytes and platelets. The plaque formation in the coronary arteries or rupture of the plaque in the peripheral vasculature in latter stages of atherosclerosis triggers the onset of acute ischemic events involving myocardium. Although lipid lowering with statins has been established as an important therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis, partially beneficial effects of statins beyond decreasing lipid levels has shifted the focus to develop newer drugs that can affect directly the process of atherosclerosis. Blockade of renin angiotensin system, augmentation of nitric oxide availability, reduction of Ca(2+) influx, prevention of oxidative stress as well as attenuation of inflammation, platelet activation and SMC proliferation have been recognized as targets for drug treatment to control the development, progression and management of atherosclerosis. A major challenge for future drug development is to formulate a combination therapy affecting different targets to improve the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot K Saini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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34
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Burnett JR, Watts GF. New therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ban H, Muraoka M, Ioriya K, Ohashi N. Synthesis and biological activity of novel 4-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-on-3-yl ureas: Potent acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor with improved aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:44-8. [PMID: 16242323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
4-Aryl-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-on-3-yl urea derivatives with hydrophilic groups were synthesized in order to improve aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic property. SMP-797 possessing (4-aminophenyl)ureido and 3-(hydroxypropoxyphenyl) moieties showed potent ACAT inhibitory activity and excellent oral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ban
- Research Division, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd 1-98, Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Rodriguez A, Ashen MD, Chen ES. ACAT1 deletion in murine macrophages associated with cytotoxicity and decreased expression of collagen type 3A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Gelain A. Pyridazine derivatives as novel acyl-coa:cholesterol acyltransferase (acat) inhibitors. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cignarella A, Engel T, von Eckardstein A, Kratz M, Lorkowski S, Lueken A, Assmann G, Cullen P. Pharmacological regulation of cholesterol efflux in human monocyte-derived macrophages in the absence of exogenous cholesterol acceptors. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:229-36. [PMID: 15777536 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux from human monocyte-derived macrophages in the absence of exogenous acceptors has been described, but is unclear in mechanism. We investigated this process in relation to the expression of relevant genes, intracellular cholesterol storage and apoE secretion using drugs affecting different aspects of cholesterol metabolism. Both natural (22R-hydroxycholesterol/9-cis-retinoic acid) and synthetic (T0901317 and RO264456) LXR/RXR ligands increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNAs in native macrophages and in cells loaded with acetylated LDL (acLDL). The ACAT inhibitor avasimibe increased only ABCG1 mRNA, whereas no treatment affected apoE mRNA. Avasimibe, progesterone, and natural but not synthetic LXR/RXR ligands prevented cholesterol esterification after acLDL-loading. Cholesterol efflux into acceptor-free medium was increased only by synthetic LXR/RXR ligands and avasimibe in acLDL-loaded cells. ApoE secretion was reduced by drugs affecting cholesterol trafficking but enhanced by LXR/RXR ligands. Incubation with an anti-apoE antibody virtually removed immunodetectable apoE from the medium, significantly increasing cholesterol storage and decreasing efflux. These findings indicate that in human macrophages spontaneous cholesterol efflux: (i) is not necessarily promoted by increasing intracellular free cholesterol, (ii) is increased by compounds that activate ABCA1 and, to a greater extent, ABCG1 and (iii) is only partially correlated with secretion of endogenous apoE, which acted as a cholesterol acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cignarella
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Xu MZ, Lee WS, Kim MJ, Park DS, Yu H, Tian GR, Jeong TS, Park HY. Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory activities of fatty acid amides isolated from Mylabris phalerate Pallas. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4277-80. [PMID: 15261286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acid amides, 9(Z)-octadecenamide (2) and 9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienamide (4) as inhibitors of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the insect, Mylabris phalerate Pallas, and elucidated by their spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 2 and 4 inhibited rat liver microsomal ACAT, hACAT-1, and hACAT-2 with IC(50) values of 170, 85, and 63 microM for 2 and of 151, 53, and 45 microM for 4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Xu
- Insect Resources Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oun, Yusong, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent advances in the management of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia and familial defective apolipoprotein B. RECENT FINDINGS Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia has been described as a 'phenocopy' of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Although the clinical phenotypes are similar, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia seems to be less severe, more variable within a single family, and more responsive to lipid-lowering drug therapy. The cardiovascular complications of premature atherosclerosis are delayed in some individuals and involvement of the aortic root and valve is less common than in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Apheresis is still the treatment of choice in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia patients in whom maximal drug therapy does not achieve adequate control. In addition to the profound cholesterol-lowering effects of apheresis, other potentially beneficial phenomena have been documented: improved vascular endothelial function and haemorheology, reduction in lipoprotein (a) and procoagulatory status, and a decrease in adhesion molecules and C-reactive protein. SUMMARY Patients with severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemia illustrate the natural history of atherosclerosis within a condensed timeframe. Effective cholesterol-lowering treatment started in early childhood is essential to prevent onset of life-threatening atherosclerotic involvement of the aortic root and valve, and the coronary arteries. Noninvasive methods for regular monitoring of the major sites involved in the atherosclerotic process are necessary in patients with no symptoms or signs of ischaemia. Management of patients with severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemia continues to be a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossi P Naoumova
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Vaziri ND, Liang KH. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition ameliorates proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, SRB-1, and low-denisty lipoprotein receptor deficiencies in nephrotic syndrome. Circulation 2004; 110:419-25. [PMID: 15262831 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000136023.70841.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with hyperlipidemia, altered lipid regulatory enzymes and receptors, and increased risk of progressive renal and cardiovascular diseases. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes intracellular esterification of cholesterol and plays an important role in production of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, regulation of cholesterol-responsive proteins, and formation of foam cells. Because hepatic ACAT-2 is markedly upregulated in NS, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of ACAT may improve cholesterol metabolism in NS. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats with puromycin-induced NS were treated with either the ACAT inhibitor CI-976 or placebo for 2 weeks. Normal rats served as controls. Plasma lipids, renal function, and key lipid regulatory factors were measured. Untreated NS rats showed heavy proteinuria; hypoalbuminemia; elevated plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio; increased hepatic ACAT activity, ACAT-2 mRNA, and ACAT-2 protein; and reduced LDL receptor, HDL receptor, otherwise known as scavenger receptor B-1 (SRB-1) and plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). ACAT inhibitor reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, normalized total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and lowered hepatic ACAT activity without changing ACAT-2 mRNA or protein. This was accompanied by near normalizations of plasma LCAT, hepatic SRB-1, and LDL receptor and a significant amelioration of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological inhibition of ACAT reverses NS-induced LDL receptor, HDL receptor, and LCAT deficiencies; improves plasma lipid profile; and ameliorates proteinuria in nephrotic animals. Further studies are needed to explore the effect of ACAT inhibition in nephrotic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Vaziri ND, Liang K. ACAT inhibition reverses LCAT deficiency and improves plasma HDL in chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F1038-43. [PMID: 15280162 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00150.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with increased risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and profound alteration of plasma lipid profile. Uremic dyslipidemia is marked by increased plasma concentration of ApoB-containing lipoproteins and impaired high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. These abnormalities are, in part, due to acquired LCAT deficiency and upregulation of hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). ACAT catalyzes intracellular esterification of cholesterol, thereby promoting hepatic production of ApoB-containing lipoproteins and constraining HDL-mediated cholesterol uptake in the peripheral tissues. In view of the above considerations, we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of ACAT may ameliorate CRF-induced dyslipidemia. 5/6 Nephrectomized rats were treated with either ACAT inhibitor IC-976 (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) or placebo for 6 wk. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Key cholesterol-regulating enzymes, plasma lipids, and creatinine clearance were measured. The untreated CRF rats exhibited increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) cholesterol, unchanged plasma HDL cholesterol, elevated total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, reduced liver microsomal free cholesterol, and diminished creatinine clearance. This was accompanied by reduced plasma LCAT, increased hepatic ACAT-2 mRNA, ACAT-2 protein and ACAT activity, and unchanged hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. ACAT inhibitor raised plasma HDL cholesterol, lowered LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and normalized total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio without changing total cholesterol concentration (hence, a shift from ApoB-containing lipoproteins to HDL). This was accompanied by normalizations of hepatic ACAT activity and plasma LCAT. In conclusion, inhibition of ACAT reversed LCAT deficiency and improved plasma HDL level in CRF rats. Future studies are needed to explore the efficacy of ACAT inhibition in humans with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Vaziri
- Irvine Medical Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, 101 The City Drive, Bldg. 53, Rm. 125, Rt. 81, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Montero JL, Supuran CT. Sulfamates and their therapeutic potential. Med Res Rev 2004; 25:186-228. [PMID: 15478125 DOI: 10.1002/med.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the very simple molecule sulfamic acid, O-substituted-, N-substituted-, or di-/tri-substituted sulfamates may be obtained, which show specific biological activities which were or started to be exploited for the design of many types of therapeutic agents. Among them, sulfamate inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) were recently reported, constituting completely new classes of antibiotics, useful in the fight of drug-resistant infections. Anti-viral agents incorporating sulfamate moieties have also been obtained, with at least two types of such derivatives investigated: the nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). In the increasing armamentarium of anti-cancer drugs, the sulfamates occupy a special position, with at least two important targets evidenced so far: the steroid sulfatases (STSs) and the carbonic anhydrases (CAs). An impressing number of inhibitors of STSs of the sulfamate type have been reported in the last years, with several compounds, such as 667COUMATE among others, progressing to clinical trials for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors (breast and prostate cancers). This field is rapidly evolving, with many types of new inhibitors being constantly reported and designed in such a way as to increase their anti-tumor properties, and decrease undesired features (for example, estrogenicity, a problem encountered with the first generation such inhibitors, such as EMATE). Among the many isozymes of CAs, at least two, CA IX and CA XII, are highly overexpressed in tumors, being generally absent in the normal tissues. Inhibition of tumor-associated CAs was hypothesized to lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. Many sulfamates act as very potent (low nanomolar) CA inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structure of the best-studied isozyme, CA II, with three sulfamates (sulfamic acid, topiramate, and EMATE) has recently been reported, which allowed for a rationale drug design of new inhibitors. Indeed, low nanomolar CA IX inhibitors of the sulfamate type have been reported, although such compounds also act as efficient inhibitors of isozymes CA I and II, which are not associated with tumors. A large number of anti-convulsant sulfamates have been described, with one such compound, topiramate, being widely used clinically as anti-epileptic drug. By taking into consideration a side effect of topiramate, an anti-epileptic drug leading to weight loss in some patients, it has recently been proposed to use this drug and related sulfamates for the treatment of obesity. The rationale of this use is based on the inhibition of the mitochondrial CA isozyme, CA V, involved in lipogenesis. Some sulfamates were also shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism. One such agent, avasimibe, is in advanced clinical trials for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, the sulfamate moiety offers very attractive possibilities for the drug design of various pharmacological agents, which are on one hand due to the relative ease with which such compounds are synthesized, and on the other one, due to the fact that biological activity of most of them is impressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Winum
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Université Montpellier II, UMR 5032, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Raal FJ, Marais AD, Klepack E, Lovalvo J, McLain R, Heinonen T. Avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, enhances the lipid lowering effect of atorvastatin in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2003; 171:273-9. [PMID: 14644397 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of avasimibe (CI-1011), an inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). Twenty seven subjects were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, 3-sequence crossover trial of atorvastatin 80 mg QD, avasimibe 750 mg QD, and the combined treatment of atorvastatin 80 mg QD and avasimibe 750 mg QD after a washout period of 4 weeks. Each treatment period was administered over 6 weeks for a total of 18 weeks. There were no significant lipid changes resulting from the administration of avasimibe monotherapy. Avasimibe in combination with atorvastatin resulted in a significantly better reduction of total cholesterol (TC) as compared to atorvastatin alone (-22% versus -18%) (P < 0.05). All other lipid changes were not statistically significant for combination therapy compared to atorvastatin monotherapy, however there were greater reductions in triglycerides (TG) (-24% versus -13%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (-23% versus -19%), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (-24% versus -13%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (-11% versus -6%). Avasimibe may modestly enhance the lipid-reducing effect of atorvastatin by further inhibiting the production of intracellular cholesterol through mechanisms that appear to be compatible in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sahi J, Milad MA, Zheng X, Rose KA, Wang H, Stilgenbauer L, Gilbert D, Jolley S, Stern RH, LeCluyse EL. Avasimibe induces CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1 gene expression through activation of the pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:1027-34. [PMID: 12766253 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and clinical studies were conducted to characterize the potential of avasimibe, an acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor to cause drug-drug interactions. Clinically, 3- and 6-fold increases in midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) oral clearance were observed after 50 and 750 mg of avasimibe daily for 7 days, respectively. A 40% decrease in digoxin (P-glycoprotein substrate) area under the curve was observed with 750 mg of avasimibe daily for 10 days. In vitro studies were conducted to define the mechanisms of these interactions. Induction was observed in CYP3A4 activity and immunoreactive protein (EC50 of 200-400 nM) in primary human hepatocytes treated with avasimibe. Rifampin treatment yielded similar results. Microarray analysis revealed avasimibe (1 microM) increased CYP3A4 mRNA 20-fold, compared with a 23-fold increase with 50 microM rifampin. Avasimibe induced P-glycoprotein mRNA by about 2-fold and immunoreactive protein in a dose-dependent manner. Transient transfection assays showed that avasimibe is a potent activator of the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) and more active than rifampin on an equimolar basis. Drug-drug interaction studies for CYP3A4 using pooled human hepatic microsomes and avasimibe at various concentrations, revealed IC50 values of 20.7, 1.6, and 3.1 microM using testosterone, midazolam, and felodipine as probe substrates, respectively. Our results indicate that avasimibe causes clinically significant drug-drug interactions through direct activation of hPXR and the subsequent induction of its target genes CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Acetamides
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis
- Digoxin/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Interactions
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Midazolam/pharmacokinetics
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfonic Acids/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminder Sahi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor MI 48105, USA.
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46
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Sliskovic DR, Picard JA, Krause BR. ACAT inhibitors: the search for a novel and effective treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 39:121-71. [PMID: 12536672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drago R Sliskovic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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47
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Llaverías G, Jové M, Vázquez-Carrera M, Sánchez RM, Díaz C, Hernández G, Laguna JC, Alegret M. Avasimibe and atorvastatin synergistically reduce cholesteryl ester content in THP-1 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 451:11-7. [PMID: 12223223 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the inhibition of both acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase causes a synergistic direct antiatherosclerotic effect on the vessel wall. To investigate this synergism in a single cell type and to avoid the confounding effect of plasma cholesterol lowering by these drugs, we have used an in vitro model of human macrophages (phorbol ester-treated THP-1 cells). In macrophages incubated simultaneously with acetyl low-density lipoproteins, the novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor avasimibe (0.01-0.5 microM) caused a concentration-dependent reduction in cell cholesteryl ester content that was not accompanied by an increase in intracellular free cholesterol. A 5 microM concentration of atorvastatin enhanced by approximately twofold the ability of 0.5 microM avasimibe to reduce the mass of esterified cholesterol, and this was reversed by co-incubation with 200 microM mevalonate or 10 microM geranyl-geraniol. Based on these data, we propose that the synergism between acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors found in several in vivo studies may be explained by a direct additive effect of both agents reducing the lipid content of the macrophages present in the lesion area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Llaverías
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Ioriya K, Noguchi T, Muraoka M, Fujita K, Shimizu H, Ohashi N. Effect of SMP-500, a novel acyl-coA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on the cholesterol esterification and its hypocholesterolemic properties. Pharmacology 2002; 65:18-25. [PMID: 11901297 DOI: 10.1159/000056181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of SMP-500, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, on ACAT activities in the liver and intestine, and in macrophages. We measured its effects on the serum cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterol content in mice, rabbits and hamsters. SMP-500 inhibited ACAT activities in rabbit liver and small intestine microsomes with IC(50) values of 72 and 84 nmol/l, respectively, and acted as a competitive inhibitor of rabbit liver ACAT. SMP-500 potently inhibited cholesterol esterification in rat peritoneal macrophages (IC(50) = 15 nmol/l). In high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and in high-cholesterol diet-fed rabbits, SMP-500 reduced the serum cholesterol levels and the hepatic cholesterol content. SMP-500 also reduced the serum and hepatic cholesterol in normal chow-fed hamsters in a dose-dependent manner. In all the animal models, SMP-500 reduced the hepatic free cholesterol content as well as the total and esterified cholesterol. Administered orally, SMP-500 had a direct inhibitory effect on hepatic ACAT activity. These results indicate that SMP-500 is a potent and competitive ACAT inhibitor and may have a therapeutic potential for treating hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ioriya
- Research Division, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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49
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Ioriya K, Nishimura T, Ohashi N. Effect of SMP-500, a novel ACAT inhibitor, on hepatic cholesterol disposition in rats. Lipids 2002; 37:395-400. [PMID: 12030320 DOI: 10.1007/s1145-002-0907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of SMP-500, a novel ACAT inhibitor, on serum lipid levels, hepatic lipid secretion rate, and hepatic lipid disposition in rats were studied to clarify its lipid-lowering action. SMP-500 reduced the serum cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. SMP-500 also reduced hepatic free cholesterol content in addition to hepatic total and esterified cholesterol contents. Biliary concentrations of cholesterol and bile acid were increased by SMP-500; however, the bile flow and lithogenic index were not affected. SMP-500 increased cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase mRNA level. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in concentrations of cholesterol and bile acid in bile is due to both the increase of bile acid production through the increase of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and the decrease of hepatic free cholesterol content. An inhibitory effect of SMP-500 both on the cholesterol secretion and on the TG secretion from liver was observed. SMP-500 reduced the serum TG level in sucrose-fed rats. From these results, one may hypothesize that the suppression of hepatic VLDL secretion probably plays an important role on both cholesterol- and TG-lowering effects of SMP-500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Ioriya
- Research Division, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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50
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Rodriguez A, Usher DC. Anti-atherogenic effects of the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, avasimibe (CI-1011), in cultured primary human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161:45-54. [PMID: 11882316 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors have been shown to reduce atherosclerotic lesions in animals; however, the mechanism(s) for this effect remains unclear. Therefore, we used cultured primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMMs) to examine the effect of the ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe (CI-1011), during foam cell formation and during cholesterol efflux from established foam cells. To examine the effect of CI-1011 on foam cell development, HMMs were incubated with aggregated acetylated LDL (ag-acLDL)+/-CI-1011 for 48 h. Total cholesterol (TC) was 29% lower in HMMs incubated with ag-acLDL and CI-1011 compared with ag-acLDL (P<0.05). To determine if TC reduction was due to reduced ag-acLDL uptake by CI-1011, 125I-acLDL binding at 4 degrees C for 4 h to HMMs preincubated with acLDL or ag-acLDL, CI-1011, acLDL+CI-1011, or ag-acLDL+CI-1011 for 48 h was measured. Specific binding was 40% lower in cells preincubated with acLDL+CI-1011, 52% lower in cells preincubated with ag-acLDL+CI-1011 and 49% lower in cells preincubated with CI-1011 compared with cells preincubated with acLDL (P<0.0003). Because CI-1011 appeared to directly affect acLDL binding, 125I-acLDL (3-80 microg protein/ml) binding was done in HMMs preincubated with CI-1011 (0-10 microg/ml) for 48 h. The calculated B(max) decreased in HMMs exposed to increasing concentrations of CI-1011, suggesting that CI-1011 altered scavenger receptor function and/or number. To examine the effects of CI-1011 on cholesterol efflux from established foam cells, we first examined whether CI-1011 was cytotoxic. HMMs were preincubated with ag-acLDL for 24 h, and then radiolabeled with [14C]adenine for 2 h (time zero). The radiolabeled cells were exposed to control RPMI medium or the same medium+HDL, CI-1011, or HDL+CI-1011 for 24 h. The release of [14C]adenine into the medium was not significantly different between cells exposed to RPMI, HDL, CI-1011, or HDL+CI-1011, suggesting that CI-1011 was not cytotoxic. Foam cells exposed to RPMI and CI-1011 (1-10 microg/ml) for 48 h showed time dependent reduction in cellular TC mass, with a corresponding increase in radiolabeled unesterified cholesterol into the medium. We then asked whether CI-1011 enhanced apoE mediated cholesterol efflux. Although cellular apoE increased between 2- and 7-fold in foam cells compared to control macrophages, apoE secreted into the medium was not significantly different between cells exposed to RPMI or CI-1011. Thus, CI-1011 exerted anti-atherogenic effects by reducing TC accumulation, inhibiting acLDL binding, and by limiting lipid storage in HMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Rodriguez
- Departments of Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Schapiro Research Building, Room 200, 2401 West Belvedere Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA.
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