1
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Geurs S, Clarisse D, De Bosscher K, D'hooghe M. The Zinc-Binding Group Effect: Lessons from Non-Hydroxamic Acid Vorinostat Analogs. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37276138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes pursued as drug targets in various cancers and several non-oncological conditions, such as inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. In the past decade, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have emerged as relevant pharmaceuticals, with many efforts devoted to the development of new representatives. However, the growing safety concerns regarding the established hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors tend to drive current research more toward the design of inhibitors bearing alternative zinc-binding groups (ZBGs). This Perspective presents an overview of all non-hydroxamic acid ZBGs that have been incorporated into the clinically approved prototypical HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat). This provides the unique opportunity to compare the inhibition potential and biological effects of different ZBGs in a direct way, as the compounds selected for this Perspective differ only in their ZBG. To that end, different strategies used to select a ZBG, its properties, activity, and liabilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Geurs
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Clarisse
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Riddhidev B, Endri K, Sabitri L, Kotsull Lauren N, Nishanth K, Dragan I, Mary Kay H P, James S, William T, L M Viranga T. Rational design of metabolically stable HDAC inhibitors: An overhaul of trifluoromethyl ketones. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114807. [PMID: 36244186 PMCID: PMC10257519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is a promising strategy for developing new anticancer agents. The most common HDAC inhibitors are hydroxamates, which, though highly potent, have limitations due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties and lack of isoform selectivity. Trifluoromethylketones (TFMK) developed as alternatives to hydroxamates are rapidly metabolized to inactive trifluoromethyl alcohols in vivo, which prevented their further development as potential drug candidates. In order to overcome this limitation, we designed trifluoropyruvamides (TFPAs) as TFMK surrogates. The presence of an additional electron withdrawing group next to the ketone carbonyl group made the hydrate form of the ketone more stable, thus preventing its metabolic reduction to alcohol in vivo. In addition, this structural modification reduces the potential of the TFMK group to act as a covalent warhead to eliminate off-target effects. Additional structural changes in the cap group of the inhibitors gave analogues with IC50 values ranging from upper nanomolar to low micromolar in the cytotoxicity assay, and they were more selective for cancer cells over normal cells. Some of the most active analogues inhibited HDAC enzymes with low nanomolar IC50 values and were found to be more selective for HDAC8 over other isoforms. These molecules provide a new class of HDAC inhibitors with a metabolically stable metal-binding group that could be used to develop selective HDAC inhibitors by further structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banerjee Riddhidev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Karaj Endri
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Lamichhane Sabitri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - N Kotsull Lauren
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Kuganesan Nishanth
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Isailovic Dragan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Pflum Mary Kay H
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Slama James
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Taylor William
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Tillekeratne L M Viranga
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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3
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Zhang K, Rombach D, Nötel NY, Jeschke G, Katayev D. Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible-Light-Promoted C-O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22487-22495. [PMID: 34289531 PMCID: PMC8518413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild and operationally simple trifluoroacylation strategy of olefines, that utilizes trifluoroacetic anhydride as a low‐cost and readily available reagent. This light‐mediated process is fundamentally different from conventional methodologies and occurs through a trifluoroacyl radical mechanism promoted by a photocatalyst, which triggers a C−O bond fragmentation. Mechanistic studies (kinetic isotope effects, spectroelectrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, theoretical investigations) highlight the evidence of a fleeting CF3CO radical under photoredox conditions. The trifluoroacyl radical can be stabilized under CO atmosphere, delivering the trifluoroacetylation product with higher chemical efficiency. Furthermore, the method can be turned into a trifluoromethylation protocol by simply changing the reaction parameters. Beyond simple alkenes, this method allows for chemo‐ and regioselective functionalization of small‐molecule drugs and common pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible‐Light‐Promoted C–O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Frühauf A, Meyer-Almes FJ. Non-Hydroxamate Zinc-Binding Groups as Warheads for Histone Deacetylases. Molecules 2021; 26:5151. [PMID: 34500583 PMCID: PMC8434074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from acetylated lysine residues and have a large variety of substrates and interaction partners. Therefore, it is not surprising that HDACs are involved in many diseases. Most inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs (HDACis) including approved drugs contain a hydroxamate as a zinc-binding group (ZBG), which is by far the biggest contributor to affinity, while chemical variation of the residual molecule is exploited to create more or less selectivity against HDAC isozymes or other metalloproteins. Hydroxamates have a propensity for nonspecificity and have recently come under considerable suspicion because of potential mutagenicity. Therefore, there are significant concerns when applying hydroxamate-containing compounds as therapeutics in chronic diseases beyond oncology due to unwanted toxic side effects. In the last years, several alternative ZBGs have been developed, which can replace the critical hydroxamate group in HDACis, while preserving high potency. Moreover, these compounds can be developed into highly selective inhibitors. This review aims at providing an overview of the progress in the field of non-hydroxamic HDACis in the time period from 2015 to present. Formally, ZBGs are clustered according to their binding mode and structural similarity to provide qualitative assessments and predictions based on available structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany;
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6
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Zhang Y, Ma C, Struwe J, Feng J, Zhu G, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative dearomatization of biaryls: synthesis of tri- and difluoromethylated spiro[5.5]trienones. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10092-10096. [PMID: 34377402 PMCID: PMC8317667 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical spirocyclization via dearomatization has emerged as an attractive strategy for the rapid synthesis of structurally diverse spiro molecules. We report the use of electrochemistry to perform an oxidative dearomatization of biaryls leading to tri- and difluoromethylated spiro[5.5]trienones in a user friendly undivided cell set-up and a constant current mode. The catalyst- and chemical oxidant-free dearomatization procedure features ample scope, and employs electricity as the green and sole oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Chanchan Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Gangguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany
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7
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Khalfin B, Lichtenstein A, Albeck A, Nathan I. Targeting Necrosis: Elastase-like Protease Inhibitors Curtail Necrotic Cell Death Both In Vitro and in Three In Vivo Disease Models. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1510-1523. [PMID: 33522230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Necrosis is the main mode of cell death, which leads to multiple clinical conditions affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, hampering therapeutics development. Here, we identify key proteolytic activities essential for necrosis using various biochemical approaches, enzymatic assays, medicinal chemistry, and siRNA library screening. These findings provide strategies to treat and prevent necrosis, including known medicines used for other indications, siRNAs, and establish a platform for the design of new inhibitory molecules. Indeed, inhibitors of these pathways demonstrated protective activity in vitro and in vivo in animal models of traumatic brain injury, acute myocardial infarction, and drug-induced liver toxicity. Consequently, this study may pave the way for the development of novel therapies for the treatment, inhibition, or prevention of a large number of hitherto untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Khalfin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexandra Lichtenstein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Amnon Albeck
- The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ilana Nathan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8457108, Israel
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8
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Peptidyl Fluoromethyl Ketones and Their Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174031. [PMID: 32899354 PMCID: PMC7504820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones occupy a pivotal role in the current scenario of synthetic chemistry, thanks to their numerous applications as inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. The insertion of one or more fluorine atoms adjacent to a C-terminal ketone moiety greatly modifies the physicochemical properties of the overall substrate, especially by increasing the reactivity of this functionalized carbonyl group toward nucleophiles. The main application of these peptidyl α-fluorinated ketones in medicinal chemistry relies in their ability to strongly and selectively inhibit serine and cysteine proteases. These compounds can be used as probes to study the proteolytic activity of the aforementioned proteases and to elucidate their role in the insurgence and progress on several diseases. Likewise, if the fluorinated methyl ketone moiety is suitably connected to a peptidic backbone, it may confer to the resulting structure an excellent substrate peculiarity and the possibility of being recognized by a specific subclass of human or pathogenic proteases. Therefore, peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones are also currently highly exploited for the target-based design of compounds for the treatment of topical diseases such as various types of cancer and viral infections.
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9
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Jiang X, Meyer D, Baran D, Cortés González MA, Szabó KJ. Trifluoromethylthiolation, Trifluoromethylation, and Arylation Reactions of Difluoro Enol Silyl Ethers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8311-8319. [PMID: 32441100 PMCID: PMC7339110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This study reports a new application
area of difluoro enol silyl
ethers, which can be easily obtained from trifluoromethyl ketones.
The main focus has been directed to the electrophilic fluoroalkylation
and arylation methods. The trifluoromethylthiolation of difluoro enol
silyl ethers can be used for the construction of a novel trifluoromethylthio-α,α-difluoroketone
(−COCF2SCF3) functionality. The −CF2SCF3 moiety has interesting properties due to the
electron-withdrawing, albeit lipophilic, character of the SCF3 group, which can be combined with the high electrophilicity
of the difluoroketone motif. The methodology could also be extended
to difluoro homologation of the trifluoromethyl ketones using the
Togni reagent. In addition, we presented a method for transition-metal-free
arylation of difluoro enol silyl ethers based on hypervalent iodines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Jiang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Denise Meyer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Dominik Baran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | | | - Kálmán J Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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10
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Abstract
The article discusses the basic properties of fluorine atom that have made it so useful in drug development. It presents several examples of therapeutically useful drugs acting against many life-threatening diseases along with the mechanism as to how fluorine influences the drug activity. It has been pointed out that fluorine, due to its ability to increase the lipophilicity of the molecule, greatly affects the hydrophobic interaction between the drug molecule and the receptor. Because of its small size, it hardly produces any steric effect, rather due to electronic properties enters into electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions. Thus, it greatly affects the drug-receptor interaction and leads to increase the activity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India
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11
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Li C, Wang J, Barton LM, Yu S, Tian M, Peters DS, Kumar M, Yu AW, Johnson KA, Chatterjee AK, Yan M, Baran PS. Decarboxylative borylation. Science 2017; 356:eaam7355. [PMID: 28408721 PMCID: PMC5807063 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of alkyl boronic acids and esters is frequently hampered by the challenges associated with their preparation. We describe a simple and practical method to rapidly access densely functionalized alkyl boronate esters from abundant carboxylic substituents. This broad-scope nickel-catalyzed reaction uses the same activating principle as amide bond formation to replace a carboxylic acid moiety with a boronate ester. Application to peptides allowed expedient preparations of α-amino boronic acids, often with high stereoselectivity, thereby facilitating synthesis of the alkyl boronic acid drugs Velcade and Ninlaro as well as a boronic acid version of the iconic antibiotic vancomycin. The reaction also enabled the discovery and extensive biological characterization of potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitors, which offer reversible covalent binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa M Barton
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maoqun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David S Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antony W Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Shawon J, Khan AM, Rahman A, Hoque MM, Khan MAK, Sarwar MG, Halim MA. Molecular Recognition of Azelaic Acid and Related Molecules with DNA Polymerase I Investigated by Molecular Modeling Calculations. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 10:525-537. [PMID: 27696206 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition has central role on the development of rational drug design. Binding affinity and interactions are two key components which aid to understand the molecular recognition in drug-receptor complex and crucial for structure-based drug design in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the binding affinity and the nonbonding interactions of azelaic acid and related compounds with the receptor DNA polymerase I (2KFN). Quantum mechanical calculation was employed to optimize the modified drugs using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Charge distribution, dipole moment and thermodynamic properties such as electronic energy, enthalpy and free energy of these optimized drugs are also explored to evaluate how modifications impact the drug properties. Molecular docking calculation was performed to evaluate the binding affinity and nonbonding interactions between designed molecules and the receptor protein. We notice that all modified drugs are thermodynamically more stable and some of them are more chemically reactive than the unmodified drug. Promise in enhancing hydrogen bonds is found in case of fluorine-directed modifications as well as in the addition of trifluoroacetyl group. Fluorine participates in forming fluorine bonds and also stimulates alkyl, pi-alkyl interactions in some drugs. Designed drugs revealed increased binding affinity toward 2KFN. A1, A2 and A3 showed binding affinities of -8.7, -8.6 and -7.9 kcal/mol, respectively against 2KFN compared to the binding affinity -6.7 kcal/mol of the parent drug. Significant interactions observed between the drugs and Thr358 and Asp355 residues of 2KFN. Moreover, designed drugs demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic properties. This study disclosed that 9-octadecenoic acid and drugs containing trifluoroacetyl and trifluoromethyl groups are the best 2KFN inhibitors. Overall, these results can be useful for the design of new potential candidates against DNA polymerase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakaria Shawon
- Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, BICCB, Green Research Centre, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Akib Mahmud Khan
- Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, BICCB, Green Research Centre, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Adhip Rahman
- Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, BICCB, Green Research Centre, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mazharol Hoque
- Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, BICCB, Green Research Centre, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Kader Khan
- Department of General Studies, Jubail University College, Jubail Industrial City, 31961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed G Sarwar
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, BICCB, Green Research Centre, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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13
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Abstract
The carbamate group is a key structural motif in many approved drugs and prodrugs. There is an increasing use of carbamates in medicinal chemistry and many derivatives are specifically designed to make drug-target interactions through their carbamate moiety. In this Perspective, we present properties and stabilities of carbamates, reagents and chemical methodologies for the synthesis of carbamates, and recent applications of carbamates in drug design and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Hansen G, Gielen-Haertwig H, Reinemer P, Schomburg D, Harrenga A, Niefind K. Unexpected active-site flexibility in the structure of human neutrophil elastase in complex with a new dihydropyrimidone inhibitor. J Mol Biol 2011; 409:681-91. [PMID: 21549129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE), a trypsin-type serine protease, is of pivotal importance in the onset and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD encompasses a group of slowly progressive respiratory disorders and is a major medical problem and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. HNE is a major target for the development of compounds that inhibit the progression of long-term lung function decline in COPD patients. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of a potent dihydropyrimidone inhibitor (DHPI) non-covalently bound to HNE at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The inhibitor binds to the active site in a unique orientation addressing S1 and S2 subsites of the protease. To facilitate further analysis of this binding mode, we determined the structure of the uncomplexed enzyme at a resolution of 1.86 Å. Detailed comparisons of the HNE:DHPI complex with the uncomplexed HNE structure and published structures of other elastase:inhibitor complexes revealed that binding of DHPI leads to large conformational changes in residues located in the S2 subsite. The rearrangement of residues Asp95-Leu99B creates a deep, well-defined cavity, which is filled by the P2 moiety of the inhibitor molecule to almost perfect shape complementarity. The shape of the S2 subsite in complex with DHPI clearly differs from all other observed HNE structures. The observed structural flexibility of the S2 subsite is a key feature for the understanding of the binding mode of DHPIs in general and the development of new HNE selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hansen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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15
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Yamada S, Kato M, Komori Y, Konno T, Ishihara T. Easy access to CF2-containing molecules based on the reaction of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane with various nucleophiles. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5493-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Inoue Y, Omodani T, Shiratake R, Sato F. Stereoselective synthesis of chiral β-amino trifluoromethyl alcohol: development of a manufacturing process for a key intermediate in the production of a novel elastase inhibitor, AE-3763. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Mlostoń G, Obijalska E, Heimgartner H. Synthesis of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols and their applications in organic synthesis. J Fluor Chem 2010; 131:829-843. [PMID: 32287377 PMCID: PMC7125969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview on methods applied for syntheses of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols, including stereocontrolled variants, is presented. In addition, reported cases of the exploration of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols for the preparation of trifluoromethylated peptidomimetics and other biologically active, fluorinated compounds are discussed. Attractive opportunities for their applications as organocatalysts are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Emilia Obijalska
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
The MEROPS website (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk) includes information on peptidase inhibitors as well as on peptidases and their substrates. Displays have been put in place to link peptidases and inhibitors together. The classification of protein peptidase inhibitors is continually being revised, and currently inhibitors are grouped into 67 families based on comparisons of protein sequences. These families can be further grouped into 38 clans based on comparisons of tertiary structure. Small molecule inhibitors are important reagents for peptidase characterization and, with the increasing importance of peptidases as drug targets, they are also important to the pharmaceutical industry. Small molecule inhibitors are now included in MEROPS and over 160 summaries have been written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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19
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Inoue Y, Omodani T, Shiratake R, Okazaki H, Kuromiya A, Kubo T, Sato F. Development of a highly water-soluble peptide-based human neutrophil elastase inhibitor; AE-3763 for treatment of acute organ injury. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7477-86. [PMID: 19811924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of peptide-based transition-state human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors with N-terminal acidic moieties were synthesized and their inhibitory activity against HNE was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that compounds containing cyclic amide bridged acidic moieties at the N-terminal have not only improved water solubility but also high in vivo potency. Among these compounds, AE-3763 showed remarkable efficacy in hamster models of elastase-induced lung hemorrhage and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury as well as in a mouse model of LPS/galactosamine-induced acute multiple organ dysfunctions. The water solubility of AE-3763 (>1000 mg/ml in H(2)O) was also far superior to that of any of the other compounds synthesized. Thus, it is believed that AE-3763 would be useful for treatment of HNE-associated respiratory disorders, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Inoue
- Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co, Ltd, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan.
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20
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Studies of the metabolic stability in cells of 5-(trifluoroacetyl)thiophene-2-carboxamides and identification of more stable class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6078-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Sullivan AL, Dafforn T, Hiemstra PS, Stockley RA. Neutrophil elastase reduces secretion of secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor (SLPI) by lung epithelial cells: role of charge of the proteinase-inhibitor complex. Respir Res 2008; 9:60. [PMID: 18699987 PMCID: PMC2529288 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor (SLPI) is an important inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE), a proteinase implicated in the pathogenesis of lung diseases such as COPD. SLPI also has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, but the concentration of SLPI in lung secretions in COPD varies inversely with infection and the concentration of NE. A fall in SLPI concentration is also seen in culture supernatants of respiratory cells exposed to NE, for unknown reasons. We investigated the hypothesis that SLPI complexed with NE associates with cell membranes in vitro. Methods Respiratory epithelial cells were cultured in the presence of SLPI, varying doses of proteinases over time, and in different experimental conditions. The likely predicted charge of the complex between SLPI and proteinases was assessed by theoretical molecular modelling. Results We observed a rapid, linear decrease in SLPI concentration in culture supernatants with increasing concentration of NE and cathepsin G, but not with other serine proteinases. The effect of NE was inhibited fully by a synthetic NE inhibitor only when added at the same time as NE. Direct contact between NE and SLPI was required for a fall in SLPI concentration. Passive binding to cell culture plate materials was able to remove a substantial amount of SLPI both with and without NE. Theoretical molecular modelling of the structure of SLPI in complex with various proteinases showed a greater positive charge for the complex with NE and cathepsin G than for other proteinases, such as trypsin and mast cell tryptase, that also bind SLPI but without reducing its concentration. Conclusion These data suggest that NE-mediated decrease in SLPI is a passive, charge-dependent phenomenon in vitro, which may correlate with changes observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Sullivan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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22
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Identification of novel small-molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors by medium-throughput screening using a fluorigenic assay. Biochem J 2008; 413:143-50. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HDACs (histone deacetylases) are considered to be among the most important enzymes that regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells. In general, increased levels of histone acetylation are associated with increased transcriptional activity, whereas decreased levels are linked to repression of gene expression. HDACs associate with a number of cellular oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes, leading to an aberrant recruitment of HDAC activity, which results in changes of gene expression, impaired differentiation and excessive proliferation of tumour cells. Therefore HDAC inhibitors are efficient anti-proliferative agents in both in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models of cancer, making them promising anticancer therapeutics. In the present paper, we present the results of a medium-throughput screening programme aiming at the identification of novel HDAC inhibitors using HDAH (HDAC-like amidohydrolase) from Bordetella or Alcaligenes strain FB188 as a model enzyme. Within a library of 3719 compounds, several new classes of HDAC inhibitor were identified. Among these hit compounds, there were also potent inhibitors of eukaryotic HDACs, as demonstrated by an increase in histone H4 acetylation, accompanied by a decrease in tumour cell metabolism in both SHEP neuroblastoma and T24 bladder carcinoma cells. In conclusion, screening of a compound library using FB188 HDAH as model enzyme identified several promising new lead structures for further development.
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23
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Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Quinn MT. N-Benzoylpyrazoles Are Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Elastase. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4928-38. [PMID: 17850059 DOI: 10.1021/jm070600+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (NE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. Using high-throughput chemolibrary screening, we identified 10 N-benzoylpyrazole derivatives that were potent NE inhibitors. Nine additional NE inhibitors were identified through further screening of N-benzoylpyrazole analogues. Evaluation of inhibitory activity against a range of proteases showed high specificity for NE, although several derivatives were also potent inhibitors of chymotrypsin. Analysis of reaction kinetics and inhibitor stability revealed that N-benzoylpyrazoles were pseudoirreversible competitive inhibitors of NE. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis demonstrated that modification of N-benzoylpyrazole ring substituents modulated enzyme selectivity and potency. Furthermore, molecular modeling of the binding of selected active and inactive compounds to the NE active site revealed that active compounds fit well into the catalytic site, whereas inactive derivatives contained substituents or conformations that hindered binding or accessibility to the catalytic residues. Thus, N-benzoylpyrazole derivatives represent novel structural templates that can be utilized for further development of efficacious NE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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24
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Nielsen TK, Hildmann C, Riester D, Wegener D, Schwienhorst A, Ficner R. Complex structure of a bacterial class 2 histone deacetylase homologue with a trifluoromethylketone inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:270-3. [PMID: 17401192 PMCID: PMC2330214 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107012377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as attractive targets in anticancer drug development. To date, a number of HDAC inhibitors have been developed and most of them are hydroxamic acid derivatives, typified by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Not surprisingly, structural information that can greatly enhance the design of novel HDAC inhibitors is so far only available for hydroxamic acids in complex with HDAC or HDAC-like enzymes. Here, the first structure of an enzyme complex with a nonhydroxamate HDAC inhibitor is presented. The structure of the trifluoromethyl ketone inhibitor 9,9,9-trifluoro-8-oxo-N-phenylnonanamide in complex with bacterial FB188 HDAH (histone deacetylase-like amidohydrolase from Bordetella/Alcaligenes strain FB188) has been determined. HDAH reveals high sequential and functional homology to human class 2 HDACs and a high structural homology to human class 1 HDACs. Comparison with the structure of HDAH in complex with SAHA reveals that the two inhibitors superimpose well. However, significant differences in binding to the active site of HDAH were observed. In the presented structure the O atom of the trifluoromethyl ketone moiety is within binding distance of the Zn atom of the enzyme and the F atoms participate in interactions with the enzyme, thereby involving more amino acids in enzyme-inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Kragh Nielsen
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik and GZMB, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Hildmann
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Riester
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Wegener
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwienhorst
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik and GZMB, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail:
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25
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Mayerle J, Schnekenburger J, Krüger B, Kellermann J, Ruthenbürger M, Weiss FU, Nalli A, Domschke W, Lerch MM. Extracellular cleavage of E-cadherin by leukocyte elastase during acute experimental pancreatitis in rats. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1251-67. [PMID: 16230078 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cadherins play an important role in cell-cell contact formation at adherens junctions. During the course of acute pancreatitis, adherens junctions are known to dissociate-a requirement for the interstitial accumulation of fluid and inflammatory cells-but the underlying mechanism is unknown. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by supramaximal cerulein infusion. The pancreas and lungs were either homogenized for protein analysis or fixed for morphology. Protein sequencing was used to identify proteolytic cleavage sites and freshly prepared acini for ex vivo studies with recombinant proteases. Results were confirmed in vivo by treating experimental pancreatitis animals with specific protease inhibitors. RESULTS A 15-kilodalton smaller variant of E-cadherin was detected in the pancreas within 60 minutes of pancreatitis, was found to be the product of E-cadherin cleavage at amino acid 394 in the extracellular domain that controls cell-contact formation, and was consistent with E-cadherin cleavage by leukocyte elastase. Employing cell culture and ex vivo acini leukocyte elastase was confirmed to cleave E-cadherin at the identified position, followed by dissociation of cell contacts and the internalization of cleaved E-cadherin to the cytosol. Inhibition of leukocyte elastase in vivo prevented E-cadherin cleavage during pancreatitis and reduced leukocyte transmigration into the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase is involved in, and required for, the dissociation of cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions, the extracellular cleavage of E-cadherin, and, ultimately, the transmigration of leukocytes into the epithelial tissue during the initial phase of experimental pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mayerle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany
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26
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Ilies MA, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Therapeutic applications of serine protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.8.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Metz WA, Peet NP. Inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase as a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.7.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Kapui Z, Varga M, Urban-Szabo K, Mikus E, Szabo T, Szeredi J, Batori S, Finance O, Aranyi P. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of 2-(9-(2-piperidinoethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yloxymethyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide (SSR69071), a novel, orally active elastase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:451-9. [PMID: 12606659 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) is a proteinase capable of degrading a variety of proteins. Under normal circumstances, the proteolytic activity of HLE is effectively controlled by its natural inhibitors. However, an imbalance between elastase and its endogenous inhibitors may result in several pathophysiological states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. It is anticipated that an orally active HLE inhibitor could be useful for the treatment of these diseases. 2-(9-(2-Piperidinoethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yloxymethyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide (SSR69071) is a potent inhibitor of HLE, with the inhibition constant (K(i)) and the constant for inactivation process (k(on)) being 0.0168 +/- 0.0014 nM and 0.183 +/- 0.013 10(6)/mol sr, respectively. The dissociation rate constant, k(off), was 3.11 + 0.37 10(-6)/s. SSR69071 displays a higher affinity for human elastase than for rat (K(i) = 3 nM), mouse (K(i) = 1.8 nM), and rabbit (K(i) = 58 nM) elastases. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice orally treated with SSR69071 inhibits HLE (ex vivo), and in this model, SSR69071 has a dose-dependent efficacy with an ED(50) = 10.5 mg/kg p.o. SSR69071 decreases significantly the acute lung hemorrhage induced by HLE (ED(50) = 2.8 mg/kg p.o.) in mice. Furthermore, SSR69071 prevents carrageenan- (ED(30) = 2.2 mg/kg) and HLE-induced (ED(30) = 2.7 mg/kg) paw edema in rats after p.o. administration. In conclusion, SSR69071 is a selective, orally active, and potent inhibitor of HLE with good penetration in respiratory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kapui
- Discovery Research, Sanofi-Synthelabo Internal Medicine Budapest Site, Chinoin, Sanofi-Synthelabo Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Shenai BR, Lee BJ, Alvarez-Hernandez A, Chong PY, Emal CD, Neitz RJ, Roush WR, Rosenthal PJ. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of cysteine protease activity and development of Plasmodium falciparum by peptidyl vinyl sulfones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:154-60. [PMID: 12499184 PMCID: PMC149004 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.1.154-160.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 appear to be required for hemoglobin hydrolysis by intraerythrocytic malaria parasites. Previous studies showed that peptidyl vinyl sulfone inhibitors of falcipain-2 blocked the development of P. falciparum in culture and exerted antimalarial effects in vivo. We now report the structure-activity relationships for inhibition of falcipain-2, falcipain-3, and parasite development by 39 new vinyl sulfone, vinyl sulfonate ester, and vinyl sulfonamide cysteine protease inhibitors. Levels of inhibition of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 were generally similar, and many potent compounds were identified. Optimal antimalarial compounds, which inhibited P. falciparum development at low nanomolar concentrations, were phenyl vinyl sulfones, vinyl sulfonate esters, and vinyl sulfonamides with P(2) leucine moieties. Our results identify independent structural correlates of falcipain inhibition and antiparasitic activity and suggest that peptidyl vinyl sulfones have promise as antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar R Shenai
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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30
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Malachowski WP, Tie C, Wang K, Broadrup RL. The synthesis of azapeptidomimetic beta-lactam molecules as potential protease inhibitors. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8962-9. [PMID: 12467415 DOI: 10.1021/jo026280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods for the construction of a novel peptidomimetic structure are reported. The structure incorporates a beta-lactam and an azapeptide in a peptide backbone with the intention of generating rationally designed substrate-based protease inhibitors. The beta-lactam is formed by subjecting serine or threonine-azapeptides to Mitsunobu reaction conditions. Importantly, the azapeptidomimetic beta-lactam structure permits extended binding inhibition and the synthetic methods to create tetrapeptidomimetic structures are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Malachowski
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, USA
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31
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Wheelock CE, Colvin ME, Uemura I, Olmstead MM, Sanborn JR, Nakagawa Y, Jones AD, Hammock BD. Use of ab initio calculations to predict the biological potency of carboxylesterase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5576-93. [PMID: 12459025 DOI: 10.1021/jm020072w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are important enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis and metabolism of numerous pharmaceuticals and xenobiotics. These enzymes are potently inhibited by trifluoromethyl ketone containing (TFK) inhibitors. We demonstrated that the ketone hydration state was affected by the surrounding chemical moieties and was related to inhibitor potency, with inhibitors that favored the gem-diol conformation exhibiting greater potency. Ab initio calculations were performed to determine the energy of hydration of the ketone, and the values were correlated with esterase inhibition data for a series of carboxylesterase inhibitors. This system was examined in three different mammalian models (human liver microsomes, murine liver microsomes, and commercial porcine liver esterase) and in an insect enzyme preparation (juvenile hormone esterase). In all cases, the extent of ketone hydration was strongly correlated with biological potency. Our results showed a very strong correlation with the extent of hydration, accounting for 94% of activity for human liver microsome esterase inhibition (p < 0.01). The atomic charge on the carbon atom of the carbonyl group in the TFK also strongly correlated with inhibitor potency, accounting for 94% of inhibition activity in human liver microsomes (p < 0.01). In addition, we provide crystallographic evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in sulfur-containing inhibitors and relate these data to gem-diol formation. This study provides insight into the mechanism of carboxylesterase inhibition and raises the possibility that inhibitors that too strongly favor the gem-diol configuration have decreased potency due to low rate of ketone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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32
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Frey RR, Wada CK, Garland RB, Curtin ML, Michaelides MR, Li J, Pease LJ, Glaser KB, Marcotte PA, Bouska JJ, Murphy SS, Davidsen SK. Trifluoromethyl ketones as inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3443-7. [PMID: 12419380 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl ketones were found to be inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Optimization of this series led to the identification of submicromolar inhibitors such as 20 that demonstrated antiproliferative effects against the HT1080 and MDA 435 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Frey
- Cancer Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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33
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L’Allemain G. L’élastase du polynucléaire neutrophile est un anti-facteur de virulence bactérienne. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200218111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Wright JL, Farmer SG, Churg A. Synthetic serine elastase inhibitor reduces cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:954-60. [PMID: 12359653 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200202-098oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To test whether a serine elastase inhibitor could prevent or reduce emphysema, we exposed guinea pigs to cigarette smoke acutely, or daily for 6 months, and treated some animals with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor ZD0892. Acute smoke exposure increased lavage neutrophils and increased desmosine and hydroxyproline, measures of elastin and collagen breakdown; all these measures were reduced by ZD0892. Long-term smoke exposure produced emphysema and increases in lavage neutrophils, desmosine, hydroxyproline, and plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). ZD0892 treatment returned lavage neutrophils, desmosine, and hydroxyproline levels to control values, and decreased airspace enlargement by 45% and TNF-alpha by 30%. Animals exposed to smoke for 4 months and then to smoke plus ZD0892 for 2 months were not protected against emphysema. Mice exposed to smoke showed increases in gene expression of neutrophil chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein-2, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and TNF-alpha at 2 hours along with increased plasma TNF-alpha; ZD0892 prevented the increases in macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 expression and reduced plasma TNF-alpha levels to baseline. These data demonstrate that a serine elastase inhibitor ameliorates the inflammatory and destructive effects of cigarette smoke, and that these effects are mediated in part by neutrophils and by smoke-driven TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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35
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, characterised by a slowly progressive, irreversible airways limitation, is a major worldwide cause of chronic morbidity and mortality. The imbalance between human neutrophil elastase and endogenous antiproteases may cause excess human neutrophil elastase in pulmonary tissues, which may be considered a major pathogenic factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Great effort has been devoted to finding a method to restore the balance, resulting in the discovery of potent two-typed small-molecular-weight human neutrophil elastase inhibitors. In the application of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapy, the human neutrophil elastase inhibitors mainly focused upon include ONO-5046, MR-889, L-694,458, CE-1037, GW-311616 and TEI-8362 as the acyl-enzyme inhibitors; and ONO-6818, AE-3763, FK-706, ICI-200,880, ZD-0892 and ZD-8321 as the transition-state inhibitors. In this review, various problems that remain to be solved in the clinical use of human neutrophil elastase inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ohbayashi
- Internal Medicine II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, 466-8550, Japan.
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36
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Weinrauch Y, Drujan D, Shapiro SD, Weiss J, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria. Nature 2002; 417:91-4. [PMID: 12018205 DOI: 10.1038/417091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year. Shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host cells. In contrast to other cells, neutrophils prevent the escape of Shigella from phagocytic vacuoles in which the bacteria are killed. Here we identify human neutrophil elastase (NE) as a key host defence protein: NE degrades Shigella virulence factors at a 1,000-fold lower concentration than that needed to degrade other bacterial proteins. In neutrophils in which NE is inactivated pharmacologically or genetically, Shigella escapes from phagosomes, increasing bacterial survival. NE also preferentially cleaves virulence factors of Salmonella and Yersinia. These findings establish NE as the first neutrophil factor that targets bacterial virulence proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Weinrauch
- Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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37
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Doucet-Personeni C, Bentley PD, Fletcher RJ, Kinkaid A, Kryger G, Pirard B, Taylor A, Taylor R, Taylor J, Viner R, Silman I, Sussman JL, Greenblatt HM, Lewis T. A structure-based design approach to the development of novel, reversible AChE inhibitors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3203-15. [PMID: 11563919 DOI: 10.1021/jm010826r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeras of tacrine and m-(N,N,N-Trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone (1) were designed as novel, reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. On the basis of the X-ray structure of the apoenzyme, a molecular modeling study determined the favored attachment positions on the 4-aminoquinoline ring (position 3 and the 4-amino nitrogen) and the favored lengths of a polymethylene link between the two moieties (respectively 5-6 and 4-5 sp(3) atoms). Seven compounds matching these criteria were synthesized, and their inhibitory potencies were determined to be in the low nanomolar range. Activity data for close analogues lacking some of the postulated key features showed that our predictions were correct. In addition, a subsequent crystal structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the most active compound 27 was in good agreement with our model. The design strategy is therefore validated and can now be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Doucet-Personeni
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
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38
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Ohmoto K, Yamamoto T, Okuma M, Horiuchi T, Imanishi H, Odagaki Y, Kawabata K, Sekioka T, Hirota Y, Matsuoka S, Nakai H, Toda M, Cheronis JC, Spruce LW, Gyorkos A, Wieczorek M. Development of orally active nonpeptidic inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1268-85. [PMID: 11312926 DOI: 10.1021/jm000410y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Amino-2-phenylpyrimidin-6-ones, some of their desamino derivatives, and miscellaneous derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated on both in vitro activity and oral activity in an acute hemorrhagic assay. These compounds contained an alpha-keto-1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety to bind covalently to the Ser-195 hydroxy group of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Among those tested, compounds 11a-c,e,i-l(F), 11d,e,k(H), 21d,e,k(F), and 21d,e(H) showed a good oral profile. RS-Mixture 3(H) was selected for clinical evaluation based on its oral potency, duration of action, enzyme selectivity, safety profile, and ease of synthesis. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohmoto
- Cortech, Inc., 6850 North Broadway, Denver, Colorado 80221, USA
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39
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Macdonald SJ, Dowle MD, Harrison LA, Shah P, Johnson MR, Inglis GG, Clarke GD, Smith RA, Humphreys D, Molloy CR, Amour A, Dixon M, Murkitt G, Godward RE, Padfield T, Skarzynski T, Singh OM, Kumar KA, Fleetwood G, Hodgson ST, Hardy GW, Finch H. The discovery of a potent, intracellular, orally bioavailable, long duration inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase--GW311616A a development candidate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:895-8. [PMID: 11294386 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a potent intracellular inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase which is orally active and has a long duration of action is described. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of a trans-lactam development candidate, GW311616A, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Macdonald
- Medicinal Chemistry 2, GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
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40
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Macdonald SJ, Dowle MD, Harrison LA, Spooner JE, Shah P, Johnson MR, Inglis GG, Clarke GD, Belton DJ, Smith RA, Molloy CR, Dixon M, Murkitt G, Godward RE, Skarzynski T, Singh OM, Kumar KA, Hodgson ST, McDonald E, Hardy GW, Finch H, Humphreys DC, Fleetwood G. Intracellular inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by orally active pyrrolidine-trans-lactams. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:243-6. [PMID: 11206469 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Described are the acylation binding of trans-lactam 1 to porcine pancreatic elastase, the selection of the SO2Me activating group for the lactam N which also confers metabolic stability in hamster liver microsomes, the introduction of aqueous solubility through the piperidine salt 9, the in vivo oral activity of 9 and its bioavailability, and the introduction of 9 as an intracellular neutrophil elastase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Macdonald
- Medical Chemistry 2, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
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41
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Nozawa F, Hirota M, Okabe A, Shibata M, Iwamura T, Haga Y, Ogawa M. Elastase activity enhances the adhesion of neutrophil and cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells. J Surg Res 2000; 94:153-8. [PMID: 11104655 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elastase activity in cancer cells has been reported to promote their metastasis. Hence, we analyzed the influence of elastase activity of cancer cells on their responsive adhesion to vascular endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human pancreatic (S2-007, S2-013, S2-020, S2-028) and colonic (COLO205) cancer cell lines were used. S2-007, S2-013, and S2-020 possess high elastase activity, whereas S2-028 and COLO205 have low elastase activity. Adhesive reactions of these cancer cells and neutrophils to TNFalpha-activated HUVEC were analyzed. Bound cells onto HUVEC were counted after incubation for 10 min. The effects of suppression of elastase activity by ZD8321, a potent elastase inhibitor, and supplementation of human neutrophil elastase (NE) on the adhesive reactions were also analyzed. In addition, E-selectin expression on HUVEC and concentrations of soluble E-selectin in the medium were measured. RESULTS Adhesion of cells with high intracellular elastase activity to TNFalpha-activated HUVEC was suppressed by ZD8321. On the other hand, adhesion of cells with low elastase activity was enhanced by exogenous NE. Expression of E-selectin, a key molecule in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction, on HUVEC was increased by NE. Soluble E-selectin concentration in the medium increased after the adhesive reaction between neutrophils and HUVEC. This increase was thought to be due to the shedding of cell surface E-selectin. Such responses were inhibited by ZD8321. CONCLUSION Elastase activity has a biological function of stimulating both the E-selectin expression on HUVEC and the resultant adhesive reaction of cancer cells with them. Inhibition of elastase activity is a potent strategy for controlling cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nozawa
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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42
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Reiter LA, Martinelli GJ, Reeves LA, Mitchell PG. Difluoroketones as inhibitors of matrix metalloprotease-13. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1581-4. [PMID: 10915056 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substrate-like difluoroketones have been prepared as potential inhibitors of MMP-13. Weak inhibition was seen with the key target 2. This and the more potent activity of intermediate 7b illustrates that hydrated ketones can be used to inhibit MMP-13 and perhaps other members of this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reiter
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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43
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Martynova NB, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Computer prediction of biological activity spectra for low-molecular peptides and peptidomimetics. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02759281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Leung D, Abbenante G, Fairlie DP. Protease inhibitors: current status and future prospects. J Med Chem 2000; 43:305-41. [PMID: 10669559 DOI: 10.1021/jm990412m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Leung
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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45
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Gütschow M, Kuerschner L, Neumann U, Pietsch M, Löser R, Koglin N, Eger K. 2-(diethylamino)thieno1,3ŏxazin-4-ones as stable inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:5437-47. [PMID: 10639285 DOI: 10.1021/jm991108w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(diethylamino)thieno1,3ŏxazin-4-ones was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE). The Gewald thiophene synthesis was utilized to obtain several ethyl 2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylates. These precursors were subjected to a five-step route to obtain thieno2,3-d1,3ŏxazin-4-ones bearing various substituents at positions 5 and 6. Both thieno2,3-d and thieno3,2-d fused oxazin-4-ones possess extraordinary chemical stability, which was expressed as rate constants of the alkaline hydrolysis. The kinetic parameters of the HLE inhibition were determined. The most potent compound, 2-(diethylamino)-4H-1benzothieno2,3-d1,3ŏxazin-4-one, exhibited a K(i) value of 5.8 nM. 2-(Diethylamino)thieno1, 3ŏxazin-4-ones act as acyl-enzyme inhibitors of HLE, similar to the inhibition of serine proteases by 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. The isosteric benzene-thiophene replacement accounts for an enhanced stability of the acyl-enzyme intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gütschow
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Chapter 29. Structure-Based Drug Design. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Lee JK, Zaidi SH, Liu P, Dawood F, Cheah AY, Wen WH, Saiki Y, Rabinovitch M. A serine elastase inhibitor reduces inflammation and fibrosis and preserves cardiac function after experimentally-induced murine myocarditis. Nat Med 1998; 4:1383-91. [PMID: 9846575 DOI: 10.1038/3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In viral myocarditis, inflammation and destruction of cardiac myocytes leads to fibrosis, causing progressive impairment in cardiac function. Here we show the etiologic importance of serine elastase activity in the pathophysiology of acute viral myocarditis and the therapeutic efficacy of an elastase inhibitor. In DBA/2 mice inoculated with the encephalomyocarditis virus, a more than 150% increase in myocardial serine elastase activity is observed. This is suppressed by a selective serine elastase inhibitor, ZD0892, which is biologically effective after oral administration. Mice treated with this compound had little evidence of microvascular constriction and obstruction associated with myocarditis-induced ischemia reperfusion injury, much less inflammation and necrosis, only mild fibrosis and myocardial collagen deposition, and normal ventricular function, compared with the infected nontreated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lee
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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