1
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Dai C, Lian C, Fang H, Luo Q, Huang J, Yang M, Yang H, Zhu L, Zhang J, Yin F, Li Z. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of ERα Modulators via Mitsunobu Macrocyclization. Org Lett 2022; 24:3532-3537. [PMID: 35546524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of cyclic peptides was expanded by elaborating Mitsunobu macrocyclization, tethering various hydroxy acid building blocks with different Nε-amine substituents. This new strategy was then applied in synthesizing peptidomimetic estrogen receptor modulator (PERM) analogs on the solid support. The PERM analogs exhibited increased serum peptidase stability, cell penetration, and estrogen receptor α binding affinity. Studying diversity-oriented methods for preparing azacyclopeptides provides a new tool for macrocycle construction and further structural information for optimizing ERα modulators for ER positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China.,Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Chenshan Lian
- Pingshan translational medicine centre, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huilong Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China
| | - Qinhong Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen 518035, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan translational medicine centre, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zigang Li
- Pingshan translational medicine centre, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Gagné-Monfette W, Vincent-Rocan JF, Lutes OC, O'Keefe GF, Jeanneret ADM, Blanger C, Ivanovich RA, Beauchemin AM. Investigation of Masked N-Acyl-N-isocyanates: Support for Oxadiazolones as Blocked N-Isocyanate Precursors. Chemistry 2021; 27:14051-14056. [PMID: 34406683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to carbon-substituted isocyanates that are common building blocks, N-substituted isocyanates remain underdeveloped and reports on their N-acyl derivatives (i. e. amido-isocyanates) are exceedingly rare. Herein, amido-isocyanates were investigated in the context of syntheses of aza-tripeptide and hydantoins subunits starting from simple bench-stable precursors. A key finding is that the amido-isocyanate formed in situ cyclized to yield an oxadiazolone, and that under suitable reaction conditions this heterocycle is a traceless blocked (masked) N-isocyanate. Using organic bases as catalysts and upon heating, oxadiazolone formation is observed, and various nucleophiles to provide the desired aza-dipeptides or hydantoins in moderate to high yields. Further support for an amido-isocyanate intermediate was obtained using carboxylic acids as nucleophiles, affording N-acylhydrazide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gagné-Monfette
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Vincent-Rocan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Owen C Lutes
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Geneviève F O'Keefe
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexandria D M Jeanneret
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Claire Blanger
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ryan A Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Baruah K, Sahariah B, Sakpal SS, Deka JKR, Bar AK, Bagchi S, Sarma BK. Stabilization of Azapeptides by N amide···H-N amide Hydrogen Bonds. Org Lett 2021; 23:4949-4954. [PMID: 34060858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An unusual Namide···H-Namide hydrogen bond (HB) was previously proposed to stabilize the azapeptide β-turns. Herein we provide experimental evidence for the Namide···H-Namide HB and show that this HB endows a stabilization of 1-3 kcal·mol-1 and enforces the trans-cis-trans (t-c-t) and cis-cis-trans (c-c-t) amide bond conformations in azapeptides and N-methyl-azapeptides, respectively. Our results indicate that these Namide···H-Namide HBs can have stabilizing contributions even in short azapeptides that cannot fold to form β-turns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpita Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Biswajit Sahariah
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Sushil S Sakpal
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Jugal Kishore Rai Deka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Arun Kumar Bar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 501507, India
| | - Sayan Bagchi
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Bani Kanta Sarma
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
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4
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Chingle R, Proulx C, Lubell WD. Azapeptide Synthesis Methods for Expanding Side-Chain Diversity for Biomedical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1541-1556. [PMID: 28598597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mimicry of bioactive conformations is critical for peptide-based medicinal chemistry because such peptidomimetics may augment stability, enhance affinity, and increase specificity. Azapeptides are peptidomimetics in which the α-carbon(s) of one or more amino acid residues are substituted by nitrogen. The resulting semicarbazide analogues have been shown to reinforce β-turn conformation through the combination of lone pair-lone pair repulsion of the adjacent hydrazine nitrogen and urea planarity. Substitution of a semicarbazide for an amino amide residue in a peptide may retain biological activity and add benefits such as improved metabolic stability. The applications of azapeptides include receptor ligands, enzyme inhibitors, prodrugs, probes, and imaging agents. Moreover, azapeptides have proven therapeutic utility. For example, the aza-glycinamide analogue of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue Zoladex is a potent long-acting agonist currently used in the clinic for the treatment of prostate and breast cancer. However, the use of azapeptides was hampered by tedious solution-phase synthetic routes for selective hydrazine functionalization. A remarkable stride to overcome this bottleneck was made in 2009 through the introduction of the submonomer procedure for azapeptide synthesis, which enabled addition of diverse side chains onto a common semicarbazone intermediate, providing a means to construct azapeptide libraries by solution- and solid-phase chemistry. In brief, aza residues are introduced into the peptide chain using the submonomer strategy by semicarbazone incorporation, deprotonation, N-alkylation, and orthogonal deprotection. Amino acylation of the resulting semicarbazide and elongation gives the desired azapeptide. Since the initial report, a number of chemical transformations have taken advantage of the orthogonal chemistry of semicarbazone residues (e.g., Michael additions and N-arylations). In addition, libraries have been synthesized from libraries by diversification of aza-propargylglycine (e.g., A3 coupling reactions, [1,3]-dipolar cycloadditions, and 5-exo-dig cyclizations) and aza-chloroalkylglycine residues. In addition, oxidation of aza-glycine residues has afforded azopeptides that react in pericyclic reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder and Alder-ene chemistry). The bulk of these transformations of aza-glycine residues have been developed by the Lubell laboratory, which has applied such chemistry in the synthesis of ligands with promising biological activity for treating diseases such as cancer and age-related macular degeneration. Azapeptide analogues of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2, GHRP-6) have for example been pursued as ligands of the cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) and show promising activity for the development of treatments for angiogenesis-related diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, as well as for atherosclerosis. Azapeptides have also been employed to make a series of conformationally constrained second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) mimetics that exhibit promising apoptosis-inducing activity in cancer cells. The synthesis of cyclic azapeptide derivatives was used to make an aza scan to study the conformation-activity relationships of the anticancer agent cilengitide, cyclo(RGDf-N(Me)V), and its parent counterpart cyclo(RGDfV), which exhibit potency against human tumor metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Innovations in the synthesis and application of azapeptides will be presented in this Account, focusing on the creation and use of side-chain diversity in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chingle
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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5
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Zhang T, Huang S, Lin H, An N, Tong R, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qu F. Enzyme and pH-responsive nanovehicles for intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02357f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme and pH-responsive nanocomposite was constructed for sensitive intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The novel nanoplatforms provide the potential application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center
- PetroChina
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Huiming Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Na An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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6
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Barreto ADFS, Dos Santos VA, Andrade CKZ. Synthesis of acylhydrazino-peptomers, a new class of peptidomimetics, by consecutive Ugi and hydrazino-Ugi reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2865-2872. [PMID: 28144359 PMCID: PMC5238544 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a versatile approach for the synthesis of acylhydrazino-peptomers, a new class of peptidomimetics. The key idea in this approach is based on a simple route using a one-pot hydrazino-Ugi four-component reaction followed by a hydrazinolysis or hydrolysis reaction and subsequent hydrazino-Ugi reaction or classical Ugi reaction for the construction of acyclic acylhydrazino-peptomers. The consecutive multicomponent reactions produced a variety of acylhydrazino-peptomers in moderate to excellent yields (47–90%). These compounds are multifunctional intermediates that can be further functionalized to obtain new peptidomimetics with potential biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica de Fátima S Barreto
- Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, 70910-970 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Veronica Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, 70910-970 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Kleber Z Andrade
- Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, 70910-970 Brasília-DF, Brazil
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7
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Corbi-Verge C, Garton M, Nim S, Kim PM. Strategies to Develop Inhibitors of Motif-Mediated Protein-Protein Interactions as Drug Leads. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:39-60. [PMID: 27618737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for virtually all functions of the cell. A large fraction of these interactions involve short peptide motifs, and there has been increased interest in targeting them using peptide-based therapeutics. Peptides benefit from being specific, relatively safe, and easy to produce. They are also easy to modify using chemical synthesis and molecular biology techniques. However, significant challenges remain regarding the use of peptides as therapeutic agents. Identification of peptide motifs is difficult, and peptides typically display low cell permeability and sensitivity to enzymatic degradation. In this review, we outline the principal high-throughput methodologies for motif discovery and describe current methods for overcoming pharmacokinetic and bioavailability limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Corbi-Verge
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Michael Garton
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Satra Nim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Philip M Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , , .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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8
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Duttagupta I, Bhadra J, Das SK, Sinha S. Proteolytic stability of cyclic α-hydrazino acid containing peptides: a qualitative study. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Amso Z, Kowalczyk R, Park YE, Watson M, Lin JM, Musson DS, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Synthesis and in vitro bone cell activity of analogues of the cyclohexapeptide dianthin G. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6231-43. [PMID: 27264279 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyclohexapeptide natural product dianthin G promotes osteoblast (bone-forming cell) proliferation in vitro at nanomolar concentrations, and is therefore considered a promising candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis. An N(α)-methyl amide bond scan of dianthin G was performed to probe the effect of modifying amide bonds on osteoblast proliferation. In addition, to provide greater structural diversity, a series of dicarba dianthin G analogues was synthesised using ring closing metathesis. Dianthin G and one novel dicarba analogue increased the number of human osteoblasts and importantly they did not increase osteoclast (bone-resorbing cell) differentiation in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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10
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Vincent-Rocan JF, Ivanovich RA, Clavette C, Leckett K, Bejjani J, Beauchemin AM. Cascade reactions of nitrogen-substituted isocyanates: a new tool in heterocyclic chemistry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:315-328. [PMID: 29861985 PMCID: PMC5952554 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to normal C-substituted isocyanates, nitrogen-substituted isocyanates (N-isocyanates) are rare. Their high reactivity and amphoteric/ambident nature has prevented the scientific community from exploiting their synthetic potential. Recently, we have developed an in situ formation approach using a reversible equilibrium, which allows controlled generation and reactivity of N-isocyanates and prevents the dimerization that is typically observed with these intermediates. This blocked (masked) N-isocyanate approach enables the use of various N-isocyanate precursors to assemble heterocycles possessing the N-N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O motif, which is often found in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Cascade reactions for the rapid assembly of several valuable 5- and 6-membered heterocycles are reported, including amino-hydantoins, acyl-pyrazoles, acyl-phthalazinones and azauracils. Over 100 different compounds were synthesized using amino-, imino- and amido-substituted N-isocyanates, demonstrating their potential as powerful intermediates in heterocyclic synthesis. Their reactivity also enables access to unprecedented bicyclic derivatives and to substitution patterns of azauracils that are difficult to access using known methods, illustrating that controlled reactivity of N-isocyanates provides new disconnections, and a new tool to assemble complex N-N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O containing motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Vincent-Rocan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Ryan A Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Christian Clavette
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Kyle Leckett
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Julien Bejjani
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
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11
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Avan I, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Peptidomimetics via modifications of amino acids and peptide bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3575-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Bánóczi Z, Tantos Á, Farkas A, Majer Z, Dókus LE, Tompa P, Hudecz F. New m-calpain substrate-based azapeptide inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:370-6. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánóczi
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Ágnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Majer
- Institute of Chemistry; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Levente E. Dókus
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
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13
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Abstract
Azapeptides are peptide analogs in which one or more of the amino residues is replaced by a semicarbazide. This substitution of a nitrogen for the α-carbon center results in conformational restrictions, which bend the peptide about the aza-amino acid residue away from a linear geometry. The resulting azapeptide turn conformations have been observed by x-ray crystallography and spectroscopy, as well as predicted based on computational models. In biologically active peptide analogs, the aza-substitution has led to enhanced activity and selectivity as well as improved properties, such as prolonged duration of action and metabolic stability. In light of these characteristics, azapeptides have found important uses as receptor ligands, enzyme inhibitors, drugs, pro-drugs, probes and imaging agents. Recent improvements in synthetic methods for their procurement have ushered in a new era of azapeptide chemistry. This review aims to provide a historical look at the development of azapeptide science along with a focus on recent developments and perspectives on the future of this useful tool for medicinal chemistry.
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14
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Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Liu Z, Myers MC, Shah PP, Beavers MP, Benedetti PA, Diamond SL, Smith AB, Huryn DM. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of thiocarbazates and their activity as cysteine protease inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2010; 13:337-51. [PMID: 20438448 PMCID: PMC2975254 DOI: 10.2174/138620710791054303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified a novel class of potent cathepsin L inhibitors, characterized by a thiocarbazate warhead. Given the potential of these compounds to inhibit other cysteine proteases, we designed and synthesized a library of thiocarbazates containing diversity elements at three positions. Biological characterization of this library for activity against a panel of proteases indicated a significant preference for members of the papain family of cysteine proteases over serine, metallo-, and certain classes of cysteine proteases, such as caspases. Several potent inhibitors of cathepsin L and S were identified. The SAR data were employed in docking studies in an effort to understand the structural elements required for cathepsin S inhibition. This study provides the basis for the design of highly potent and selective inhibitors of the papain family of cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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16
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Wieczerzak E, Jankowska E, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Giełdoń A, Łągiewka J, Grzonka Z, Abrahamson M, Grubb A, Brömme D. Novel azapeptide inhibitors of cathepsins B and K. Structural background to increased specificity for cathepsin B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Bourguet CB, Sabatino D, Lubell WD. Benzophenone semicarbazone protection strategy for synthesis of aza-glycine containing aza-peptides. Biopolymers 2008; 90:824-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of inhibitors of cathepsin L: Exploiting a unique thiocarbazate chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3646-51. [PMID: 18499453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified a thiocarbazate that exhibits potent inhibitory activity against human cathepsin L. Since this structure represents a novel chemotype with potential for activity against the entire cysteine protease family, we designed, synthesized, and assayed a series of analogs to probe the mechanism of action, as well as the structural requirements for cathepsin L activity. Molecular docking studies using coordinates of a papain-inhibitor complex as a model for cathepsin L provided useful insights.
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Shah PP, Myers MC, Beavers MP, Purvis JE, Jing H, Grieser HJ, Sharlow ER, Napper AD, Huryn DM, Cooperman BS, Smith AB, Diamond SL. Kinetic characterization and molecular docking of a novel, potent, and selective slow-binding inhibitor of human cathepsin L. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:34-41. [PMID: 18403718 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.046219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel small molecule thiocarbazate (PubChem SID 26681509), a potent inhibitor of human cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) with an IC(50) of 56 nM, was developed after a 57,821-compound screen of the National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository. After a 4-h preincubation with cathepsin L, this compound became even more potent, demonstrating an IC(50) of 1.0 nM. The thiocarbazate was determined to be a slow-binding and slowly reversible competitive inhibitor. Through a transient kinetic analysis for single-step reversibility, inhibition rate constants were k(on) = 24,000 M(-1)s(-1) and k(off) = 2.2 x 10(-5) s(-1) (K(i) = 0.89 nM). Molecular docking studies were undertaken using the experimentally derived X-ray crystal structure of papain/CLIK-148 (1cvz. pdb). These studies revealed critical hydrogen bonding patterns of the thiocarbazate with key active site residues in papain. The thiocarbazate displayed 7- to 151-fold greater selectivity toward cathepsin L than papain and cathepsins B, K, V, and S with no activity against cathepsin G. The inhibitor demonstrated a lack of toxicity in human aortic endothelial cells and zebrafish. In addition, the thiocarbazate inhibited in vitro propagation of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with an IC(50) of 15.4 microM and inhibited Leishmania major with an IC(50) of 12.5 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag P Shah
- Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6383, USA
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20
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Myers MC, Shah PP, Diamond SL, Huryn DM, Smith AB. Identification and synthesis of a unique thiocarbazate cathepsin L inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:210-4. [PMID: 18060772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Library samples containing 2,5-disubstituted oxadiazoles were identified as potent hits in a high throughput screen (HTS) of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) directed at discovering inhibitors of cathepsin L. However, when synthesized in pure form, the putative actives were found to be devoid of biological activity. Analyses by LC-MS of original library samples indicated the presence of a number of impurities, in addition to the oxadiazoles. Synthesis and bioassay of the probable impurities led to the identification of a thiocarbazate that likely originated via ring opening of the oxadiazole. Previously unknown, thiocarbazates (-)-11 and (-)-12 were independently synthesized as single enantiomers and found to inhibit cathepsin L in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Myers
- Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6383, USA
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21
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Ramjee MK, Flinn NS, Pemberton TP, Quibell M, Wang Y, Watts JP. Substrate mapping and inhibitor profiling of falcipain-2, falcipain-3 and berghepain-2: implications for peptidase anti-malarial drug discovery. Biochem J 2006; 399:47-57. [PMID: 16776649 PMCID: PMC1570174 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine peptidases FP-2 (falcipain-2) and FP-3 (falcipain-3), members of the papain-like CAC1 family, are essential haemoglobinases and are therefore potential anti-malarial drug targets. To facilitate a rational drug discovery programme, in the current study we analysed the synthetic substrate and model inhibitor profiles of FP-2 and FP-3 as well as BP-2 (berghepain-2), an orthologue from the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei. With respect to substrate catalysis, FP-2 exhibited a promiscuous substrate profile based around a consensus non-primeside motif, FP-3 was somewhat more restricted and BP-2 was comparatively specific. Substrate turnover for FP-2 was driven by a basic or acidic P1 residue, whereas for FP-3 turnover occurred predominately through a basic P1 residue only, and for BP-2, turnover was again mainly through a basic P1 residue for some motifs and surprisingly a glycine in the P1 position for other motifs. Within these P1 binding elements, additional recognition motifs were observed with subtle nuances that switched substrate turnover on or off through specific synergistic combinations. The peptidases were also profiled against reversible and irreversible cysteine peptidase inhibitors. The results re-iterated the contrasting kinetic behaviour of each peptidase as observed through the substrate screens. The results showed that the substrate and inhibitor preferences of BP-2 were markedly different from those of FP-2 and FP-3. When FP-2 and FP-3 were compared to each other they also displayed similarities and some significant differences. In conclusion, the in vitro data highlights the current difficulties faced by a peptidase directed anti-malarial medicinal chemistry programme where compounds need to be identified with potent activity against at least three peptidases, each of which displays distinct biochemical traits.
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Key Words
- cysteine protease
- inhibitor
- malaria
- mapping
- substrate
- abz, 2-amino benzoic acid
- amc, 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin
- bp, berghepain
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- fmoc/tbu, fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl/t-butyl
- fp, falcipain
- fret, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- hbtu, 2-(1h-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
- hobt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- nle, norleucine
- nmm, n-methylmorpholine
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Ramjee
- Amura Therapeutics Limited, Horizon Park, Barton Road, Comberton, CB3 7AJ, UK.
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22
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Bondebjerg J, Fuglsang H, Valeur KR, Kaznelson DW, Hansen JA, Pedersen RO, Krogh BO, Jensen BS, Lauritzen C, Petersen G, Pedersen J, Naerum L. Novel semicarbazide-derived inhibitors of human dipeptidyl peptidase I (hDPPI). Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4408-24. [PMID: 15893930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human dipeptidyl peptidase I (hDPPI, cathepsin C, EC 3.4.14.1) is a novel putative drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Using 1 as a starting point (IC50>10 microM), we have improved potency by more than 500-fold and successfully identified novel inhibitors of DPPI via screening of a one-bead-two-compounds library of semicarbazide derivatives. Selected compounds were shown to inhibit intracellular DPPI in RBL-2H3 cells. These compounds were further characterized for adverse effects on HepG2 cells (cytotoxicity and viability) and their metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes was estimated. One of the most potent inhibitors, 8 (IC50=31+/-3 nM; Ki=45+/-2 nM, competitive inhibition), is selective for DPPI over other cysteine and serine proteases, has a half-life of 24 min in rat liver microsomes, shows approximately 50% inhibition of intracellular DPPI at 20 microM and is noncytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Bondebjerg
- Combio A/S, Vesterbrogade 188, DK-1800 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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23
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Boeglin D, Lubell WD. Aza-Amino Acid Scanning of Secondary Structure Suited for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis with Fmoc Chemistry and Aza-Amino Acids with Heteroatomic Side Chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:864-78. [PMID: 16283795 DOI: 10.1021/cc050043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aza-peptides, peptide analogues in which the alpha-carbon of one or more of the amino acid residues is replaced with a nitrogen atom, exhibit a propensity for adopting beta-turn conformations. A general Fmoc-protection protocol for the stepwise solid-phase synthesis of aza-peptides has now been developed based on the activation of N'-alkyl fluoren-9-ylmethyl carbazates with phosgene for coupling the aza-amino acid residues. This method has proven effective for introducing aza-amino acid residues with aliphatic (Ala, Leu, Val, and Gly) and aromatic (Phe, Tyr, and Trp) side chains. Acid promoted loss of aromatic side chains was noted with aza-Trp and aza-Tyr residues during peptide cleavage and suppressed by temperature control in the case of the latter. In addition, aza-peptides with heteroatomic side chain residues (Lys, Orn, Arg, and Asp) were conveniently synthesized using this protocol. Partial aza-amino acid scans were performed on three biologically active peptides: the potent tetrapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist, Ac-His-d-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2; the growth hormone secretagogue hexapeptide, GHRP-6, His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2; and the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) antagonist, FVPTDVGPFAF-NH2. This practical procedure for aza-amino acid scanning using Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis should find general utility for probing the existence and importance of beta-turn conformations in bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boeglin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Wieczerzak E, Drabik P, Abrahamson M, Grubb A. In Search of Selective Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease, Cathepsin K. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-6791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The amino acid analog azaproline (azPro) contains a nitrogen atom in place of the C(alpha) of proline. Peptides containing azPro were shown to stabilize the cis-amide conformer for the acyl-azPro bond and prefer type VI beta-turns both in crystals and in organic solvents by NMR. The increased stability for cis-amide conformers was relatively minor with respect to the trans-conformers. Further, their conformational preferences were depended on solvent. To elucidate the impact of azPro substitution on amide cis-trans isomerism and peptide conformation, this paper reports ab initio studies on azPro derivatives and a comparison with their cognate Pro derivatives: 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrrolidine (1), 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrazolidine (2), Ac-Pro-NHMe (3), Ac-azPro-NHMe (4), Ac-azPro-NMe(2) (5), Ac-azAzc-NHMe (6), and Ac-azPip-NHMe (7). Conformational preferences were explored at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory in vacuo. Solvation effects for 1 and 2 were studied implicitly using the polarizable continuum model and explicitly represented by interactions with a single water molecule. An increase in the conformational preference for the cis-amide conformer of azPro was clearly seen. An intramolecular hydrogen bond occurred solely in the trans-amide conformer that reduced the preference for the cis-conformer by 2.2 kcal/mol. The larger ring homolog aza-pipecolic acid (azPip), in which this internal hydrogen bond was diminished, significantly augmented stabilization of the cis-amide conformer. In aqueous solution, the preference for the cis-amide conformers was greatly reduced, mainly as a result of interaction between water and the lone pair of the alpha-nitrogen in the trans-amide conformer that was 3.8 kcal/mol greater than that in the cis-conformer. In the azPro analog, the energy barrier for cis-trans amide isomerization was 6 kcal/mol less than that in the cognate Pro derivative. Because the azPro derivatives can stabilize the cis-amide bond and mimic a type VI beta-turn without incorporation of additional steric bulk, such a simple chemical modification of the peptide backbone provides a useful conformational constraint when incorporated into the structure of selected bioactive peptides. Such modifications can scan receptors for biological recognition of reverse turns containing cis-amide bonds by the incorporation of type VI beta-turn scaffolds with oriented appended side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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27
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Lim IT, Meroueh SO, Lee M, Heeg MJ, Mobashery S. Strategy in Inhibition of Cathepsin B, A Target in Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10271-7. [PMID: 15315439 DOI: 10.1021/ja0489240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B, a cysteine protease, is an important target in fighting cancer. This enzyme has been implicated in enhancing tumor invasiveness and metastasis, therefore inhibitors for cathepsin B are highly sought as potential anticancer and antimetastatic agents. A structure-based design effort was pursued in arriving at a template for inhibition of cathepsin B. Focused compound libraries were synthesized based on this template, which were screened for cathepsin B inhibitory properties. Compound 2, 1-(2(R)-[1(S)-acetoxy-2-[2(S)-(2,4-difluoro-benzoylamino)-3-phenyl-propionylaminooxy]-2-oxo-ethyl]-pentanoyl)-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, is the prototype of this novel class of cysteine protease inhibitor that emerged from the search. The molecule modifies the active site of cathepsin B covalently, irreversibly, and efficiently, a process for which the kinetic parameters were evaluated. A set of three judiciously altered variants of compound 2 was also synthesized to explore the details of the proposed mechanism of action by this inhibitor. Compound 2 and its analogues may prove useful tools in reversing the deleterious effect of cathepsin B in fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Taek Lim
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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28
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Melendez RE, Lubell WD. Aza-Amino Acid Scan for Rapid Identification of Secondary Structure Based on the Application ofN-Boc-Aza1-Dipeptides in Peptide Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:6759-64. [PMID: 15161304 DOI: 10.1021/ja039643f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Azapeptides, peptide analogues in which the alpha-carbon of one or more of the amino acid residues is replaced with a nitrogen atom, exhibit propensity for adopting beta-turn conformations. A general protocol for the synthesis of azapeptides without racemization on solid phase has now been developed by introducing the aza-amino acid residue as an N-Boc-aza(1)-dipeptide. This approach has been validated by the synthesis of six N-Boc-aza(1)-dipeptides and their subsequent introduction into analogues of the C-terminal peptide fragment of the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP). By performing an aza-amino acid scan of such antagonist peptides, a set of aza-hCGRP analogues was synthesized to examine the relationship between turn secondary structure and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Melendez
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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29
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Caffrey CR, McKerrow JH, Salter JP, Sajid M. Blood ‘n’ guts: an update on schistosome digestive peptidases. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:241-8. [PMID: 15105025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor R Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Box 0511, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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30
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Licandro E, Perdicchia D. N
‐Acylhydrazines: Future Perspectives Offered by New Syntheses and Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐02‐503‐14139
| | - Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐02‐503‐14139
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31
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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33
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Niestroj AJ, Schlenzig D, Heiser U, Kühn-Wache K, Cigic B, Werman M, Hoffmann T, Gerhartz B, Demuth HU. Acylated hydroxamates as selective and highly potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase I. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 524:339-43. [PMID: 12675256 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Zhang WJ, Berglund A, Kao JLF, Couty JP, Gershengorn MC, Marshall GR. Impact of azaproline on amide cis-trans isomerism: conformational analyses and NMR studies of model peptides including TRH analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1221-35. [PMID: 12553824 DOI: 10.1021/ja020994o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beta-turn is a well-studied motif in both proteins and peptides. Four residues, making almost a complete 180 degree-turn in the direction of the peptide chain, define the beta-turn. Several types of the beta-turn are defined according to Phi and Psi torsional angles of the backbone for residues i + 1 and i + 2. One special type of beta-turn, the type VI-turn, usually contains a proline with a cis-amide bond at residue i + 2. In an aza-amino acid, the alpha-carbon of the amino acid is changed to nitrogen. Peptides containing azaproline (azPro) have been shown to prefer the type VI beta-turn both in crystals and in organic solvents by NMR studies. MC/MD simulations using the GB/SA solvation model for water explored the conformational preferences of azPro-containing peptides in aqueous systems. An increase in the conformational preference for the cis-amide conformer of azPro was clearly seen, but the increased stability was relatively minor with respect to the trans-conformer as compared to previous suggestions. To test the validity of the calculations in view of the experimental data from crystal structures and NMR in organic solvents, [azPro(3)]-TRH and [Phe(2), azPro(3)]-TRH were synthesized, and their conformational preferences were determined by NMR in polar solvents as well as the impact of the azPro substitution on their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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35
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Lee HJ, Kim JH, Jung HJ, Kim KY, Kim EJ, Choi YS, Yoon CJ. Computational study of conformational preferences of thioamide-containing azaglycine peptides. J Comput Chem 2003; 25:169-78. [PMID: 14648616 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of thioamide substitution on the conformational stability of an azaglycine-containing peptide, For-AzaGly-NH2 (1), was investigated for the sake of finding possible applications by using ab initio and DFT methods. As model compounds, For-[psiCSNH]-AzaGly-NH2 (2), For-AzaGly-[psiCSNH]-NH2 (3), and For-[psiCSNH]-AzaGly-[psiCSNH]-NH2 (4) were used. Two-dimensional phi-psi potential energy surfaces (PESs) for 2-4 were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level in gas (epsilon = 1.0) and in water (epsilon = 78.4) by applying the isodensity polarizable continuum model (IPCM) method. On the basis of these PESs, the minimum energy conformations for 2-4 were characterized at the B3LYP level with 6-31G*, 6-311G**, and 6-31+G** basis sets. The remarkable structural effect of thioamide substitution for 2-4 is that beta-strand structure is observed as a global or local minimum. The minima of 2-4 are also compared with those for glycine and thioamide-containing glycine peptides. Our theoretical results demonstrate that compounds 2-4 would be used to design controllable secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 1 Anam dong, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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36
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Malachowski WP, Tie C, Wang K, Broadrup RL. The synthesis of azapeptidomimetic beta-lactam molecules as potential protease inhibitors. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8962-9. [PMID: 12467415 DOI: 10.1021/jo026280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods for the construction of a novel peptidomimetic structure are reported. The structure incorporates a beta-lactam and an azapeptide in a peptide backbone with the intention of generating rationally designed substrate-based protease inhibitors. The beta-lactam is formed by subjecting serine or threonine-azapeptides to Mitsunobu reaction conditions. Importantly, the azapeptidomimetic beta-lactam structure permits extended binding inhibition and the synthetic methods to create tetrapeptidomimetic structures are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Malachowski
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, USA
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37
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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38
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Lee HJ, Song JW, Choi YS, Park HM, Lee KB. A theoretical study of conformational properties of N-methyl azapeptide derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11881-93. [PMID: 12358532 DOI: 10.1021/ja026496x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conformational properties of azapeptide derivatives, Ac-azaGly-NHMe (1), Ac-azaAla-NHMe (2), Ac-NMe-azaGly-NHMe (3), Ac-NMe-azaAla-NHMe (4), Ac-azaGly-NMe(2) (5), Ac-azaAla-NMe(2) (6), Ac-NMe-azaGly-NMe(2) (7), and Ac-NMe-azaAla-NMe(2) (8), were systematically examined by using ab initio MO and DFT methods. Structural perturbations in azapeptides resulting from cyclic substitution of a methyl group at three N-positions of an azaamino acid were studied on the basis of the structure of the simplest model azapeptide, 1. Potential energy surfaces were generated at the HF/6-31G level for 1-4 and at the HF/6-31G//HF/3-21G level for 5-8 by rotating two key dihedral angles (phi, psi) in increments of 30 degrees. The backbone (phi, psi) angles of the minima for 1-4 are observed at the i + 2 position to form the betaI(I')-, betaII(II')-, betaVI-turns or the polyproline II structure according to the orientation of the acetyl group and the positions of the N-methyl groups. Compounds 5-8 coupled to a secondary amine were found to preferentially adopt polyproline II, betaI(III)-turn, or alpha-helical structure or even extended conformations depending on the orientation of the acetyl group and the positions of the N-methyl groups. Furthermore, N-methyl groups, depending on their positions, were found to affect the orientation of the amide group in the lowest energy conformations, the pyramidality of the N2 atom, and the bond length in azapeptide derivatives. These unique theoretical conformations of N-methyl azapeptide derivatives could be utilized in the definite design of secondary structure for peptides and proteins, and in the development of new drugs and molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryangri, Seoul 130-650, Korea
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39
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Wieczerzak E, Drabik P, Łankiewicz L, Ołdziej S, Grzonka Z, Abrahamson M, Grubb A, Brömme D. Azapeptides structurally based upon inhibitory sites of cystatins as potent and selective inhibitors of cysteine proteases. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4202-11. [PMID: 12213061 DOI: 10.1021/jm020850k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of azapeptides as potential inhibitors of cysteine proteases were synthesized. Their structures, based on the binding center of cystatins, contain an azaglycine residue (Agly) in place of the evolutionarily conserved glycine residue in the N-terminal part of the enzyme binding region of cystatins. Incorporation of Agly should lead to deactivation of the acyl-enzyme complex formed against nucleophilic attack by water molecules in the final step of peptide bond hydrolysis. The majority of synthesized azapeptides shows high inhibitory potency toward the investigated cysteine proteases, papain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin K. One of them, Z-Arg-Leu-Val-Agly-Ile-Val-OMe (compound 17), which contains in its sequence the amino acid residues from the N-terminal binding segment as well as the hydrophobic residues from the first binding loop of human cystatin C, proved to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of cathepsin B. It inhibits cathepsin B with a K(i) value of 0.088 nM. To investigate the influence of the structure of compound 17 for its inhibitory properties, we determined its conformation by means of NMR studies and theoretical calculations. The Z-Arg-Leu-Val-Agly fragment, covalently linked to Cys29 of cathepsin B, was also developed and modeled, in the catalytic pocket of the enzyme, through a molecular dynamics approach, to analyze ligand-protein interactions in detail. Analysis of the simulation trajectories generated using the AMBER force field provided us with atomic-level understanding of the conformational variability of this inhibitor, which is discussed in the context of other experimental and theoretical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wieczerzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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40
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Development of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane as a constrained azapeptide template and its uses in peptidomimetic studies. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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McFarland BJ, Beeson C. Binding interactions between peptides and proteins of the class II major histocompatibility complex. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:168-203. [PMID: 11857638 DOI: 10.1002/med.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The activation of helper T cells by peptides bound to proteins of the class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC II) is pivotal to the initiation of an immune response. The primary functional requirement imposed on MHC II proteins is the ability to efficiently bind thousands of different peptides. Structurally, this is reflected in a unique architecture of binding interactions. The peptide is bound in an extended conformation within a groove on the membrane distal surface of the protein that is lined with several pockets that can accommodate peptide side-chains. Conserved MHC II protein residues also form hydrogen bonds along the length of the peptide main-chain. Here we review recent advances in the study of peptide-MHC II protein reactions that have led to an enhanced understanding of binding energetics. These results demonstrate that peptide-MHC II protein complexes achieve high affinity binding from the array of hydrogen bonds that are energetically segregated from the pocket interactions, which can then add to an intrinsic hydrogen bond-mediated affinity. Thus, MHC II proteins are unlike antibodies, which utilize cooperativity among binding interactions to achieve high affinity and specificity. The significance of these observations is discussed within the context of possible mechanisms for the HLA-DM protein that regulates peptide presentation in vivo and the design of non-peptide molecules that can bind MHC II proteins and act as vaccines or immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J McFarland
- Program in Biomolecular Structure and Design, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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42
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Hart M, Beeson C. Utility of azapeptides as major histocompatibility complex class II protein ligands for T-cell activation. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3700-9. [PMID: 11606135 DOI: 10.1021/jm0101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) protein binding and antigen specific activation of CD4+ "helper" T cells are demonstrated with peptides composed of the antigenic hen egg ovalbumin 325-339 peptide (OVA) substituted with azaamino acids. AzaAla and azaGly substitutions were made at 10 sequential peptide positions (326Ala-335Asn) that lie in the binding groove. The peptide positions substituted with azaamino acids encompass almost the entire binding groove, including positions where the identity of the amino acid side chain is known to have the most significant effect on MHC binding and the least effect on T-cell recognition. In addition, the T-cell contact 333Glu was substituted with azaGlu to generate a partial agonist ligand for the 3DO-54.8 T-cell hybridoma. Binding to MHC II protein was assayed by measuring the kinetic stability of complexes formed between detergent-solubilized MHC II I-A(d) protein and fluorescein-labeled OVA peptides using a fluorescence-HPLC assay. T-cell activation was also evaluated for aza-substituted peptides with azaamino acid substitutions at the peptide positions known to interact with the MHC II protein. All aza-substituted peptides showed detectable MHC binding, and some were found to show T-cell activation potency equal to the native peptide. Several of these were also found to be weak or partial agonists. Our results demonstrate that azaamino acids substituted into an antigenic peptide cause a subtle, global effect on peptide conformation that can be used to design altered peptide ligands (APL) as T-cell partial agonists. These may have potential as T-cell epitopes for synthetic vaccines and therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hart
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
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Lee HJ, Choi KH, Ahn IA, Ro S, Jang H, Choi YS, Lee KB. The β-turn preferential solution conformation of a tetrapeptide containing an azaamino acid residue. J Mol Struct 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Palacios F, Aparicio D, de los Santos JM, Vicario J. Regioselective alkylation reactions of hydrazones derived from phosphine oxides and phosphonates. Synthesis of phosphorus substituted 1-amino-pyrrolones, pyridinones and pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Cabaret D, Gonzalez M, Wakselman M, Adediran S, Pratt R. Synthesis, Hydrolysis, and Evaluation of 3-Acylamino-3,4-dihydro-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazinecarboxylic Acids and Linear Azadepsipeptides as Potential Substrates/Inhibitors of β-Lactam-Recognizing Enzymes. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200101)2001:1<141::aid-ejoc141>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Solid phase synthesis of azapeptides utilising reversible amide bond protection to prevent hydantoin formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Hill RD, Vederas JC. Azodicarboxamides: A New Class of Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor for Hepatitis A Virus and Human Rhinovirus 3C Enzymes. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9915123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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49
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Huang Y, Malcolm BA, Vederas JC. Synthesis and testing of azaglutamine derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C proteinase. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:607-19. [PMID: 10353640 PMCID: PMC7172622 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C proteinase is a picornaviral cysteine proteinase that is essential for cleavage of the initially synthesized viral polyprotein precursor to mature fragments and is therefore required for viral replication in vivo. Since the enzyme generally recognizes peptide substrates with L-glutamine at the P1 site, four types of analogues having an azaglutamine residue were chemically synthesized: hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsulfenamides A (e.g. 16); frame-shifted hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsulfenamides B (e.g. 25-28); the azaglutamine sulfonamides C (e.g. 7, 8, 11, 12); and haloacetyl azaglutamine analogues 2 and 3. Testing of these compounds for inhibition of the HAV 3C proteinase employed a C24S mutant in which the non-essential surface cysteine was replaced with serine and which displays identical catalytic parameters to the wild-type enzyme. Sulfenamide 16 (type A) showed no significant inhibition. Sulfenamide 27 (type B) had an IC50 of ca 100 microM and gave time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme due to disulfide bond formation with the active site cysteine thiol, as demonstrated by electrospray mass spectrometry. Sulfonamide 8 (type C) was a weak competitive inhibitor with an IC50 of approximately 75 microM. The haloacetyl azaglutamine analogues 2 and 3 were time-dependent irreversible inactivators of HAV 3C proteinase with rate constants k(obs)/[I] of 680 M(-1) s(-1) and 870 M(-1) s(-1), respectively, and were shown to alkylate the active site thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Bruce A Malcolm
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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50
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Venkatraman S, Kong J, Nimkar S, Wang QM, Aubé J, Hanzlik RP. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of azapeptides as substrates and inhibitors for human rhinovirus 3C protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:577-80. [PMID: 10098667 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of azapeptides was prepared and assessed as inhibitors of the human rhinovirus 3C protease. Boc-VLFaQ-OPh was a slow-turnover substrate that gave transient (ca. 1-2 h) inhibition as it underwent hydrolysis. Boc-VLFaG-OPh gave very slow but essentially irreversible inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venkatraman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045-2506, USA
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