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Ahmad G, Sohail M, Bilal M, Rasool N, Qamar MU, Ciurea C, Marceanu LG, Misarca C. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:2232. [PMID: 38792094 PMCID: PMC11123935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulraiz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Luigi Geo Marceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Catalin Misarca
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
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2
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Zhao B, Li X, Wang X, Jiang L, Li Z, Du Y. Synthesis of 3-Haloindoles via Cascade Oxidative Cyclization/Halogenation of 2-Alkenylanilines Mediated by PIDA and LiBr/KI. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1493-1503. [PMID: 36631394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of 2-alkenylanilines with phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) and LiBr or KI in HFIP was found to afford the corresponding 3-haloindoles via cascade oxidative cyclization/halogenation encompassing oxidative C-N/C-X (X = Br, I) bond formations. A plausible mechanism involving the in situ formation of the reactive AcO-X (X = Br, I) from the reaction of PIDA and LiBr/KI was postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyue Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luchen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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3
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Li XH, Yang GC, Gong JF, Song MP. Copper-catalyzed regioselective C2-H chlorination of indoles with para-toluenesulfonyl chloride. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4815-4825. [PMID: 35648132 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed, pyrimidine directed regioselective C-H chlorination of indoles with para-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) has been developed. The reactions proceeded smoothly in the presence of 20 mol% of Cu(OAc)2 as the catalyst and TsCl as the chlorine source, delivering C2-chlorinated indoles with structural diversity in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies suggested that single electron transfer (SET) from Cu(II) to TsCl accompanied by the release of the p-toluenesulfonyl radical and the related Cu(III)Cl species might be involved in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hong Li
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Chao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Gong
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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4
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Ma J, Li J, Guo P, Liao X, Cheng H. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel indole derivatives containing α-aminophosphonate moieties. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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6
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Zard SZ. The Xanthate Route to Indolines, Indoles, and their Aza Congeners. Chemistry 2020; 26:12689-12705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique 91128 Palaiseau France
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7
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Steinmetzger C, Bäuerlein C, Höbartner C. Supramolecular Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Nucleobase‐Modified Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Bäuerlein
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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8
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Steinmetzger C, Bäuerlein C, Höbartner C. Supramolecular Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Nucleobase-Modified Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6760-6764. [PMID: 32052536 PMCID: PMC7187157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA aptamers form compact tertiary structures and bind their ligands in specific binding sites. Fluorescence-based strategies reveal information on structure and dynamics of RNA aptamers. Herein, we report the incorporation of the universal emissive nucleobase analog 4-cyanoindole into the fluorogenic RNA aptamer Chili, and its application as a donor for supramolecular FRET to the bound ligands DMHBI+ or DMHBO+ . The photophysical properties of the new nucleobase-ligand-FRET pair revealed structural restraints for the overall RNA aptamer organization and identified nucleotide positions suitable for FRET-based readout of ligand binding. This strategy is generally suitable for binding-site mapping and may also be applied for responsive aptamer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Bäuerlein
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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10
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Raghavender M, Shankar B, Jalapathi P, Perugu S. Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Newly Synthesized N-Substituted 5,6-Dimethoxy-1H-indole Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321907020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Badoğlu S, Yurdakul Ş. Experimental and Theoretical Study on New Zn(II) Halide Complexes of 3,5-Diazaindole. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Sahu PK. A green approach to the synthesis of a nano catalyst and the role of basicity, calcination, catalytic activity and aging in the green synthesis of 2-aryl bezimidazoles, benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A green synthesis of hydrotalcite (a double layered catalyst) by a grinding method using Al/Mg molar ratios of 1.0–3.0 at room temperature is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K. Sahu
- School of Studies in Chemistry
- Jiwaji University
- Gwalior-474011
- India
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13
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Li B, Zhang B, Zhang X, Fan X. Synthesis of 3-Cyano-1H-indoles and Their 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside Derivatives through One-Pot Cascade Reactions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9530-9538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals,
School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of
Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals,
School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of
Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals,
School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of
Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals,
School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of
Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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14
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Abdelhamid AO, Gomha SM, Kandeel SM. Synthesis of Certain New Thiazole and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via the Utility of 3-Acetylindole. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou O. Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Saher M. Kandeel
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Department National Research Center; Dokki Cairo Egypt
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15
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Yang P, Pang M, Li M, Shen W, He R. Vibrationally resolved ¹Lb (¹A')↔S0 (¹A') electronic spectra of benzimidazole and indene: Influence of Duschinsky and Herzberg-Teller effects on weak dipole-allowed transitions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:375-384. [PMID: 26143330 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Geometrical optimizations of the ground and first excited states of benzimidazole and indene were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent extension methods (TD-DFT), respectively. Their vibrationally resolved (1)Lb ((1)A')↔S0 ((1)A') absorption and fluorescence spectra were simulated within the Franck-Condon approximation including the Herzberg-Teller (HT) and Duschinsky effects. Calculated results revealed that, with the HT and Duschinsky effects getting involved, the simulated weak (1)Lb ((1)A')↔S0 ((1)A') electronic spectra of the two molecules excellently reproduce the experimental findings. Based on the experimental data and other theoretical results, we tentatively assigned most of the vibrational normal modes which emerged in the experimental spectra of the two molecules. The present theoretical insights are expected to help us understand the nature of electronic transitions in the vibrationally resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra of benzimidazole and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Pang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rongxing He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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16
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Zhao J, Cheng X, Le J, Yang W, Xue F, Zhang X, Jiang C. Cu-mediated direct regioselective C-2 chlorination of indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9000-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu-mediated C-2 chlorination of indoles was accomplished with copper(ii) chloride through the use of a directing pyrimidyl protection group. A highly regioselective manner can be achieved on a range of indole substrates with excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiuzhi Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Jun Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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17
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Mary YS, Jojo PJ, Panicker CY, Van Alsenoy C, Ataei S, Yildiz I. Quantum mechanical and spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, ¹H NMR and UV) investigations of 2-(phenoxymethyl)benzimidazole. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 125:12-24. [PMID: 24524930 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-(phenoxymethyl)benzimidazole have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time dependent density functional theory results almost compliments with experimental findings. Gauge-including atomic orbital (1)H NMR chemical shifts calculations were carried out and compared with experimental data. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. Molecular Electrostatic Potential was performed by the DFT method and the infrared intensities and Raman activities have also been reported. Mulliken's net charges have been calculated and compared with the atomic natural charges. First hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in non-linear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shyma Mary
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Department Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - P J Jojo
- Department Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sanaz Ataei
- Ankara University, Institute of Biotechnology, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Yildiz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Mary YS, Jojo PJ, Panicker CY, Van Alsenoy C, Ataei S, Yildiz I. Theoretical investigations on the molecular structure, vibrational spectra, HOMO-LUMO and NBO analysis of 5-chloro-2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)benzimidazole. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 122:499-511. [PMID: 24334013 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 5-chloro-2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)benzimidazole have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time dependent density functional theory results almost compliments with experimental findings. Gauge-including atomic orbital (1)H NMR chemical shifts calculations were carried out and compared with experimental data. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. Molecular electrostatic potential was performed by the DFT method and the infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported. Mulliken's net charges have been calculated and compared with the atomic natural charges. Fist hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in non-linear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shyma Mary
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - P J Jojo
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sanaz Ataei
- Ankara University, Institute of Biotechnology, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Yildiz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Fu TH, McElroy WT, Shamszad M, Heidebrecht RW, Gulledge B, Martin SF. Studies toward welwitindolinones: formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate and related natural products. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:5588-5603. [PMID: 23976796 PMCID: PMC3748834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate (4) and several other welwitindolinones 5-8 were achieved by the independent synthesis of 79. The synthesis featured a Lewis acid-mediated coupling between a heteroaryl carbinol and bis-TMS enol ether, an intramolecular enolate arylation, and an unprecedented intramolecular allylic alkylation of a γ-acyloxyenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-hao Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - William T. McElroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Mariam Shamszad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Richard W. Heidebrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Brian Gulledge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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21
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Sharath V, Kumar HV, Naik N. Synthesis of novel indole based scaffolds holding pyrazole ring as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Hashim H, Mughrabi FF, Ameen M, Khaledi H, Ali HM. Cytoprotective effect of benzyl N'-(5-chloro-indol-3-yl-methylidene)-hydrazinecarbodithioate against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Molecules 2012; 17:9306-20. [PMID: 22864239 PMCID: PMC6268369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indolic compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their interesting biological properties. The present study was performed to evaluate the subacute toxicity and anti-ulcer activity of BClHC against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Experimental animal groups were orally pre-treated with different doses of BClHC (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in 10% Tween 20 solution (vehicle). Blank and ulcer control groups were pre-treated with vehicle. The positive group was orally pretreated with 20 mg/kg omeprazole. After one hour, all groups received absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg) to generate gastric mucosal injury except the blank control group which was administered the vehicle solution. After an additional hour, all rats were sacrificed, and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls determined. Grossly, the ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas pre-treatment with either derivative or omeprazole resulted in significant protection of gastric mucosal injury. Flattening of gastric mucosal folds was also observed in rats pretreated with BClHC. Histological studies of the gastric wall of ulcer control group revealed severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with either BClHC or omeprazole where there were marked gastric protection along with reduction or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer. Subacute toxicity study with a higher dose of derivative (5 g/kg) did not manifest any toxicological signs in rats. In conclusions, the present finding suggests that benzyl N'-(5-chloroindol-3-ylmethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, reduction of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harita Hashim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia.
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23
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Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of benzothiazole and benzoxazole libraries as analgesic agents. J CHEM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-012-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Yurdakul S, Badoğlu S. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic and DFT theoretical studies on 4-azabenzimidazole. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 89:252-258. [PMID: 22265951 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr exchange-correlation functional have been used to study the geometry, relative energy, frequency and intensity of the vibrational bands of the 4-azabenzimidazole (4AB) tautomers and the most stable tautomer's homodimers. FT-IR and Raman spectra of the 4AB have been measured in the regions 4000-100 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively for the first time. The stability of 4AB tautomers were reported. All vibrational frequencies assigned in detail with the help of total energy distribution (TED) and isotopic shifts. The energy and atomic charges were discussed. NH⋯N type intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions were suggested for 4AB dimeric forms. 1H and 13C NMR properties have been calculated for the most stable two tautomeric forms using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Yurdakul
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
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25
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Khaledi H, Alhadi AA, Yehye WA, Ali HM, Abdulla MA, Hassandarvish P. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activities, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Gallic Acid-based Indole Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:703-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Riadi Y, Mamouni R, Azzalou R, Haddad ME, Routier S, Guillaumet G, Lazar S. An efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst Animal Bone Meal for facile synthesis of benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Barral K, Priet S, De Michelis C, Sire J, Neyts J, Balzarini J, Canard B, Alvarez K. Synthesis and antiviral activity of boranophosphonate isosteres of AZT and d4T monophosphates. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:849-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Abdel-Gawad H, Mohamed HA, Dawood KM, Badria FAR. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New Indole-Based Heterocycles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1529-31. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Shen Z, Lu X. Cupric Halide-Mediated Intramolecular Halocyclization of N-Electron-Withdrawing Group-Substituted 2-Alkynylanilines for the Synthesis of 3-Haloindoles. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hocek
- Department of Chemistry, WestChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom, and Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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31
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HERAVI MM, BAGHERNEJAD B, OSKOOIE HA. Facile Method for the Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries of Benzimidazole, Benzothiazole, Benzoxazole, Perimidine and Quinazolinone. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Synthesis and characterization of 2-aminobenzoimidazolate group 11 coordination polymers: A combined X-ray powder diffraction and 13CP MAS NMR study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Bozilović J, Engels JW. Synthesis of fluorinated indoles as RNA analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:869-71. [PMID: 18058498 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701505220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are chemical means to investigate hydrogen bonds, base stacking, and solvation as the three predominant forces that are responsible for the stability of secondary structure of nucleic acids. To obtain deeper insight into the contributions of these interactions to RNA stability apart from the ones exerted by the predominant nucleosides we decided to synthesize some novel nucleic acid analogues where the nucleobases are replaced by fluoroindoles. Fluorinated indoles can be compared to fluorinated benzimidazoles to determine the role of nitrogen in five membered ring system. The synthesis of fluoroindole ribonucleosides is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Bozilović
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Zhan T, Lou H. Synthesis of azole nucleoside analogues of d-pinitol as potential antitumor agents. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:865-9. [PMID: 17258696 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A convenient strategy is reported for the synthesis of azole nucleoside analogues of D-pinitol (=3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol). The key intermediate 3-O-methyl-4,5-epoxy-D-chiro-inositol was obtained in excellent yield via an epoxidation from mono-methanesulfonate of D-pinitol. The process of opening of the epoxy ring by azole-bases appeared strongly regioselective in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. All newly synthesized carbocyclic azole nucleosides were assayed against lung and bladder cancer in vitro. Only the triazole and benzotriazole nucleoside analogues inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cell lines (PG) with EC(50) of 11.3 and 22.6 microM, respectively, and showed much less inhibitory activity against human bladder cell lines (T(24)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrong Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Chandra T, Brown KL. Chemoselective deprotection of alpha-indole and imidazole ribonucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:1-8. [PMID: 17162582 DOI: 10.1080/15257770601052216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2 ',3 '-isopropylidene and 5 '-trityl-protected alpha-indole and alpha/beta-benzimidazole and imidazole ribonucleosides were deprotected with different acids. Selectivity was achieved for 5 '-versus 2 ',3 '- deprotection by using formic acid in the alpha-indole ribonucleoside series. Treatment of alpha-indole ribonucleosides with a mixture of formic acid and ether at room temperature afforded 2 ',3 '-deprotected alpha-ribonucleosides, whereas treatment of the alpha-benzimidazole ribonucleosides with the same acid afforded the 5 '-deprotected ribonucleoside without any 2 ', 3 '-deprotected products. The structures of these ribonucleosides were elucidated with 2D (NOESY, COSY, and HMQC) NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-3132, USA
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36
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Lötter AN, Pathak R, Sello TS, Fernandes MA, van Otterlo WA, de Koning CB. Synthesis of the dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloid skeleton: indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and related analogues. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Lee JG, Yoo ID, Kim WG. Differential Antiviral Activity of Benzastatin C and Its Dechlorinated Derivative from Streptomyces nitrosporeus. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:795-7. [PMID: 17409523 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzastatin C, a 3-chloro-tetrahydroquinolone alkaloid from Streptomyces nitrosporeus, showed antiviral activity in a dose-dependant manner with EC50 values of 1.92, 0.53, and 1.99 microg/ml against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), respectively. In contrast, benzastatin D, the corresponding dechlorinated derivative, did not exhibit any antiviral activity. These results indicate that the antiviral activity of benzastatin C is mediated, in part, due to the chlorine moiety in its molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gyo Lee
- Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Korea
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38
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Tichenor MS, Trzupek JD, Kastrinsky DB, Shiga F, Hwang I, Boger DL. Asymmetric total synthesis of (+)- and ent-(-)-yatakemycin and duocarmycin SA: evaluation of yatakemycin key partial structures and its unnatural enantiomer. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:15683-96. [PMID: 17147378 PMCID: PMC2515590 DOI: 10.1021/ja064228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complementary to studies that provided the first yatakemycin total synthesis resulting in its structure revision and absolute stereochemistry assignment, a second-generation asymmetric total synthesis is disclosed herein. Since the individual yatakemycin subunits are identical to those of duocarmycin SA (alkylation subunit) or CC-1065 (central and right-hand subunits), the studies also provide an improvement in our earlier total synthesis of CC-1065 and, as detailed herein, have been extended to an asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-duocarmycin SA. Further extensions of the studies provided key yatakemycin partial structures and analogues for comparative assessments. This included the definition of the DNA selectivity (adenine central to a five-base-pair AT sequence, e.g., 5'-AAAAA), efficiency, relative rate, and reversibility of ent-(-)-yatakemycin and its comparison with the natural enantiomer (identical selectivity and efficiency), structural characterization of the adenine N3 adduct confirming the nature of the DNA reaction, and comparisons of the cytotoxic activity of the natural product (L1210, IC50 = 5 pM) with those of its unnatural enantiomer (IC50 = 5 pM) and a series of key partial structures including those that probe the role of the C-terminus thiomethyl ester. The only distinguishing features between the enantiomers is that ent-(-)-yatakemycin alkylates DNA at a slower rate (krel = 0.13) and is reversible, whereas (+)-yatakemycin is not. Nonetheless, even ent-(-)-yatakemycin alkylates DNA at a faster rate and with a greater thermodynamic stability than (+)-duocarmycin SA, illustrating the unique characteristics of such "sandwiched" agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tichenor
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John D. Trzupek
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - David B. Kastrinsky
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Futoshi Shiga
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Inkyu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Chen JJ, Wei Y, Williams JD, Drach JC, Townsend LB. Design, synthesis, and antiviral evaluation of some polyhalogenated indole C-nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1417-37. [PMID: 16438026 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500265646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
2,5, 6-Trichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB), 2-bromo-5, 6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) and 2-benzylthio-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BTDCRB) are benzimidazole nucleosides that exhibit strong and selective anti-HCMV activity. Polyhalogenated indole C-nucleosides were prepared as 1-deaza analogs of the benzimidazole nucleosides TCRB and BDCRB. A mild Knoevenagel coupling reaction between an indol-2-thione and a ribofuranose derivative was developed for the synthesis of 2-benzylthio-5, 6-dichloro-3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)indole (12). 3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,5,6-trichloroindole (16) was prepared from 12 in 4 steps. A Lewis acid-mediated glycosylation method was then developed to prepare the targeted 2-haloindole C-nucleoside 16 stereoselectively in four steps from the corresponding 2-haloindole aglycons. Only 12 was active against HCMV but it also was somewhat cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong J Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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40
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Ivanova BB. Solid state linear dichroic infrared spectral analysis of benzimidazoles and their N(1)-protonated salts. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 62:58-65. [PMID: 16257693 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A stereo structural characterization of 2,5,6-thrimethylbenzimidazole (MBIZ) and 2-amino-benzimidaziole (2-NH(2)-BI) and their N(1) protonation salts was carried out using a polarized solid state linear dichroic infrared spectral (IR-LD) analysis in nematic liquid crystal suspension. All experimental predicted structures were compared with the theoretical ones, obtained by ab initio calculations. The C(s) to C(2v)(*) symmetry transformation as a result of protonation processes, with a view of its reflection on the infrared spectral characteristics was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Ivanova
- University of Sofia, Department of Chemistry, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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41
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Sinha S, Srivastava R, De Clercq E, Singh RK. Synthesis and antiviral properties of arabino and ribonucleosides of 1,3-dideazaadenine, 4-nitro-1,3-dideazapurine and diketopiperazine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 23:1815-24. [PMID: 15628741 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Different arabinosides and ribosides, viz. Ara-DDA or 9(1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) 1,3-dideazaadenine (6), Ara-NDDP or 9(1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) 4-nitro-1,3-dideazapurine (7), Ara-DKP or 1(1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) diketopiperazine (8), Ribo-DDA or 9(1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) 1,3-dideazaadenine (9) and Ribo-NDDP or 9(1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) 4-nitro-1,3-dideazapurine (10) have been synthesized as probable antiviral agents. The arabinosides have been synthesized using the catalyst TDA-1 that causes stereospecific formation of beta-nucleosides while a one-pot synthesis procedure was adopted for the synthesis of the ribonucleosides where beta-anomers were obtained in higher yields. All the five nucleoside analogs have been screened for antiviral property against HIV-1 (IIIB), HSV-1 and 2, parainfluenza-3, reovirus-1 and many others. It was observed that arabinosides had greater inhibitory action than ribosides. The compound 7 or Ara-NDDP has shown maximum inhibition of HIV-1 replication than the rest of the molecules with an IC50 of 79.4 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Sinha
- Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Williams JD, Drach JC, Townsend LB. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some novel tricyclic pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 23:805-12. [PMID: 15281368 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120039253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleoside analogs were synthesized from the corresponding 3-formyl-2-chloroindole and 3-cyano-2-chloroindole nucleosides by treatment with hydrazine. Very few examples of pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole heterocycles have been published in the literature and this is the first synthesis of nucleoside analogs containing this heterocycle. These new pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides were active against human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1, but this activity was not well separated from cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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Humeník M, Kutschy P, Kováčik V, Bekešová S. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-Cyclic Sulfites as Saccharide Donors in Convergent Synthesis of Glucopyranosyl-, Mannopyranosyl- and Ribofuranosylbenzocamalexin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-, 1-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)- and 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzocamalexin was elaborated as an alternative route to the linear approach based on the indoline-indole method. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-cyclic sulfites as saccharide donors were used in the key glycosylation step. Coupling with benzocamalexin resulted in moderate to excellent yields of nucleoside analogs, depending on the saccharide donor, catalyst and solvent used.
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Bentancor L, Trelles J, Nóbile M, Lewkowicz E, Iribarren A. Benzimidazole as deazapurine analogue for microbial transglycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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45
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Chen C, Chen YJ. Liquid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Martinez A, Castro A, Gil C, Perez C. Recent strategies in the development of new human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:227-44. [PMID: 11301412 DOI: 10.1002/med.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunucompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. Despite a reduction of the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment, attention should be paid to the HCMV risk factor in these individuals. Furthermore, HCMV may have an important role in atherosclerosis. Existing antiviral treatments for the HCMV infection suffer from poor bioavailability, toxicity, and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately there are novel and potentially very effective new compounds undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. This review provides an overview in the last five years of new HCMV inhibitors (chemical structures, SAR, and new mechanisms of action) with the aim to provide new clues for the development of future drugs against this opportunistic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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