1
|
Siew ZY, Asudas E, Khoo CT, Cho GH, Voon K, Fang CM. Fighting nature with nature: antiviral compounds that target retroviruses. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:130. [PMID: 38416180 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of lentivirus that targets the human immune system and leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at a later stage. Up to 2021, there are millions still living with HIV and many have lost their lives. To date, many anti-HIV compounds have been discovered in living organisms, especially plants and marine sponges. However, no treatment can offer a complete cure, but only suppressing it with a life-long medication, known as combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which are often associated with various adverse effects. Also, it takes many years for a discovered compound to be approved for clinical use. Thus, by employing advanced technologies such as automation, conducting systematic screening and testing protocols may boost the discovery and development of potent and curative therapeutics for HIV infection/AIDS. In this review, we aim to summarize the antiretroviral therapies/compounds and their associated drawbacks since the discovery of azidothymidine. Additionally, we aim to provide an updated analysis of the most recent discoveries of promising antiretroviral candidates, along with an exploration of the current limitations within antiretroviral research. Finally, we intend to glean insightful perspectives and propose future research directions in this crucial area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yun Siew
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Elishea Asudas
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chia Ting Khoo
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gang Hyeon Cho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Wright AE. The Marine Natural Compound Dragmacidin D Selectively Induces Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Spheroids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:642. [PMID: 38132962 PMCID: PMC10871089 DOI: 10.3390/md21120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells grown in 3D spheroid cultures are considered more predictive for clinical efficacy. The marine natural product dragmacidin D induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) spheroids within 24 h of treatment while showing no cytotoxicity against the same cells grown in monolayers and treated for 72 h. The IC50 for cytotoxicity based on caspase 3/7 cleavage in the spheroid assay was 8 ± 1 µM in MDA-MB-231 cells and 16 ± 0.6 µM in MDA-MB-468 cells at 24 h. No cytotoxicity was seen at all in 2D, even at the highest concentration tested. Thus, the IC50 for cytotoxicity in the MTT assay (2D) in these cells was found to be >75 µM at 72 h. Dragmacidin D exhibited synergy when used in conjunction with paclitaxel, a current treatment for TNBC. Studies into the signaling changes using a reverse-phase protein array showed that treatment with dragmacidin D caused significant decreases in histones. Differential protein expression was used to hypothesize that its potential mechanism of action involves acting as a protein synthesis inhibitor or a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. Further testing is necessary to validate this hypothesis. Dragmacidin D also caused a slight decrease in an invasion assay in the MDA-MB-231 cells, although this failed to be statistically significant. Dragmacidin D shows intriguing selectivity for spheroids and has the potential to be a treatment option for triple-negative breast cancer, which merits further research into understanding this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (A.E.W.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riesco-Llach G, Planas M, Feliu L, Joule JA. 2(1 H)-Pyrazinones from acyclic building blocks: methods of synthesis and further derivatizations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1162-1184. [PMID: 36686909 PMCID: PMC9811941 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinones (2(1H)-pyrazinones) are found as components of a range of natural substances and are involved in the preparation of a great number of bioactive molecules. Synthesis of such compounds, and analogues, requires knowledge of the heterocyclic properties of pyrazinones and, in particular, methods for their ring construction. This review deals with the strategies that have been developed for the synthesis of pyrazinones from acyclic precursors, especially α-amino acid-derived units, from the first examples in 1905 up to the most recent in 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Riesco-Llach
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - John A. Joule
- The School of Chemistry, The University of ManchesterManchester M13 9PLUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghalib RM, Mehdi SH, Malla AM, Alam MG, Hashim R, Novaković SB, Kawamura F, Alzahrani HAH. Novel Indole-Pyrazine Alkaloid: Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521070051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Heravi MM, Amiri Z, Kafshdarzadeh K, Zadsirjan V. Synthesis of indole derivatives as prevalent moieties present in selected alkaloids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33540-33612. [PMID: 35497516 PMCID: PMC9042329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoles are a significant heterocyclic system in natural products and drugs. They are important types of molecules and natural products and play a main role in cell biology. The application of indole derivatives as biologically active compounds for the treatment of cancer cells, microbes, and different types of disorders in the human body has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indoles, both natural and synthetic, show various biologically vital properties. Owing to the importance of this significant ring system, the investigation of novel methods of synthesis have attracted the attention of the chemical community. In this review, we aim to highlight the construction of indoles as a moiety in selected alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Kosar Kafshdarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Majhi S. Applications of Yamaguchi Method to Esterification and Macrolactonization in Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Majhi
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG) Triveni Devi Bhalotia College Raniganj Kazi Nazrul University West Bengal 713347 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rehberg N, Sommer GA, Drießen D, Kruppa M, Adeniyi ET, Chen S, Wang L, Wolf K, Tasch BOA, Ioerger TR, Zhu K, Müller TJJ, Kalscheuer R. Nature-Inspired (di)Azine-Bridged Bisindole Alkaloids with Potent Antibacterial In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12623-12641. [PMID: 33103423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural bisindole alkaloids such as Hyrtinadine A and Alocasin A, which are known to exhibit diverse bioactivities, provide promising chemical scaffolds for drug development. By optimizing the Masuda borylation-Suzuki coupling sequence, a library of various natural product-derived and non-natural (di)azine-bridged bisindoles was created. While unsubstituted bisindoles were devoid of antibacterial activity, 5,5'-chloro derivatives were highly active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and further Gram-positive pathogens at minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 0.78 μM. These compounds showed strong bactericidal killing effects but only moderate cytotoxicity against human cell lines. Furthermore, the two front-runner compounds 4j and 4n exhibited potent in vivo efficacy against MRSA in a mouse wound infection model. Although structurally related bisindoles were reported to specifically target pyruvate kinase in MRSA, antibacterial activity of 4j and 4n is independent of pyruvate kinase. Rather, these compounds lead to bacterial membrane permeabilization and cellular efflux of low-molecular-weight molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidja Rehberg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon A Sommer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Drießen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Kruppa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emmanuel T Adeniyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karina Wolf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris O A Tasch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, 710 Ross St., College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eldehna WM, Hassan GS, Al-Rashood ST, Alkahtani HM, A. Almehizia A, Al-Ansary GH. Marine-Inspired Bis-indoles Possessing Antiproliferative Activity against Breast Cancer; Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E190. [PMID: 32252280 PMCID: PMC7230731 DOI: 10.3390/md18040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse indoles and bis-indoles extracted from marine sources have been identified as promising anticancer leads. Herein, we designed and synthesized novel bis-indole series 7a-f and 9a-h as Topsentin and Nortopsentin analogs. Our design is based on replacing the heterocyclic spacer in the natural leads by a more flexible hydrazide linker while sparing the two peripheral indole rings. All the synthesized bis-indoles were examined for their antiproliferative action against human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines. The most potent congeners 7e and 9a against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.01 and 1.28 ± 0.04 μM, respectively) induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells (23.7-, and 16.8-fold increase in the total apoptosis percentage) as evident by the externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. This evidence was supported by the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio augmentation (18.65- and 11.1-fold compared to control) with a concomitant increase in the level of caspase-3 (11.7- and 9.5-fold) and p53 (15.4- and 11.75-fold). Both compounds arrested the cell cycle mainly in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, 7e and 9a displayed good selectivity toward tumor cells (S.I. = 38.7 and 18.3), upon testing of their cytotoxicity toward non-tumorigenic breast MCF-10A cells. Finally, compounds 7a, 7b, 7d, 7e, and 9a were examined for their plausible CDK2 inhibitory action. The obtained results (% inhibition range: 16%-58%) unveiled incompetence of the target bis-indoles to inhibit CDK2 significantly. Collectively, these results suggested that herein reported bis-indoles are good lead compounds for further optimization and development as potential efficient anti-breast cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Sara T. Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ghada H. Al-Ansary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo P.O. Box 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Program, Batterejee Medical College, Jeddah P.O. Box 6231, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Carbone D, Schillaci D, Giovannetti E, Cirrincione G, Diana P. Thiazoles, Their Benzofused Systems, and Thiazolidinone Derivatives: Versatile and Promising Tools to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7923-7956. [PMID: 32208685 PMCID: PMC7997583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thiazoles,
their benzofused systems, and thiazolidinone derivatives
are widely recognized as nuclei of great value for obtaining molecules
with various biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-HIV, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antimicrobial. In particular,
in the past decade, many compounds bearing these heterocycles have
been studied for their promising antibacterial properties due to their
action on different microbial targets. Here we assess the recent development
of this class of compounds to address mechanisms underlying antibiotic
resistance at both bacterial-cell and community levels (biofilms).
We also explore the SAR and the prospective clinical application of
thiazole and its benzofused derivatives, which act as inhibitors of
mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in the treatment of severe
drug-resistant infections. In addition, we examined all bacterial
targets involved in their antimicrobial activity reporting, when described,
their spontaneous frequencies of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, DeBoelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, via Giovannini 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). RECENT ADVANCES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS ANALYSIS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153348 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic investigations of novel bis(indole) analogues besides antimicrobial study. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
12
|
Nemallapudi BR, Zyryanov GV, Avula B, Guda MR, Gundala S. An effective green and ecofriendly catalyst for synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes as promising antimicrobial agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering InstituteUral Federal University Yekaterinburg Russia
- Ural Division of the Russian Academy of SciencesI. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Balakrishna Avula
- Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous) Nandyal Andhra Pradsh India
| | | | - Sravya Gundala
- Chemical Engineering InstituteUral Federal University Yekaterinburg Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shaker S, Fan RZ, Li HJ, Lan WJ. A pair of novel bisindole alkaloid enantiomers from marine fungus Fusarium sp. XBB-9. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1497-1503. [PMID: 31437009 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1655416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary research on the marine fungus Fusarium sp. XBB-9 resulted in a pair of novel bisindole alkaloid enantiomers, (+)- and (-)-fusaspoid A (1a/1b) and 12 diverse compounds. One strain many compound (OSMAC) method was used to enhance as many biosynthetic pathways as possible. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of 1a was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. Compounds 1a and 1b were tested for cytotoxic activity against HCT-15, RKO cell lines, but were inactive. Compounds 1a and 1b were the first example of bisindole alkaloids isolated from fungus Fusarium sp. XBB-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharpkate Shaker
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Zhu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Jin Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jian Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nemallapudi BR, Zyryanov GV, Avula B, Guda MR, Cirandur SR, Venkataramaiah C, Rajendra W, Gundala S. Meglumine as a green, efficient and reusable catalyst for synthesis and molecular docking studies of bis(indolyl)methanes as antioxidant agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:465-473. [PMID: 30927587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient Meglumine catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of bis(indolyl) methanes at ambient temperature under aqueous conditions in high yields. The catalytic reaction proceeds very smoothly. Clean reaction, ease of product isolation/purification, easily available reactants, metal free and environmentally friendly reaction conditions are the notable advantages of the present methodology. All the entitled compounds were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, mass spectra and evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH, H2O2 and NO scavenging methods). They exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant activity dose-dependently. The binding interactions and molecular docking studies for entitled compounds were studied against 3MNG protein. 4d exhibited marked binding affinity with excellent docking score of -7.6 K.cal/mol and emerged as a lead compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grigory V Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Balakrishna Avula
- Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Reddy Guda
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Suresh Reddy Cirandur
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chintha Venkataramaiah
- Division of molecular biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Wudayagiri Rajendra
- Division of molecular biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sravya Gundala
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ilyas M, Perveen M, Shafiullah, Ahmad SM. A Novel Chalcone from Garcinia Nervosa. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823402103171799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel chalcone 5′-bromo-2′-hydroxy-4,4′,6′-trimethoxy-chalcone, isoliquiritigenin-4,4′-dimethyl ether (2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy chalcone) and 2′-hydroxy-3,4,4′,6′-tetramethoxy dihydrochalcone have been isolated from the leaves of Garcinia nervosa. Their structure have been elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, NOE, IR, UV and mass spectra).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shafiullah
- Research in Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202 002, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Muhammad ZA, Radwan MA, Farghaly TA, Gaber HM, Elaasser MM. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel [1,2,4,5]-tetrazepino[6,7-b] indole Derivatives: Marine Natural Product Hyrtioreticuline C and D Analogues. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:79-86. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180724094244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several biologically active indole alkaloids have been isolated from marine organisms over the previous few years. Many scientsts interested in synthesis of the marine azepinoindole alkaloids due to their wide range of bioliogical activies. </P><P> Objective: We interested herein to synthesize a new series of some analogues of new naturally occurring azepinoindole alkaloids. </P><P> Method: A novel series of [1,2,4,5]tetrazepino[6,7-b]indoles, Marine natural product Hyrtioreticuline C and D analogues, were synthesized via the reaction of 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-one with hydrzaonoyl chlorides in basic medium. </P><P> Results: The spectral data of the products proved their structure. All new derivatives were tested against two carcinoma cell lines ((A-549 & HepG2)) in comparison with the well-known anticancer standard drug (cisplatin) and two derivatives from the tested compounds showed activity more potent than the reference drug. </P><P> Conclusion: We succeeded in synthesis of new antitumor active azepinoindole alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A. Muhammad
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), P.O.Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A.A. Radwan
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem M. Gaber
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), P.O.Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmuod M. Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Indole-substituted 2,4-diamino-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines from one-pot process and evaluation of their ability to bind dopamine receptors. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
18
|
Heravi MM, Mohammadkhani L. Recent applications of Stille reaction in total synthesis of natural products: An update. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Cruz P, Martínez Leal JF, Daranas AH, Pérez M, Cuevas C. On the Mechanism of Action of Dragmacidins I and J, Two New Representatives of a New Class of Protein Phosphatase 1 and 2A Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3760-3767. [PMID: 30023878 PMCID: PMC6045348 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new brominated bis(indole) alkaloids, dragmacidins I (1) and J (2), showing low micromolar cytostatic activity, along with three known congeners were isolated from the Tanzanian sponge Dragmacidon sp. and their structures determined by the analysis of their NMR and MS data. From the study of their mechanism of action, it can be concluded that the mitotic arrest at metaphase in treated tumor cells, mediated by inhibition of PP1 and/or PP2A phosphatases is involved in the observed antiproliferative activity. Differences in their bioactivities were rationalized, and a plausible binding mode is proposed on the basis of computational simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia
G. Cruz
- R&D
Area, PharmaMar, S.A., Avda. de los Reyes 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid 28770, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38206, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- R&D
Area, PharmaMar, S.A., Avda. de los Reyes 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid 28770, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuevas
- R&D
Area, PharmaMar, S.A., Avda. de los Reyes 1, Pol. Ind. La Mina, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid 28770, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Retich C, Bräse S. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Bisindoles - Scope and Derivatizations. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Retich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Covering: 2015. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2016, 33, 382-431This review covers the literature published in 2015 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1220 citations (792 for the period January to December 2015) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1340 in 429 papers for 2015), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Murray H G Munro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Simha PR, Mangali MS, Kuppireddy Gari D, Venkatapuram P, Adivireddy P. Benzenesulfonic Acid: A Versatile Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes as Antioxidants. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pulla Reddy Simha
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Madhu Sekhar Mangali
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Divya Kuppireddy Gari
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | | | - Padmaja Adivireddy
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dragmacidin G, a Bioactive Bis-Indole Alkaloid from a Deep-Water Sponge of the Genus Spongosorites. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15010016. [PMID: 28085024 PMCID: PMC5295236 DOI: 10.3390/md15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A deep-water sponge of the genus Spongosorites has yielded a bis-indole alkaloid which we have named dragmacidin G. Dragmacidin G was first reported by us in the patent literature and has recently been reported by Hitora et al. from a sponge of the genus Lipastrotheya. Dragmacidin G is the first in this series of compounds to have a pyrazine ring linking the two indole rings. It also has a rare N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-guanidine side chain. Dragmacidin G shows a broad spectrum of biological activity including inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Purohit P, Pandey AK, Kumar B, Chauhan PMS. Diversity oriented synthesis of β-carbolinone and indolo-pyrazinone analogues based on an Ugi four component reaction and subsequent cyclisation of the resulting indole intermediate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One pot two step synthesis of β-carbolinone and indolo-pyrazinone analogues via acid mediated cyclisation of Ugi intermediate has been developed with a wide substrate scope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Purohit
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Anand Kumar Pandey
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Prem M. S. Chauhan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hatae N, Toyota E, Nishiyama T, Tamura S, Yamamoto R, Matsui A, Shinchi H, Hibino S, Okada C, Yoshimura T, Choshi T. Antiproliferative Activity of Hybrid Compounds between 6-Methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indole and 4-Phenylpiperidine against HCT-116 and HL-60 Cells. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Kobayashi H, Eickhoff JA, Zakarian A. Synthesis of 2-Aminoazoles from Thioesters via α-Heterosubstituted Ketones by Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9989-99. [PMID: 26378626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Facile synthesis of a variety of α-heterosubstituted ketones under mild conditions was achieved by copper-mediated cross-coupling of thioesters with functionalized organostannanes. Application of this coupling methodology provided a concise pathway for the conversion of carboxylic acids to 2-aminoimidazoles, 2-aminothiazoles, and 2-aminooxazoles via thioesters in practical yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. , 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A Eickhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jackson JJ, Kobayashi H, Steffens SD, Zakarian A. 10-Step Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Elucidation of (+)-Dragmacidin D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
30
|
Jackson JJ, Kobayashi H, Steffens SD, Zakarian A. 10-Step Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Elucidation of (+)-Dragmacidin D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9971-5. [PMID: 26130270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of dragmacidin D (1) was completed in 10 steps. Its sole stereocenter was set by using direct asymmetric alkylation enabled by a C2-symmetric tetramine and lithium N-(trimethylsilyl)-tert-butylamide as the enolization reagent. A central Larock indole synthesis was employed in a convergent assembly of the heterocyclic subunits. The stereochemical evidence from this work strongly supports the predicted S configuration at the 6''' position, which is consistent with other members of the dragmacidin family of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510 (USA)
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., LTD, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 (Japan)
| | - Sophia D Steffens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510 (USA)
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parrino B, Carbone A, Di Vita G, Ciancimino C, Attanzio A, Spanò V, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Diana P, Cirrincione G. 3-[4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines, nortopsentin analogues with antiproliferative activity. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1901-24. [PMID: 25854642 PMCID: PMC4413193 DOI: 10.3390/md13041901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of nortopsentin analogues, in which the imidazole ring of the natural product was replaced by thiazole and the indole unit bound to position 2 of the thiazole ring was substituted by a 7-azaindole moiety, was efficiently synthesized. Two of the new nortopsentin analogues showed good antiproliferative effect against the totality of the NCI full panel of human tumor cell lines (~60) having GI50 values ranging from low micromolar to nanomolar level. The mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of these derivatives, investigated on human hepatoma HepG2 cells, was pro-apoptotic, being associated with externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the compounds induced a concentration-dependent accumulation of cells in the subG0/G1phase, while confined viable cells in G2/M phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gloria Di Vita
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Cristina Ciancimino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonia Livrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, STEBICEF, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang F, Wang B, Prasad P, Capon RJ, Jia Y. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Dragmacidin D Reveals Unexpected Stereocomplexity. Org Lett 2015; 17:1529-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pritesh Prasad
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Naturally occurring guanidine derivatives frequently display medicinally useful properties. Among them, the higher order pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, the dragmacidins, the crambescidins/batzelladines, and the saxitoxins/tetradotoxins have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods over the past decades. We provide here an overview of the syntheses of these cyclic guanidine-containing natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ma
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Saptarshi De
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Caspar Y, Jeanty M, Blu J, Burchak O, Le Pihive E, Maigre L, Schneider D, Jolivalt C, Paris JM, Hequet A, Minassian F, Denis JN, Maurin M. Novel synthetic bis-indolic derivatives with antistaphylococcal activity, including against MRSA and VISA strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1727-37. [PMID: 25691323 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report the synthesis, antibacterial activity and toxicity of 24 bis-indolic derivatives obtained during the development of new ways of synthesis of marine bis-indole alkaloids from the spongotine, topsentin and hamacanthin classes. METHODS Innovative ways of synthesis and further structural optimizations led to bis-indoles presenting either the 1-(1H-indol-3'-yl)-1,2-diaminoethane unit or the 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine unit. MIC determination was performed for reference and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS species. MBC, time-kill kinetics, solubility, hydrophobicity index, plasma protein-binding and cytotoxicity assays were performed for lead compounds. Inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump was also tested for bis-indoles with no antistaphylococcal activity. RESULTS Lead compounds were active against both S. aureus and CoNS species, with MICs between 1 and 4 mg/L. Importantly, the same MICs were found for MRSA and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus strains. Early concentration-dependent bactericidal activity was observed for lead derivatives. Compounds with no intrinsic antibacterial activity could inhibit the S. aureus NorA efflux pump, which is involved in resistance to fluoroquinolones. At 0.5 mg/L, the most effective compound led to an 8-fold reduction of the ciprofloxacin MIC for the SA-1199B S. aureus strain, which overexpresses NorA. However, the bis-indole compounds displayed a high hydrophobicity index and high plasma protein binding, which significantly reduced antibacterial activity. CONCLUSIONS We have synthesized and characterized novel bis-indole derivatives as promising candidates for the development of new antistaphylococcal treatments, with preserved activity against MDR S. aureus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Caspar
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Jeanty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Blu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olga Burchak
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laure Maigre
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Claude Jolivalt
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Paris
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Hequet
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Noël Denis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of thiazolyl-bis-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines and indolyl-thiazolyl-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridines, nortopsentin analogues. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:460-92. [PMID: 25603343 PMCID: PMC4306947 DOI: 10.3390/md13010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new series of nortopsentin analogues, in which the imidazole ring of the natural product was replaced by thiazole and indole units were both substituted by 7-azaindole moieties or one indole unit was replaced by a 6-azaindole portion, were efficiently synthesized. Compounds belonging to both series inhibited the growth of HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations, whereas they did not affect the viability of normal-like intestinal cells. A compound of the former series induced apoptosis, evident as externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS), and changes of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, while blocking the cell cycle in G2/M phase. In contrast, a derivative of the latter series elicited distinct responses in accordance with the dose. Thus, low concentrations (GI30) induced morphological changes characteristic of autophagic death with massive formation of cytoplasmic acid vacuoles without apparent loss of nuclear material, and with arrest of cell cycle at the G1 phase, whereas higher concentrations (GI70) induced apoptosis with arrest of cell cycle at the G1 phase.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gupta AP, Pandotra P, Kushwaha M, Khan S, Sharma R, Gupta S. Alkaloids: A Source of Anticancer Agents from Nature. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
37
|
Li YH, Zhao BL, Gao Y, Du DM. Asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted indole derivatives containing tetrahydrothiophene via cascade sulfa-Michael/Michael additions catalyzed by a chiral squaramide catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
38
|
Feng TT, Huang X, Liu XL, Jing DH, Liu XW, Guo FM, Zhou Y, Yuan WC. Highly regioselective synthesis of 3-alkenyl-oxindole ring-fused 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles via direct gamma-substitution of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates of isatins with 3-substituted oxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9366-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
Kapdi AR, Prajapati D. Regioselective palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions: a powerful synthetic tool. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07895k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
40
|
Ornano L, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Serafini M, Bianco A. Phytochemical study of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsk.) J. Agarth, an invading alga in the habitat of La Maddalena Archipelago. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1795-9. [PMID: 25111508 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.945928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caulerpa racemosa is a marine Chlorophyta widely distributed in tropical areas, introduced into the Mediterranean Sea since 1990. It has been invading the Mediterranean Sea causing ecological problems. This invasive event can be considered as one of the most serious in the history of species introduced into the Mediterranean Sea, even if C. racemosa has not triggered as much attention as the famous 'killer alga' Caulerpa taxifolia. The aim of this work is to analyse phytochemically C. racemosa in the northern Sardinia area for secondary metabolites. Marine algae shows the molecular pattern of bis-indole alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and sterols. The intention is to expand phytochemical analysis in order to understand just how significant the anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions can be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ornano
- a Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma 'La Sapienza' , P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 , Roma , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Zhong S, Nieger M, Bihlmeier A, Shi M, Bräse S. Asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of 4,6-bis(1H-indole-3-yl)-piperidine-2 carboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3265-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of novel bisindole-piperidine-amino acid hybrids is reported, leading to products with good yields and excellent ees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabilla Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Martin Nieger
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela Bihlmeier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Veale CGL, Davies-Coleman MT. Marine Bi-, Bis-, and Trisindole Alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2013; 73:1-64. [PMID: 26521648 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411565-1.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter, covering the chemistry literature up until June 2013 and comprising 142 references, records the chemical structures of 130 bi-, bis-, and trisindole alkaloids isolated from a plethora of marine phyla including bacteria, algae, bryozoans, sponges, mollusks, hard corals, and ascidians. While the vast majority of bisindoles have been isolated from marine sponges, biindoles are more commonly found in red algae species than sponges. Trisindoles are far less common than bisindoles in the marine environment and have been limited to two species of sponge and a single species of marine microbe. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity dominate the bioactivities explored for selected members of this family of alkaloids. Synthetic approaches to 28 natural products are presented in 33 schemes, and in the absence of any in vivo biosynthetic studies, the putative biosyntheses of eight bisindole metabolites are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Racemosins A and B, two novel bisindole alkaloids from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
45
|
Carbone A, Pennati M, Parrino B, Lopergolo A, Barraja P, Montalbano A, Spanò V, Sbarra S, Doldi V, De Cesare M, Cirrincione G, Diana P, Zaffaroni N. Novel 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivative nortopsentin analogues: synthesis and antitumor activity in peritoneal mesothelioma experimental models. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7060-72. [PMID: 23919303 DOI: 10.1021/jm400842x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the synthesis of new nortopsentin analogues, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives and their biological effects in experimental models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM), a rare and rapidly fatal disease, poorly responsive to conventional therapies. The three most active compounds, 1f (3-[2-(5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine), 3f (3-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine), and 1l (3-[2-(5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridine), which were shown to act as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibitors, consistently reduced DMPM cell proliferation and induced a caspase-dependent apoptotic response, with a concomitant reduction of the expression of the active Thr(34)-phosphorylated form of the antiapoptotic protein survivin. Moreover, the combined treatment of DMPM cells with 3f derivative and paclitaxel produced a synergistic cytotoxic effect, which was paralleled by an enhanced apoptotic response. In the mouse model, i.p. administration of 1f, 3f, and 1l derivatives was effective, resulting in a significant tumor volume inhibition of DMPM xenografts (range, 58-75%) at well-tolerated doses, and two complete responses were observed in each treatment group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Marine indole alkaloids containing an 1-(indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine fragment (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
47
|
Juneja M, Vanam U, Paranthaman S, Bharathan A, Keerthi VS, Reena JK, Rajaram R, Rajasekharan KN, Karunagaran D. 4-Amino-2-arylamino-5-indoloyl/cinnamoythiazoles, analogs of topsentin-class of marine alkaloids, induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:474-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Azuaje J, El Maatougui A, Pérez-Rubio JM, Coelho A, Fernández F, Sotelo E. Multicomponent Assembly of Diverse Pyrazin-2(1H)-one Chemotypes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4402-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4003163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Azuaje
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Materials (CIQUS)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| | - Abdelaziz El Maatougui
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Materials (CIQUS)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| | - José M. Pérez-Rubio
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Materials (CIQUS)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| | - Alberto Coelho
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Materials (CIQUS)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| | - Franco Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry
and Molecular Materials (CIQUS)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
15782, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kim GD, Cheong OJ, Bae SY, Shin J, Lee SK. 6"-Debromohamacanthin A, a bis (indole) alkaloid, inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1087-103. [PMID: 23549281 PMCID: PMC3705390 DOI: 10.3390/md11041087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamacanthins, bis (indole) alkaloids, are found in a few marine sponges, including Spongosorites sp. Hamacanthins have been shown to possess cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, the precise mechanism for the biological activities of hamacanthins has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, the anti-angiogenic effects of 6″-debromohamacanthin A (DBHA), an active component of isolated hamacanthins, were evaluated in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) and endothelial-like cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. DBHA significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in the HUVEC. DBHA also suppressed the capillary-like structure formation and the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), an endothelial biomarker, in mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. To further understand the precise molecular mechanism of action, VEGF-mediated signaling pathways were analyzed in HUVEC cells and mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. DBHA suppressed the VEGF-induced expression of MAPKs (p38, ERK and SAPK/JNK) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, DBHA inhibited microvessel sprouting in mES/EB-derived embryoid bodies. In an ex vivo model, DBHA also suppressed the microvessel sprouting of mouse aortic rings. The findings suggest for the first time that DBHA inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Dae Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Oug Jae Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Song Yi Bae
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2475; Fax: +82-2-762-8322
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 2,5-bis(3'-indolyl)pyrroles, analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:643-54. [PMID: 23455514 PMCID: PMC3705363 DOI: 10.3390/md11030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-bis(3′-Indolyl)pyrroles, analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin, were conveniently prepared through a three step procedure in good overall yields. Derivatives 1a and 1b exhibited concentration-dependent antitumor activity towards a panel of 42 human tumor cell lines with mean IC50 values of 1.54 μM and 0.67 μM, respectively. Investigating human tumor xenografts in an ex-vivo clonogenic assay revealed selective antitumor activity, whereas sensitive tumor models were scattered among various tumor histotypes.
Collapse
|