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Rajput A, Pingale P, Telange D, Musale S, Chalikwar S. A current era in pulsatile drug delivery system: Drug journey based on chronobiology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29064. [PMID: 38813204 PMCID: PMC11133509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all biological processes in the human body are regulated by circadian rhythm, which results in drastically different biochemical and physiological conditions throughout a 24 h period. Hence, suitable drug delivery systems should be efficiently monitored to attain the required therapeutic plasma concentration and therapeutic drug responses when needed as per chrono pharmacological concepts. "Chronotherapy" is the fast and transient release of a particular quantity of drug substance post a predetermined off-release period, termed as 'lag time'. Due to rhythmic variations, it is typically unnecessary to administer a medicine drug in an unhealthy condition constantly. Pulsatile drug delivery systems have received a lot of attention in pharmaceutical development because they give a quick or rate-controlled drug release after administration, followed by an anticipated lag period. Patients with various illnesses, such as asthma, hypertension, joint inflammation, and ulcers, can benefit from a pulsatile drug delivery system. Thus, a pulsatile drug delivery system may be a potential system for managing different diseases. This review mainly focuses on pulsatile drug delivery systems. It reviews and discusses the rationale, drug release mechanism, need, and system classification. In addition, it covers mainly externally regulated pulsatile drug delivery systems and recent advances in pulsatile systems like artificial intelligence and 3D printing. It also covers the ethical issues associated with pulsatile drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjitsing Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Pingale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GES's Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik, 422005, Maharashtra, India
| | - Darshan Telange
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, 442001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham Musale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailesh Chalikwar
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy and Quality Assurance, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
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Shi Y, Liu W, Wu X, Zhu J, Zhou D, Liu X. A Water-Soluble Polyacid Polymer Based on Hydrophilic Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Amphoteric Carboxylic Acid Ligands as Linkers for Hydroxycamptothecin Loading and Release In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2854. [PMID: 34835619 PMCID: PMC8618358 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The poor water solubility and severe side effects of hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) limit its clinical application; therefore, it is necessary to synthesize applicable nanodrug carriers with good solubility to expand the applications of HCPT. In this study, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework (MOF) with amphoteric carboxylic acid ligands as linkers was first synthesized and characterized. Then, water-soluble acrylamide and methacrylic acid were applied as monomers to prepare a water-soluble polyacid polymer MOF@P, which had a solubility of 370 μg/mL. The effects of the MOF@P material on the HCPT loading and solubility were investigated. The results showed that the polymer material could improve the HCPT solubility in water. Moreover, the in vitro release study indicated that the MOF@P polymeric composite exhibited a sustained-release effect on HCPT, with a cumulative release rate of 30.18% in 72 h at pH 7.4. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity test demonstrated that the hydrophilic MOF and the MOF@P had low cell toxicities. The results indicate that the prepared MOF@P polymeric complex can be applied for the sustained release of HCPT in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinhua Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Xiuhua Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.Z.)
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Liu W, Khan MZH, Liu X. Molecularly Imprinting Polymers (MIP) Based on Nitrogen Doped Carbon Dots and MIL-101(Fe) for Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1655. [PMID: 32842523 PMCID: PMC7559160 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MIL-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized through a simple and versatile stirring auxiliary encapsulation method. MIP as a carrier has been applied to the highly efficient selective recognition and sustained release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The adsorption mechanism and release behavior of MIP@DOX in vitro were also discussed. Adsorption studies showed that MIP using DOX as template had specific selectivity to DOX, and its optimal drug loading efficiency reached 97.99%. The adsorption isotherm accorded with Freundlich models. The cumulative release curve showed that at the conditions of pH 5.5 and 7.4, the nanomaterials have a slow-release effect on the release of DOX. In addition, the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of MIP nanoparticles on HepG2 and HL-7702 cell lines measured by MTT assay also proved their low toxicity and biological activity. The cell activity of HepG2 and HL-7702 incubated with MIP for 24 h was 69.9% and 76.07%, respectively. These results collectively illustrated that the MIP nano-materials synthesized in this study can be efficiently employed to the drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Md Zaved H Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Karkossa F, Klein S. Individualized in vitro and in silico methods for predicting in vivo performance of enteric-coated tablets containing a narrow therapeutic index drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 135:13-24. [PMID: 30529296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs is closely related to their plasma concentration-time profile. Particularly for these compounds interindividual variability of gastrointestinal (GI) parameters relevant to in vivo drug release may result in fluctuations of the plasma concentration. The present study focused on assessing the influence of individual GI pH- and transit profiles on drug release of enteric valproate tablet formulations by means of individualized in vitro dissolution experiments. After initial experiments simulating GI passages in average healthy adults, a novel in vitro dissolution model was used to simulate individual GI pH- and transit profiles with physiologically relevant dissolution media. Based on the dissolution profiles obtained in these experiments, individual in silico plasma profiles were generated and compared to fasted in vivo data applying a mean Euclidean distance approach. Simulated individual gastric residence time was identified as crucial parameter determining the onset of absorption, whereas the shape of the plasma profile is mainly influenced by individual valproate pharmacokinetics. The novel in vitro and in silico methods used in this study are promising tools for estimating in vivo drug release and plasma concentration in individual subjects and thus may contribute to a prospective risk assessment for NTI formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Karkossa
- University of Greifswald, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Klein
- University of Greifswald, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Karrout Y, Siepmann F, Benzine Y, Paccou L, Guinet Y, Hedoux A, Siepmann J. When drugs plasticize film coatings: Unusual formulation effects observed with metoprolol and Eudragit RS. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:39-49. [PMID: 29337184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol tartrate and metoprolol free base loaded pellet starter cores were coated with Eudragit RS, plasticized with 25% triethyl citrate (TEC). The initial drug loading and coating level were varied from 10 to 40 and 0 to 20%, respectively. Drug release was measured in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The water uptake and swelling kinetics, mechanical properties and TEC leaching of/from coated pellets and/or thin, free films of identical composition as the film coatings were monitored. The following unusual tendencies were observed: (i) the relative drug release rate from coated pellets increased with increasing initial drug content, and (ii) drug release from pellets was much faster for metoprolol free base compared to metoprolol tartrate, despite its much lower solubility (factor >70). These phenomena could be explained by plasticizing effects of the drug for the polymeric film coatings. In particular: 1) Metoprolol free base is a much more potent plasticizer for Eudragit RS than the tartrate, leading to higher film permeability and overcompensating the pronounced differences in drug solubility. Also, Raman imaging revealed that substantial amounts of the free base migrated into the film coatings, whereas this was not the case for the tartrate. 2) The plasticizing effects of the drug for the film coating overcompensated potential increasing limited solubility effects when increasing the initial drug loading from 10 to 40%. In summary, this study clearly demonstrates how important the plasticization of polymeric controlled release film coatings by drugs can be, leading to unexpected formulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Karrout
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Youcef Benzine
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Paccou
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yannick Guinet
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Alain Hedoux
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Karkossa F, Klein S. Assessing the influence of media composition and ionic strength on drug release from commercial immediate-release and enteric-coated aspirin tablets. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1327-1340. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this test series was to elucidate the importance of selecting the right media composition for a biopredictive in-vitro dissolution screening of enteric-coated dosage forms.
Methods
Drug release from immediate-release (IR) and enteric-coated (EC) aspirin formulations was assessed in phosphate-based and bicarbonate-based media with different pH, electrolyte composition and ionic strength.
Key findings
Drug release from aspirin IR tablets was unaffected by media composition. In contrast, drug release from EC aspirin formulations was affected by buffer species and ionic strength. In all media, drug release increased with increasing ionic strength, but in bicarbonate-based buffers was delayed when compared with that in phosphate-based buffers. Interestingly, the cation species in the dissolution medium had also a clear impact on drug release. Drug release profiles obtained in Blank CarbSIF, a new medium simulating pH and average ionic composition of small intestinal fluid, were different from those obtained in all other buffer compositions studied.
Conclusions
Results from this study in which the impact of various media parameters on drug release of EC aspirin formulations was systematically screened clearly show that when developing predictive dissolution tests, it is important to simulate the ionic composition of intraluminal fluids as closely as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Karkossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Dereymaker A, Pelgrims J, Engelen F, Adriaensens P, Van den Mooter G. Controlling the Release of Indomethacin from Glass Solutions Layered with a Rate Controlling Membrane Using Fluid-Bed Processing. Part 2: The Influence of Formulation Parameters on Drug Release. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:974-983. [PMID: 28207272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pharmaceutical performance of an indomethacin-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) glass solution applied using fluid bed processing as a layer on inert sucrose spheres and subsequently top-coated with a release rate controlling membrane consisting of either ethyl cellulose or Eudragit RL. The implications of the addition of a pore former (PVP) and the coating medium (ethanol or water) on the diffusion and release behavior were also considered. In addition, the role of a charge interaction between drug and controlled release polymer on the release was investigated. Diffusion experiments pointed to the influence of pore former concentration, rate controlling polymer type, and coating solvent on the permeability of the controlled release membranes. This can be translated to drug release tests, which show the potential of diffusion tests as a preliminary screening test and that diffusion is the main factor influencing release. Drug release tests also showed the effect of coating layer thickness. A charge interaction between INDO and ERL was demonstrated, but this had no negative effect on drug release. The higher diffusion and release observed in ERL-based rate controlling membranes was explained by a higher hydrophilicity, compared to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Dereymaker
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven , Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jirka Pelgrims
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven , Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Engelen
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven , Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University , Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan 1- Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven , Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Size-induced segregation during pharmaceutical particle die filling assessed by response surface methodology using discrete element method. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Preparation of bitter taste-masking granules of lafutidine for orally disintegrating tablets using water-insoluble/soluble polymer combinations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wulff R, Leopold CS. Coatings of Eudragit® RL and L-55 Blends: Investigations on the Drug Release Mechanism. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:493-503. [PMID: 26265188 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, generally lower drug release rates from RL:L55 blend coated pellets in neutral/basic release media than in acidic release media were reported. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the drug release mechanism of solid dosage forms coated with blends of Eudragit® RL (RL) and Eudragit® L-55 (L55). Swelling experiments with free films were analyzed spectroscopically and gravimetrically to identify the physicochemical cause for this release behavior. With Raman spectroscopy, the swelling of copolymer films could be monitored. IR spectroscopic investigations on RL:L55 blends immersed in media at pH 6.8 confirmed the formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) that were not detectable after swelling in hydrochloric acid pH 1.2. Further investigations revealed that these IPECs decreased the extent of ion exchange between the quaternary ammonium groups of RL and the swelling media. This is presumably the reason for the previously reported decreased drug permeability of RL:L55 coatings in neutral/basic media as ion exchange is the determining factor in drug release from RL coated dosage forms. Gravimetric erosion studies confirmed that L55 was not leached out of the film blends during swelling in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. In contrast to all other investigated films, the 4:1 (RL:L55) blend showed an extensive swelling within 24 h at pH 6.8 which explains the reported sigmoidal release behavior of 4:1 blend coated pellets. These results help to understand the release behavior of RL:L55 blend coated solid dosage forms.
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Beyer S, Moosmann A, Kahnt AS, Ulshöfer T, Parnham MJ, Ferreirós N, Wagner S, Wacker MG. Drug Release and Targeting: the Versatility of Polymethacrylate Nanoparticles for Peroral Administration Revealed by Using an Optimized In Vitro-Toolbox. Pharm Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Palugan L, Cerea M, Zema L, Gazzaniga A, Maroni A. Coated pellets for oral colon delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gao Y, Liu H, Yuan J, Yang Y, Che X, Hou Y, Li S. Loading and release of amine drugs by ion-exchange fibers: role of amine type. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1095-103. [PMID: 24504538 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With more production and application of ion-exchange fibers (IEFs), it becomes necessary to understand the interaction between IEFs and amine compounds, an important group of organic drugs and structural components of large organic molecules in biological systems. However, so far few experimental studies have been conducted to systematically investigate the exchanging mechanism of amine compounds to IEFs. Therefore, 15 amine drugs were selected to investigate the effect of amine type on the loading and release of them from the related IEFs. Loading affinity of these drugs by IEFs decreased in the order of secondary, tertiary, and primary. The following items: basicity, aromaticity, molar volume, rotatability, and so on, were emphatically discussed to address the underlying mechanism of drug loading and releasing extent and rate of IEFs. It was evident that strong alkaline drugs strengthened the ionic bond between the amine groups and IEFs, and thus the loading affinity. These results will advance the understanding of the exchanging behavior of IEFs in the drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are important for effective, safe, and convenient administration of drugs. pH- and ion-responsive polymers have been widely employed in DDS for site-specific drug release due to their abilities to exploit specific pH- or ion-gradients in the human body. AREAS COVERED Having pH-sensitivity, cationic polymers can mask the taste of drugs and release drugs in the stomach by responding to gastric low pH. Anionic polymers responsive to intestinal high pH are used for preventing gastric degradation of drug, colon drug delivery and achieving high bioavailability of weak basic drugs. Tumor-targeted DDSs have been developed based on polymers with imidazole groups or poly(β-amino ester) responsive to tumoral low pH. Polymers with pH-sensitive chemical linkages, such as hydrazone, acetal, ortho ester and vinyl ester, pH-sensitive cell-penetrating peptides and cationic polymers undergoing pH-dependent protonation have been studied to utilize the pH gradient along the endocytic pathway for intracellular drug delivery. As ion-sensitive polymers, ion-exchange resins are frequently used for taste-masking, counterion-responsive drug release and sustained drug release. Polymers responding to ions in the saliva and gastrointestinal fluids are also used for controlled drug release in oral drug formulations. EXPERT OPINION Stimuli-responsive DDSs are important for achieving site-specific and controlled drug release; however, intraindividual, interindividual and intercellular variations of pH should be considered when designing DDSs or drug products. Combination of polymers and other components, and deeper understanding of human physiology are important for development of pH- and ion-sensitive polymeric DDS products for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma, Inc. , 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072 , Japan +81 54 627 6861 ; +81 54 627 9918 ;
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Maroni A, Zema L, Loreti G, Palugan L, Gazzaniga A. Film coatings for oral pulsatile release. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:362-71. [PMID: 23506956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulsatile delivery is generally intended as a release of the active ingredient that is delayed for a programmable period of time to meet particular chronotherapeutic needs and, in the case of oral administration, also target distal intestinal regions, such as the colon. Most oral pulsatile delivery platforms consist in coated formulations wherein the applied polymer serves as the release-controlling agent. When exposed to aqueous media, the coating initially performs as a protective barrier and, subsequently, undergoes a timely failure based on diverse mechanisms depending on its physico-chemical and formulation characteristics. Indeed, it may be ruptured because of the gradual expansion of the core, swell and/or erode due to the glassy-rubbery polymer transition or become permeable thus allowing the drug molecules to diffuse outwards. Otherwise, when the coating is a semipermeable membrane provided with one or more orifices, the drug is released through the latter as a result of an osmotic water influx. The vast majority of pulsatile delivery systems described so far have been prepared by spray-coating, which offers important versatility and feasibility advantages over other techniques such as press- and dip-coating. In the present article, the design, manufacturing and performance of spray-coated pulsatile delivery platforms is thus reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Parodi B, Russo E, Caviglioli G, Baldassari S, Gaglianone N, Schito AM, Cafaggi S. A chitosan lactate/poloxamer 407-based matrix containing Eudragit RS microparticles for vaginal delivery of econazole: design and in vitro evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1911-20. [PMID: 22681543 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.694589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A matrix based on chitosan lactate and poloxamer 407 was evaluated as a delivery system for the vaginal administration of the antifungal drug econazole. The matrix was investigated both containing the pure drug and after introducing microparticles of Eudragit RS 100 containing econazole. Eudragit RS 100 microparticles were prepared using an emulsion-extraction method and dispersed in a solution containing chitosan lactate (2% w/w) and poloxamer 407 (1.7% w/w). The microparticles, obtained with a yield of 64% w/w and an encapsulation efficiency of 42% w/w, had a diameter of less than 2 μm and a drug loading of 13% w/w. The compressed matrices, characterized by DSC, swelling, erosion, release and mucoadhesion studies, had behaviours dependent on the relative amounts of the contained microparticles. The matrix without microparticles (MECN) showed zero-order release kinetics, with a maximum drug-release of 60% w/w, while those containing 50 or 75% w/w microparticles showed a diffusion controlled release up to 8 and 16 h, respectively, and a linear trend after those time intervals, caused by the erosion process, which allowed reaching a drug-release of approximately 100% w/w at 22 h. In in vitro experiments, the matrices were mucoadhesive and active in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans 796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Parodi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche ed Alimentari , Genoa , Italy
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Maroni A, Zema L, Del Curto MD, Foppoli A, Gazzaniga A. Oral colon delivery of insulin with the aid of functional adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:540-56. [PMID: 22086142 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral colon delivery is currently considered of importance not only for the treatment of local pathologies, such as primarily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but also as a means of accomplishing systemic therapeutic goals. Although the large bowel fails to be ideally suited for absorption processes, it may indeed offer a number of advantages over the small intestine, including a long transit time, lower levels of peptidases and higher responsiveness to permeation enhancers. Accordingly, it has been under extensive investigation as a possible strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs. Because of a strong underlying rationale, most of these studies have focused on insulin. In the present review, the impact of key anatomical and physiological characteristics of the colon on its viability as a protein release site is discussed. Moreover, the main formulation approaches to oral colon targeting are outlined along with the design features and performance of insulin-based devices.
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Kim KS, Park SJ. Influence of 1-D silica nanotubes as drug adsorbent on release behaviors of tulobuterol-loaded porous microcapsules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 92:240-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Cetin EO, Gundogdu E, Baspinar Y, Karasulu E, Kirilmaz L. Novel application of Eudragit RL and cholesteryl oleyl carbonate to thermo-sensitive drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1881-6. [PMID: 22397637 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.662504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Eudragit RL 100 and propylene glycol (PG) membranes with and without cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) were prepared by the solvent casting method to pioneer a novel application of a thermo-sensitive drug delivery system. After that, the properties of these membranes were investigated by thermal, scanning, and porosity studies. Drug permeation studies through all membranes were carried out using salbuthamol sulphate (SBS) at constant temperatures (25°C and 37°C), respectively. The permeability of SBS through the membranes with COC has been shown to be a discontinuous function of temperature, that is, their permeability increased steeply above the phase transition temperature (37°C) of the COC. The thermo-sensitive permeation mechanism for the membranes might be based on the structure change of the membranes caused by the phase transition, so that the membranes could absorb more water. Considering the high biological safety of Eudragit RL 100 and PG membranes with and without COC might be used to develop a novel thermo-sensitive drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Oyku Cetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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20
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Saxena A, Kaloti M, Bohidar H. Rheological properties of binary and ternary protein–polysaccharide co-hydrogels and comparative release kinetics of salbutamol sulphate from their matrices. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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22
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Gandhi BR, Mundada AS, Gandhi PP. Chronopharmaceutics: As a clinically relevant drug delivery system. Drug Deliv 2010; 18:1-18. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.509358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Mandal AS, Biswas N, Karim KM, Guha A, Chatterjee S, Behera M, Kuotsu K. Drug delivery system based on chronobiology—A review. J Control Release 2010; 147:314-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Oral pulsatile delivery: Rationale and chronopharmaceutical formulations. Int J Pharm 2010; 398:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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El-Malah Y, Nazzal S. Preparation of delayed release tablet dosage forms by compression coating: Effect of coating material on theophylline release. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 15:305-10. [PMID: 22716471 DOI: 10.3109/10837450903188519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser El-Malah
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209-0497, USA
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26
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Glaessl B, Siepmann F, Tucker I, Rades T, J.Siepmann. Mathematical modeling of drug release from Eudragit RS-based delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Kim KS, Park SJ. Characterization and release behaviors of porous PCL/Eudragit RS microcapsules containing tulobuterol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 76:404-9. [PMID: 20034769 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, porous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL)/Eudragit RS 100 (ERS-100) microcapsules containing tulobuterol base as a model drug were prepared by a solvent evaporation method and the effect of the quaternary ammonium groups of ERS-100 on the release behaviors of the microcapsules was investigated. The microcapsules prepared with PCL alone showed a stable and smooth surface, whereas porous microcapsules were formed with the addition of ERS-100. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules were slightly decreased with an increase of ERS-100 content, resulting from an increase in the porosity of the microcapsules. In an acidic release medium, PCL microcapsules showed slow drug release, whereas PCL/ERS-100 microcapsules showed a faster release rate with an increasing ERS-100 content. These behaviors are likely due to an increase in the diffusion rate of the drugs stemming from an increased hydration of the microcapsules, which results from the interaction between the carboxyl group of the release medium and the quaternary ammonium group of ERS-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Nam-gu, 253, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
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28
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Roy P, Shahiwala A. Multiparticulate formulation approach to pulsatile drug delivery: current perspectives. J Control Release 2008; 134:74-80. [PMID: 19105973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the body under physiological conditions, many vital functions are regulated by transient release of bioactive substances at a specific time and site. Thus, to mimic the function of living systems and in view of emerging chronotherapeutic approaches, pulsatile delivery, which is meant to release a drug following programmed lag phase, has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In pursuit of pulsatile release, various design strategies have been proposed, broadly categorized into single-unit and multiple-unit systems. However, in recent pharmaceutical applications involving pulsatile delivery, multiparticulate dosage forms are gaining much favor over single-unit dosage forms because of their potential benefits like predictable gastric emptying, no risk of dose dumping, flexible release patterns and increased bioavailability with less inter- and intra-subject variability. Based on these premises, the aim of the present review is to survey the main multiparticulate pulsatile delivery systems, for which the swelling and rupturing; dissolution or erosion; and changed permeability of the coating membrane are primarily involved in the control of release. The development of low density floating multiparticulate pulsed-release dosage forms possessing gastric retention capabilities has also been addressed with increasing focus on the upcoming multiparticulate-pulsatile technologies being exploited on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Roy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad. C/o. B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
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29
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Heinicke G, Schwartz JB. Ammonio Polymethacrylate-Coated Diltiazem: Drug Release from Single Pellets, Media Dependence, and Swelling Behavior. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:285-96. [PMID: 17613892 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701247384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug release from single pellets was measured on an easily assembled flow-through system. Despite heterogeneity between pellets, the sum of the individual results resembled drug release from an ensemble. A typical pellet displayed a long lag followed by rapid release. Heterogeneity appeared to result from substrate properties rather than coating uniformity. Swelling behavior in acid and buffer was measured by dynamic image analysis and related to drug release. Drug release was sensitive to dissolution temperature but swelling was not. A description of the drug release process was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Heinicke
- Formulation Development, Actavis Elizabeth LLC, Elizabeth, NJ 07207, USA.
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Heinicke G, Schwartz JB. The Influence of Surfactants and Additives on Drug Release from a Cationic Eudragit Coated Multiparticulate Diltiazem Formulation. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:381-9. [PMID: 17763143 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701369170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A cationic polymethacrylate coated multiparticulate diltiazem formulation exhibited sigmoidal drug release. Lag time prior to drug release was influenced by dissolution media, coat thickness, and by the nature of additives included in the formulation. Incorporation of up to 5% w/w sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in the coating membrane resulted in substantial increases in lag times in acidic and neutral media. The extent of drug release in acid was 100%, whereas in phosphate buffer, the extent of release was dependent on the level of SLS. Substituting SLS for various compounds was used to assess the functionality of the SLS molecule responsible for these behaviors. The ability to ion-pair with the polymer and the presence of a hydrophobic moiety were both important functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Heinicke
- Formulation Development, Actavis Elizabeth LLC, Elizabeth, NJ, USA
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31
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Heinicke G, Schwartz JB. Drug Release from Ammonio–Methacrylate-Coated Diltiazem Particles: Influence of the Reservoir on Membrane Behavior. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:473-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450701557089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Yoshida T, Tasaki H, Maeda A, Katsuma M, Sako K, Uchida T. Mechanism of controlled drug release from a salting-out taste-masking system. J Control Release 2008; 131:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Ravishankar H, Patil P, Samel A, Petereit HU, Lizio R. Controlled Release by Permeability Alteration of Cationic Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymers Using Ionic Interactions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:709-18. [PMID: 16885126 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600637556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multiparticulate drug delivery system was studied in which the drug release of a model drug theophylline could be modulated by interactions of ammonio methacrylate polymer and anions. The system consisted of a EUDRAGIT NE coated anionic core, layered with drug and further layered with EUDRAGIT RS. The effects of different anions like chloride, succinate, citrate, and acetate as well as the thickness of the polymer layers on the in vitro drug release were studied. It was seen that succinate and acetate anions had permeability enhancing effects and citrate and chloride anions had permeability retarding effects on the polymer. The results indicate that changing these variables would enable us to get a desired release profile and hence the proposed system could be a viable alternative to existing technologies for the development of a controlled drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ravishankar
- Degussa India Pvt Ltd., Research Centre India, Mumbai, India.
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34
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Ensslin S, Moll KP, Paulus K, Mäder K. New insight into modified release pellets - Internal structure and drug release mechanism. J Control Release 2008; 128:149-56. [PMID: 18433911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the drug release mechanism from pellets, coated with blends of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (PVA-PEG). Water influx and drug solubilization inside the pellets were investigated in correlation to drug release. The highly soluble drug Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) was used as a model compound. Modified release pellets were manufactured by fluid bed drug layering and film coating of starter beads. The pellets were characterized using cross section EDX mapping, confirming location and homogeneity of the different layers. A film coat of 23%, containing PVAc/PVA-PEG in 9:1 ratio, resulted in a sigmoid shaped release curve with 2 h lag-time, followed by 3 h of continuous drug release. Using NMR analysis, water influx and drug solubilization inside the pellets were detected within 20 min. Additionally, dissolution of PVA-PEG after several minutes and drug release after the lag-time were measurable. A fast water influx into PVAc/PVA-PEG film coated pellets did not result in a fast drug release. Despite a fast drug solubilization within the pellets, drug release was initiated after 2 h, suggesting a one way stream of water during the observed lag-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ensslin
- Technical Research & Development; Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Polymer blends for controlled release coatings. J Control Release 2008; 125:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Zou H, Jiang X, Kong L, Gao S. Design and Evaluation of a Dry Coated Drug Delivery System with Floating–Pulsatile Release. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:263-73. [PMID: 17803198 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate a floating-pulsatile drug delivery system intended for chronopharmacotherapy. Floating-pulsatile concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form having lag phase followed by a burst release. To overcome limitations of various approaches for imparting buoyancy, we generated the system which consisted of three different parts, a core tablet, containing the active ingredient, an erodible outer shell and a top cover buoyant layer. The dry coated tablet consists in a drug-containing core, coated by a hydrophilic erodible polymer which is responsible for a lag phase in the onset of pulsatile release. The buoyant layer, prepared with Methocel K4M, Carbopol 934P and sodium bicarbonate, provides buoyancy to increase the retention of the oral dosage form in the stomach. The effect of the hydrophilic erodible polymer characteristics on the lag time and drug release was investigated. Developed formulations were evaluated for their buoyancy, dissolution and pharmacokinetic, as well gamma-scintigraphically. The results showed that a certain lag time before the drug released generally due to the erosion of the dry coated layer. Floating time was controlled by the quantity and composition of the buoyant layer. Both pharmacokinetic and gamma-scintigraphic data point out the capability of the system of prolonged residence of the tablets in the stomach and releasing drugs after a programmed lag time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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37
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An assessment of the interactions between diclofenac sodium and ammonio methacrylate copolymer using thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Li Y, Hou S, Bi Y, Zheng Y, Cai Z, Cheng Q, Song X. Novel two-step release system for the traditional Chinese medicine compound Danshen. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1473-84. [PMID: 17827927 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel two-step release system for the traditional Chinese medicine compound Danshen was developed by combining an effervescent osmotic pump tablet (EOPT) and a pulsed-released tablet (PT) of compound Danshen into one hard capsule. The EOPT of Danshen was prepared with sodium chloride, mannitol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium bicarbonate as osmotic agents. The osmotic pressure from EOPT was greatly enhanced by carbon dioxide generated from the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and acidic components from Danshen. It was shown that the tested Danshen components could be completely released from the prepared EOPT following a zero-order release for up to 12 h. The PT of compound Danshen was a three-layer coated tablet composed of organic acid and osmotic agents. Eudragit RL, HPMC and the mixture of EC and Eudragit RS, RL were the major constituents of the separation layer, swelling layer and controlling release membrane, respectively. The swelling test of the PT indicated that swelling is a prerequisite for drug release from this PT device. In addition, the swelling behavior further suggested the drug release mechanism of PT involves diffusion, the osmotic pumping effect, and organic acid-induced effect, among which the osmotic pumping effect was the most important. Moreover, there was no significant difference among the five active constituents in their release profiles from the final combined two-step release system of compound Danshen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- 3rd Section No. 17, Renmin Nan Road West China Pharmacy School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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39
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Ichikawa H, Fukumori Y. Design of Nanohydrogel-Incorporated Microcapsules for Appropriate Controlled-Release of Peptide Drugs. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:813-23. [PMID: 17473523 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active peptides for therapeutic use have relatively short half-lives in general, requiring appropriate controlled-release systems for better therapy. Controlled release of peptides is, however, not as easy as that of conventional drugs because their large molecular size is much more dramatic in hindering the diffusion and release from polymeric devices. From this perspective, we have been developing two types of microcapsular devices containing new acrylate-based nanogels with a specific solute-permeability for delayed- or thermosensitive-release of peptide drugs. The microcapsule preparation was accomplished by an air suspension coating process. A nanogel-particle of acrylic terpolymer, ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was newly synthesized by emulsion polymerization to construct delayed-release microcapsules. By spray-coating the insulin-loaded lactose particles with the acrylic terpolymers, microcapsules showing a pH-independent delayed-release profile can be obtained. Oral administration of the microcapsules with the lag time of 6 hours to beagle dogs resulted in significantly reduced blood glucose concentration, leading to colon-specific insulin delivery with pharmacological availability of 5%. Meanwhile, poly(N-isopropylcarylamide) (p(NIPAAm)) nanogel-particles with a reversible temperature-dependent swelling property were prepared by dispersion polymerization to fabricate microcapsular membranes with thermosensitively changeable permeability. The microcapsules constructed by coating of drug-loaded CaCO(3) particles with a blend mixture of the p(NIPAAm) nanogels and ethylcellulose pseudo-latex exhibited an 'on-off' positively thermosensitive drug-release; the release rate was remarkably enhanced at higher temperatures possibly due to the formation of voids through the shrinkage of p(NIPAAm) nanogels in the membrane. A possible application of this type of microcapsules can be found in externally temperature-activated pulsatile peptide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ichikawa
- Division of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan.
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40
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Siepmann F, Le Brun V, Siepmann J. Drugs acting as plasticizers in polymeric systems: A quantitative treatment. J Control Release 2006; 115:298-306. [PMID: 17045358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate and quantify the effects of ibuprofen, chlorpheniramine maleate and metoprolol tartrate on the thermal, mechanical and diffusional properties of polyacrylate-based films. Thin drug-containing films were prepared from organic Eudragit RS solutions and physicochemically characterized with respect to their glass transition temperature, mechanical properties and drug release kinetics in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The apparent diffusion coefficient of the drug within the polymeric systems was determined by fitting an adequate solution of Fick's second law of diffusion to the experimentally determined release profiles. Importantly, the glass transition temperature of the films significantly decreased with increasing initial drug content, whereas the film flexibility and drug release rate increased. This clearly indicates that the three drugs act as efficient plasticizers for Eudragit RS. Interestingly, the mathematical analysis revealed that drug release was primarily controlled by diffusion. An increase in the initial drug content resulted in increased drug diffusivities and, thus, accelerated (absolute and relative) drug release rates. Importantly, quantitative relationships could be established between the drug diffusivity and the initial drug content. Based on this knowledge, the effects of the films' composition and thickness on the resulting drug release kinetics (also from coated solid dosage forms) can be predicted in a quantitative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Siepmann
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Gazzaniga A, Maroni A, Sangalli ME, Zema L. Time-controlled oral delivery systems for colon targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:583-97. [PMID: 16948555 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.5.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many research efforts have been spent in the achievement of selective delivery of drugs into the colon following oral administration. Indeed, colonic release is regarded as a beneficial approach to the pharmacological treatment or prevention of widespread large bowel pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease and adenocarcinoma. In addition, it is extensively explored as a potential means of enhancing the oral bioavailability of peptides, proteins and other biotechnological molecules, which are known to be less prone to enzymatic degradation in the large, rather than in the small, intestine. Based on these premises, several formulation strategies have been attempted in pursuit of colonic release, chiefly including microflora-, pH-, pressure- and time-dependent delivery technologies. In particular, this review is focused on the main design features and release performances of time-controlled devices, which rely on the relative constancy that is observed in the small intestinal transit time of dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzaniga
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica P. Pratesi, Università di Milano, V.le Abruzzi 42, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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42
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Ravishankar H, Patil P, Samel A, Petereit HU, Lizio R, Iyer-Chavan J. Modulated release metoprolol succinate formulation based on ionic interactions: In vivo proof of concept. J Control Release 2006; 111:65-72. [PMID: 16446006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A modulated release, multiunit oral drug delivery technology using a system based on ionic interactions of anions of salts with quaternary ammonium ions of the ammoniomethacrylate polymer is described. The system consisted of a drug layered, EUDRAGIT NE-coated salt core which was further coated with EUDRAGIT RS. The relative effects of different anions on the polymer permeability have been investigated by studying their influence on the in vitro drug release. A prototype formulation of metoprolol succinate using this technology was developed and the drug release from the formulation was adjusted to have a release profile which would match the circadian rhythm i.e. a higher amount of drug would be available after an initial lower release (accelerated type of release). The formulation was tested in vivo in 12 healthy human volunteers in an open label, randomized, two-treatment, two-period, single dose crossover bio-study with reference formulation Beloc-zok. The in vivo release demonstrated that compared to the reference, a higher amount of drug was available in the plasma from the 7th hour onwards. A higher AUC of the drug was also observed compared to the reference formulation. An in vitro-in vivo correlation was attempted to identify a bio-relevant in vitro dissolution medium for the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Ravishankar
- Degussa India Pvt Ltd, Research Centre India, 1st floor, Krislon House, Sakivihar Road, Sakinaka, Mumbai-400072, India.
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43
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Arimoto M, Fukumori Y, Fujiki J, Ichikawa H. Acrylic terpolymer microcapsules for colon-specific drug delivery: effect of molecular weight and solubility of microencapsulated drugs on their release behaviors. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(06)50032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Maroni A, Zema L, Cerea M, Sangalli ME. Oral pulsatile drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:855-71. [PMID: 16296783 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.5.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the field of modified release, there has been a growing interest in pulsatile delivery, which generally refers to the liberation of drugs following a programmable lag phase from the time of administration. In particular, the recent literature reports on a variety of pulsatile release systems intended for the oral route, which have been recognised as potentially beneficial to the chronotherapy of widespread diseases, such as bronchial asthma or angina pectoris, with mainly night or early morning symptoms. In addition, time-dependent colon delivery may also represent an appealing related application. The delayed liberation of orally administered drugs has been achieved through a range of formulation approaches, including single- or multiple-unit systems provided with release-controlling coatings, capsular devices and osmotic pumps. Based on these premises, the aim of this review is to outline the rational and prominent design strategies behind oral pulsatile delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maroni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Milano, Italy
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Wagner KG, Gruetzmann R. Anion-induced water flux as drug release mechanism through cationic Eudragit RS 30D film coatings. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E668-77. [PMID: 16353943 PMCID: PMC2751269 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the anion-controlled drug release mechanism through the cationic coating polymer Eudragit RS 30 D as a function of the anion attraction toward the polymer's quarternary ammonium group (QAG), anion valence, and film composition. The mechanism was investigated by dissolution testing, determination of chloride ion exchange using ion chromatography, plasticizer leaching by means of differential scanning calorimetry, and water uptake by Karl Fischer titration. All experiments were performed on coated theophylline micro tablets or isolated films of various compositions using 0.01 M sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, disodium succinate, sodium acetate, and succinic acid as dissolution media. The mechanism of drug release involved an immediate penetration of dissolution medium into the polymer followed by an instant exchange of chloride against the medium's anion species at completely different rates compared with the drug release. Dependent on the attraction of the anion toward the QAGs, a water flux was induced by back and forth exchanging anions. Strong attraction (nitrate, sulfate) resulted in a low water flux while weak attraction resulted in a high flux (acetate, succinic acid). The water flux increased at increasing number of QAGs. Plasticizer acted as a diluent in respect of the number of QAGs, thus higher plasticizer concentrations led to lower drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl G Wagner
- University of Tuebingen, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tübingen, Germany.
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Fujimori J, Yoshihashi Y, Yonemochi E, Terada K. Application of Eudragit RS to thermo-sensitive drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2005; 102:49-57. [PMID: 15653133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Eudragit RS and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) blend polymer (EPG) membranes were prepared by the solvent casting method to pioneer a novel application of Eudragit RS to a thermo-sensitive material. The EPG membranes containing 2.5-10% PEG 400 (2.5-10% EPG) showed the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) around the body temperature (32-42 degrees C). Drug permeation studies through the EPG membranes were carried out using acetaminophen (AAP) and aminopyrine (AMP) as the model drugs. The permeability of AAP and AMP through the EPG membranes has been shown to be a discontinuous function of temperature, that is, their permeability increased steeply above the Tg of the membranes. The amount of AMP permeated at 42 degrees C was nearly eight times as much as that at 36 degrees C. Arrhenius plots of the steady-state permeability coefficient (P) of AAP indicated two straight lines that intersect at the Tg of the 10% EPG membrane. In the water uptake study for the 10% EPG membrane, the degree of the swelling for the membrane tended to increase with increasing temperature above the Tg of the membrane. The thermo-sensitive permeation mechanism for the EPG membranes might be based on the structure change of the membranes caused by the glass transition, so that the membranes could absorb more water. Considering the high biological safety of Eudragit RS and PEG 400, the EPG membranes might be used to develop a novel thermo-sensitive drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Fujimori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Heng PWS, Hao J, Chan LW, Chew SH. Influences of Osmotic Agents in Diffusion Layer on Drug Release from Multilayer Coated Pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:213-20. [PMID: 15089056 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120028717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nonpareil beads were coated with three different functional layers, namely inner chlorpheniramine maleate-loaded hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, 4 mPa x s) deposition layer, middle HPMC (400 mPa x s) diffusion layer, and outer polyacrylic polymer (Eudragit RS30D) retention layer. The osmotic agents, including sodium chloride, glycine, citric acid, and disodium hydrogen phosphate, were incorporated in different amounts into the diffusion layer and the influences on drug release were studied. The osmotic agent competed with HPMC for imbibed water and subsequently caused more water influx owing to the osmotic pressure gradient. An appropriate amount of osmotic agent in the diffusion layer was necessary to exert its effect on retarding drug release. The osmotic effect on drug release was compromised with pellets at a higher coating level of the diffusion layer due to the extensive swelling and rupture of coat. The release parameters, including dissolution T50% and mean dissolution time, showed linear relationship with osmolalities of osmotic agents studied. The effect of the osmotic agent in the diffusion layer played an important role in determining the unique multiphase drug release profiles, particularly in the initial phase of dissolution, and reduced with depletion of the osmotic agent in the later phase of dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wan Sia Heng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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48
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Dashevsky A, Kolter K, Bodmeier R. pH-independent release of a basic drug from pellets coated with the extended release polymer dispersion Kollicoat® SR 30 D and the enteric polymer dispersion Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:45-9. [PMID: 15207536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain pH-independent release profiles from coated pellets containing drugs with pH-dependent solubility. pH-independent release of the basic model drug verapamil HCl was achieved by coating with a combination of the neutral polymer dispersions Kollicoat SR 30 D (aqueous dispersion of polyvinyl acetate) and the enteric polymer dispersion Kollicoat MAE 30 DP (aqueous dispersion of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer; methacrylic acid copolymer type C). The two polymers where applied either as separate layers (enteric polymer + extended release polymer or vice versa) or as a polymer blend. A careful balance of the ratios of the polymers allowed the achievement of a pH-independent release. Higher amounts of the enteric polymer in the polymer blend resulted in a reversal of the pH-dependency, e.g. a faster release at pH 6.8 than in 0.1 N HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dashevsky
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Omari DM, Sallam A, Abd-Elbary A, El-Samaligy M. Lactic acid-induced modifications in films of Eudragit RL and RS aqueous dispersions. Int J Pharm 2004; 274:85-96. [PMID: 15072785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eudragit RL (ERL) and RS (ERS) are polymethacrylate co-polymers, used in film coating of sustained release dosage forms, possessing some hydrophilic properties due to the presence of quaternary ammonium groups (QAG), where ERL contains more of such groups, hence more permeable, than ERS. However, because these groups ionize in solution, they undergo electrostatic interaction with negatively charged species. This phenomenon was utilized in this study to introduce modification in the film properties of ERL and ERS by interaction with lactic acid (LA). Thermal and mechanical analyses were carried out on polymeric free films. DSC showed a shift in Tg of the film while 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a significant deshielding in the peak of QAGs protons after interaction with LA. Stress-strain test showed an increase in three mechanical parameters of the new film (containing LA): tensile strength to modulus ratio, relative surface energy and toughness index, indicating an enhancement in the mechanical stress resistance. Tablets coated with LA-containing films showed an increase in the release rate and extent and good stability upon aging, compared to those coated with the original film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derar M Omari
- Arab Pharm. Manuf. (APM) Co., P.O. Box 961997, Amman 11196, Sult, Jordan.
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Microencapsulation of water-soluble macromolecules with acrylic terpolymers by the Wurster coating process for colon-specific drug delivery. POWDER TECHNOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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