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Wendt C, Miranda K. Endocytosis in malaria parasites: An ultrastructural perspective of membrane interplay in a unique infection model. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2024; 93:27-49. [PMID: 39181577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global threat, representing a severe public health problem worldwide. Annually, it is responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality in many tropical developing countries where the disease is endemic. The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium spp., exhibits a complex life cycle, alternating between an invertebrate vector, which transmits the disease, and the vertebrate host. The disease pathology observed in the vertebrate host is attributed to the asexual development of Plasmodium spp. inside the erythrocyte. Once inside the red blood cell, malaria parasites cause extensive changes in the host cell, increasing membrane rigidity and altering its normal discoid shape. Additionally, during their intraerythrocytic development, malaria parasites incorporate and degrade up to 70 % of host cell hemoglobin. This mechanism is essential for parasite development and represents an important drug target. Blocking the steps related to hemoglobin endocytosis or degradation impairs parasite development and can lead to its death. The ultrastructural analysis of hemoglobin endocytosis on Plasmodium spp. has been broadly explored along the years. However, it is only recently that the proteins involved in this process have started to emerge. Here, we will review the most important features related to hemoglobin endocytosis and catabolism on malaria parasites. A special focus will be given to the recent analysis obtained through 3D visualization approaches and to the molecules involved in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Wendt
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biomineralização, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Omorou R, Delabie B, Lavoignat A, Chaker V, Bonnot G, Traore K, Bienvenu AL, Picot S. Nanoparticle tracking analysis of natural hemozoin from Plasmodium parasites. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107105. [PMID: 38135133 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemozoin is a byproduct of hemoglobin digestion crucial for parasite survival. It forms crystals that can be of interest as drug targets or biomarkers of malaria infection. However, hemozoin has long been considered as an amorphous crystal of simple morphology. Studying the consequences of biomineralization of this crystal during the parasite growth may provide more comprehensive evidence of its role during malaria. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the interest of nanoparticles tracker analysis for measuring the concentration and size of hemozoin particles produced from different parasite sources and conditions. METHODS Hemozoin was extracted from several clones of Plasmodium falciparum both asexual and sexual parasites. Hemozoin was also extracted from blood samples of malaria patients and from saliva of asymptomatic malaria carriers. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) was performed to assess the size and concentration of hemozoin. RESULTS NTA data showed variation in hemozoin concentration, size, and crystal clusters between parasite clones, species, and stages. Among parasite clones, hemozoin concentration ranged from 131 to 2663 particles/infected red blood cell (iRBC) and size ranged from 149.6 ± 6.3 nm to 234.8 ± 40.1 nm. The mean size was lower for Plasmodium vivax (176 ± 79.2 nm) than for Plasmodium falciparum (254.8 ± 74.0 nm). Sexual NF54 parasites showed a 7.5-fold higher concentration of hemozoin particles (28.7 particles/iRBC) compared to asexual parasites (3.8 particles/iRBC). In addition, the mean hemozoin size also increased by approximately 60 % for sexual parasites. Compared to in vitro cultures of parasites, blood samples showed low hemozoin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of NTA as a useful method for analyzing hemozoin, demonstrating its ability to provide detailed information on hemozoin characterization. However, further research is needed to adapt the NTA for hemozoin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukayatou Omorou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Blanche Delabie
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Adeline Lavoignat
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Victorien Chaker
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Karim Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
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3
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Olivier T, Loots L, Kok M, de Villiers M, Reader J, Birkholtz LM, Arnott GE, de Villiers KA. Adsorption to the Surface of Hemozoin Crystals: Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Amino-Phenoxazine β-Hematin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200139. [PMID: 35385211 PMCID: PMC9119941 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In silico adsorption of eight antimalarials that inhibit β-hematin (synthetic hemozoin) formation identified a primary binding site on the (001) face, which accommodates inhibitors via formation of predominantly π-π interactions. A good correlation (r2 =0.64, P=0.017) between adsorption energies and the logarithm of β-hematin inhibitory activity was found for this face. Of 53 monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic scaffolds, the latter yielded the most favorable adsorption energies. Five new amino-phenoxazine compounds were pursued as β-hematin inhibitors based on adsorption behaviour. The 2-substituted phenoxazines show good to moderate β-hematin inhibitory activity (<100 μM) and Plasmodium falciparum blood stage activity against the 3D7 strain. N1 ,N1 -diethyl-N4 -(10H-phenoxazin-2-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (P2a) is the most promising hit with IC50 values of 4.7±0.6 and 0.64±0.05 μM, respectively. Adsorption energies are predictive of β-hematin inhibitory activity, and thus the in silico approach is a beneficial tool for structure-based development of new non-quinoline inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Olivier
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Michélle Kok
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Marianne de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gareth E Arnott
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Katherine A de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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4
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Edgar RCS, Counihan NA, McGowan S, de Koning-Ward TF. Methods Used to Investigate the Plasmodium falciparum Digestive Vacuole. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:829823. [PMID: 35096663 PMCID: PMC8794586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.829823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a global health problem as parasites continue to develop resistance to all antimalarials in use. Infection causes clinical symptoms during the intra-erythrocytic stage of the lifecycle where the parasite infects and replicates within red blood cells (RBC). During this stage, P. falciparum digests the main constituent of the RBC, hemoglobin, in a specialized acidic compartment termed the digestive vacuole (DV), a process essential for survival. Many therapeutics in use target one or multiple aspects of the DV, with chloroquine and its derivatives, as well as artemisinin, having mechanisms of action within this organelle. In order to better understand how current therapeutics and those under development target DV processes, techniques used to investigate the DV are paramount. This review outlines the involvement of the DV in therapeutics currently in use and focuses on the range of techniques that are currently utilized to study this organelle including microscopy, biochemical analysis, genetic approaches and metabolomic studies. Importantly, continued development and application of these techniques will aid in our understanding of the DV and in the development of new therapeutics or therapeutic partners for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. S. Edgar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Counihan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania F. de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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5
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Verma L, Vekilov PG, Palmer JC. Solvent Structure and Dynamics near the Surfaces of β-Hematin Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11264-11274. [PMID: 34609878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematin crystallization, which is an essential component of the physiology of malaria parasites and the most successful target for antimalarial drugs, proceeds in mixed organic-aqueous solvents both in vivo and in vitro. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations to examine the structuring and dynamics of a water-normal octanol mixture (a solvent that mimics the environment hosting hematin crystallization in vivo) in the vicinity of the typical faces in the habit of a hematin crystal. The simulations reveal that the properties of the solvent in the layer adjacent to the crystal are strongly impacted by the distinct chemical and topological features presented by each crystal face. The solvent organizes into at least three distinct layers. We also show that structuring of the solvent near the different faces of β-hematin strongly impacts the interfacial dynamics. The relaxation time of n-octanol molecules is longest in the contact layers and correlates with the degree of structural ordering at the respective face. We show that the macroscopically homogeneous water-octanol solution holds clusters of water and n-octanol connected by hydrogen bonds that entrap the majority of the water but are mostly smaller than 30 water molecules. Near the crystal surface the clusters anchor on hematin carboxyl groups. These results provide a direct example that solvent structuring is not restricted to aqueous and other hydrogen-bonded solutions. Our findings illuminate two fundamental features of the mechanisms of hematin crystallization: the elongated shapes of natural and synthetic hematin crystals and the stabilization of charged groups of hematin and antimalarials by encasing in water clusters. In addition, these findings suggest that hematin crystallization may be controlled by additives that disrupt or reinforce solvent structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laksmanji Verma
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Peter G Vekilov
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeremy C Palmer
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Qiang Wen
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Noam Pinsk
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
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7
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Kapishnikov S, Hempelmann E, Elbaum M, Als‐Nielsen J, Leiserowitz L. Malaria Pigment Crystals: The Achilles' Heel of the Malaria Parasite. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1515-1532. [PMID: 33523575 PMCID: PMC8252759 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic formation of hemozoin crystals, a crucial process in heme detoxification by the malaria parasite, is reviewed as an antimalarial drug target. We first focus on the in-vivo formation of hemozoin. A model is presented, based on native-contrast 3D imaging obtained by X-ray and electron microscopy, that hemozoin nucleates at the inner membrane leaflet of the parasitic digestive vacuole, and grows in the adjacent aqueous medium. Having observed quantities of hemoglobin and hemozoin in the digestive vacuole, we present a model that heme liberation from hemoglobin and hemozoin formation is an assembly-line process. The crystallization is preceded by reaction between heme monomers yielding hematin dimers involving fewer types of isomers than in synthetic hemozoin; this is indicative of protein-induced dimerization. Models of antimalarial drugs binding onto hemozoin surfaces are reviewed. This is followed by a description of bromoquine, a chloroquine drug analogue, capping a significant fraction of hemozoin surfaces within the digestive vacuole and accumulation of the drug, presumably a bromoquine-hematin complex, at the vacuole's membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kapishnikov
- Dept. of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Ernst Hempelmann
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of DiseasesInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP)City of Knowledge0843 (Republic ofPanama
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Jens Als‐Nielsen
- Niels Bohr InstituteUniversity of Copenhagen2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Dept. of Molecular Chemistry and Materials ScienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
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8
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Abstract
Electron cryo-tomography using the scanning transmission modality (STEM) enables 3D reconstruction of unstained, vitrified specimens as thick as 1μm or more. Contrast is related to mass/thickness and atomic number, providing quantifiable chemical characterization and mass mapping of intact prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy by STEM provides a simple, on-the-spot chemical identification of the elemental composition in sub-cellular organic bodies or mineral deposits. This chapter provides basic background and practical information for performing cryo-STEM tomography on vitrified biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon G Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Aguiar ACC, Panciera M, Simão dos Santos EF, Singh MK, Garcia ML, de Souza GE, Nakabashi M, Costa JL, Garcia CRS, Oliva G, Correia CRD, Guido RVC. Discovery of Marinoquinolines as Potent and Fast-Acting Plasmodium falciparum Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5547-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jardim Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Michele Panciera
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Josue de Castro St., Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maneesh Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lopes Garcia
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jardim Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eduardo de Souza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jardim Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Myna Nakabashi
- Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 2° Andar, Bloco F3, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Célia R. S. Garcia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jardim Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Victorio Carvalho Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jardim Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
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10
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Expanding horizons of cryo-tomography to larger volumes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:155-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Unraveling heme detoxification in the malaria parasite by in situ correlative X-ray fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7610. [PMID: 28790371 PMCID: PMC5548722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06650-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A key drug target for malaria has been the detoxification pathway of the iron-containing molecule heme, which is the toxic byproduct of hemoglobin digestion. The cornerstone of heme detoxification is its sequestration into hemozoin crystals, but how this occurs remains uncertain. We report new results of in vivo rate of heme crystallization in the malaria parasite, based on a new technique to measure element-specific concentrations at defined locations in cell ultrastructure. Specifically, a high resolution correlative combination of cryo soft X-ray tomography has been developed to obtain 3D parasite ultrastructure with cryo X-ray fluorescence microscopy to measure heme concentrations. Our results are consistent with a model for crystallization via the heme detoxification protein. Our measurements also demonstrate the presence of considerable amounts of non-crystalline heme in the digestive vacuole, which we show is most likely contained in hemoglobin. These results suggest a tight coupling between hemoglobin digestion and heme crystallization, highlighting a new link in the crystallization pathway for drug development.
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Fitzroy SM, Gildenhuys J, Olivier T, Tshililo NO, Kuter D, de Villiers KA. The Effects of Quinoline and Non-Quinoline Inhibitors on the Kinetics of Lipid-Mediated β-Hematin Crystallization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7529-7537. [PMID: 28689414 PMCID: PMC5709178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The throughput of a biomimetic lipid-mediated assay used to investigate the effects of inhibitors on the kinetics of β-hematin formation has been optimized through the use of 24-well microplates. The rate constant for β-hematin formation mediated by monopalmitoyl-rac-glycerol was reduced from 0.17 ± 0.04 min-1 previously measured in Falcon tubes to 0.019 ± 0.002 min-1 in the optimized assay. While this necessitated longer incubation times, transferring aliquots from multiple 24-well plates to a single 96-well plate for final absorbance measurements actually improved the overall turnaround time per inhibitor. This assay has been applied to investigate the effects of four clinically relevant antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinidine, and quinine) as well as several short-chain 4-aminoquinoline derivatives and non-quinoline (benzamide) compounds on the kinetics of β-hematin formation. The adsorption strength of these inhibitors to crystalline β-hematin (Kads) was quantified using a theoretical kinetic model that is based on the Avrami equation and the Langmuir isotherm. Statistically significant linear correlations between lipid-mediated β-hematin inhibitory activity and Kads values for quinoline (r2 = 0.76, P-value = 0.0046) and non-quinoline compounds (r2 = 0.99, P-stat = 0.0006), as well as between parasite inhibitory activity (D10) and Kads values for quinoline antimalarial drugs and short-chain chloroquine derivatives (r2 = 0.64, P-value = 0.0098), provide a strong indication that drug action involves adsorption to the surface of β-hematin crystals. Independent support in this regard is provided by experiments that spectrophotometrically monitor the direct adsorption of antimalarial drugs to preformed β-hematin.
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14
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Antimalarials inhibit hematin crystallization by unique drug-surface site interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7531-7536. [PMID: 28559329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700125114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In malaria pathophysiology, divergent hypotheses on the inhibition of hematin crystallization posit that drugs act either by the sequestration of soluble hematin or their interaction with crystal surfaces. We use physiologically relevant, time-resolved in situ surface observations and show that quinoline antimalarials inhibit β-hematin crystal surfaces by three distinct modes of action: step pinning, kink blocking, and step bunch induction. Detailed experimental evidence of kink blocking validates classical theory and demonstrates that this mechanism is not the most effective inhibition pathway. Quinolines also form various complexes with soluble hematin, but complexation is insufficient to suppress heme detoxification and is a poor indicator of drug specificity. Collectively, our findings reveal the significance of drug-crystal interactions and open avenues for rationally designing antimalarial compounds.
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15
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Biochemistry of malaria parasite infected red blood cells by X-ray microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:802. [PMID: 28400621 PMCID: PMC5429762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum are correlatively imaged by tomography using soft X-rays as well as by scanning hard nano-X-ray beam to obtain fluorescence maps of various elements such as S and Fe. In this way one can deduce the amount of Fe bound either in hemoglobin or in hemozoin crystals in the digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite as well as determine the hemoglobin concentrations in the cytosols of the red blood cell and of the parasite. Fluorescence map of K shows that in the parasite’s schizont stage the K concentration in the red blood cell cytosol is diminished by a factor of seven relative to a pristine red blood cell but the total amount of K in the infected red blood cell is the same as in the pristine red blood cell.
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16
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Cárdenes R, Zhang C, Klementieva O, Werner S, Guttmann P, Pratsch C, Cladera J, Bijnens BH. 3D membrane segmentation and quantification of intact thick cells using cryo soft X-ray transmission microscopy: A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174324. [PMID: 28376110 PMCID: PMC5380311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural analysis of biological membranes is important for understanding cell and sub-cellular organelle function as well as their interaction with the surrounding environment. Imaging of whole cells in three dimension at high spatial resolution remains a significant challenge, particularly for thick cells. Cryo-transmission soft X-ray microscopy (cryo-TXM) has recently gained popularity to image, in 3D, intact thick cells (∼10μm) with details of sub-cellular architecture and organization in near-native state. This paper reports a new tool to segment and quantify structural changes of biological membranes in 3D from cryo-TXM images by tracking an initial 2D contour along the third axis of the microscope, through a multi-scale ridge detection followed by an active contours-based model, with a subsequent refinement along the other two axes. A quantitative metric that assesses the grayscale profiles perpendicular to the membrane surfaces is introduced and shown to be linearly related to the membrane thickness. Our methodology has been validated on synthetic phantoms using realistic microscope properties and structure dimensions, as well as on real cryo-TXM data. Results demonstrate the validity of our algorithms for cryo-TXM data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chong Zhang
- Physense, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephan Werner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute Soft Matters and Functional Materials, Electron Storage Ring BESSY II, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute Soft Matters and Functional Materials, Electron Storage Ring BESSY II, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Pratsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute Soft Matters and Functional Materials, Electron Storage Ring BESSY II, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Cladera
- Biophysics Unit & Centre of Studies in Biophysics, Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bart H. Bijnens
- Physense, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ekman AA, Chen JH, Guo J, McDermott G, Le Gros MA, Larabell CA. Mesoscale imaging with cryo-light and X-rays: Larger than molecular machines, smaller than a cell. Biol Cell 2017; 109:24-38. [PMID: 27690365 PMCID: PMC5261833 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the context of cell biology, the term mesoscale describes length scales ranging from that of an individual cell, down to the size of the molecular machines. In this spatial regime, small building blocks self-organise to form large, functional structures. A comprehensive set of rules governing mesoscale self-organisation has not been established, making the prediction of many cell behaviours difficult, if not impossible. Our knowledge of mesoscale biology comes from experimental data, in particular, imaging. Here, we explore the application of soft X-ray tomography (SXT) to imaging the mesoscale, and describe the structural insights this technology can generate. We also discuss how SXT imaging is complemented by the addition of correlative fluorescence data measured from the same cell. This combination of two discrete imaging modalities produces a 3D view of the cell that blends high-resolution structural information with precise molecular localisation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A. Ekman
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gerry McDermott
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark A. Le Gros
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Rez P, Larsen T, Elbaum M. Exploring the theoretical basis and limitations of cryo-STEM tomography for thick biological specimens. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:466-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Varsano N, Dadosh T, Kapishnikov S, Pereiro E, Shimoni E, Jin X, Kruth HS, Leiserowitz L, Addadi L. Development of Correlative Cryo-soft X-ray Tomography and Stochastic Reconstruction Microscopy. A Study of Cholesterol Crystal Early Formation in Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14931-14940. [PMID: 27934213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a high resolution correlative method involving cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), which provides information in three dimensions on large cellular volumes at 70 nm resolution. Cryo-SXT morphologically identified and localized aggregations of carbon-rich materials. STORM identified specific markers on the desired epitopes, enabling colocalization between the identified objects, in this case cholesterol crystals, and the cellular environment. The samples were studied under ambient and cryogenic conditions without dehydration or heavy metal staining. The early events of cholesterol crystal development were investigated in relation to atherosclerosis, using as model macrophage cell cultures enriched with LDL particles. Atherosclerotic plaques build up in arteries in a slow process involving cholesterol crystal accumulation. Cholesterol crystal deposition is a crucial stage in the pathological cascade. Our results show that cholesterol crystals can be identified and imaged at a very early stage on the cell plasma membrane and in intracellular locations. This technique can in principle be applied to other biological samples where specific molecular identification is required in conjunction with high resolution 3D-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xueting Jin
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1422, United States
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1422, United States
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20
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Resolving new ultrastructural features of cytokinetic abscission with soft-X-ray cryo-tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27629. [PMID: 27282220 PMCID: PMC4901327 DOI: 10.1038/srep27629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cytokinetic abscission is mediated by the ESCRT membrane fission machinery. While much has been clarified on the topology and kinetics of abscission through high-resolution microscopy, key questions regarding the mechanism of abscission remain open. Here we apply cryogenic soft-X-ray tomography to elucidate new ultrastructural details in the intercellular membrane bridge connecting cells undergoing abscission. In particular, we resolve defined ring-like structures inside the midbody dark zone that have been inaccessible to EM, and identify membrane extrusions at the abscission sites. In cells at late stages of abscission we resolve a complex array of helical spirals, extending the structural information obtained by EM. Our results highlight the advantages of soft-X-ray tomography and emphasize the importance of using complementary approaches for characterizing cellular structures. Notably, by providing new structural data from intact cells we present a realistic view on the topology of abscission and suggest new mechanistic models for ESCRT mediated abscission.
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21
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Sandlin R, Fong KY, Stiebler R, Gulka C, Nesbitt JE, Oliveira MP, Oliveira MF, Wright DW. Detergent-Mediated Formation of β-Hematin: Heme Crystallization Promoted by Detergents Implicates Nanostructure Formation for Use as a Biological Mimic. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2016; 16:2542-2551. [PMID: 27175104 PMCID: PMC4860678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemozoin is a unique biomineral that results from the sequestration of toxic free heme liberated as a consequence of hemoglobin degradation in the malaria parasite. Synthetic neutral lipid droplets (SNLDs) and phospholipids were previously shown to support the rapid formation of β-hematin, abiological hemozoin, under physiologically relevant pH and temperature, though the mechanism by which heme crystallization occurs remains unclear. Detergents are particularly interesting as a template because they are amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously organize into nanostructures and have been previously shown to mediate β-hematin formation. Here, 11 detergents were investigated to elucidate the physicochemical properties that best recapitulate crystal formation in the parasite. A strong correlation between the detergent's molecular structure and the corresponding kinetics of β-hematin formation was observed, where higher molecular weight polar chains promoted faster reactions. The larger hydrophilic chains correlated to the detergent's ability to rapidly sequester heme into the lipophilic core, allowing for crystal nucleation to occur. The data presented here suggest that detergent nanostructures promote β-hematin formation in a similar manner to SNLDs and phospholipids. Through understanding mediator properties that promote optimal crystal formation, we are able to establish an in vitro assay to probe this drug target pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
D. Sandlin
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kim Y. Fong
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Renata Stiebler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Laboratório de
Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christopher
P. Gulka
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jenny E. Nesbitt
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Matheus P. Oliveira
- Laboratório
de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Programa de Biologia
Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica,
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Laboratório
de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Programa de Biologia
Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica,
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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22
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Azouzi S, El Kirat K, Morandat S. Hematin loses its membranotropic activity upon oligomerization into malaria pigment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2952-9. [PMID: 26296297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium type parasites transmitted by the bites of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite multiplies in red blood cells where it degrades hemoglobin. This degradation of hemoglobin proteins releases hematin, an iron-containing porphyrin, which provokes membrane disruption and lysis. The malaria parasite blocks hematin-induced lysis by biocrystallization, a process that converts hematin into insoluble and chemically inert crystals. Hematin molecules are especially prone to self-assembly as dimers, oligomers and aggregates depending on environmental conditions (pH, solvent, temperature, concentration, ionic strength). Considering the different forms of hematin-based assemblies, it is still unclear which are the ones able to interact with membranes. We have prepared hematin under different conditions to form hematin-based assemblies and to measure their ability to interact and to disorganize membranes. Our results show that different forms of hematin molecules are able to penetrate lipid membranes. Interestingly, this membrane activity is spontaneously inhibited at acidic pH and it can be restored under neutral pH. By contrast, the oligomers of β-hematin were found to be completely harmless toward lipid membranes. Finally, the AFM visualization of hematin interaction with supported lipid bilayers showed for the first time its preferential interaction with defaults in membranes, at the boundaries between two distinct lipid phases. The superficial adsorption of aggregates on membranes and the absence of effect due to oligomers were also confirmed with AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Azouzi
- Laboratoire d'excellence GR-Ex, Inserm S1134, Université Paris-Diderot, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Karim El Kirat
- Sorbonne universités, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de BioMécanique et BioIngénierie UMR 7338, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiègne cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Morandat
- Sorbonne universités, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire FRE 3580, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiègne cedex, France.
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23
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Mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4946-51. [PMID: 25831526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501023112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematin crystallization is the primary mechanism of heme detoxification in malaria parasites and the target of the quinoline class of antimalarials. Despite numerous studies of malaria pathophysiology, fundamental questions regarding hematin growth and inhibition remain. Among them are the identity of the crystallization medium in vivo, aqueous or organic; the mechanism of crystallization, classical or nonclassical; and whether quinoline antimalarials inhibit crystallization by sequestering hematin in the solution, or by blocking surface sites crucial for growth. Here we use time-resolved in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and show that the lipid subphase in the parasite may be a preferred growth medium. We provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence of the molecular mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by chloroquine, a common quinoline antimalarial drug. AFM observations demonstrate that crystallization strictly follows a classical mechanism wherein new crystal layers are generated by 2D nucleation and grow by the attachment of solute molecules. We identify four classes of surface sites available for binding of potential drugs and propose respective mechanisms of drug action. Further studies reveal that chloroquine inhibits hematin crystallization by binding to molecularly flat {100} surfaces. A 2-μM concentration of chloroquine fully arrests layer generation and step advancement, which is ∼10(4)× less than hematin's physiological concentration. Our results suggest that adsorption at specific growth sites may be a general mode of hemozoin growth inhibition for the quinoline antimalarials. Because the atomic structures of the identified sites are known, this insight could advance the future design and/or optimization of new antimalarials.
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24
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Vekilov PG, Rimer JD, Olafson KN, Ketchum MA. Lipid or aqueous medium for hematin crystallization? CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematin crystallization, the primary heme detoxification mechanism of malaria parasites infecting human erythrocytes, most likely requires the participation of lipid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston, USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Houston
| | - Jeffrey D. Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston, USA
| | - Katy N. Olafson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston, USA
| | - Megan A. Ketchum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston, USA
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25
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Kirchenbuechler D, Mutsafi Y, Horowitz B, Levin-Zaidman S, Fass D, G. Wolf S, Elbaum M. Cryo-STEM Tomography of Intact Vitrified Fibroblasts. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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26
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Gun SY, Claser C, Tan KSW, Rénia L. Interferons and interferon regulatory factors in malaria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:243713. [PMID: 25157202 PMCID: PMC4124246 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and responsible for approximately 500 million clinical cases and 500 thousand deaths annually. Acquired adaptive immune responses control parasite replication and infection-induced pathologies. Most infections are clinically silent which reflects on the ability of adaptive immune mechanisms to prevent the disease. However, a minority of these can become severe and life-threatening, manifesting a range of overlapping syndromes of complex origins which could be induced by uncontrolled immune responses. Major players of the innate and adaptive responses are interferons. Here, we review their roles and the signaling pathways involved in their production and protection against infection and induced immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
| | - Kevin Shyong Wei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
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27
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Paulo A, Figueiras M, Machado M, Charneira C, Lavrado J, Santos SA, Lopes D, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Nogueira F, Moreira R. Bis-alkylamine Indolo[3,2-b]quinolines as Hemozoin Ligands: Implications for Antimalarial Cytostatic and Cytocidal Activities. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3295-313. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulo
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Figueiras
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Machado
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Lavrado
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Santos
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dinora Lopes
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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28
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Stiebler R, Majerowicz D, Knudsen J, Gondim KC, Wright DW, Egan TJ, Oliveira MF. Unsaturated glycerophospholipids mediate heme crystallization: biological implications for hemozoin formation in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88976. [PMID: 24586467 PMCID: PMC3935856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal produced by some blood-feeding organisms, as an efficient way to detoxify heme derived from hemoglobin digestion. In the triatomine insect Rhodnius prolixus, Hz is essentially produced by midgut extracellular phospholipid membranes known as perimicrovillar membranes (PMVM). Here, we investigated the role of commercial glycerophospholipids containing serine, choline and ethanolamine as headgroups and R. prolixus midgut lipids (RML) in heme crystallization. All commercial unsaturated forms of phospholipids, as well as RML, mediated fast and efficient β-hematin formation by means of two kinetically distinct mechanisms: an early and fast component, followed by a late and slow one. The fastest reactions observed were induced by unsaturated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (uPE) and phosphatidylcholine (uPC), with half-lives of 0.04 and 0.7 minutes, respectively. β-hematin crystal morphologies were strikingly distinct among groups, with uPE producing homogeneous regular brick-shaped crystals. Interestingly, uPC-mediated reactions resulted in two morphologically distinct crystal populations: one less representative group of regular crystals, resembling those induced by uPE, and the other largely represented by crystals with numerous sharp edges and tapered ends. Heme crystallization reactions induced by RML were efficient, with a heme to β-hematin conversion rate higher than 70%, but clearly slower (t1/2 of 9.9-17.7 minutes) than those induced by uPC and uPE. Interestingly, crystals produced by RML were homogeneous in shape and quite similar to those mediated by uPE. Thus, β-hematin formation can be rapidly and efficiently induced by unsaturated glycerophospholipids, particularly uPE and uPC, and may play a role on biological heme crystallization in R. prolixus midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stiebler
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Majerowicz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jens Knudsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katia C. Gondim
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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