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Maoz R, Nelson P, Gogoi B, Burshtain D, Talukder S, Zou S, Sarkar A, Berson J, Sagiv J. Interfacial Electron Beam Lithography Converts an Insulating Organic Monolayer to a Patterned Single-Layer Conductor with Puzzling Charge Transport Performance. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18948-18962. [PMID: 38979949 PMCID: PMC11271180 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The direct generation of conducting paths within an insulating surface represents a conceptually unexplored approach to single-layer electrical conduction that opens vistas for exciting research and applications fundamentally different from those based on specific layered materials. Herein we report surface channels with single-layer -COOH functionality patterned on insulating n-octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers on silicon that exhibit unusual ionic-electronic conduction when equipped with ion-releasing silver electrodes. The strong dependence of charge transport in such channels on their lateral dimensions (nanosize, macro-size), the type (p, n) and resistivity (doping level) of the underlying silicon substrate, the nature of the insulating spacer layer between the conducting channel and the silicon surface, and the postpatterning chemical manipulation of channel's -COOH functionality allows designing channels with variable resistivities, ranging from that of a practical insulator to some unexpectedly low values. The unusually low resistivities displayed by channels with nanometric widths and micrometer-millimeter lengths are attributed primarily to enhanced electronic transport within ultrathin nanowire-like silver metal films formed along their conductive paths. Function-structure correlations derived from a comprehensive analysis of electrical, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectral data suggest an unconventional mode of conduction in these channels, which has yet to be elucidated, apparently involving coupled ionic-electronic transport mediated and enhanced by interfacial electrical interactions with charge carriers located outside the conducting channel and separated from those carrying the measured current. These intriguing findings hint at effects akin to Coulomb pairing in the proposed mechanisms of excitonic superconductivity in interfacial nanosystems structurally related to the present metalized surface channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Ryu YK, Knoll AW. Oxidation and Thermal Scanning Probe Lithography for High-Resolution Nanopatterning and Nanodevices. ELECTRICAL ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY FOR NANOELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15612-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Maoz R, Berson J, Burshtain D, Nelson P, Zinger A, Bitton O, Sagiv J. Interfacial Electron Beam Lithography: Chemical Monolayer Nanopatterning via Electron-Beam-Induced Interfacial Solid-Phase Oxidation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9680-9692. [PMID: 30215511 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical nanopatterning-the deliberate nanoscale modification of the chemical nature of a solid surface-is conveniently realized using organic monolayer coatings to impart well-defined chemical functionalities to selected surface regions of the coated solid. Most monolayer patterning methods, however, exploit destructive processes that introduce topographic as well as other undesired structural and chemical transformations along with the desired surface chemical modification. In particular in electron beam lithography (EBL), organic monolayers have been used mainly as ultrathin resists capable of improving the resolution of patterning via local deposition or removal of material. On the basis of the recent discovery of a class of radiation-induced interfacial chemical transformations confined to the contact surface between two solids, we have advanced a direct, nondestructive EBL approach to chemical nanopatterning-interfacial electron beam lithography (IEBL)-demonstrated here by the e-beam-induced local oxidation of the -CH3 surface moieties of a highly ordered self-assembled n-alkylsilane monolayer to -COOH while fully preserving the monolayer structural integrity and molecular organization. In this conceptually different EBL process, the traditional resist is replaced by a thin film coating that acts as a site-activated reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the coated surface, here the top surface of the to-be-patterned monolayer. Structural and chemical transformations induced in the thin film coating and the underlying monolayer upon exposure to the electron beam were elucidated using a semiquantitative surface characterization methodology that combines multimode AFM imaging with postpatterning surface chemical modifications and quantitative micro-FTIR measurements. IEBL offers attractive opportunities in chemical nanopatterning, for example, by enabling the application of the advanced EBL technology to the straightforward nanoscale functionalization of the simplest commonly used organosilane monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Peter Nelson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ariel Zinger
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ora Bitton
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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4
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Zhao W, Xia L, Liu X. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs): perspectives of industrialization. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce02079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this highlight, we review the state-of-the-art development of COFs from an industrial point of view in five aspects, including their types, growth mechanisms, synthetic methods, processability and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Lieyin Xia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xikui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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5
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Du X, Wang J, Cui H, Zhao Q, Chen H, He L, Wang Y. Breath-Taking Patterns: Discontinuous Hydrophilic Regions for Photonic Crystal Beads Assembly and Patterns Revisualization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38117-38124. [PMID: 28990758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces patterned with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions provide robust and versatile means for investigating the wetting behaviors of liquids, surface properties analysis, and producing patterned arrays. However, the fabrication of integral and uniform arrays onto these open systems remains a challenge, thus restricting them from being used in practical applications. Here, we present a simple yet powerful approach for the fabrication of water droplet arrays and the assembly of photonic crystal bead arrays based on hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned substrates. Various integral arrays are simply prepared in a high-quality output with a low cost, large scale, and uniform size control. By simply taking a breath, which brings moisture to the substrate surface, complex hydrophilic-hydrophobic outlined images can be revisualized in the discontinuous hydrophilic regions. Integration of hydrogel photonic crystal bead arrays into the "breath-taking" process results in breath-responsive photonic crystal beads, which can change their colors upon a mild exhalation. This state-of-the-art technology not only provides an effective methodology for the preparation of patterned arrays but also demonstrates intriguing applications in information storage and biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Du
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huanqing Cui
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qilong Zhao
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Research Centre for Micro/Nano System and Bionic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Soliman AIA, Tu Y, Utsunomiya T, Ichii T, Sugimura H. Low Damage Reductive Patterning of Oxidized Alkyl Self-Assembled Monolayers through Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Irradiation in an Evacuated Environment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10829-10837. [PMID: 28933557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Through 172 nm vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation in a high vacuum condition (HV-VUV), well-defined micropatterns with a varied periodic friction were fabricated at the surface of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminated with oxygenated groups. No apparent height contrast between the HV-VUV-irradiated and -masked areas was observed, which indicated the stability of the C-C skeleton of the assembled molecules. The trimming of oxygenated groups occurred through dissociating the C-O bonds and promoting the occurrence of α- and β-cleavages in the C═O-containing components. Hence, the HV-VUV treatment trimmed the oxygenated groups without degrading the C-C skeleton. The HV-VUV treatment influenced the order of the assembled molecules, and the step-terrace structure was distorted. The decrease in friction at the HV-VUV-irradiated domains was attributed to the dissociation of oxygenated groups. (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) aggregated at the masked areas of the HV-VUV-patterned SAM, where the oxygenated groups worked as anchors. APTMS aggregations did not exist at the irradiated areas, indicating the trimming of the oxygenated groups at these areas. The direct assembling of APTMS on the Si substrate at the irradiated areas was prevented by the remaining C-C skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I A Soliman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yudi Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Utsunomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichii
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Force microscopy enables a variety of approaches to manipulate and/or modify surfaces. Few of those methods have evolved into advanced probe-based lithographies. Oxidation scanning probe lithography (o-SPL) is the only lithography that enables the direct and resist-less nanoscale patterning of a large variety of materials, from metals to semiconductors; from self-assembled monolayers to biomolecules. Oxidation SPL has also been applied to develop sophisticated electronic and nanomechanical devices such as quantum dots, quantum point contacts, nanowire transistors or mechanical resonators. Here, we review the principles, instrumentation aspects and some device applications of o-SPL. Our focus is to provide a balanced view of the method that introduces the key steps in its evolution, provides some detailed explanations on its fundamentals and presents current trends and applications. To illustrate the capabilities and potential of o-SPL as an alternative lithography we have favored the most recent and updated contributions in nanopatterning and device fabrication.
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8
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Brasjen B, Wedershoven H, van Cuijk A, Darhuber A. Dip- and die-coating of hydrophilic squares on flat, hydrophobic substrates. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Maoz R, Burshtain D, Cohen H, Nelson P, Berson J, Yoffe A, Sagiv J. Site-Targeted Interfacial Solid-Phase Chemistry: Surface Functionalization of Organic Monolayers via Chemical Transformations Locally Induced at the Boundary between Two Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Peter Nelson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alexander Yoffe
- Department of Chemical Research Support; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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10
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Maoz R, Burshtain D, Cohen H, Nelson P, Berson J, Yoffe A, Sagiv J. Site-Targeted Interfacial Solid-Phase Chemistry: Surface Functionalization of Organic Monolayers via Chemical Transformations Locally Induced at the Boundary between Two Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12366-71. [PMID: 27611648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective control of chemistry at interfaces is of fundamental importance for the advancement of methods of surface functionalization and patterning that are at the basis of many scientific and technological applications. A conceptually new type of interfacial chemical transformations has been discovered, confined to the contact surface between two solid materials, which may be induced by exposure to X-rays, electrons or UV light, or by the application of electrical bias. One of the reacting solids is a removable thin film coating that acts as a reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the solid surface on which it is applied. Given the diversity of thin film coatings that may be used as solid reagents/catalysts and the lateral confinement options provided by the use of irradiation masks, conductive AFM probes or stamps, and electron beams in such solid-phase reactions, this approach is suitable for precise targeting of different desired chemical modifications to predefined surface sites spanning the macro- to nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Peter Nelson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Yoffe
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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11
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Andrews AM, Liao WS, Weiss PS. Double-Sided Opportunities Using Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1449-57. [PMID: 27064348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the origins, motivation, invention, development, applications, and future of chemical lift-off lithography, in which a specified pattern of a self-assembled monolayer is removed, i.e., lifted off, using a reactive, patterned stamp that is brought into contact with the monolayer. For Au substrates, this process produces a supported, patterned monolayer of Au on the stamp in addition to the negative pattern in the original molecular monolayer. Both the patterned molecular monolayer on the original substrate and the patterned supported metal monolayer on the stamp are useful as materials and for further applications in sensing and other areas. Chemical lift-off lithography effectively lowers the barriers to and costs of high-resolution, large-area nanopatterning. On the patterned monolayer side, features in the single-nanometer range can be produced across large (square millimeter or larger) areas. Patterns smaller than the original stamp feature sizes can be produced by controlling the degree of contact between the stamp and the lifted-off monolayer. We note that this process is different than conventional lift-off processes in lithography in that chemical lift-off lithography removes material, whereas conventional lift-off is a positive-tone patterning method. Chemical lift-off lithography is in some ways similar to microtransfer printing. Chemical lift-off lithography has critical advantages in the preparation of biocapture surfaces because the molecules left behind are exploited to space and to orient functional(ized) molecules. On the supported metal monolayer side, a new two-dimensional material has been produced. The useful important chemical properties of Au (vis-à-vis functionalization with thiols) are retained, but the electronic and optical properties of bulk Au or even Au nanoparticles are not. These metal monolayers do not quench excitation and may be useful in optical measurements, particularly in combination with selective binding due to attached molecular recognition elements. In contrast to materials such as graphene that have bonding confined to two dimensions, these metal monolayers can be straightforwardly patterned-by patterning the stamp, the initial monolayer, or the initial substrate. Well-developed thiol-Au and related chemistries can be used on the supported monolayers. As there is little quenching and photoabsorption, spectroscopic imaging methods can be used on these functionalized materials. We anticipate that the properties of the metal monolayers can be tuned by varying the chemical, physical, and electronic connections made by and to the supporting molecular layers. That is, the amount of charge in the layer can be determined by controlling the density of S-Au (or other) connections and the molecular backbone and functionality, which determine the strength with which the chemical contact withdraws charge from the metal. This process should work for other coinage-metal substrates and additional systems where the binding of the outermost layers to the substrate is weaker than the molecule-substrate attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Andrews
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Hoshian S, Jokinen V, Hjort K, Ras RHA, Franssila S. Amplified and localized photoswitching of TiO2 by micro- and nanostructuring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15593-15599. [PMID: 26115550 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast photoswitching of wetting properties is important for the development of micro/nanofluidic systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Here, we show how structuring the surface amplifies photoswitching properties. Atomic layer-deposited titanium dioxide (TiO2) has phototunable hydrophilic properties due to its surface chemistry, but microscale overhang pillars and additional nanoscale topography can override the chemistry and make the surface superhydrophobic. Three switching processes are achieved simply by controlling the UV exposure time: from (1) rolling superhydrophobic to sticky superhydrophobic (Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel), (2) superhydrophobic to hydrophilic, and (3) superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic after 1, 5, and 10 min of UV exposure, respectively. We report the fastest reversible switching to date: 1 min of UV exposure is enough to promote a rolling-to-sticky transition, and mild heating (30 min at 60 °C) is sufficient for recovery. This performance is caused by a combination of the photoswitching properties of TiO2, the micropillar overhang geometry, and surface nanostructuring. We demonstrate that the switching also can be performed locally by introducing microwriting under a water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Klas Hjort
- ‡Division of Microsystems Technology, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Berson J, Burshtain D, Zeira A, Yoffe A, Maoz R, Sagiv J. Single-layer ionic conduction on carboxyl-terminated silane monolayers patterned by constructive lithography. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:613-621. [PMID: 25849368 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transport plays a central role in key technologies relevant to energy, and information processing and storage, as well as in the implementation of biological functions in living organisms. Here, we introduce a supramolecular strategy based on the non-destructive chemical patterning of a highly ordered self-assembled monolayer that allows the reproducible fabrication of ion-conducting surface patterns (ion-conducting channels) with top -COOH functional groups precisely definable over the full range of length scales from nanometre to centimetre. The transport of a single layer of selected metal ions and the electrochemical processes related to their motion may thus be confined to predefined surface paths. As a generic solid ionic conductor that can accommodate different mobile ions in the absence of any added electrolyte, these ion-conducting channels exhibit bias-induced competitive transport of different ionic species. This approach offers unprecedented opportunities for the realization of designed ion-conducting systems with nanoscale control, beyond the inherent limitations posed by available ionic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Zeira
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Yoffe
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Lessel M, Bäumchen O, Klos M, Hähl H, Fetzer R, Paulus M, Seemann R, Jacobs K. Self‐assembled silane monolayers: an efficient step‐by‐step recipe for high‐quality, low energy surfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lessel
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - O. Bäumchen
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - M. Klos
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - H. Hähl
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - R. Fetzer
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - M. Paulus
- TU DortmundFakultät Physik / DELTA Dortmund D‐44221 Germany
| | - R. Seemann
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
| | - K. Jacobs
- Saarland UniversityExperimental Physics Saarbrücken D‐66041 Germany
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15
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Fischer UC, Hentschel C, Fontein F, Stegemann L, Hoeppener C, Fuchs H, Hoeppener S. Near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled silane monolayer. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1441-1449. [PMID: 25247126 PMCID: PMC4168865 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A general concept for parallel near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical processes for the fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) is explored with three different processes: 1) a near-field photochemical process by photochemical bleaching of a monomolecular layer of dye molecules chemically bound to an APTES SAM, 2) a chemical process induced by oxygen plasma etching as well as 3) a combined near-field UV-photochemical and ozone-induced chemical process, which is applied directly to an APTES SAM. All approaches employ a sandwich configuration of the surface-supported SAM, and a lithographic mask in form of gold nanostructures fabricated through colloidal sphere lithography (CL), which is either exposed to visible light, oxygen plasma or an UV-ozone atmosphere. The gold mask has the function to inhibit the photochemical reactions by highly localized near-field interactions between metal mask and SAM and to inhibit the radiation-induced chemical reactions by casting a highly localized shadow. The removal of the gold mask reveals the SAM nanopattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Christian Fischer
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Hentschel
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Fontein
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Stegemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christiane Hoeppener
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Interface Physics Group, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Garcia R, Knoll AW, Riedo E. Advanced scanning probe lithography. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:577-87. [PMID: 25091447 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale control afforded by scanning probe microscopes has prompted the development of a wide variety of scanning-probe-based patterning methods. Some of these methods have demonstrated a high degree of robustness and patterning capabilities that are unmatched by other lithographic techniques. However, the limited throughput of scanning probe lithography has prevented its exploitation in technological applications. Here, we review the fundamentals of scanning probe lithography and its use in materials science and nanotechnology. We focus on robust methods, such as those based on thermal effects, chemical reactions and voltage-induced processes, that demonstrate a potential for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Armin W Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich, Saeumerstr. 4, 8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Riedo
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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17
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Supersensitive fingerprinting of explosives by chemically modified nanosensors arrays. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4195. [PMID: 24960270 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability to detect traces of explosives sensitively, selectively and rapidly could be of great benefit for applications relating to civilian national security and military needs. Here, we show that, when chemically modified in a multiplexed mode, nanoelectrical devices arrays enable the supersensitive discriminative detection of explosive species. The fingerprinting of explosives is achieved by pattern recognizing the inherent kinetics, and thermodynamics, of interaction between the chemically modified nanosensors array and the molecular analytes under test. This platform allows for the rapid detection of explosives, from air collected samples, down to the parts-per-quadrillion concentration range, and represents the first nanotechnology-inspired demonstration on the selective supersensitive detection of explosives, including the nitro- and peroxide-derivatives, on a single electronic platform. Furthermore, the ultrahigh sensitivity displayed by our platform may allow the remote detection of various explosives, a task unachieved by existing detection technologies.
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18
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Pujari SP, Scheres L, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Covalent Surface Modification of Oxide Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6322-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Luc Scheres
- Surfix B.V. Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Antonius T. M. Marcelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
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Pujari SP, Scheres L, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Kovalente Oberflächenmodifikationen von Oxiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
| | | | - Antonius T. M. Marcelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi‐Arabien)
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20
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Azucena C, Eber FJ, Trouillet V, Hirtz M, Heissler S, Franzreb M, Fuchs H, Wege C, Gliemann H. New approaches for bottom-up assembly of tobacco mosaic virus-derived nucleoprotein tubes on defined patterns on silica- and polymer-based substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14867-14877. [PMID: 22950722 DOI: 10.1021/la302774h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The capability of some natural molecular building blocks to self-organize into defined supramolecular architectures is a versatile tool for nanotechnological applications. Their site-selective integration into a technical context, however, still poses a major challenge. RNA-directed self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus-derived coat protein on immobilized RNA scaffolds presents a possibility to grow nucleoprotein nanotubes in place. Two new methods for their site-selective, bottom-up assembly are introduced. For this purpose, isothiocyanate alkoxysilane was used to activate oxidic surfaces for the covalent immobilization of DNA oligomers, which served as linkers for assembly-directing RNA. Patterned silanization of surfaces was achieved (1) on oxidic surfaces via dip-pen nanolithography and (2) on polymer surfaces (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) via selective oxidization by UV-light irradiation in air. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the surfaces. It is shown for the first time that the combination of the mentioned structuring methods and the isothiocyanate-based chemistry is appropriate (1) for the site-selective immobilization of nucleic acids and, thus, (2) for the formation of viral nanoparticles by bottom-up self-assembly after adding the corresponding coat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Azucena
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Berson J, Zeira A, Maoz R, Sagiv J. Parallel- and serial-contact electrochemical metallization of monolayer nanopatterns: A versatile synthetic tool en route to bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:134-143. [PMID: 22428104 PMCID: PMC3304318 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Contact electrochemical transfer of silver from a metal-film stamp (parallel process) or a metal-coated scanning probe (serial process) is demonstrated to allow site-selective metallization of monolayer template patterns of any desired shape and size created by constructive nanolithography. The precise nanoscale control of metal delivery to predefined surface sites, achieved as a result of the selective affinity of the monolayer template for electrochemically generated metal ions, provides a versatile synthetic tool en route to the bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits. These findings offer direct experimental support to the view that, in electrochemical metal deposition, charge is carried across the electrode-solution interface by ion migration to the electrode rather than by electron transfer to hydrated ions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Zeira
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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22
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Martinez RV, Chiesa M, Garcia R. Nanopatterning of ferritin molecules and the controlled size reduction of their magnetic cores. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2914-2920. [PMID: 22102991 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A nanopatterning method to deposit ferritin proteins with nanoscale accuracy over large areas is reported. Selective deposition is driven by the electrostatic interactions existing between the proteins and nanoscale features. Upon deposition, the protein shell can be removed by heating the patterns in an oxygen atmosphere. This leaves exposed the iron oxide core, which can be further reduced in size by plasma-etching methods. In this way, the initial ferritin molecules, which have a nominal size of 12 nm, are reduced to 2 nm nanoparticles. Magnetic force measurements confirm the magnetic activity of the as-deposited and etched nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses V Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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23
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Zeira A, Berson J, Feldman I, Maoz R, Sagiv J. A bipolar electrochemical approach to constructive lithography: metal/monolayer patterns via consecutive site-defined oxidation and reduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8562-8575. [PMID: 21661737 DOI: 10.1021/la2009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence is presented, demonstrating the feasibility of a surface-patterning strategy that allows stepwise electrochemical generation and subsequent in situ metallization of patterns of carboxylic acid functions on the outer surfaces of highly ordered OTS monolayers assembled on silicon or on a flexible polymeric substrate. The patterning process can be implemented serially with scanning probes, which is shown to allow nanoscale patterning, or in a parallel stamping configuration here demonstrated on micrometric length scales with granular metal film stamps sandwiched between two monolayer-coated substrates. The metal film, consisting of silver deposited by evaporation through a patterned contact mask on the surface of one of the organic monolayers, functions as both a cathode in the printing of the monolayer patterns and an anodic source of metal in their subsequent metallization. An ultrathin water layer adsorbed on the metal grains by capillary condensation from a humid atmosphere plays the double role of electrolyte and a source of oxidizing species in the pattern printing process. It is shown that control over both the direction of pattern printing and metal transfer to one of the two monolayer surfaces can be accomplished by simple switching of the polarity of the applied voltage bias. Thus, the patterned metal film functions as a consumable "floating" stamp capable of two-way (forward-backward) electrochemical transfer of both information and matter between the contacting monolayer surfaces involved in the process. This rather unusual electrochemical behavior, resembling the electrochemical switching in nanoionic devices based on the transport of ions in solid ionic-electronic conductors, is derived from the nanoscale thickness of the water layer acting as an electrolyte and the bipolar (cathodic-anodic) nature of the water-coated metal grains in the metal film. The floating stamp concept introduced in this report paves the way to a series of unprecedented capabilities in surface patterning, which are particularly relevant to nanofabrication by chemical means and the engineering of a new class of molecular nanoionic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zeira
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Qin G, Gu J, Liu K, Xiao Z, Yam CM, Cai C. Conductive AFM patterning on oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkyl monolayers on silicon substrates: proposed mechanism and fabrication of avidin patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6987-94. [PMID: 21526810 PMCID: PMC3230272 DOI: 10.1021/la1047358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanopatterns of biomolecules on inert, ultrathin platforms on nonoxidized silicon are ideal interfaces between silicon-based microelectronics and biological systems. We report here the local oxidation nanolithography with conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) on highly protein-resistant, oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-terminated alkyl monolayers on nonoxidized silicon substrates. We propose a mechanism for this process, suggesting that it is possible to oxidize only the top ethylene glycol units to generate carboxylic acid and aldehyde groups on the film surface. We show that avidin molecules can be attached selectively to the oxidized pattern and the density can be varied by altering the bias voltage during cAFM patterning. Biotinylated molecules and nanoparticles are selectively immobilized on the resultant avidin patterns. Since one of the most established methods for immobilization of biomolecules is based on avidin-biotin binding and a wide variety of biotinylated biomolecules are available, this approach represents a versatile means for prototyping any nanostructures presenting these biomolecules on silicon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | | | - Chi Ming Yam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
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25
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Hohman JN, Kim M, Bednar HR, Lawrence JA, McClanahan PD, Weiss PS. Simple, robust molecular self-assembly on germanium. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Schäfle C, Brinkmann M, Bechinger C, Leiderer P, Lipowsky R. Morphological wetting transitions at ring-shaped surface domains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11878-11885. [PMID: 20462246 DOI: 10.1021/la1011023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The wetting behavior of ring-shaped (or annular) surface domains is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The ring-shaped domains are lyophilic and embedded in a lyophobic substrate. Liquid droplets deposited on these domains can attain a variety of morphologies depending on the liquid volume and on the dimensions of the ringlike surface domains. In the experiments, the liquid volume is changed in a controlled manner by varying the temperature of the sample. Such a volume change leads to a characteristic sequence of droplet shapes and to morphological wetting transitions between these shapes. The experimental observations are in good agreement with analytical and numerical calculations based on the minimization of the interfacial free energy. Small droplets form ringlike liquid channels (or filaments) that are confined to the ring-shaped domains and do not spread onto the lyophobic disks enclosed by these rings. As one increases the volume of the droplets, one finds two different morphologies depending on the width of the ring-shaped domains. For narrow rings, the droplets form nonaxisymmetric liquid channels with a pronounced bulge. For broad rings, the droplets form axisymmetric caps that cover both the lyophilic rings and the lyophobic disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schäfle
- Fachhochschule Rosenheim, Fakultat für Angewandte Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften, Hochschulstrasse 1, 83024 Rosenheim, Germany
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27
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Herzer N, Haensch C, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Orthogonal functionalization of silicon substrates using self-assembled monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:8358-65. [PMID: 20205406 DOI: 10.1021/la9047837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A fabrication process for multifunctional surfaces is designed leading to five different functional moieties (amine, thiol, carboxylic acid, fluoro, and methyl) being present on a single structured surface. The multifunctional surface is created by combining UV-ozone patterning, electro-oxidative lithography, the local deposition of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), and surface modification schemes. Besides the characterization with conventional surface-sensitive techniques, the nature of the locally functionalized regions is demonstrated by self-assembly of three different probe nanomaterials (Si nanoparticles, Au nanoparticles, and hydroxyl functionalized micelles). A versatile fabrication approach for complex surfaces with addressable functionalities can be created, and it was possible to integrate five different functionalized areas on one substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Herzer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Center for NanoMaterials, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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28
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29
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Martínez RV, Martínez J, Chiesa M, Garcia R, Coronado E, Pinilla-Cienfuegos E, Tatay S. Large-scale nanopatterning of single proteins used as carriers of magnetic nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:588-591. [PMID: 20217754 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsés V Martínez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, CSIC Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Herzer N, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Fabrication of patterned silane based self-assembled monolayers by photolithography and surface reactions on silicon-oxide substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5634-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00674b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Zeira A, Chowdhury D, Hoeppener S, Liu S, Berson J, Cohen SR, Maoz R, Sagiv J. Patterned organosilane monolayers as lyophobic-lyophilic guiding templates in surface self-assembly: monolayer self-assembly versus wetting-driven self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13984-14001. [PMID: 19835384 DOI: 10.1021/la902107u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer self-assembly (MSA) was discovered owing to the spectacular liquid repellency (lyophobicity) characteristic of typical self-assembling monolayers of long tail amphiphiles, which facilitates a straightforward visualization of the MSA process without the need of any sophisticated analytical equipment. It is this remarkable property that allows precise control of the self-assembly of discrete, well-defined monolayers, and it was the alternation of lyophobicity and lyophilicity (liquid affinity) in a system of monolayer-forming bifunctional organosilanes that allowed the extension of the principle of MSA to the layer-by-layer self-assembly of planed multilayers. On this basis, the possibility of generating at will patterned monolayer surfaces with lyophobic and lyophilic regions paves the way to the engineering of molecular templates for site-defined deposition of materials on a surface via either precise MSA or wetting-driven self-assembly (WDSA), namely, the selective retention of a liquid repelled by the lyophobic regions of the pattern on its lyophilic sites. Highly ordered organosilane monolayer and thicker layer-by-layer assembled structures are shown to be ideally suited for this purpose. Examples are given of novel WDSA and MSA processes, such as guided deposition by WDSA on lyophobic-lyophilic monolayer and bilayer template patterns at elevated temperatures, from melts and solutions that solidify upon cooling to the ambient temperature, and the possible extension of constructive nanolithography to thicker layer-by-layer assembled films, which paves the way to three-dimensional (3D) template patterns made of readily available monofunctional n-alkyl silanes only. It is further shown how WDSA may contribute to MSA on nanoscale template features as well as how combined MSA and WDSA modes of surface assembly may lead to composite surface architectures exhibiting rather surprising new properties. Finally, a critical evaluation is offered of the scope, advantages, and limitations of MSA and WDSA in the bottom-up fabrication of surface structures on variable length scales from nano to macro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zeira
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Losilla NS, Martínez J, García R. Large area nanoscale patterning of silicon surfaces by parallel local oxidation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:475304. [PMID: 19875876 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/47/475304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The homogeneity and the reproducibility of parallel local oxidation have been improved by introducing a thin film of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) between the stamp and the silicon surface. The flexibility of the polymer film enables a homogeneous contact of the stamp with the silicon surface to be achieved. The oxides obtained yield better aspect ratios compared with the ones created with no PMMA layer. The pattern is formed when a bias voltage is applied between the stamp and the silicon surface for 1 min. The patterning can be done by a step and repeat technique and is reproducible across a centimetre length scale. Once the oxide nanostructures have been created, the polymer is removed by etching in acetone. Finally, parallel local oxidation is applied to fabricate silicon nanostructures and templates for the growth of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Losilla
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, CSIC, Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Han Z, Tay B, Tan C, Shakerzadeh M, Ostrikov KK. Electrowetting control of Cassie-to-Wenzel transitions in superhydrophobic carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3031-3036. [PMID: 19754132 DOI: 10.1021/nn900846p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of effective control of the wetting properties of a nanostructured surface consisting of arrays of amorphous carbon nanoparticles capped on carbon nanotubes using the electrowetting technique is demonstrated. By analyzing the electrowetting curves with an equivalent circuit model of the solid/liquid interface, the long-standing problem of control and monitoring of the transition between the "slippy" Cassie state and the "sticky" Wenzel states is resolved. The unique structural properties of the custom-designed nanocomposites with precisely tailored surface energy without using any commonly utilized low-surface-energy (e.g., polymer) conformal coatings enable easy identification of the occurrence of such transition from the optical contrast on the nanostructured surfaces. This approach to precise control of the wetting mode transitions is generic and has an outstanding potential to enable the stable superhydrophobic capability of nanostructured surfaces for numerous applications, such as low-friction microfluidics and self-cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Han
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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Weiss PS, Lewis PA. Different and more powerful, not just smaller, faster, cheaper. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1039-1040. [PMID: 19845362 DOI: 10.1021/nn900455t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
This Nano Focus article reviews recent developments in nanofabrication based on invited talks given at the "Chemical Methods of Nanofabrication" symposium, which was organized by the authors and presented at the 237th ACS National Meeting and Exhibition as one of seven symposia within the meeting theme, "Nanoscience: Challenges for the Future". The three-day symposium included 25 experts from academia, national laboratories, and industry from around the world, to discuss current progress and future directions in nanofabrication. We highlight several of the key results discussed and future directions and challenges in this rapidly changing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Maryland NanoCenter, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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