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Yang R, Deng Y, Xie S, Liu M, Zou Y, Qian T, An Q, Chen J, Shen S, van den Berg A, Zhang M, Shui L. Controllable ingestion and release of guest components driven by interfacial molecular orientation of host liquid crystal droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:557-566. [PMID: 37607418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Controllable construction and manipulation of artificial multi-compartmental structures are crucial in understanding and imitating smart molecular elements such as biological cells and on-demand delivery systems. Here, we report a liquid crystal droplet (LCD) based three-dimensional system for controllable and reversible ingestion and release of guest aqueous droplets (GADs). Induced by interfacial thermodynamic fluctuation and internal topological defect, microscale LCDs with perpendicular anchoring condition at the interface would spontaneously ingest external components from the surroundings and transform them as radially assembled tiny GADs inside LCDs. Landau-de Gennes free-energy model is applied to describe and explain the assembly dynamics and morphologies of these tiny GADs, which presents a good agreement with experimental observations. Furthermore, the release of these ingested GADs can be actively triggered by changing the anchoring conditions at the interface of LCDs. Since those ingestion and release processes are controllable and happen very gently at room temperature and neutral pH environment without extra energy input, these microscale LCDs are very prospective to provide a unique and viable route for constructing hierarchical 3D structures with tunable components and compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yueming Deng
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiying Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiezheng Qian
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi An
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shitao Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre and Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, AE, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lingling Shui
- Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and Systems (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Berenschot E, Tiggelaar RM, Borgelink B, van Kampen C, Deenen CS, Pordeli Y, Witteveen H, Gardeniers HJGE, Tas NR. Self-Aligned Crystallographic Multiplication of Nanoscale Silicon Wedges for High-Density Fabrication of 3D Nanodevices. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:15847-15854. [PMID: 36338331 PMCID: PMC9623545 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-density arrays of silicon wedges bound by {111} planes on silicon (100) wafers have been created by combining convex corner lithography on a silicon dioxide hard mask with anisotropic, crystallographic etching in a repetitive, self-aligned multiplication procedure. A mean pitch of around 30 nm has been achieved, based on an initial pitch of ∼120 nm obtained through displacement Talbot lithography. The typical resolution of the convex corner lithography was reduced to the sub-10 nm range by employing an 8 nm silicon dioxide mask layer (measured on the {111} planes). Nanogaps of 6 nm and freestanding silicon dioxide flaps as thin as 1-2 nm can be obtained when etching the silicon at the exposed apices of the wedges. To enable the repetitive procedure, it was necessary to protect the concave corners between the wedges through "concave" corner lithography. The produced high-density arrays of wedges offer a promising template for the fabrication of large arrays of nanodevices in various domains with relevant details in the sub-10 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, Drienerlolaan
5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Borgelink
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chris van Kampen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian S. Deenen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser Pordeli
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Haye Witteveen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R. Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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3
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Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Thin Films Using Chemical and Physical Vapor Depositions. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Boron as thin film material is of relevance for use in modern micro- and nano-fabrication technology. In this research boron thin films are realized by a number of physical and chemical deposition methods, including magnetron sputtering, electron-beam evaporation, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal/non-plasma CVD, remote plasma CVD and atmospheric pressure CVD. Various physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of these boron thin films are investigated, i.e., deposition rate, uniformity, roughness, stress, composition, defectivity and chemical resistance. Boron films realized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are found to be inert for conventional wet chemical etchants and have the lowest amount of defects, which makes this the best candidate to be integrated into the micro-fabrication processes. By varying the deposition parameters in the PECVD process, the influences of plasma power, pressure and precursor inflow on the deposition rate and intrinsic stress are further explored. Utilization of PECVD boron films as hard mask for wet etching is demonstrated by means of patterning followed by selective structuring of the silicon substrate, which shows that PECVD boron thin films can be successfully applied for micro-fabrication.
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Hu R, Yu L. Review on 3D growth engineering and integration of nanowires for advanced nanoelectronics and sensor applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:222002. [PMID: 35148520 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing efforts devoted to the growth, assembly and integration of quasi-one dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs), as fundamental building blocks in advanced three-dimensional (3D) architecture, to explore a series of novel nanoelectronic and sensor applications. An important motivation behind is to boost the integration density of the electronic devices by stacking more functional units in theout-of-plane z-direction, where the NWs are supposed to be patterned or grown as vertically standing or laterally stacked channels to minimize their footprint area. The other driving force is derived from the unique possibility of engineering the 1D NWs into more complex, as well as more functional, 3D nanostructures, such as helical springs and kinked probes, which are ideal nanostructures for developping advanced nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS), bio-sensing and manipulation applications. This Review will first examine the recent progresses made in the construction of 3D nano electronic devices, as well as the new fabrication and growth technologies established to enable an efficient 3D integration of the vertically standing or laterally stacked NW channels. Then, the different approaches to produce and tailor more sophisticated 3D helical springs or purposely-designed nanoprobes will be revisited, together with their applications in NEMS resonators, bio sensors and stimulators in neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/ Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/ Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Chehade JA, Bhattacharya S, Iezzi R. Inkjet-Printed Graphene Sensors for the Bedside Detection of Tear Film pH. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 34003944 PMCID: PMC7961110 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether an inexpensive, graphene thin-film electronic pH sensor could be used to measure tear film pH. Methods The pH-sensitive electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistors (EG-GFETs) were fabricated by patterning graphene ink and ultraviolet-cured dielectric onto 125 µm–thick polyimide substrate using a nanomaterials inkjet printer. A flow-cell was used to exchange test solutions and record current flow through the EG-GFET. Laboratory reference pH test solutions were used to calibrate the sensor. Contrived tears with lipids were pH buffered using HCL (1 M) or NAOH (1 M) to produce tear solutions ranging in pH from 2.0 to 9.5. A laboratory-reference pH meter was used to verify the pH of each solution. Dirac curves that demonstrate pH-dependent changes in current flow through the EG-GFET were measured for each test solution, using dual sourcemeters. Results Graphene EG-GFET devices were highly sensitive to changes in artificial tear-film pH. The Dirac voltage was defined as the gate voltage at which minimum source drain current was measured. The relationship between Dirac voltage and tear film pH was highly linear with a slope of 17.2 mV per pH unit over the range of solutions tested, from pH 2.0 to pH 9.5 (r2 = 0.977). Conclusions Graphene field-effect transistors accurately measure tear film pH and may be useful in the emergency management of ocular adnexal exposure to acids or bases. Translational Relevance Thin-film graphene sensors are low cost and can rapidly map tear-film pH at multiple sites on the ocular surface and within the conjunctival fornices, avoiding subjective, colorimetric test-paper methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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6
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Chen S, Dong H, Yang J. Surface Potential/Charge Sensing Techniques and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1690. [PMID: 32197397 PMCID: PMC7146636 DOI: 10.3390/s20061690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface potential and surface charge sensing techniques have attracted a wide range of research interest in recent decades. With the development and optimization of detection technologies, especially nanosensors, new mechanisms and techniques are emerging. This review discusses various surface potential sensing techniques, including Kelvin probe force microscopy and chemical field-effect transistor sensors for surface potential sensing, nanopore sensors for surface charge sensing, zeta potentiometer and optical detection technologies for zeta potential detection, for applications in material property, metal ion and molecule studies. The mechanisms and optimization methods for each method are discussed and summarized, with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of different techniques and experimental guidance for applications in surface potential-based detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.D.); (J.Y.)
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7
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Chen W, Roca I Cabarrocas P. Rational design of nanowire solar cells: from single nanowire to nanowire arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:194002. [PMID: 30654343 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaff8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we report several rational designs of nanowire-based solar cells from single nanowire to nanowire arrays. Two methods of nanowires fabrication: via 'top-down' and 'bottom-up', and two types of configurations including axial and radial junction are presented for nanowire-based solar cells. To enhance absorption, several photon management schemes are shown in detail, including anti-reflection coating, diffractive grating, and plasmonics. Considering the rational design of nanowire arrays, we summarize a total of seven solar cell structures including axial junctions, radial junctions, substrate interfacial junctions, planar junctions, conductors, junctionless and tandem. Each type is supported by examples which are presented and discussed. Finally, a general comparison between bulk and nanowire solar cell efficiencies is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanghua Chen
- Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, People's Republic of China. LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
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8
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Veerbeek J, Steen R, Vijselaar W, Rurup WF, Korom S, Rozzi A, Corradini R, Segerink L, Huskens J. Selective Functionalization with PNA of Silicon Nanowires on Silicon Oxide Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11395-11404. [PMID: 30179484 PMCID: PMC6158678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowire chips can function as sensors for cancer DNA detection, whereby selective functionalization of the Si sensing areas over the surrounding silicon oxide would prevent loss of analyte and thus increase the sensitivity. The thermal hydrosilylation of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds onto H-terminated Si has been studied here to selectively functionalize the Si nanowires with a monolayer of 1,8-nonadiyne. The silicon oxide areas, however, appeared to be functionalized as well. The selectivity toward the Si-H regions was increased by introducing an extra HF treatment after the 1,8-nonadiyne monolayer formation. This step (partly) removed the monolayer from the silicon oxide regions, whereas the Si-C bonds at the Si areas remained intact. The alkyne headgroups of immobilized 1,8-nonadiyne were functionalized with PNA probes by coupling azido-PNA and thiol-PNA by click chemistry and thiol-yne chemistry, respectively. Although both functionalization routes were successful, hybridization could only be detected on the samples with thiol-PNA. No fluorescence was observed when introducing dye-labeled noncomplementary DNA, which indicates specific DNA hybridization. These results open up the possibilities for creating Si nanowire-based DNA sensors with improved selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Veerbeek
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Steen
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Vijselaar
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - W. Frederik Rurup
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Saša Korom
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Rozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Loes Segerink
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and BIOS Lab on a
Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre and
Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Tran DP, Pham TTT, Wolfrum B, Offenhäusser A, Thierry B. CMOS-Compatible Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor: Technology Development toward Commercialization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E785. [PMID: 29751688 PMCID: PMC5978162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs' promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Phu Tran
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Pham
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
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Ramadan S, Kwa K, King P, O'Neill A. Reliable fabrication of sub-10 nm silicon nanowires by optical lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:425302. [PMID: 27608370 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/42/425302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reliable and controllable fabrication of silicon nanowires is achieved, using mature CMOS technology processes. This will enable a low-cost route to integrating novel nanostructures with CMOS logic. The challenge of process repeatability has been overcome by careful study of material properties for processes such as etching and oxidation. By controlling anisotropic wet etching conditions, selection of nitride mask layer properties and sidewall oxidation, a robust process was achieved to realize silicon nanowires with sub 10 nm features. Surface roughness of nanowires was improved by a suitable oxidation step. The influence of process conditions on the shape of the nanowire was studied using TCAD simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ramadan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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11
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Nuzaihan M.N. M, Hashim U, Md Arshad M, Kasjoo S, Rahman S, Ruslinda A, Fathil M, Adzhri R, Shahimin M. Electrical detection of dengue virus (DENV) DNA oligomer using silicon nanowire biosensor with novel molecular gate control. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rani D, Pachauri V, Mueller A, Vu XT, Nguyen TC, Ingebrandt S. On the Use of Scalable NanoISFET Arrays of Silicon with Highly Reproducible Sensor Performance for Biosensor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:84-92. [PMID: 30023473 PMCID: PMC6044623 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a prerequisite to the development of real label-free bioassay applications, a high-throughput top-down nanofabrication process is carried out with a combination of nanoimprint lithography, anisotropic wet-etching, and photolithography methods realizing nanoISFET arrays that are then analyzed for identical sensor characteristics. Here, a newly designed array-based sensor chip exhibits 32 high aspect ratio silicon nanowires (SiNWs) laid out in parallel with 8 unit groups that are connected to a very highly doped, Π-shaped common source and individual drain contacts. Intricately designed contact lines exert equal feed-line resistances and capacitances to homogenize the sensor response as well as to minimize parasitic transport effects and to render easy integration of a fluidic layer on top. The scalable nanofabrication process as outlined in this article casts out a total of 2496 nanowires (NWs) on a 4 inch p-type silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, yielding 78 sensor chips based on nanoISFET arrays. The sensor platform exhibiting high-performance transistor characteristics in buffer solutions is thoroughly characterized using state-of-the-art surface and electrical measurement techniques. Deploying a pH sensor in liquid buffers after high-quality gas-phase silanization, nanoISEFT arrays demonstrate typical pH sensor behavior with sensitivity as high as 43 ± 3 mV·pH-1 and a device-to-device variation of 7% at the wafer scale. Demonstration of a high-density sensor platform with uniform characteristics such as nanoISFET arrays of silicon (Si) in a routine and refined nanofabrication process may serve as an ideal solution deployable for real assay-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Rani
- Department
of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Vivek Pachauri
- Department
of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Achim Mueller
- Department
of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
- Ram
Group DE GmbH, Amerikastrasse
15, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Xuan Thang Vu
- Department
of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
- Ram
Group DE GmbH, Amerikastrasse
15, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | | | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Department
of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
- Ram
Group DE GmbH, Amerikastrasse
15, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
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Chen S, van Nieuwkasteele JW, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. Ion-Step Method for Surface Potential Sensing of Silicon Nanowires. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7890-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Chen
- Department
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jan W. van Nieuwkasteele
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NH Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ameri SK, Singh PK, Sonkusale SR. Three dimensional graphene transistor for ultra-sensitive pH sensing directly in biological media. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:212-7. [PMID: 27506362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, pH sensing directly in biological media using three dimensional liquid gated graphene transistors is presented. The sensor is made of suspended network of graphene coated all around with thin layer of hafnium oxide (HfO2), showing high sensitivity and sensing beyond the Debye-screening limit. The performance of the pH sensor is validated by measuring the pH of isotonic buffered, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) solution, and of blood serum derived from Sprague-Dawley rat. The pH sensor shows high sensitivity of 71 ± 7 mV/pH even in high ionic strength media with molarities as high as 289 ± 1 mM. High sensitivity of this device is owing to suspension of three dimensional graphene in electrolyte which provides all around liquid gating of graphene, leading to higher electrostatic coupling efficiency of electrolyte to the channel and higher gating control of transistor channel by ions in the electrolyte. Coating graphene with hafnium oxide film (HfO2) provides binding sites for hydrogen ions, which results in higher sensitivity and sensing beyond the Debye-screening limit. The 3D graphene transistor offers the possibility of real-time pH measurement in biological media without the need for desaltation or sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideh Kabiri Ameri
- Nano Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Pramod K Singh
- Nano Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sameer R Sonkusale
- Nano Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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15
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Tang J, Yu G, Wang CY, Chang LT, Jiang W, He C, Wang KL. Versatile Fabrication of Self-Aligned Nanoscale Hall Devices Using Nanowire Masks. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3109-3115. [PMID: 27046777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an ingenious method to fabricate self-aligned nanoscale Hall devices using chemically synthesized nanowires as both etching and deposition masks. This versatile method can be extensively used to make nanoribbons out of arbitrary thin films without the need for extremely high alignment accuracy to define the metal contacts. The fabricated nanoribbon width scales with the mask nanowire width (diameter), and it can be easily reduced down to tens of nanometers. The self-aligned metal contacts from the sidewall extend to the top surface of the nanoribbon, and the overlap can be controlled by tuning the deposition recipe. To demonstrate the feasibility, we have fabricated Ta/CoFeB/MgO nanoribbons sputtered on a SiO2/Si substrate with different metal contacts, using synthesized SnO2 nanowires as masks. Anomalous Hall effect measurements have been carried out on the fabricated nanoscale Hall device in order to study the current-induced magnetization switching in the nanoscale heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructure, which has shown distinct switching behaviors from micron-scale devices. The developed method provides a useful fabrication platform to probe the charge and spin transport in the nanoscale regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshi Tang
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chiu-Yen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei City, Taiwan 10607, Republic of China
| | - Li-Te Chang
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wanjun Jiang
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Congli He
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kang L Wang
- Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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16
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AC and Phase Sensing of Nanowires for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27104577 PMCID: PMC4931475 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are label-free sensors that allow real-time measurements. They are economical and pave the road for point-of-care applications but require complex readout and skilled personnel. We propose a new model and technique for sensing nanowire sensors using alternating currents (AC) to capture both magnitude and phase information from the sensor. This approach combines the advantages of complex impedance spectroscopy with the noise reduction performances of lock-in techniques. Experimental results show how modifications of the sensors with different surface chemistries lead to the same direct-current (DC) response but can be discerned using the AC approach.
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17
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Qu J, Hou X, Fan W, Xi G, Diao H, Liu X. Scalable lithography from Natural DNA Patterns via polyacrylamide gel. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17872. [PMID: 26639572 PMCID: PMC4671135 DOI: 10.1038/srep17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile strategy for fabricating scalable stamps has been developed using cross-linked polyacrylamide gel (PAMG) that controllably and precisely shrinks and swells with water content. Aligned patterns of natural DNA molecules were prepared by evaporative self-assembly on a PMMA substrate, and were transferred to unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) to form a negative replica. The negative was used to pattern the linear structures onto the surface of water-swollen PAMG, and the pattern sizes on the PAMG stamp were customized by adjusting the water content of the PAMG. As a result, consistent reproduction of DNA patterns could be achieved with feature sizes that can be controlled over the range of 40%–200% of the original pattern dimensions. This methodology is novel and may pave a new avenue for manufacturing stamp-based functional nanostructures in a simple and cost-effective manner on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- JieHao Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - XianLiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - WanChao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - GuangHui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - HongYan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - XiangDon Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
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18
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Guo Z, Li H, Zhou L, Zhao D, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Li C, Yao J. Large-scale horizontally aligned ZnO microrod arrays with controlled orientation, periodic distribution as building blocks for chip-in piezo-phototronic LEDs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:438-445. [PMID: 25223456 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of fabricating large-scale horizontally aligned ZnO microrod arrays with controlled orientation and periodic distribution via combing technology is introduced. Horizontally aligned ZnO microrod arrays with uniform orientation and periodic distribution can be realized based on the conventional bottom-up method prepared vertically aligned ZnO microrod matrix via the combing method. When the combing parameters are changed, the orientation of horizontally aligned ZnO microrod arrays can be adjusted (θ = 90° or 45°) in a plane and a misalignment angle of the microrods (0.3° to 2.3°) with low-growth density can be obtained. To explore the potential applications based on the vertically and horizontally aligned ZnO microrods on p-GaN layer, piezo-phototronic devices such as heterojunction LEDs are built. Electroluminescence (EL) emission patterns can be adjusted for the vertically and horizontally aligned ZnO microrods/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs by applying forward bias. Moreover, the emission color from UV-blue to yellow-green can be tuned by investigating the piezoelectric properties of the materials. The EL emission mechanisms of the LEDs are discussed in terms of band diagrams of the heterojunctions and carrier recombination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88-Keling Road, Suzhou New District, 215163, PR China
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19
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Tran DP, Wolfrum B, Stockmann R, Pai JH, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Offenhäusser A, Thierry B. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible silicon nanowires-on-a-chip: fabrication and preclinical validation for the detection of a cancer prognostic protein marker in serum. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1662-8. [PMID: 25531273 DOI: 10.1021/ac503374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An integrated translational biosensing technology based on arrays of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW FETs) is described and has been preclinically validated for the ultrasensitive detection of the cancer biomarker ALCAM in serum. High-quality SiNW arrays have been rationally designed toward their implementation as molecular biosensors. The FET sensing platform has been fabricated using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible process. Reliable and reproducible electrical performance has been demonstrated via electrical characterization using a custom-designed portable readout device. Using this platform, the cancer prognostic marker ALCAM could be detected in serum with a detection limit of 15.5 pg/mL. Importantly, the detection could be completed in less than 30 min and span a wide dynamic detection range (∼10(5)). The SiNW-on-a-chip biosensing technology paves the way to the translational clinical application of FET in the detection of cancer protein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy P Tran
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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20
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Mehdizadeh E, Rahafrooz A, Pourkamali S. Self-controlled fabrication of single-crystalline silicon nanobeams using conventional micromachining. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:315303. [PMID: 25036338 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/31/315303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a low-cost top-down approach to the nano-precision fabrication of nanobeams on single-crystalline silicon using only conventional micromachining technology. The fabrication technique takes advantage of the crystalline structure of silicon for controllable feature size reduction of nanobeams with atomically smooth surfaces and sharp edges. Applying a deliberate rotational misalignment in a 2 μm resolution standard lithography process, followed by anisotropic wet etching of the silicon, nanobeams with well uniform widths as small as ∼85 nm are fabricated on thin SOI substrates. As a proof of concept for the incorporation of such nanobeams within electromechancial structures, we successfully demonstrate thermally actuated resonators that show very high frequencies (close to 50 MHz).
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21
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Fisher E, Boenink M, van der Burg S, Woodbury N. Responsible healthcare innovation: anticipatory governance of nanodiagnostics for theranostics medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:857-70. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Gong T, Zhao K, Wang W, Chen H, Wang L, Zhou S. Thermally activated reversible shape switch of polymer particles. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6855-6866. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shape-switchable micrometer-sized particles have the ability to reversibly switch their shapes between 43 and 0 °C via a two-way shape memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
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23
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De A, van Nieuwkasteele J, Carlen ET, van den Berg A. Integrated label-free silicon nanowire sensor arrays for (bio)chemical analysis. Analyst 2013; 138:3221-9. [PMID: 23608895 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36586g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a label-free (bio)chemical analysis platform that uses all-electrical silicon nanowire sensor arrays integrated with a small volume microfluidic flow-cell for real-time (bio)chemical analysis and detection. The integrated sensing platform contains an automated multi-sample injection system that eliminates erroneous sensor responses from sample switching due to flow rate fluctuations and provides precise sample volumes down to 10 nl. Biochemical sensing is demonstrated with real-time 15-mer DNA-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) duplex hybridization measurements from different sample concentrations in a low ionic strength, and the equilibrium dissociation constant KD ≈ 140 nM has been extracted from the experimental data using the first order Langmuir binding model. Chemical sensing is demonstrated with pH measurements from different injected samples in flow that have sensitivities consistent with the gate-oxide materials. A differential sensor measurement configuration results in a 30× reduction in sensor drift. The integrated label-free analysis platform is suitable for a wide range of small volume chemical and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita De
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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24
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Fu W, Nef C, Tarasov A, Wipf M, Stoop R, Knopfmacher O, Weiss M, Calame M, Schönenberger C. High mobility graphene ion-sensitive field-effect transistors by noncovalent functionalization. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12104-12110. [PMID: 24142362 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent functionalization is a well-known nondestructive process for property engineering of carbon nanostructures, including carbon nanotubes and graphene. However, it is not clear to what extend the extraordinary electrical properties of these carbon materials can be preserved during the process. Here, we demonstrated that noncovalent functionalization can indeed delivery graphene field-effect transistors (FET) with fully preserved mobility. In addition, these high-mobility graphene transistors can serve as a promising platform for biochemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Yu X, Wang Y, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li T, Wang Y. Top-down fabricated silicon-nanowire-based field-effect transistor device on a (111) silicon wafer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:525-530. [PMID: 23143874 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The unique anisotropic wet-etching mechanism of a (111) silicon wafer facilitates the highly controllable top-down fabrication of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with conventional microfabrication technology. The fabrication process is compatible with the surface manufacturing technique, which is employed to build a nanowire-based field-effect transistor structure on the fabricated SiNW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology & Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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26
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Dorvel BR, Reddy B, Go J, Guevara CD, Salm E, Alam MA, Bashir R. Silicon nanowires with high-k hafnium oxide dielectrics for sensitive detection of small nucleic acid oligomers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6150-64. [PMID: 22695179 PMCID: PMC3412126 DOI: 10.1021/nn301495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiosensors based on silicon nanowire field effect transistors offer advantages of low cost, label-free detection, and potential for massive parallelization. As a result, these sensors have often been suggested as an attractive option for applications in point-of-care (POC) medical diagnostics. Unfortunately, a number of performance issues, such as gate leakage and current instability due to fluid contact, have prevented widespread adoption of the technology for routine use. High-k dielectrics, such as hafnium oxide (HfO(2)), have the known ability to address these challenges by passivating the exposed surfaces against destabilizing concerns of ion transport. With these fundamental stability issues addressed, a promising target for POC diagnostics and SiNWFETs has been small oligonucleotides, more specifically, microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNAs are small RNA oligonucleotides which bind to mRNAs, causing translational repression of proteins, gene silencing, and expressions are typically altered in several forms of cancer. In this paper, we describe a process for fabricating stable HfO(2) dielectric-based silicon nanowires for biosensing applications. Here we demonstrate sensing of single-stranded DNA analogues to their microRNA cousins using miR-10b and miR-21 as templates, both known to be upregulated in breast cancer. We characterize the effect of surface functionalization on device performance using the miR-10b DNA analogue as the target sequence and different molecular weight poly-l-lysine as the functionalization layer. By optimizing the surface functionalization and fabrication protocol, we were able to achieve <100 fM detection levels of the miR-10b DNA analogue, with a theoretical limit of detection of 1 fM. Moreover, the noncomplementary DNA target strand, based on miR-21, showed very little response, indicating a highly sensitive and highly selective biosensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Dorvel
- Department of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Bobby Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Jonghyun Go
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 47906
| | - Carlos Duarte Guevara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Eric Salm
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Muhammad Ashraful Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 47906
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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27
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Hakim MMA, Lombardini M, Sun K, Giustiniano F, Roach PL, Davies DE, Howarth PH, de Planque MRR, Morgan H, Ashburn P. Thin film polycrystalline silicon nanowire biosensors. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:1868-1872. [PMID: 22432636 DOI: 10.1021/nl2042276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polysilicon nanowire biosensors have been fabricated using a top-down process and were used to determine the binding constant of two inflammatory biomarkers. A very low cost nanofabrication process was developed, based on simple and mature photolithography, thin film technology, and plasma etching, enabling an easy route to mass manufacture. Antibody-functionalized nanowire sensors were used to detect the proteins interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) over a wide range of concentrations, demonstrating excellent sensitivity and selectivity, exemplified by a detection sensitivity of 10 fM in the presence of a 100,000-fold excess of a nontarget protein. Nanowire titration curves gave antibody-antigen dissociation constants in good agreement with low-salt enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). This fabrication process produces high-quality nanowires that are suitable for low-cost mass production, providing a realistic route to the realization of disposable nanoelectronic point-of-care (PoC) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M A Hakim
- School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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28
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Dimitrakopoulou M, Gorantla S, Thomas J, Gemming T, Cuniberti G, Büchner B, Rümmeli MH. Understanding the growth of amorphous SiO2 nanofibers and crystalline binary nanoparticles produced by laser ablation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:035601. [PMID: 22173480 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/3/035601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pulsed-laser evaporation synthesis of silica nanofibers and crystalline binary nanoparticles is investigated in detail. By careful adjustment of the synthesis parameters one can tailor the product to form high yield nanofibers or binary nanoparticles. Some control on their diameters is also possible through the synthesis parameters. Oxidation of the nanofibers occurs upon exposure to air after the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitrakopoulou
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Rectangular Polysilicon Nanowires by Top-Down Lithography, Dry Etch and Metal-Induced Lateral Crystallization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1149/2.011203esl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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van den Brink FTG, Gool E, Frimat JP, Bomer J, van den Berg A, Le Gac S. Parallel single-cell analysis microfluidic platform. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3094-100. [PMID: 22025223 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a PDMS microfluidic platform for parallel single-cell analysis (PaSCAl) as a powerful tool to decipher the heterogeneity found in cell populations. Cells are trapped individually in dedicated pockets, and thereafter, a number of invasive or non-invasive analysis schemes are performed. First, we report single-cell trapping in a fast (2-5 min) and reproducible manner with a single-cell capture yield of 85% using two cell lines (P3x63Ag8 and MCF-7), employing a protocol which is scalable and easily amenable to automation. Following this, a mixed population of P3x63Ag8 and MCF-7 cells is stained in situ using the nucleic acid probe (Hoechst) and a phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibody directed at EpCAM present on the surface of the breast cancer cells MCF-7 and absent on the myeloma cells P3x63Ag8 to illustrate the potential of the device to analyze cell population heterogeneity. Next, cells are porated in situ using chemicals in a reversible (digitonin) or irreversible way (lithium dodecyl sulfate). This is visualized by the transportation of fluorescent dyes through the membrane (propidium iodide and calcein). Finally, an electrical protocol is developed for combined cell permeabilization and electroosmotic flow (EOF)-based extraction of the cell content. It is validated here using calcein-loaded cells and visualized through the progressive recovery of calcein in the side channels, indicating successful retrieval of individual cell content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris T G van den Brink
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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31
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Fu W, Nef C, Knopfmacher O, Tarasov A, Weiss M, Calame M, Schönenberger C. Graphene transistors are insensitive to pH changes in solution. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3597-600. [PMID: 21766793 DOI: 10.1021/nl201332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
We observe very small gate-voltage shifts in the transfer characteristic of as-prepared graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) when the pH of the buffer is changed. This observation is in strong contrast to Si-based ion-sensitive FETs. The low gate-shift of a GFET can be further reduced if the graphene surface is covered with a hydrophobic fluorobenzene layer. If a thin Al-oxide layer is applied instead, the opposite happens. This suggests that clean graphene does not sense the chemical potential of protons. A GFET can therefore be used as a reference electrode in an aqueous electrolyte. Our finding sheds light on the large variety of pH-induced gate shifts that have been published for GFETs in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Chen S, Bomer JG, Carlen ET, van den Berg A. Al2O3/silicon nanoISFET with near ideal nernstian response. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2334-41. [PMID: 21526845 DOI: 10.1021/nl200623n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale ISFET (ion sensitive field-effect transistor) pH sensors are presented that produce the well-known sub-nernstian pH-response for silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) surfaces and near ideal nernstian sensitivity for alumina (Al(2)O(3)) surfaces. Titration experiments of SiO(2) surfaces resulted in a varying pH sensitivity ∼20 mV/pH for pH near 2 and >45 mV/pH for pH > 5. Measured pH responses from titrations of thin (15 nm) atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina (Al(2)O(3)) surfaces on the nanoISFETs resulted in near ideal nernstian pH sensitivity of 57.8 ± 1.2 mV/pH (pH range: 2-10; T = 22 °C) and temperature sensitivity of 0.19 mV/pH °C (22 °C ≤ T ≤ 40 °C). A comprehensive analytical model of the nanoISFET sensor, which is based on the combined Gouy-Chapman-Stern and Site-Binding (GCS-SB) model, accompanies the experimental results and an extracted ΔpK ≈ 1.5 from the measured responses further supports the near ideal nernstian pH sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Chen
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Lithographically fabricated nanostructures appear in an increasingly wide range of scientific fields, and electroanalytical chemistry is no exception. This article introduces lithography methods and provides an overview of the new capabilities and electrochemical phenomena that can emerge in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Rassaei
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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34
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Bondi RJ, Lee S, Hwang GS. First-principles study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of oxide-sheathed silicon nanowires. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1713-1723. [PMID: 21366232 DOI: 10.1021/nn102232u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a density functional theory approach, we examine the dielectric function (ε(ω)) optical spectra and electronic structure of various silicon nanowire (SiNW) orientations (<100>, <110>, <111>, and <112>) with amorphous oxide sheaths (-a-SiOx) and compare the results against H-terminated reference SiNWs. We extend the same methods to investigate the effects of surface passivation on <111> SiNW properties using functional group termination (-H, -OH, and -F) and three different thicknesses of oxide sheath passivation. Oxide layer growth is evidenced in the spectra by concomitant appearance of tail oxide character with signatures of increased Si disorder. Suboxide contributions and increased Si disorder from oxidation average out the band structure dispersion observed in the reference SiNWs. Furthermore, we plot average Seraphin coefficients for <111> passivations that clearly distinguish functional group termination from surface oxidation and discuss the suboxide and disorder contributions on the characteristic intersection of these coefficients. The substantial difference in properties observed between <111>-OH and <111>-a-SiOx SiNWs emphasizes the importance of using realistic oxidation models to improve understanding of SiNW properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bondi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Masood MN, Chen S, Carlen ET, van den Berg A. All-(111) surface silicon nanowires: selective functionalization for biosensing applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3422-3428. [PMID: 21090766 DOI: 10.1021/am100922e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the utilization of selective functionalization of carbon-silicon (C-Si) alkyl and alkenyl monolayers covalently linked to all-(111) surface silicon nanowire (Si-NW) biosensors. Terminal amine groups on the functional monolayer surfaces were used for conjugation of biotin n-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The selective functionalization is demonstrated by contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) of 5 nm diameter thiolated Au nanoparticles linked with streptavidin and conjugated to the biotinylated all-(111) surface Si-NWs. Electrical measurements of monolayer passivated Si-NWs show improved device behavior and performance. Furthermore, an analytical model is presented to demonstrate the improvement in detection sensitivity of the alkyl and alkenyl passivated all-(111) Si-NW biosensors compared to conventional nanowire biosensor geometries and silicon dioxide passivation layers as well as interface design and electrical biasing guidelines for depletion-mode sensors.
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36
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Sychugov I, Nakayama Y, Mitsuishi K. Sub-10 nm crystalline silicon nanostructures by electron beam induced deposition lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:285307. [PMID: 20585154 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/28/285307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel top-down approach for the controllable fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures exhibiting quantum effects is described. By decomposing metal-rich precursor gas molecules with an electron beam, a sub-10 nm metal pattern can be formed and subsequently transferred to a semiconductor substrate. In such a way monocrystalline silicon nanodots and nanowires are produced as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. It is also shown how through controlled thermal or chemical oxidation the nanostructure surface can be passivated. By providing direct access to the sub-10 nm size range this method possesses promising potential for application in the quantum dot and nanoelectronics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sychugov
- Quantum Dot Research Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0003, Japan
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