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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Guo N, Ding Y, Feng J, Miao C, Lv Y. Application of SNAP-tag-EGFR cell membrane chromatography model in screening antitumor active components of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115816. [PMID: 37976988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The SNAP-tag-epidermal growth factor receptor (SNAP-tag-EGFR) cell membrane chromatography (CMC) model is a powerful tool for investigating ligand-receptor interactions and screening active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Most tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target epidermal growth factor receptors. However, TKIs associated with significant side effects and drug resistance must be addressed immediately. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new TKIs with high efficiency and low toxicity. Because of its low toxicity and side effects, traditional Chinese medicine has been widely employed to treat various diseases, including cancer. Hence, this study aimed to use the SNAP-tag-EGFR/CMC-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) two-dimensional system model as the research tool to screen and identify potential EGFR antagonists from the Chinese medicine Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. The applicability of the system was verified using the positive control drug osimertinib. Four potential EGFR antagonists were screened from the Chinese medicine Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.. They were identified as silydianin, silychristin, silybin, and isosilybin. Additionally, their pharmacological activity was preliminarily verified using a CCK-8 assay. The kinetic parameters of the four active ingredients interacting with EGFR and their binding modes with EGFR were analyzed using nonlinear chromatography (NLC) and molecular docking. This study identified silydianin, silychristin, silybin, and isosilybin from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and verified their potential antitumor effects on EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Na Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Yifan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Jingting Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Chenyang Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an 710115, China.
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Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Kunert O, Thumann T, Moissl-Eichinger C, Bauer R. Characterization of metabolites from milk thistle flavonolignans generated by human fecal microbiota. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113834. [PMID: 37648045 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a mixture of diastereomeric and regioisomeric flavonolignans from milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) fruits, is known to possess a panel of pharmacological activities. However, due to low water solubility and extensive phase II metabolism, the oral bioavailability of the flavonolignans is limited. Since their interaction with gut microbiome is likely due to their predominantly fecal excretion route, the biotransformation of milk thistle flavonolignans by gut microorganisms was studied. A 1:1 mixture of the two main silymarin flavonolignans silybins A and B was incubated in human fecal suspension from one donor for 24 h under anoxic conditions. Purification of the incubate allowed to isolate and structurally elucidate the two main metabolites as (2R, 3R)-2-{4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-(1R)-1-hydroxymethyl-ethoxy]-3-hydroxy-phenyl}-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chroman-4-one (a product of demethylation and dioxane ring cleavage) and demethylsilybin B. Furthermore, silymarin was incubated with human fecal suspension, and its biotransformation was monitored by means of LC-HRMS metabolite profiling. Apart from the two isolated and structurally elucidated metabolites, several types of biotransformation products could be annotated, including demethylation products, reduction/ring cleavage products, products of demethylation plus reduction/ring cleavage, as well as several low molecular weight aromatic metabolites. The potential pharmacological activities of these gut microbial metabolites deserve closer examination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed- Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Olaf Kunert
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Timo Thumann
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Medical University Graz, Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6 (MC1.B.)/III, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed- Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed- Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Aboras SI, Korany MA, El-Yazbi AF, Ragab MAA, Abdine HH. In-depth investigation of the Silymarin effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir, GS-331007 and ledipasvir in rat plasma using LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5427. [PMID: 35708053 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of complementary medicine (CMD) for liver support in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients sometimes coincides with the administration of oral antiviral drugs to eradicate the virus. This calls for a deep investigation of CMD effects on the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs to ensure their safety and efficacy. Silymarin (SLY), as a CMD, was selected to be given orally to healthy male rats with sofosbuvir (SFB) and ledipasvir (LED), a common regimen in HCV treatment. A new and sensitive LC-MS method was validated for the bioassay of SLY, LED, SFB and its inactive metabolite, GS-331007, in spiked plasma with lower limits of quantitation of 10, 1, 4 and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Moreover, the method was further applied to conduct a full pharmacokinetic profile of SFB, GS-331007 and ledipasvir with and without SLY. It was found that co-administration of SLY may expose the patient to unplanned high serum concentrations of SFB and LED. This could be accompanied by a decrease in SFB efficacy, potentially leading to therapeutic failure and the emergence of viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Korany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, AlAlamein International University, AlAlamein, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba H Abdine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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Naik B, Mattaparthi VSK, Gupta N, Ojha R, Das P, Singh S, Prajapati VK, Prusty D. Chemical system biology approach to identify multi-targeting FDA inhibitors for treating COVID-19 and associated health complications. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9543-9567. [PMID: 34062110 PMCID: PMC8171008 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1931451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In view of many European countries and the USA leading to the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, winter season, the evolution of new mutations in the spike protein, and no registered drugs and vaccines for COVID-19 treatment, the discovery of effective and novel therapeutic agents is urgently required. The degrees and frequencies of COVID-19 clinical complications are related to uncontrolled immune responses, secondary bacterial infections, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and chronic pulmonary diseases. It is essential to recognize that the drug repurposing strategy so far remains the only means to manage the disease burden of COVID-19. Despite some success of using single-target drugs in treating the disease, it is beyond suspicion that the virus will acquire drug resistance by acquiring mutations in the drug target. The possible synergistic inhibition of drug efficacy due to drug-drug interaction cannot be avoided while treating COVID-19 and allied clinical complications. Hence, to avoid the unintended development drug resistance and loss of efficacy due to drug-drug interaction, multi-target drugs can be promising tools for the most challenging disease. In the present work, we have carried out molecular docking studies of compounds from the FDA approved drug library, and the FDA approved and passed phase -1 drug libraries with ten therapeutic targets of COVID-19. Results showed that known drugs, including nine anti-inflammatory compounds, four antibiotics, six antidiabetic compounds, and one cardioprotective compound, could effectively inhibit multiple therapeutic targets of COVID-19. Further in-vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies will guide these drugs' proper allocation to treat COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Naik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | | | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rupal Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Pundarikaksha Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Dhaneswar Prusty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, Gabr AM. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mahran E, Keusgen M, Morlock GE. New planar assay for streamlined detection and quantification of β-glucuronidase inhibitors applied to botanical extracts. Anal Chim Acta X 2020; 4:100039. [PMID: 33117985 PMCID: PMC7587031 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the β-glucuronidase released from gut bacteria is associated with specific health-related benefits. Though a number of β-glucuronidase inhibition assays are currently in use, none of them can directly measure the relevant activity of each single constituent in a complex mixture, without prior separation and tedious isolation of the pure compounds. Thus, the hyphenation of the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique with a β-glucuronidase inhibition assay was investigated and successfully demonstrated for the first time. A colorimetric as well as fluorometric detection of the inhibitors was achieved using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide as a substrate. Hence, β-glucuronidase inhibitors were detected as bright zones against an indigo blue or fluorescent background. The established method was optimized and validated employing the well-known inhibitor d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone monohydrate. As proof of concept, the suitability of the new workflow was verified through analysis of two botanical extracts, Primula boveana and silymarin flavonolignans from Silybum marianum fruits. The found inhibitors were identified by spectroscopic methods; one of them, 3ʹ-O-(β-galactopyranosyl)-flavone, is here described as a newly isolated natural compound. The new hyphenation HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-β-glucuronidase inhibition assay-HRMS covers four orthogonal dimensions, i.e. separation, spectral detection, biochemical activity and structural characterization, in a highly targeted time- and material-saving workflow for analysis of complex or costly mixtures. Coupling of HPTLC to the β-glucuronidase inhibition assay is demonstrated. Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of the inhibition was given. A new β-glucuronidase inhibiting flavonoid in P. boveana was elucidated. HPTLC-HRMS analysis of other β-glucuronidase inhibitors is shown for silymarin. Analysis of rare plants (low extract amount) is possible with the new planar assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mahran
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11371, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Mohammadi Arvanag F, Bayrami A, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Rahim Pouran S. A comprehensive study on antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Silybum marianum L seed extract. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:397-405. [PMID: 30678925 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using the plants' extract and their potential application have driven a tremendous interest in recent years. This study reports a green microwave-assisted method for synthesis of ZnO NPs using Silybum marianum L. seed extract. Characteristics of the as-prepared sample was explored in terms of crystalline phase, morphology, composition, surface area, optical, and thermal properties. The particles of the biosynthesized sample (ZnO/extract) had smaller sizes than the chemically produced one (ZnO). The existence of biomolecules from Silybum marianum L seed extract linked to the ZnO/extract sample was approved by various analyses. The ZnO/extract sample was used for treating alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its efficiency was compared with ZnO, extract, and insulin treatments. For this purpose, the levels of blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein were measured before and after treating with the studied treatment agents and compared with each other. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of both ZnO samples were investigated against E. coli to assess their potential antibacterial application. From the results, ZnO/extract NPs represented an outstanding performance in overcoming the diabetic disorders and good antibacterial activity against the studied bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Mohammadi Arvanag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shima Rahim Pouran
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Song Y, Wei XQ, Li MY, Duan XW, Sun YM, Yang RL, Su XD, Huang RM, Wang H. Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of the Fruits of a Chinese Wild Passiflora foetida. Molecules 2018; 23:E459. [PMID: 29463053 PMCID: PMC6017921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the main nutrients and their antioxidant properties of a Chinese wild edible fruit, Passiflora foetida, collected from the ecoregion of Hainan province, China. The analytical results revealed that P. foetida fruits were rich in amino acids (1097 mg/100 g in total), minerals (595.75 mg/100 g in total), and unsaturated fatty acids (74.18 g/100 g in total fat). The lyophilized powder of edible portion contained the higher polyphenols content than the inedible portion powder. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE analysis of the extractable and non-extractable phenolics indicated the presence of 65 compounds including 39 free phenolics, 14 insoluble-glycoside-phenolics, and 22 insoluble-ester-phenolics. In addition, the non-extractable phenolics obtained by alkali hydrolysis showed significant antioxidant activities by/through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. These findings of P. foetida fruits, for the first time, suggest that these polyphenol-rich fruits may have potential nutraceutical efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiao-Qun Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Mei-Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xue-Wu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rui-Li Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Su
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Ri-Ming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Lv Y, Gao S, Xu S, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn]. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:995-1004. [PMID: 28990236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a collection of compounds extracted from the medicinal herb milk thistle, among which silybin is the major flavonolignan. However, the biosynthesis pathway of silybin remains unclear. In this study, biomimetic reactions demonstrated that silybin can be synthesized from coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin by the action of peroxidase. The concentration profiles of silybin and its precursors and RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression revealed that the amount of taxifolin and the activity of peroxidase serve as the limiting factors in silybin biosynthesis. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profile of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway distinguished flowers from other organs. RNA-Seq revealed five candidates for the peroxidase involved in silybin production, among which APX1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1) showed a distinct peroxidase activity and the capacity to synthesize silybin. The spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle was elucidated, which could help our understanding of the biosynthesis of silybin and other flavonolignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Chambers CS, Holečková V, Petrásková L, Biedermann D, Valentová K, Buchta M, Křen V. The silymarin composition… and why does it matter??? Food Res Int 2017; 100:339-353. [PMID: 28964357 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)), known as silymarin, contains a variety of flavonolignans and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties. As silybin is the main component of silymarin, the literature mainly focuses on this compound, ignoring all other components. This leads to problems in reproducibility of scientific results, as the exact composition of silymarin is often unknown and can vary to a certain degree depending on the processing, chemo-variety of the plant used and climatic conditions during the plant growth. There are studies dealing with the analytical separation and quantification of silymarin components as well as studies focused on silymarin content in clinically used drugs, in various plant parts, seasons, geographic locations etc. However, no comparison of detail flavonolignan profiles in various silymarin preparations is available to date. Also, as a result of the focus on the flavonolignans; the oil fraction, which contains linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, sterols, tocopherol (vitamin E) and phospholipids, has been neglected. Due to all these factors, the whole plant is used e.g. as animal feed, the leaves can be eaten in salads and seed oil, besides culinary uses, can be also utilized for biodiesel or polymer production. Various HPLC separation techniques for the determination of the content of the flavonolignans have been vastly summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Steven Chambers
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holečková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Buchta
- Stolařská 601/4, CZ74714 Ludgeřovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lee J, Hwang IH, Jang TS, Na M. Isolation and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds inAcer tegmentosumby High Performance Liquid Chromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JungIn Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - In Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX 75235 USA
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
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12
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Lu YY, Cheng HX, Wang X, Wang XW, Liu JY, Li P, Lou YQ, Li J, Lu C, Zhang GL. Identification of cytochrome P450s involved in the metabolism of 6-benzyl-1-benzyloxymethyl-5-iodouracil (W-1) using human recombinant enzymes and rat liver microsomes in vitro. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:667-672. [PMID: 27910729 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1217365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to identify the hepatic metabolic enzymes, which involved in the biotransformation of 6-benzyl-1-benzyloxymethyl-5-iodouracil (W-1), a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in rat and human in vitro. 2. The parent drug of W-1 was incubated with rat liver microsomes (RLMs) or recombinant CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, respectively) in the presence or absence of nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-regenerating system. The metabolites of W-1 were analyzed with liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS). 3. The parent drug of W-1 was metabolized in a NADPH-dependent manner in RLMs. The kinetic parameters of prototype W-1 including Km, Vmax, and CLint were 2.3 μM, 3.3 nmol/min/mg protein, and 1.4 mL/min/mg protein, respectively. Two metabolites M1 and M2 were observed in shorter retention times (2.988 and 3.188 min) with a higher molecular ion at m/z 463.0160 (both M1 and M2) than that of the W-1 parent drug (6.158 min with m/z 447.0218). The CYP selective inhibition and recombinant enzymes also showed that two hydroxyl metabolites M1 and M2 are mainly mediated by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. 4. The identification of CYPs involved in W-1 biotransformation is important to understand and minimize, if possible, the potential of drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yuan Lu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hai-Xu Cheng
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- b Department of Chemical Biology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- b Department of Chemical Biology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Pu Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ya-Qing Lou
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jun Li
- c State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China , and
| | - Chuang Lu
- d Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
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The Applications and Features of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3837270. [PMID: 27956918 PMCID: PMC5121459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3837270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With increasingly improved separation of complex samples and detection of unknown material capabilities, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research. This article describes the principles of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) and their advantages and disadvantages in qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCM. We retrieved research literatures about the application of LC-MS in TCM published during the past five years at home and abroad. To better guide the analysis of TCM, this review mainly focuses on the applications category of LC-MS, how often different kinds of LC-MS are used, and the qualitative and quantitative ability of various LC-MS in the study of TCM.
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Csupor D, Csorba A, Hohmann J. Recent advances in the analysis of flavonolignans of Silybum marianum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:301-317. [PMID: 27321822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Asteraceae) have been recognized for centuries as remedies for liver and gallbladder disorders. The active constituents of milk thistle fruits are flavonolignans, collectively known as silymarin. Flavonolignans in S. marianum are structurally diverse, 23 constituents have been isolated from purple- and white-flowering variants. Flavonolignans have a broad spectrum of bioactivities and silymarin has been the subject of intensive research for its profound pharmacological activities. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds, commercialized in standardized form, and widely used in drugs and dietary supplements. The thorough analysis of silymarin, its constituents and silymarin-containing products has a key role in the quality control of milk thistle-based products. Due to the low concentration of analytes, especially pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies require more and more selective and sensitive, advanced techniques. The objective of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in the chemical analysis of S. marianum extracts, including the chemical composition, isolation and identification of flavonolignans, sample preparation, and methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various analytical approaches have been surveyed, and their respective advantages and limits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Csorba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Cheilari A, Sturm S, Intelmann D, Seger C, Stuppner H. Head-to-Head Comparison of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection versus Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Quantitative Analysis of the Silymarin Complex in Silybum marianum Fruit Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1618-26. [PMID: 26806429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy is known as an excellent alternative to chromatography-based mixture analysis. NMR spectroscopy is a non-destructive method, needs only limited sample preparation, and can be readily automated. A head-to-head comparison of qNMR to an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (uHPLC-DAD)-based quantitative analysis of six flavonolignan congeners (silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B) of the Silybum marianum silymarin complex is presented. Both assays showed similar performance characteristics (linear range, accuracy, precision, and limits of quantitation) with analysis times below 30 min/sample. The assays were applied to industrial S. marianum extracts (AC samples) and to extracts locally prepared from S. marianum fruits (PL samples). An assay comparison by Bland-Altman plots (relative method bias AC samples, -0.1%; 2SD range, ±5.1%; relative method bias PL samples, -0.3%; 2SD range, ±7.8%) and Passing-Bablok regression analysis (slope and intercept for AC and PL samples not significantly different from 1.00 and 0.00, respectively; Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation, >0.99) did show that qNMR and uHPLC-DAD can be used interchangeably to quantitate flavonolignans in the silymarin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Cheilari
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lin S, Ye J, Liang X, Zhang X, Su J, Fu P, Lv DY, Shan L, Shen YH, Li HL, Yang XW, Zhang WD. Mass spectrometric profiling of valepotriates possessing various acyloxy groups from Valeriana jatamansi. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1294-1304. [PMID: 26505775 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Valepotriates, plant secondary metabolites of the family Valerianaceae, contain various acyloxy group linkages to the valepotriate nucleus and exhibit significant biological activities. Identification of valepotriates is important to uncover potential lead compounds for the development of new sedative and antitumor drugs. However, making their structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments is too difficult to be realized because of the overlapped carbonyl carbon signals of acyloxy groups substituted at different positions. Thus, the mass spectrometric profiling of these compounds in positive ion mode was developed to unveil the exact linkage of acyloxy group and the core of valepotriate. In this study, electrospray ionization tandem multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS(n)) in ion trap and collision-induced dissociation tandem MS were used to investigate the fragmentation pathways of four types of valepotriates in Valeriana jatamansi, including 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrovaltrate hydrin (5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrovaltrate chlorohydrin), 5,6-dihydrovaltrate hydrin (5,6-dihydrovaltrate chlorohydrin), 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrovaltrate and valtrate hydrin (valtrate chlorohydrin). The high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS) data of all the investigated valepotriates from quadrupole time-of-flight MS/MS were used as a supportive of the fragmentation rules we hypothesized from ion-trap stepwise MS(n). As a result, the loss sequence of acyloxy groups and the abundance of key product ions, in combination with the characteristic product ions corresponding to the valepotriate nucleus, could readily differentiate the four different types of valepotriates. The summarized fragmentation rules were also successfully exploited for the structural characterization of three new trace valepotriates from V. jatamansi. The results indicated that the developed analytical method could be employed as a rapid, effective technique for structural characterization of valepotriates, especially for the trace compounds that could not be identified by NMR techniques. This study may also arouse interest for further structural analysis of other valepotriate-containing type herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Liang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Di-Ya Lv
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yun-Heng Shen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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17
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Seeff LB, Bonkovsky HL, Navarro VJ, Wang G. Herbal products and the liver: a review of adverse effects and mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:517-532.e3. [PMID: 25500423 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal products have been used for centuries among indigenous people to treat symptoms and illnesses. Recently, their use in Western countries has grown significantly, rivaling that of prescription medications. Currently, herbal products are used mainly for weight loss and bodybuilding purposes but also to improve well-being and symptoms of chronic diseases. Many people believe that because they are natural, they must be effective and safe; however, these beliefs are erroneous. Few herbal products have been studied in well-designed controlled trials of patients with liver or other diseases, despite testimony to the contrary. Moreover, current highly effective antiviral drugs make efforts to treat hepatitis C with herbal products redundant. Herbal products are no safer than conventional drugs and have caused liver injury severe enough to require transplantation or cause death. Furthermore, their efficacy, safety, and claims are not assessed by regulatory agencies, and there is uncertainty about their reported and unreported contents. We review the history of commonly used herbal products, as well as their purported efficacies and mechanisms and their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Liver Digestive & Metabolic Disorders Laboratory, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Victor J Navarro
- Jefferson Medical College, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guqi Wang
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
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18
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Soltani N, Tavakkoli N, Khayat Kashani M, Mosavizadeh A, Oguzie E, Jalali M. Silybum marianum extract as a natural source inhibitor for 304 stainless steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Cho BO, So Y, Jin CH, Nam BM, Yee ST, Jeong IY. 3-deoxysilybin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2051-8. [PMID: 25105683 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.948377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3-deoxysilybin (3-DS), also known as (-)-isosilandrin A, is a natural flavonoid of Silybum marianum. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms of 3-DS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. 3-DS dose-dependently inhibited the production of NO and the expression of iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. 3-DS also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, 3-DS decreased the NF-κB DNA binding activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 3-DS suppressed NF-κB activation by inhibiting the degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Taken together, the present study suggests for the first time that 3-DS may exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- a Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
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20
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Nagy L, Kuki Á, Nagy T, Mándi A, Deák G, Nagy M, Batta G, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Collision-induced dissociation study of isosilychristin, a constituent of silymarin. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1413-1416. [PMID: 23681821 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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21
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Napolitano JG, Lankin DC, Graf TN, Friesen JB, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Oberlies NH, Pauli GF. HiFSA fingerprinting applied to isomers with near-identical NMR spectra: the silybin/isosilybin case. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2827-39. [PMID: 23461697 PMCID: PMC3640553 DOI: 10.1021/jo302720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how regio- and diastereo-isomers with near-identical NMR spectra can be distinguished and unambiguously assigned using quantum mechanical driven (1)H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA). The method is illustrated with four natural products, the flavonolignans silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, which exhibit extremely similar coupling patterns and chemical shift differences well below the commonly reported level of accuracy of 0.01 ppm. The HiFSA approach generated highly reproducible (1)H NMR fingerprints that enable distinction of all four isomers at (1)H frequencies from 300 to 900 MHz. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the underlying numeric (1)H NMR profiles, combined with iterative computational analysis, allow parallel quantification of all four isomers, even in difficult to characterize reference materials and mixtures. The results shed new light on the historical challenges to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these therapeutically relevant flavonolignans and open new opportunities to explore hidden diversity in the chemical space of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - J. Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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Okazaki Y, Kamide Y, Hirai MY, Saito K. Plant lipidomics based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2013; 9:121-131. [PMID: 23463370 PMCID: PMC3580141 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-011-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a wide range of hydrophobic compounds, generally known as lipids. Here, we report an application of liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) for plant lipidomics. Using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for class separation, typical membrane lipids including glycerolipids, steryl glucosides and glucosylceramides, and hydrophobic plant secondary metabolites such as saponins were analyzed simultaneously. By this method, we annotated approximately 100 molecules from Arabidopsis thaliana. To demonstrate the application of this method to biological study, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutant trigalactosyldiacylglycerol3 (tgd3), which has a complex metabolic phenotype including the accumulation of unusual forms of galactolipids. Lipid profiling by LC-MS revealed that tgd3 accumulated an unusual form of digalactosyldiacylglycerol, annotated as Gal(β1 → 6)βGalDG. The compositional difference between normal and unusual forms of digalactosyldiacylglycerol was detected by this method. In addition, we analyzed well-known Arabidopsis mutants ats1-1, fad6-1, and fad7-2, which are also disrupted in lipid metabolic genes. Untargeted lipidome analysis coupled with multivariate analysis clearly discriminated the mutants and their distinctive metabolites. These results indicated that HILIC-MS is an efficient method for plant lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukiko Kamide
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
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Wu H, Guo J, Chen S, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Xu X. Recent developments in qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:267-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Calani L, Brighenti F, Bruni R, Del Rio D. Absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavanolignans in humans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:40-6. [PMID: 23072776 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavonolignans silychristin, silydianin, silybin and isosilybin isomers (all together known as silymarin) in humans. Fourteen volunteers consumed an extract of milk thistle and urine was collected up to 48 h after consumption. Thirty-one metabolites were identified in urine by means of HPLC-MS/MS, monoglucuronides being the most common excreted form, followed by sulphate-glucuronides and diglucuronides, respectively. The excretion of monoglucuronides peaked 2 h after consumption, whereas sulphate-glucuronide and diglucuronide excretion peaked at 8 h. The bioavailability of milk thistle flavanolignans was 0.45±0.28% (mean±SD). In conclusion, milk thistle flavonolignans are extensively modified after ingestion and recovered in urine as sulpho- and glucuronyl-conjugates, indicating a strong affinity for hepatic phase II enzymes. All future studies (in vitro and in vivo) dealing with the effects of milk thistle should start by considering the modification of its flavonolignans after ingestion by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Calani
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Italy
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25
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Liu ZY. An introduction to hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography applied to drug metabolism studies. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1627-1642. [PMID: 23280752 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism studies play an important role at various stages of drug discovery and development. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become a most powerful and widely used analytical tool for identifying drug metabolites. The suitability of different types of mass spectrometers for metabolite profiling differs widely, and therefore, the data quality and reliability of the results also depend on which instrumentation is used. As one of the latest LC/MS instrumentation designs, hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight MS coupled with LC (LC-IT-TOF-MS) has successfully integrated ease of operation, compatibility with LC flow rates and data-dependent MS(n) with high mass accuracy and mass resolving power. The MS(n) and accurate mass capabilities are routinely utilized to rapidly confirm the identification of expected metabolites or to elucidate the structures of uncommon or unexpected metabolites. These features make the LC-IT-TOF-MS a very powerful analytical tool for metabolite identification. This paper begins with a brief introduction to some basic principles and main properties of a hybrid IT-TOF instrument. Then, a general workflow for metabolite profiling using LC-IT-TOF-MS, starting from sample collection and preparation to final identification of the metabolite structures, is discussed in detail. The data extraction and mining techniques to find and confirm metabolites are discussed and illustrated with some examples. This paper is directed to readers with no prior experience with LC-IT-TOF-MS and will provide a broad understanding of the development and utility of this instrument for drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Das S, Roy P, Islam A, Saha A, Mukherjee A. Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle design and payload prediction: a molecular descriptor based study. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012. [PMID: 23196343 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles are veritable tools for pharmacokinetic and therapeutic modifications of bioactive compounds. Nanoparticle technology development and scaling up are however often constrained due to poor payload and improper particle dissolution. This work was aimed to develop descriptor based computational models as prior art tools for optimal payload in polymeric nanoparticles. Loading optimization experiments were carried out both in vitro and in-silico. Molecular descriptors generated in three different platforms DRAGON, molecular operating environment (MOE) and VolSurf+ were used. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) provided computation models which were further validated based on goodness of fit statistics and correlation coefficients (DRAGON, R(2)=0.889, Q(2)=0.657, R(2)(pred)=0.616; MOE, R(2)=0.826, Q(2)=0.572, R(2)(pred)=0.601; and VolSurf+, R(2)=0.818, Q(2)=0.573, R(2)(pred)=0.653). Pharmacophore space modeling studies were carried out in order to understand the fundamental molecular interactions necessary for drug loading in poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolic acid). The space modeling study (R(2)=0.882, Q(2)=0.662, R(2)(pred)=0.725, Δ(cost)=108.931) indicated that hydrogen bond acceptors and ring aromatic features are of primary significance for nanoparticle drug loading. Results of in vitro experiments have also confirmed the fact as a viable prognosis in case of nanoparticle payload. Polymeric nanoparticles payload prediction can therefore be a useful tool for wider benefits at the preformulation stages itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadra Das
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700009, West Bengal, India
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Hepatoprotective effect of 2,3-dehydrosilybin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Food Chem 2012; 138:107-15. [PMID: 23265463 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury in rats. Administration of DHS significantly attenuated the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and liver lipid peroxidation in CCl(4)-treated rats. Moreover, we showed that DHS prevented DNA damage and decreased the protein levels of γ-H2AX, which is a specific DNA damage marker, in CCl(4)-treated rat livers. DHS also markedly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in CCl(4)-treated rat livers. Furthermore, we found that DHS significantly inhibited the production of serum nitric oxide as well as the levels of serum IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in CCl(4)-treated rats. Additionally, DHS significantly suppressed iNOS expression on the protein levels in CCl(4)-treated rat livers. Collectively, the present study suggests that DHS protects the liver from CCl(4)-induced hepatic damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Geng CA, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Yao SY, Xue DQ, Zhang RP, Chen JJ. Mulberrofuran G and isomulberrofuran G from Morus alba L.: anti-hepatitis B virus activity and mass spectrometric fragmentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8197-202. [PMID: 22835135 DOI: 10.1021/jf302639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mulberrofuran G (1) and isomulberrofuran G (2), a pair of isomeric Diels-Alder-type adducts, were isolated from the root bark of Morus alba L. Isomulberrofuran G (2) as a new IIB-type Diels-Alder-type adduct, was elucidated by extensive (1)H, (13)C, and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectroscopic analyses. A fragmentation study on compounds 1 and 2 was performed by high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) multistage tandem mass spectrometry linked with ion-trap (IT) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzers (ESI-MS(n)/IT-TOF) in negative mode, which resulted in obviously different fragmentations. In the MS(2) experiments, the characteristic ions at m/z 451 and 439 could be revealed as their respective diagnostic ions. Mulberrofuran G (1) showed moderate activity, inhibiting hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication with the IC(50) value of 3.99 μM, according to the anti-HBV assay on the HepG 2.2.15 cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
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Brinda BJ, Zhu HJ, Markowitz JS. A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of the major active components of silymarin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:1-9. [PMID: 22766231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract of crushed achenes of the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum is a multi-constituent mixture, 70-80% of which consists of a complex assortment containing the flavonolignans silybin A and B, isosilybin A and B, silydianin, and silychristin, and the flavonoid taxifolin. To date, numerous pharmacological actions of the silymarin extract have been documented in the biomedical literature, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-fibrotic activities. The present study describes a novel liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for simultaneous analysis of silychristin, silydianin, silybin A and silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, and taxifolin in human plasma employing liquid-liquid extraction. This assay provides excellent resolution of the individual silymarin constituents via utilization of a 100 A 250 mm × 2 mm, 5 μm C(18) column with the mobile phase consisting of 51% methanol, 0.1% formic acid, and 10mM ammonium acetate. The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml for each constituent. Calibration curves were linear over the range from 2 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml for all analytes (r(2)>0.99). The intra- and inter-day accuracies were 91-106.5% and 95.1-111.9%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 10.5%. Additionally, recovery, stability, and matrix effects were fully validated as well. This method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from subjects treated with the milk thistle extract Legalon(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Brinda
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486 , USA
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30
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31
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Chen XF, Wu HT, Tan GG, Zhu ZY, Chai YF. Liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight and ion trap mass spectrometry for qualitative analysis of herbal medicines. J Pharm Anal 2011; 1:235-245. [PMID: 29403704 PMCID: PMC5760787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of herbal medicine (HM) market, the issue on how to apply up-to-date analytical tools on qualitative analysis of HMs to assure their quality, safety and efficacy has been arousing great attention. Due to its inherent characteristics of accurate mass measurements and multiple stages analysis, the integrated strategy of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) is well-suited to be performed as qualitative analysis tool in this field. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the potential of this integrated strategy, including the review of general features of LC-IT-MS and LC-TOF-MS, the advantages of their combination, the common procedures for structure elucidation, the potential of LC-hybrid-IT-TOF/MS and also the summary and discussion of the applications of the integrated strategy for HM qualitative analysis (2006-2011). The advantages and future developments of LC coupled with IT and TOF-MS are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hai-Tang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guang-Guo Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi-Feng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
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Das S, Roy P, Auddy RG, Mukherjee A. Silymarin nanoparticle prevents paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1291-301. [PMID: 21753880 PMCID: PMC3131195 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (Sm) is a polyphenolic component extracted from Silybum marianum. It is an antioxidant, traditionally used as an immunostimulant, hepatoprotectant, and dietary supplement. Relatively recently, Sm has proved to be a valuable chemopreventive and a useful antineoplastic agent. Medical success for Sm is, however, constrained by very low aqueous solubility and associated biopharmaceutical limitations. Sm flavonolignans are also susceptible to ion-catalyzed degradation in the gut. Proven antihepatotoxic activity of Sm cannot therefore be fully exploited in acute chemical poisoning conditions like that in paracetamol overdose. Moreover, a synchronous delivery that is required for hepatic regeneration is difficult to achieve by itself. This work is meant to circumvent the inherent limitations of Sm through the use of nanotechnology. Sm nanoparticles (Smnps) were prepared by nanoprecipitation in polyvinyl alcohol stabilized Eudragit RS100® polymer (Rohm Pharma GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). Process parameter optimization provided 67.39% entrapment efficiency and a Gaussian particle distribution of average size 120.37 nm. Sm release from the nanoparticles was considerably sustained for all formulations. Smnps were strongly protective against hepatic damage when tested in a paracetamol overdose hepatotoxicity model. Nanoparticles recorded no animal death even when administered after an established paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis. Preventing progress of paracetamol hepatic damage was traced for an efficient glutathione regeneration to a level of 11.3 μmol/g in hepatic tissue due to Smnps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadra Das
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Freedman ND, Curto TM, Morishima C, Seeff LB, Goodman ZD, Wright EC, Sinha R, Everhart JE. Silymarin use and liver disease progression in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:127-37. [PMID: 21083592 PMCID: PMC3490214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin is the most commonly used herbal product for chronic liver disease; yet, whether silymarin protects against liver disease progression remains unclear. AIM To assess the effects of silymarin use on subsequent liver disease progression in 1049 patients of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and had failed prior peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. METHODS Patients recorded their use of silymarin at baseline and were followed up for liver disease progression (two point increase in Ishak fibrosis score across baseline, year 1.5, and year 3.5 biopsies) and over 8.65 years for clinical outcomes. RESULTS At baseline, 34% of patients had used silymarin, half of whom were current users. Use of silymarin was associated (P < 0.05) with male gender; oesophageal varices; higher ALT and albumin; and lower AST/ALT ratio, among other features. Baseline users had less hepatic collagen content on study biopsies and had less histological progression (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33-1.00; P-trend for longer duration of use=0.026). No effect was seen for clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin use among patients with advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease is associated with reduced progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, but has no impact on clinical outcomes (Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT00006164).
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Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Freedman
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - T. M. Curto
- New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA
| | - C. Morishima
- Division of Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - L. B. Seeff
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Liver Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Z. D. Goodman
- Division of Hepatic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
| | - E. C. Wright
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - R. Sinha
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - J. E. Everhart
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Belchi-Navarro S, Pedreño MA, Corchete P. Methyl jasmonate increases silymarin production in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaernt cell cultures treated with β-cyclodextrins. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:179-84. [PMID: 20872165 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin (Sm) from the fruit of Silybum marianum is an isomeric mixture of pharmacologically active flavonolignans which are formed by oxidative coupling of taxifolin (Tx) and coniferyl alcohol (CA). Suspension cultures of this plant constitutively secrete small amounts of Sm into the extracellular medium. Production can be increased by inclusion of cyclodextrins (CDs) in cultures. Both hydroxylated (RHCD) and dimethylated (RMCD) CDs strongly induced prompt accumulation of CA in the medium followed by a late production of flavonolignans. Simultaneous addition of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and RMCD to cells did not significantly modify CA release or flavonolignan accumulation. Delayed addition of MJ to cultures subcultivated in medium containing RMCD markedly influenced Sm production by promoting conversion of the previously formed CA precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Belchi-Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Wang K, Zhang H, Shen L, Du Q, Li J. Rapid separation and characterization of active flavonolignans of Silybum marianum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1053-7. [PMID: 20674209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) interfaced with the electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometer (MS(n)) was developed for the simultaneous determination of silychristins A (1) and B (2), silydianin (3), silybins A (4) and B (5), and isosilybins A (6) and B (7), major bioactive flavonolignans in silymarin, a herbal remedy derived from the milk thistle Silybum marianum. In this study, the seven major active flavonolignans including the diastereomers 1/2, 4/5, and 6/7 were completely separated using UPLC with an ACQUITY UPLC C(18) column and a MeOH/water/formic acid mobile phase system. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS(n) spectra of these flavonolignans were studied systematically using ESI-MS. The results with the present methodology show that UPLC-MS(n) can be useful for general screening of active natural products from plant extracts and for the specific quality control of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiwu Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, #149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Liu H, Yuan Q, Li CF, Huang TX. Isolation and purification of silychristin, silydianin and taxifolin in the co-products of the silybin refined process from the silymarin by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A novel rapid method for simultaneous determination of eight active compounds in silymarin using a reversed-phase UPLC-UV detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Herbal medicine analysis by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7582-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hadad GM, Emara S, Abdel-Salam RA. Validated Optimized Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Active Silymarin Components and Dimethyl-4,4′-dimethoxy-5,6,5′,6′-dimethylene Dioxybiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate in a Pharmaceutical Preparation by Use of a Monolithic Silica C18 Column. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bonifaz V, Shan Y, Lambrecht RW, Donohue SE, Moschenross D, Bonkovsky HL. Effects of silymarin on hepatitis C virus and haem oxygenase-1 gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Liver Int 2009; 29:366-73. [PMID: 18694403 PMCID: PMC3418691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global medical problem. The current standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, is prolonged, expensive, has serious side effects and, at best, is only 50% effective. Silymarin (SI) is a natural antioxidant often used by patients with CHC, although its efficacy for decreasing HCV levels or ameliorating CHC remains uncertain. HCV infection is associated with increased hepatic oxidative stress, and one of the antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against this stress is haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1). METHODS We investigated effects of SI on HCV and HO-1 gene expression in Huh-7 cells, CNS3 and 9-13 cells (the latter two stably expressing HCV-proteins). RESULTS Silymarin significantly downregulated HCV core mRNA (by 20%-36%) and protein (by 30%-60%) in CNS3 cells. In contrast, SI did not decrease HCV NS5A mRNA or protein expression in 9-13 cells. HO-1 mRNA was upregulated (60%-400%) by SI in Huh-7, CNS3 and 9-13 cells, whereas BTB and CNC homology 1 and nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 mRNA levels were not affected. The effect of SI to downregulate HCV core was not related to changes in the Janus-activated tyrosine kinases-signal transducer and activators of transcription signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin may be of benefit in CHC, although prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed to be certain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Bonifaz
- Departments of Microbial, Molecular, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ying Shan
- Departments of Microbial, Molecular, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Richard W. Lambrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Susan E. Donohue
- Departments of Microbial, Molecular, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Darcy Moschenross
- Departments of Microbial, Molecular, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- Departments of Microbial, Molecular, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
,The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Ren MT, Chen J, Song Y, Sheng LS, Li P, Qi LW. Identification and quantification of 32 bioactive compounds in Lonicera species by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1351-60. [PMID: 18977626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flos Lonicerae, referred to the flower buds of several medicinal Lonicera species, is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine. A multi-component-assay quality control method, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/TOF MS), has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of 32 bioactive compounds in Flos Lonicerae. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.002-0.089 and 0.006-0.355 microg/ml, respectively. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r(2) > or = 0.99) within the test ranges. The overall intra- and inter-day precisions of analytes were less than 3.47% for peak area and 0.38% for retention time. The recoveries were from 85.4% to 101.6%. The validated method was applied to assay of 32 compounds in 8 medicinal Lonicera species. Furthermore, six unknown chromatographic peaks were tentatively characterized. It was demonstrated that the HPLC-ESI/TOF MS method was suitable for quality control of Lonicera species, owing to the advantages of accurate mass analysis, resolving power, enhanced selectivity and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
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