1
|
Kim HW, Kim DH, Ryu B, Chung YJ, Lee K, Kim YC, Lee JW, Kim DH, Jang W, Cho W, Shim H, Sung SH, Yang TJ, Kang KB. Mass spectrometry-based ginsenoside profiling: Recent applications, limitations, and perspectives. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:149-162. [PMID: 38465223 PMCID: PMC10920005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, the roots of Panax species, is an important medicinal herb used as a tonic. As ginsenosides are key bioactive components of ginseng, holistic chemical profiling of them has provided many insights into understanding ginseng. Mass spectrometry has been a major methodology for profiling, which has been applied to realize numerous goals in ginseng research, such as the discrimination of different species, geographical origins, and ages, and the monitoring of processing and biotransformation. This review summarizes the various applications of ginsenoside profiling in ginseng research over the last three decades that have contributed to expanding our understanding of ginseng. However, we also note that most of the studies overlooked a crucial factor that influences the levels of ginsenosides: genetic variation. To highlight the effects of genetic variation on the chemical contents, we present our results of untargeted and targeted ginsenoside profiling of different genotypes cultivated under identical conditions, in addition to data regarding genome-level genetic diversity. Additionally, we analyze the other limitations of previous studies, such as imperfect variable control, deficient metadata, and lack of additional effort to validate causation. We conclude that the values of ginsenoside profiling studies can be enhanced by overcoming such limitations, as well as by integrating with other -omics techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungha Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Kim
- Future Agriculture Strategy Team, Research Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- Ginseng Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwi Kim
- Ginseng Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojong Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyeon Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonah Shim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mattoli L, Gianni M, Burico M. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis as a tool for quality control of natural complex products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1358-1396. [PMID: 35238411 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an area of intriguing and growing interest. Since the late 1990s, when the first Omic applications appeared to study metabolite's pool ("metabolome"), to understand new aspects of the global regulation of cellular metabolism in biology, there have been many evolutions. Currently, there are many applications in different fields such as clinical, medical, agricultural, and food. In our opinion, it is clear that developments in metabolomics analysis have also been driven by advances in mass spectrometry (MS) technology. As natural complex products (NCPs) are increasingly used around the world as medicines, food supplements, and substance-based medical devices, their analysis using metabolomic approaches will help to bring more and more rigor to scientific studies and industrial production monitoring. This review is intended to emphasize the importance of metabolomics as a powerful tool for studying NCPs, by which significant advantages can be obtained in terms of elucidation of their composition, biological effects, and quality control. The different approaches of metabolomic analysis, the main and basic techniques of multivariate statistical analysis are also briefly illustrated, to allow an overview of the workflow associated with the metabolomic studies of NCPs. Therefore, various articles and reviews are illustrated and commented as examples of the application of MS-based metabolomics to NCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mattoli
- Department of Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Mattia Gianni
- Department of Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Michela Burico
- Department of Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ccana-Ccapatinta GV, Padilla-Gonzalez GF, Ferreira PL, Monge M, Semir J, Groppo M, Da Costa FB. High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics for the Classification of Chuquiraga (Barnadesioideae, Asteraceae): New Phenylpropanoid Derivatives as Chemical Markers for Chuquiraga spinosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:683-693. [PMID: 36913505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite their relatively poorly investigated phytochemistry, species of the genus Chuquiraga are widely commercialized. The present study reports the use of a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach coupled with exploratory and supervised multivariate statistical analyses for species classification and chemical marker identification of four species of Chuquiraga (C. jussieui, C. weberbaueri, C. spinosa, and Chuquiraga sp.) from Ecuador and Peru. Based on these analyses, a high percentage of correct classifications (87% to 100%) allowed the prediction of the taxonomic identity of Chuquiraga species. Through the metabolite selection process, several key constituents with the potential to be chemical markers were identified. Samples of C. jussieui displayed alkyl glycosides and triterpenoid glycosides as discriminating metabolites, while Chuquiraga sp. displayed high concentrations of p-hydroxyacetophenone, p-hydroxyacetophenone 4-O-glucoside, p-hydroxyacetophenone 4-O-(6-O-apiosyl)-glucoside, and quinic acid ester derivatives as the main metabolites. Caffeic acid was characteristic for C. weberbaueri samples, whereas C. spinosa displayed higher concentrations of the following new phenylpropanoid ester derivatives: 2-O-caffeoyl-4-hydroxypentanedioic acid (24), 2-O-p-coumaroyl-4-hydroxypentanedioic acid (34), 2-O-feruloyl-4-hydroxypentanedioic acid (46), 2,4-O-dicaffeoylpentanedioic acid (71), and 2-O-caffeoyl-4-O-feruloylpentanedioic acid (77).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gari V Ccana-Ccapatinta
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guillermo F Padilla-Gonzalez
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paola L Ferreira
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Monge
- Graduate Program of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Joao Semir
- Graduate Program of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Milton Groppo
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia ZD, Sun B, Wen JF, Ma RX, Wang FY, Wang YQ, Li ZH, Jia P, Zheng XH. Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study of Panax ginseng. Biomed Chromatogr 2022:e5546. [PMID: 36342761 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, an essential component of traditional medicine and often referred to as the king of herbs, has played a pivotal role in medicine globally for several millennia. Previously, traditional phytochemical methods were mainly used for quality evaluation and pharmacological mechanism studies of ginseng, resulting in the lack of systematicness and innovation and hindering the development and utilization of ginseng resources. Since the beginning of the new century, systems biology technology represented by metabolomics has shown unique advantages in the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine, establishing a bridge for communication between traditional medicine and modern medicine. P. ginseng, a special herb used in medicine and food, is one of the main research objects for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolomics and has gradually become the focus of researchers globally. Here, we conducted a comprehensive summary and analysis of numerous studies published in ginseng metabolomics. This review aims to provide more novel ideas for the quality evaluation, development, and clinical application of ginseng in the future and offer more useful technical references for the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine based on metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-di Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruo-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Yang W, Yang Q, Liu YC, You QY, Chen XJ, Wan JB. Chemical Stability of a Chinese Herbal Spirit Using LC-MS-Based Metabolomics and Accelerated Tests. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857706. [PMID: 35330825 PMCID: PMC8940302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prevalent medicinal liquor among Chinese people, a type of Chinese herbal spirit from Jing Brand Co., Ltd (CHS-J) is a newly developed health beverage with the health functions of anti-fatigue and immune enhancement. The researchers from the enterprise found that the contents of several components in CHS-J samples have been significantly decreasing during the stated storage period, as detected by the HPLC-UV method, which would make a great challenge for quality control of CHS-J. Furthermore, the chemical stability of CHS-J during the storage period is greatly challenged affected, especially in the environment of high temperature and light exposure. To systematically reveal the unstable components and promote the quality control of CHS-J, the chemical stability of CHS-J during the shelving storage period was characterized by the UPLC/Q-TOFMS-based metabolomics approach. First, the targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches discovered the significantly changed components in CHS-J samples produced in different years. Furthermore, the accelerated tests of newly produced CHS samples and several authorized standards were conducted to validate the above results and elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying these chemical changes. Moreover, these chemical changes during the storage period had little influence on the anti-fatigue effect of CHS-J samples. These findings will offer new insight into the understanding of the chemical stability of CHS-J and will facilitate the quality control of CHS-J.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Cai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun You
- Pharmacy School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng X, Yin M, Chu S, Yang M, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Huang L, Peng H. Comparative Elucidation of Age, Diameter, and "Pockmarks" in Roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao) by Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802196. [PMID: 35154191 PMCID: PMC8826210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is a world-famous ornamental plant, whose roots have been used as an important traditional Chinese medicine, Shaoyao, to treat diseases for more than 1,000 years. Because of the excellent curative effect of Shaoyao, its quality has attracted wide attention, however, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the different influencing factors of quality of Shaoyao. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) were utilized to systematically analyze the Shaoyao of different ages, diameters and roots with "pockmarks." 60 metabolites were detected and identified from Shaoyao using the UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, of which 20 potential quality markers of dissected roots with and without "pockmarks" were selected for the first time using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and the variable importance for projection (VIP) plot. Then, a selective and accurate HPLC-DAD quantitative assay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 bioactive components in Shaoyao. The results showed that the total content of five monoterpene glycosides including oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, lactiflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin and six phenols including gallic acid, catechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, apiopaeonoside and benzoic acid in the 3-year-old Shaoyao was higher than that of 4-year-old and 5-year-old Shaoyao. In Shaoyao of the same age, the total content of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols decreased with an increase in diameter. In addition, regardless of whether it is a whole or a divided root, the contents of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols in Shaoyao with "pockmarks" were higher than those of Shaoyao without "pockmarks." In summary, this work has explored several factors that might affect the quality of Shaoyao, and provide a guide for more comprehensive quality evaluation in its further production, processing, and rational utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Minzhen Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | | | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU57, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comprehensive Investigation on Ginsenosides in Different Parts of a Garden-Cultivated Ginseng Root and Rhizome. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061696. [PMID: 33803599 PMCID: PMC8003075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng is widely used as herb or food. Different parts of ginseng have diverse usages. However, the comprehensive analysis on the ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng root is scarce. Methods: An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with UNIFI informatics platform and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection (UHPLC-CAD) were employed to evaluate the different parts of cultivated ginseng root. Results: 105 ginsenosides including 16 new compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. 22 potential chemical markers were identified, 20, 17, and 19 for main root (MR) and fibrous root (FR), main root (MR) and branch root (BR), and main root (MR) and rhizome (RH), respectively. The relative contents of Re, Rb1, 20(R)-Rh1, Rd, and Rf were highest in FR. The relative content of Rg1 was highest in RH. The total relative content of pharmacopoeia indicators Rg1, Re, and Rb1 was highest in FR. Conclusion: The differences among these parts were the compositions and relative contents of ginsenosides. Under our research conditions, the peak area ratio of Rg1 and Re could distinguish the MR and FR samples. Fibrous roots showed rich ingredients and high ginsenosides contents which should be further utilized.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ichim MC, de Boer HJ. A Review of Authenticity and Authentication of Commercial Ginseng Herbal Medicines and Food Supplements. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:612071. [PMID: 33505315 PMCID: PMC7832030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.612071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng traditional medicines and food supplements are the globally top selling herbal products. Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng are the main commercial ginseng species in herbal medicine. Prices of ginseng products vary widely based on the species, quality, and purity of the used ginseng, and this provides a strong driver for intentional adulteration. Our systematic literature search has reviewed the authenticity results of 507 ginseng-containing commercial herbal products sold in 12 countries scattered across six continents. The analysis of the botanical and chemical identity of all these products shows that 76% are authentic while 24% were reported as adulterated. The number of commercial products as well as the percentage of adulteration varies significantly between continents, being highest in South America (100%) and Australia (75%), and lower in Europe (35%), North America (23%), Asia (21%) and Africa (0%). At a national level, from the five countries for which more than 10 products have been successfully authenticated, the highest percentage of adulterated ginseng products were purchased from Taiwan (49%), followed by Italy (37%), China (21%), and USA (12%), while all products bought in South Korea were reported to be authentic. In most cases, labeled Panax species were substituted with other Panax species, but substitution of ginseng root, the medicinally recommended plant part, with leaves, stems or flowers was also reported. Efficient and practical authentication using biomarkers to distinguish the main ginseng varieties and secondary metabolite spectra for age determination are essential to combat adulteration in the global marketplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Identification and evaluation of Polygonatum kingianum with different growth ages based on data fusion strategy. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
11
|
Chen ZF, Lin QB, Song XC, Chen S, Zhong HN, Nerin C. Discrimination of Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Based on Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Headspace GC-MS Coupled with Chemometrics Approach. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Holistic quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix (Saposhnikovia divaricata) by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Yang Y, Yang Y, Qiu H, Ju Z, Shi Y, Wang Z, Yang L. Localization of constituents for determining the age and parts of ginseng through ultraperfomance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry combined with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113722. [PMID: 33171337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for prevention and treatment of disease for thousands of years in China and many other Asian countries. Phytochemical studies have indicated that ginsenosides, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and phenolic acids are the active constituents of ginseng. Main and branch roots of ginseng exhibit distinct bioactive behavior. Furthermore, the bioactive behavior of ginseng depends on its age. Traditional analysis is complex preparation and provides inadequate of chemical information of the original distribution of analytes. Therefore, in this study, ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to discriminate ginseng in different age and parts of ginseng, and profiled distribution of selected markers. The results indicated that UPLC-QTOF-MS and DESI-MSI could be used to determine the parts and age of ginseng. Fifteen variables including five of protopanaxatriol (PPT), four of protopanaxadiol (PPD), and six of other types were assumed as markers for different parts of ginseng. Moreover, four variables of PPT, four of PPD, and ten of other types were used to determine the age of ginseng samples. An analysis of localization of markers indicated that malonyl ginsenoside, including malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd was mainly distributed in the corks. Neutral ginsenoside Rg1, yesanchinoisde D, and chikusetsusaponin Iva were mainly distributed in the cork and phloem. Non-ginsenoside castanoside H, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, unknown 2, saponin III and cistanoside C were distributed in all tissues. Ethyloleate, unknown 1 and monolinolein were distributed in the cork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanchao Shi
- Waters Corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao N, Cheng M, Lv W, Wu Y, Liu D, Zhang X. Peptides as Potential Biomarkers for Authentication of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng and Cultivated Ginseng of Different Ages Using UPLC-HRMS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2263-2275. [PMID: 31986019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The growth conditions and age of Panax ginseng are vital for determining the quality of the ginseng plant. However, the considerable difference in price according to the cultivation method and period of P. ginseng leads to its adulteration in the trade market. We herein focused on ginseng peptides and the possibility of these peptides to be used as biomarker(s) for discrimination of P. ginseng. We applied an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry-based peptidomics approach to characterize ginseng peptides and discover novel peptide biomarkers for authentication of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG). We identified 52 high-confidence peptides and screened 20 characteristic peptides differentially expressed between MCG and cultivated ginseng (CG). Intriguingly, 6 differential peptides were expressed significantly in MCG and originated from dehydrins that accumulated during cold or drought conditions. In addition, 14 other differential peptides that were significantly expressed in CG derived from ginseng major protein, an essential protein for nitrogen storage. These biological associations confirmed the reliability and credibility of the differential peptides. Additionally, we determined several robust peptide biomarkers for discrimination of MCG through a precise selection process. These findings demonstrate the potential of peptide biomarkers for identification and quality control of P. ginseng in addition to ginsenoside analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Wei Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , North Minzu University , Yinchuan 750021 , China
| | - Yulin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Jinshui East Road 156 , Zhengzhou 450046 , China
| | - Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Y, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Z. Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:1-21. [PMID: 33437152 PMCID: PMC7790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanhai Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu H, Liu J, Lin H, Zhang Y, Yang N, Zhou B, Wang Z, Chen-Yu Hsu A, Liu J, Li P. UPLC-QTOF-MS-guided isolation of anti-COPD ginsenosides from wild ginseng. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38658-38668. [PMID: 35540186 PMCID: PMC9075943 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Four previously undescribed ginsenosides, along with five known analogues were isolated from wild ginseng by a UPLC-QTOF-MS-guided fractionation procedure. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS). The isolated compounds could significantly inhibit the cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammatory reaction in A549 cells. The HDAC2 pathway might be involved in the protective effect against the CSE-mediated inflammatory response in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Junli Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
- The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 Jilin China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Baisong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Zhongyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University Changchun 130021 Jilin China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University Fujin Road 1266 Changchun 130021 Jilin China +86-431-85619803
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yoon D, Choi BR, Ma S, Lee JW, Jo IH, Lee YS, Kim GS, Kim S, Lee DY. Metabolomics for Age Discrimination of Ginseng Using a Multiplex Approach to HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy, UPLC-QTOF/MS, and GC × GC-TOF/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132381. [PMID: 31252608 PMCID: PMC6651322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The ability to determine the age of ginseng is very important because the price of ginseng depends on the cultivation period. Since morphological observation is subjective, a new scientific and systematic method for determining the age of ginseng is required. (2) Methods: Three techniques were used for a metabolomics approach. High-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to analyze powdered ginseng samples without extraction. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) were used to analyze the extracts of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old ginseng. (3) Results: A metabolomics approach has the potential to discriminate the age of ginseng. Among the primary metabolites detected from NMR spectroscopy, the levels of fumarate and choline showed moderate prediction with an area under the curve (AUC) value of more than 0.7. As a result of UPLC-QTOF/MS-based profiling, 61 metabolites referring to the VIP (variable importance in the projection) score contributed to discriminating the age of ginseng. The results of GC×GC-TOF/MS showed clear discrimination of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old ginseng using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to 100% of the discrimination rate. The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, 16 metabolites between 4- and 5-year-old ginseng, and 18 metabolites between 5- and 6-year-old ginseng contributed to age discrimination in all regions. (4) Conclusions: These results showed that metabolic profiling and multivariate statistical analyses can distinguish the age of ginseng. Especially, it is meaningful that ginseng samples from different areas had the same metabolites for age discrimination. In future studies, it will be necessary to identify the unknown variables and to collaboratively study with other fields the biochemistry of aging in ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Seohee Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Song XC, Wrona M, Nerin C, Lin QB, Zhong HN. Volatile non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) identified in recycled expanded polystyrene containers and their migration into food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
19
|
Tian Q, Liu F, Xu Z, Liu H, Yin H, Sun Z, Chen M, Li Z, Ma L, Huang C. Evaluation of the chemical consistency of Yin‐Chen‐Hao‐Tang prepared by combined and separated decoction methods using high‐performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1664-1675. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tian
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hao Yin
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seo C, Kim D, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim H, Park KW, Oh D, Park J, Yang D, Paik M. Monitoring of Organic Acids in Ginseng Roots Produced by Conventional and Environmentally Friendly Farming by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Material Research Lab, Amorepacific R&D Unit Yongin 446‐729 South Korea
| | - Youngbae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Hyeon‐Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Hyunbin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Kyung Wuk Park
- Suncheon Research Center for Natural MedicineSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Dong‐Joo Oh
- Osulloc Farm Co., Ltd. Andeok‐Myeon Seogwipo‐si 63521 Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Engineering ChemistryChungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 South Korea
| | - Deok‐Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 South Korea
| | - Man‐Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesSunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu W, Jiao C, Li H, Ma Y, Jiao L, Liu S. LC-MS based metabolic and metabonomic studies of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:331-340. [PMID: 29460310 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable health supplement with medicinal potential. Its chemical diversity and multiple pharmacological properties call for comprehensive methods to better understand the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic approaches just fit the purpose. OBJECTIVE Aims to give a review of recent progress on LC-MS based pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng, and metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects. METHODS The review has four sections: the first section discusses metabolic studies of ginsenosides based on LC-MS, the second focuses on ginsenoside-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic interaction between herb compounds based on LC-MS, the third is phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng based on LC-MS, and the fourth deals with metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects based on LC-MS. RESULTS LC-MS based metabonomic research on ginseng include analysis of single ginsenoside and total ginsenosides. The theory of multi-components and multi-targeted mechanisms helps to explain ginseng effects. CONCLUSION LC-MS based metabonomics is a promising way to comprehensively assess ginseng. It is valuable for quality control and mechanism studies of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxi Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the distribution of saponins in Panax notoginseng. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:458-465. [PMID: 29881685 PMCID: PMC5989832 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is famous for its important therapeutic effects. Saponins are bioactive compounds found in different parts and developmental stages of P. notoginseng plants. Thus, it is urgently to study saponins distribution in different parts and growth ages of P. notoginseng plants. In this study, potential biomarkers were found, and their chemical characteristic differences were revealed through metabolomic analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography data indicated the higher content of saponins (i.e., Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1) in the underground parts than that in the aerial parts. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol saponins were mainly distributed in the aerial parts. Additionally, the total saponin content in the 3-year-old P. notoginseng plant (188.0 mg/g) was 1.4-fold higher than that in 2-year-old plant (130.5 mg/g). The transcriptomic analysis indicated the tissue-specific transcription expression of genes, namely, PnFPS, PnSS, PnSE1, PnSE2, and PnDS, which encoded critical synthases in saponin biosyntheses. These genes showed similar expression patterns among the parts of P. notoginseng plants. The expression levels of these genes in the flowers and leaves were 5.2fold higher than that in the roots and fibrils. These results suggested that saponins might be actively synthesized in the aerial parts and transformed to the underground parts. This study provides insights into the chemical and genetic characteristics of P. notoginseng to facilitate the synthesis of its secondary metabolites and a scientific basis for appropriate collection and rational use of this plant.
Collapse
Key Words
- AACT, acetoacetyl-CoA acyltransferase
- DS, dammarenediol-II synthase
- DXPR, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase
- DXPS, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase
- FPP, farnesyl diphosphate
- FPS, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
- GDPS, gerenyl diphosphatesynthase
- Gene expression
- Growth years
- HDS, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase
- HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HMGS, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
- HPLC—UV, high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection
- IPP, isoprenyl diphosphate
- IPPI, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
- ISPD, 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphatecytidyl transferase
- ISPE, 4-(cytidine-5′-diphospho)-2-C-methylerythritol kinase
- ISPH, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase
- MECPS, 2-C-methylerythritol-2,4-cyclophosphate synthase
- MEP, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVDD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MVK, mevalonate kinase
- Metabolomic analyses
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis
- P450, P450-monooxygenase
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PDS, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins
- PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase
- PTS, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins
- Panax notoginseng
- SE, squalene epoxidase
- SS, squalene synthase
- Saponin
- UGTs, UDP-glycosyltransferases
- UPLC—MS, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- VIP, variable importance in projection
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim YJ, Joo SC, Shi J, Hu C, Quan S, Hu J, Sukweenadhi J, Mohanan P, Yang DC, Zhang D. Metabolic dynamics and physiological adaptation of Panax ginseng during development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:393-410. [PMID: 29150823 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of metabolites from leaves to roots of Panax ginseng during development has revealed the tissue-specific and year-specific metabolic networks. Being an essential Oriental medicinal plant, ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a slow-growing perennial herb-accumulating pharmaceutically active metabolites such as ginsenosides in roots during growth. However, little is known about how ginseng plants survive in the harsh environments such as winter cold and summer heat for a longer period and accumulates those active metabolites as the plant grows. To understand the metabolic kinetics in both source and sink organs such as leaves and roots of ginseng plant, respectively, and to assess the changes in ginsenosides biosynthesis during ginseng growth, we investigated the metabolic profiles from leaves and roots of 1-, 4-, and 6-year-old field-grown ginseng plants. Using an integrated non-targeted metabolomic approach, we identified in total 348 primary and secondary metabolites, which provided us for the first time a global metabolomic assessment of ginseng during growth, and morphogenesis. Strikingly, the osmoprotectants and oxidized chemicals were highly accumulated in 4- and 6-year-old ginseng leaves suggested that ginseng develop a wide range of metabolic strategies to adapt unfavorable conditions as they mature. In 6-year-old plants, ginsenosides were decreased in leaves but increased in roots up to 1.2- to sixfold, supporting the view that there is a long-distance transport of ginsenosides from leaves to roots as ginseng plants mature. Our findings provide insights into the metabolic kinetics during the development of ginseng plant and this could complement the pharmacological importance of ginseng and its compounds according to their age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sung Chul Joo
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
- Crop Biotech Institute and Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dynamic Changes in Neutral and Acidic Ginsenosides with Different Cultivation Ages and Harvest Seasons: Identification of Chemical Characteristics for Panax ginseng Quality Control. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050734. [PMID: 28471389 PMCID: PMC6153749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, dynamic changes in ginsenoside content and ratios in the Panax ginseng root were investigated with different cultivation ages and different collection months, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our data indicate that changes in ginsenoside Ro and malonyl ginsenosides content were dependent on the ginseng cultivation age (p < 0.05); especially, the Ro content varied from 0.16 to 4.91 mg/g, with a difference about 30-fold. Further, we found that the samples of 5 and 6-year-old P. ginseng had high Ro/Re ratio, whereas two and three-year-old P. ginseng possessed low Ro/Re ratio. Thus, the Ro/Re ratio can be used as a characteristic marker for differentiating the age of the root. The relative content of ginsenosides Rg₁ and Re were affected by the ginseng's harvest season. The Re content was higher than the Rg₁ content in May and June, but lower than the Rg₁ content from August to October. Thus, the Rg₁/Re ratio can be used as a characteristic marker for differentiating the ginseng's harvest seasons. These results indicate that the chemical characteristics of P. ginseng at different cultivation ages and harvest seasons are clearly different, which may cause differences in pharmacological activities and therapeutic effects. In addition, we developed HPLC coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis methods to identify the cultivation age and harvest season of P. ginseng using characteristic ginsenosides. Our results showed that this method can be used to discriminate the cultivation age and harvest season of P. ginseng.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu XA, Ge AH, Zhang L, Li J, An M, Cao J, He J, Gao XM, Chang YX. Influence of different processing times on the quality of
Polygoni Multiflora Radix
by metabolomics based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1928-1941. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xie-an Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Ai-hua Ge
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Jin Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Mingrui An
- Department of Surgery; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor United States
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jun He
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Xiu-mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Yan-xu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nontargeted metabolomics approach for the differentiation of cultivation ages of mountain cultivated ginseng leaves using UHPLC/QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:108-122. [PMID: 28437718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adulteration or falsification of the cultivation age of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) has been a serious problem in the commercial MCG market. To develop an efficient discrimination tool for the cultivation age and to explore potential age-dependent markers, an optimized ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach was applied in the global metabolite profiling of 156 MCG leaf (MGL) samples aged from 6 to 18 years. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to compare the derived patterns between MGL samples of different cultivation ages. The present study demonstrated that 6-18-year-old MGL samples can be successfully discriminated using two simple successive steps, together with four PLS-DA discrimination models. Furthermore, 39 robust age-dependent markers enabling differentiation among the 6-18-year-old MGL samples were discovered. The results were validated by a permutation test and an external test set to verify the predictability and reliability of the established discrimination models. More importantly, without destroying the MCG roots, the proposed approach could also be applied to discriminate MCG root ages indirectly, using a minimum amount of homophyletic MGL samples combined with the established four PLS-DA models and identified markers. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which 6-18-year-old MCG root ages have been nondestructively differentiated by analyzing homophyletic MGL samples using UHPLC/QTOF-MS analysis and two simple successive steps together with four PLS-DA models. The method developed in this study can be used as a standard protocol for discriminating and predicting MGL ages directly and homophyletic MCG root ages indirectly.
Collapse
|
27
|
A Metabolomic Approach for the Discrimination of Red Ginseng Root Parts and Targeted Validation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030471. [PMID: 28294969 PMCID: PMC6155309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are used as existing markers of red ginseng (RG) quality, and ginsenoside ratios are also indicative of the different components of red ginseng. For the analysis and classification of ginsenoside content, red ginseng was separated into three parts, namely, main roots, lateral roots, and fine roots, and each extract was subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) with multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear discrimination between the extracts of main roots and fine roots and suggested discrimination markers (four for the main roots and five for the fine roots). The fine root markers were identified as ginsenoside. We identified two markers for the main roots of red ginseng in this study. Moreover, the contents of 22 ginsenosides were analyzed in all three components of red ginseng. Fine roots have the highest protopanaxadiol (PPD)/protopanaxatriol (PPT) ratio. The PPD group of ginsenosides, which is quantitatively dominant in fine roots, clearly distinguishes the main roots from the other parts.
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu XF, Gao Y, Xu SY, Liu H, Xue X, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Liu MN, Xiong H, Lin RC, Li XR. Remarkable impact of steam temperature on ginsenosides transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:277-287. [PMID: 29983609 PMCID: PMC6026370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temperature is an essential condition in red ginseng processing. The pharmacological activities of red ginseng under different steam temperatures are significantly different. Methods In this study, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed to distinguish the red ginseng products that were steamed at high and low temperatures. Multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis were used to determine the influential components of the different samples. Results The results showed that different steamed red ginseng samples can be identified, and the characteristic components were 20-gluco-ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, and malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1 in red ginseng steamed at low temperature. Meanwhile, the characteristic components in red ginseng steamed at high temperature were 20R-ginsenoside Rs3 and ginsenoside Rs4. Polar ginsenosides were abundant in red ginseng steamed at low temperature, whereas higher levels of less polar ginsenosides were detected in red ginseng steamed at high temperature. Conclusion This study makes the first time that differences between red ginseng steamed under different temperatures and their ginsenosides transformation have been observed systematically at the chemistry level. The results suggested that the identified chemical markers can be used to illustrate the transformation of ginsenosides in red ginseng processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ya Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Number 6 Wangjing Zhonghuannan Road, Beijing 100102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yao C, Yang W, Zhang J, Qiu S, Chen M, Shi X, Pan H, Wu W, Guo D. UHPLC–Q‐TOF‐MS‐based metabolomics approach to compare the saponin compositions of Xueshuantong injection and Xuesaitong injection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:834-841. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd. Wuzhou China
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Huiqin Pan
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qiu S, Yang WZ, Yao CL, Qiu ZD, Shi XJ, Zhang JX, Hou JJ, Wang QR, Wu WY, Guo DA. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis and “commercial-homophyletic” comparison-induced biomarkers verification for the systematic chemical differentiation of five different parts of Panax ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Nguyen HT, Lee DK, Lee WJ, Lee G, Yoon SJ, Shin BK, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Lee J, Kwon SW. UPLC-QTOFMS based metabolomics followed by stepwise partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) explore the possible relation between the variations in secondary metabolites and the phylogenetic divergences of the genus Panax. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
32
|
Kim SH, Shin YS, Choi HK. NanoESI-MS-based lipidomics to discriminate between cultivars, cultivation ages, and parts of Panax ginseng. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2109-21. [PMID: 26800980 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is one of the most popular medicinal herbs used in Asia, including Korea and China. In the present study lipid profiling of two officially registered cultivars (P. ginseng 'Chunpoong' and P. ginseng 'Yunpoong') was performed at different cultivation ages (5 and 6 years) and on different parts (tap roots, lateral roots, and rhizomes) using nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS). In total, 30 compounds including galactolipids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols, and ginsenosides were identified. Among them, triacylglycerol 54:6 (18:2/18:2/18:2), phosphatidylglycerol 34:3 (16:0/18:3), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol 36:4 (18:2/18:2), phosphatidic acid species 36:4 (18:2/18:2), and 34:1 (16:0/18:1) were selected as biomarkers to discriminate cultivars, cultivation ages, and parts. In addition, an unknown P. ginseng sample was successfully predicted by applying validated partial least squares projection to latent structures regression models. This is the first study regarding the identification of intact lipid species from P. ginseng and to predict cultivars, cultivation ages, and parts of P. ginseng using nanoESI-MS-based lipidomic profiling with a multivariate statistical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Soo Shin
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shin JS, Park HW, In G, Seo HK, Won TH, Jang KH, Cho BG, Han CK, Shin J. Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng) Using UPLC-QToF-MS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1298-303. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sub Shin
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Hyun Kyu Seo
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Tae Hyung Won
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | | | - Byung-Goo Cho
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen XJ, Qiu JF, Wang YT, Wan JB. Discrimination of Three Panax Species Based on Differences in Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Static Headspace GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:663-676. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng) are highly valuable tonic herbs derived from the Panax genus that have similar morphological appearances and odors but different pharmacological activities and clinical indications. Thus, the authentication of these three Panax species is crucial for ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of medication. In the present study, a static headspace gas chromatography — mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by a multivariate statistical analysis was developed to globally characterize the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles in P. ginseng, P. quinquefolium, and P. notoginseng, and subsequently to discover differentiating chemical markers. Under the optimized conditions, the headspace VOCs of a total of 49 batches of Panax herbs derived from the three Panax species were profiled, and the dataset of sample code, [Formula: see text]-m/z pair and ion intensity was processed by unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and by supervised partial least squared discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to comprehensively compare the chemical differences in Panax across the species. The results demonstrated that Panax herbs derived from three species possess obviously diverse chemical characteristics of VOCs, PCA, and PLS-DA. According to their VOC profiles, 49 tested samples could be clearly differentiated according to species. Chemomarker 1, 2, and 4 might be used as unique chemical markers of P. ginseng, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolium, respectively. Our findings indicate that static headspace GC-MS-based VOC profiling, combined with multivariate statistical analysis, provide a reliable tool to discriminate between the three Panax species and to identify their differentiation markers, which will be helpful for ensuring their quality, safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu XF, Cheng XL, Lin QH, Li SS, Jia Z, Han T, Lin RC, Wang D, Wei F, Li XR. Identification of mountain-cultivated ginseng and cultivated ginseng using UPLC/oa-TOF MSE with a multivariate statistical sample-profiling strategy. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:344-350. [PMID: 27746686 PMCID: PMC5052403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG) both belong to Panax ginseng and have similar ingredients. However, their pharmacological activities are different due to their significantly different growth environments. Methods An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based approach was developed to distinguish MCG and CG. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial-least-squares discrimination analysis were used to select the influential components. Results Under optimized UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS conditions, 40 ginsenosides in both MCG and CG were unambiguously identified and tentatively assigned. The results showed that the characteristic components of CG and MCG included ginsenoside Ra3/isomer, gypenoside XVII, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Ra7, notoginsenoside Fe, ginsenoside Ra2, ginsenoside Rs6/Rs7, malonyl ginsenoside Rc, malonyl ginsenoside Rb1, malonyl ginsenoside Rb2, palmitoleic acid, and ethyl linoleate. The malony ginsenosides are abundant in CG, but higher levels of the minor ginsenosides were detected in MCG. Conclusion This is the first time that the differences between CG and MCG have been observed systematically at the chemical level. Our results suggested that using the identified characteristic components as chemical markers to identify different ginseng products is effective and viable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Long Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sha-Sha Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang T, Zhang A, Qiu S, Yang S, Wang X. Current Trends and Innovations in Bioanalytical Techniques of Metabolomics. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:342-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1079475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
37
|
Shon JC, Shin HS, Seo YK, Yoon YR, Shin H, Liu KH. Direct infusion MS-based lipid profiling reveals the pharmacological effects of compound K-reinforced ginsenosides in high-fat diet induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2919-2929. [PMID: 25744175 DOI: 10.1021/jf506216p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The serum lipid metabolites of lean and obese mice fed normal or high-fat diets were analyzed via direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis. In addition, lipidomic biomarkers responsible for the pharmacological effects of compound K-reinforced ginsenosides (CK), thus the CK fraction, were evaluated in mice fed high-fat diets. The obese and lean groups were clearly discriminated upon principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plot, and the major metabolites contributing to such discrimination were triglycerides (TGs), cholesteryl esters (CEs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). TGs with high total carbon number (>50) and low total carbon number (<50) were negatively and positively associated with high-fat diet induced obesity in mice, respectively. When the CK fraction was fed to obese mice that consumed a high-fat diet, the levels of certain lipids including LPCs and CEs became similar to those of mice fed a normal diet. Such metabolic markers can be used to better understand obesity and related diseases induced by a hyperlipidic diet. Furthermore, changes in the levels of such metabolites can be employed to assess the risk of obesity and the therapeutic effects of obesity management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Shon
- †College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hwa-Soo Shin
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung 429-793, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Seo
- #Food Research Center, CJ Jeiljedang, Seoul 152-051, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- §Department of Biomedical Science and Clinical Trial Center, BK21 PLUS KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, Kyungpook National University Graduate School and Hospital, Daegu 700-734, Korea
| | - Heungsop Shin
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung 429-793, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- †College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Analysis of the age of Panax ginseng based on telomere length and telomerase activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7985. [PMID: 25614145 PMCID: PMC5379010 DOI: 10.1038/srep07985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, which is the root of Panax ginseng (Araliaceae), has been used in Oriental medicine as a stimulant and dietary supplement for more than 7,000 years. Older ginseng plants are substantially more medically potent, but ginseng age can be simulated using unscrupulous cultivation practices. Telomeres progressively shorten with each cell division until they reach a critical length, at which point cells enter replicative senescence. However, in some cells, telomerase maintains telomere length. In this study, to determine whether telomere length reflects ginseng age and which tissue is best for such an analysis, we examined telomerase activity in the main roots, leaves, stems, secondary roots and seeds of ginseng plants of known age. Telomere length in the main root (approximately 1 cm below the rhizome) was found to be the best indicator of age. Telomeric terminal restriction fragment (TRF) lengths, which are indicators of telomere length, were determined for the main roots of plants of different ages through Southern hybridization analysis. Telomere length was shown to be positively correlated with plant age, and a simple mathematical model was formulated to describe the relationship between telomere length and age for P. ginseng.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kwon J, Kim N, Lee D, Han AR, Lee JW, Seo EK, Lee JH, Lee D. Metabolomics approach for the discrimination of raw and steamed Gastrodia elata using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
A metabolomic approach to determine the geographical origins of Anemarrhena asphodeloides by using UPLC–QTOF MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 92:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
41
|
Park HW, In G, Kim JH, Cho BG, Han GH, Chang IM. Metabolomic approach for discrimination of processed ginseng genus (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius) using UPLC-QTOF MS. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:59-65. [PMID: 24558312 PMCID: PMC3915342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Discriminating between two herbal medicines (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius), with similar chemical and physical properties but different therapeutic effects, is a very serious and difficult problem. Differentiation between two processed ginseng genera is even more difficult because the characteristics of their appearance are very similar. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS)-based metabolomic technique was applied for the metabolite profiling of 40 processed P. ginseng and processed P. quinquefolius. Currently known biomarkers such as ginsenoside Rf and F11 have been used for the analysis using the UPLC-photodiode array detector. However, this method was not able to fully discriminate between the two processed ginseng genera. Thus, an optimized UPLC-QTOF-based metabolic profiling method was adapted for the analysis and evaluation of two processed ginseng genera. As a result, all known biomarkers were identified by the proposed metabolomics, and additional potential biomarkers were extracted from the huge amounts of global analysis data. Therefore, it is expected that such metabolomics techniques would be widely applied to the ginseng research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Won Park
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Goo Cho
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Ho Han
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Il-Moo Chang
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Song HH, Kim DY, Woo S, Lee HK, Oh SR. An approach for simultaneous determination for geographical origins of Korean Panax ginseng by UPLC-QTOF/MS coupled with OPLS-DA models. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:341-8. [PMID: 24198660 PMCID: PMC3818961 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the origins of Panax ginseng has been issued in Korea scientifically and economically. We describe a metabolomics approach used for discrimination and prediction of ginseng roots from different origins in Korea. The fresh ginseng roots from six ginseng cooperative associations (Gangwon, Gaeseong, Punggi, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, and Anseong) were analyzed by UPLC-MS-based approach combined with orthogonal projections to latent structure-discriminant analysis multivariate analysis. The ginsengs from Gangwon and Gaeseong were easily differentiated. We further analyzed the metabolomics results in subgroups. Punggi, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, and Anseong ginseng could be easily differentiated by the first two orthogonal components. As a validation of the discrimination model, we performed blind prediction tests of sample origins using an external test set. Our model predicted their geographical origins as 99.7% probability. The robust discriminatory power and statistical validity of our method suggest its general applicability for determining the origins of P. ginseng samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon 363-883, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wan JB, Bai X, Cai XJ, Rao Y, Wang YS, Wang YT. Chemical differentiation of Da-Cheng-Qi-Tang, a Chinese medicine formula, prepared by traditional and modern decoction methods using UPLC/Q-TOFMS-based metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
44
|
Wu SB, Wu J, Yin Z, Zhang J, Long C, Kennelly EJ, Zheng S. Bioactive and marker compounds from two edible dark-colored Myrciaria fruits and the synthesis of jaboticabin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4035-4043. [PMID: 23597039 DOI: 10.1021/jf400487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) and false jaboticaba (Myrciaria vexator) fruits are two pleasant-tasting, dark-colored fruits, native to Brazil. They are rich sources of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, as well as less well known polyphenols such as depsides. These two fruits are very similar in morphology, but their taste profiles differ markedly. This study was focused on identifying the marker compounds between them using HPLC-PDA and LC-TOF-MS, combined with principal component analysis. As a result, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was found as the major anthocyanin in Myrciaria fruits. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside was found to be the marker compound for jaboticaba, while cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinose were two marker compounds distinguishing false jaboticaba. In addition, two ellagitannins, iso-oenothein C and oenothein C, were isolated and identified from both of these fruits for the first time. Jaboticabin, a minor bioactive depside, occurred in both fruits and, because of its potential to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was successfully synthesized in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Biao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York , 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, United States 10468
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|