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Goldstein BL, Finsaas MC, Olino TM, Kotov R, Grasso DJ, Klein DN. Three-variable systems: An integrative moderation and mediation framework for developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:12-23. [PMID: 34158142 PMCID: PMC9990490 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we consider an often overlooked model that combines mediation and moderation to explain how a third variable can relate to a risk factor-psychopathology relationship. We refer to it as moderation and mediation in a three-variable system. We describe how this model is relevant to studying vulnerability factors and how it may advance developmental psychopathology research. To illustrate the value of this approach, we provide several examples where this model may be applicable, such as the relationships among parental externalizing pathology, harsh parenting, and offspring psychopathology as well as between neuroticism, stressful life events, and depression. We discuss possible reasons why this model has not gained traction and attempt to clarify and dispel those concerns. We provide guidance and recommendations for when to consider this model for a given data set and point toward existing resources for testing this model that have been developed by statisticians and other methodologists. Lastly, we describe important caveats, limitations, and considerations for making this approach most useful for developmental research. Overall, our goal in presenting this information to developmental psychopathology researchers is to encourage testing moderation and mediation in a three-variable system with the aim of advancing analytic strategies for studying vulnerability factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Megan C. Finsaas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M. Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Damion J. Grasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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2
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Gonzalez R, Thompson EL, Sanchez M, Morris A, Gonzalez MR, Feldstein Ewing SW, Mason MJ, Arroyo J, Howlett K, Tapert SF, Zucker RA. An update on the assessment of culture and environment in the ABCD Study®: Emerging literature and protocol updates over three measurement waves. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101021. [PMID: 34700197 PMCID: PMC8551602 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of risk and resilience factors in adolescent brain health and development increasingly demand a broad set of assessment tools that consider a youth's peer, family, school, neighborhood, and cultural contexts in addition to neurobiological, genetic, and biomedical information. The Culture and Environment (CE) Workgroup (WG) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study curates these important components of the protocol throughout ten years of planned data collection. In this report, the CE WG presents an update on the evolution of the ABCD Study® CE protocol since study inception (Zucker et al., 2018), as well as emerging findings that include CE measures. Background and measurement characteristics of instruments present in the study since baseline have already been described in our 2018 report, and therefore are only briefly described here. New measures introduced since baseline are described in more detail. Descriptive statistics on all measures are presented based on a total sample of 11,000+ youth and their caregivers assessed at baseline and the following two years. Psychometric properties of the measures, including longitudinal aspects of the data, are reported, along with considerations for future measurement waves. The CE WG ABCD® components are an essential part of the overall protocol that permits characterization of the unique cultural and social environment within which each developing brain is transactionally embedded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families and Department of Psychology, Florida International University, USA.
| | - Erin L Thompson
- Center for Children and Families and Department of Psychology, Florida International University, USA
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | - Amanda Morris
- Amanda Sheffield Morris, Laureate Institute for Brain Research and Oklahoma State University, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Mason
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - Judith Arroyo
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, USA
| | | | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, USA
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Oro V, Goldsmith HH, Lemery-Chalfant K. Elucidating the Links Between Mother and Father Alcohol Use Disorder and Adolescent Externalizing Psychopathology: A Test of Transmission Specificity Within Competing Factor Structures and Genetic and Environmental Liabilities. Behav Genet 2021; 51:512-527. [PMID: 34189652 PMCID: PMC8601653 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a substantiated risk factor for adolescent externalizing psychopathology; however, the level of specificity at which risk from parental AUD is transmitted to adolescent offspring should be interrogated further. The current study modeled competing factor structures of psychopathology in a sample of 502 adolescent twin pairs (Mage = 13.24 years) and tested associations with mother and father AUD. The bifactor model exhibited the best fit to the data when contrasted with correlated factors and general factor models. Paternal AUD predicted the externalizing and internalizing correlated factors, the adolescent P-factor but not the residual externalizing and internalizing factors, and the general factor. No significant associations with maternal AUD were noted. Lastly, the latent factors of adolescent psychopathology were all moderately heritable (h2 = 0.44-0.59) and influenced by the nonshared environment. Shared genetic factors primarily explained externalizing and internalizing covariance. Findings suggest that efforts to mitigate risk in offspring of fathers exhibiting AUD require broader approaches that address the full range of adolescent symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Oro
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center and Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Eiden RD, Livingston JA, Kelm MR, Sassaman JN. Risk and Protective Pathways to Peer Victimization from Infancy to Adolescence: Role of Fathers. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2021; 2:109-123. [PMID: 35419548 PMCID: PMC9000245 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-020-00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental pathways from fathers' psychopathology in early childhood to child peer victimization (bullying and cyber victimization) in late adolescence via family relationships and early adolescent psychosocial functioning (anxiety, emotion regulation, social problems). A conceptual model with pathways through inter-parental aggression and fathers' parenting (harshness and sensitivity) was tested. Participants were 227 families (51% female children recruited as infants) who participated in a longitudinal study examining the role of parental alcohol problems and associated risks on developmental and family processes from infancy to late adolescence. Multi-method (observational, parent report, adolescent report) assessments of family processes and child outcomes were conducted across all time points. Fathers' alcohol problems and depressive symptoms in early childhood was prospectively associated with inter-parental aggression in middle childhood and social problems in early adolescence. For boys only, early adolescent social problems were predictive of bullying victimization. Fathers' antisocial behavior in early childhood was associated with less sensitive parenting in middle childhood. Fathers' sensitivity in middle childhood was protective, being associated with lower cyber victimization in late adolescence. Fathers' sensitivity was also associated with higher emotion regulation in early adolescence; however, counter to expectations, higher emotion regulation was associated with more bullying and cyber victimization. Findings shed light on differences in the etiological pathways to bullying and cyber victimization, as well as how distinct forms of paternal psychopathology in early childhood associate with family relationships, child adjustment, and vulnerability to peer victimization in late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | | | - Madison R. Kelm
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Jenna N. Sassaman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
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5
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Julia Yan J, Schoppe-Sullivan SJ, Beauchaine TP. Paternal antisociality and growth in child delinquent behaviors: Moderating effects of child sex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:1466-1481. [PMID: 33377526 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Children of fathers with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are at risk for developing delinquency, and both biological and environmental mechanisms contribute. In this study, we test parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) function as a vulnerability/sensitivity attribute in predicting intergenerational associations between fathers' antisociality and children's delinquency scores. We followed 207 children (ages 8-12 years at intake; 139 boys) across three annual assessments. Fathers' antisociality was measured via maternal reports on the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). At Year 1, children's resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was measured. At Years 1, 2, and 3, child delinquent behaviors were assessed using the delinquency subscale of the Youth Self-Report. At age 8, boys' delinquency scores were associated weakly with paternal antisocial behaviors. However, boys' delinquency scores increased steeply thereafter specifically for those who had fathers with higher antisocial symptoms. In addition, associations between delinquency and paternal antisociality were largest for boys with higher resting RSA. For girls, growth in delinquency was unrelated to both father antisociality and resting RSA. These findings (a) suggest moderating effects of children's age, sex, and PNS function on associations between father antisocial behavior and offspring delinquency; and (b) provide insights into differential vulnerability among children of fathers with ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Julia Yan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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6
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Kuppens S, Moore SC, Gross V, Lowthian E, Siddaway AP. The Enduring Effects of Parental Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use on Child Well-being: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:765-778. [PMID: 31274064 PMCID: PMC7525110 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of psychoactive substance abuse are not limited to the user, but extend to the entire family system, with children of substance abusers being particularly at risk. This meta-analysis attempted to quantify the longitudinal relationship between parental alcohol, tobacco, and drug use and child well-being, investigating variation across a range of substance and well-being indices and other potential moderators. We performed a literature search of peer-reviewed, English language, longitudinal observational studies that reported outcomes for children aged 0 to 18 years. In total, 56 studies, yielding 220 dependent effect sizes, met inclusion criteria. A multilevel random-effects model revealed a statistically significant, small detriment to child well-being for parental substance abuse over time (r = .15). Moderator analyses demonstrated that the effect was more pronounced for parental drug use (r = .25), compared with alcohol use (r = .13), tobacco use (r = .13), and alcohol use disorder (r = .14). Results highlight a need for future studies that better capture the effect of parental psychoactive substance abuse on the full breadth of childhood well-being outcomes and to integrate substance abuse into models that specify the precise conditions under which parental behavior determines child well-being.Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076088.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kuppens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium
- Karel de Grote University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon C. Moore
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Crime and Security Research Institute Friary House, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Vanessa Gross
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Emily Lowthian
- DECIPHer, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andy P. Siddaway
- Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland, UK
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7
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Su J, Kuo SIC, Aliev F, Guy MC, Derlan CL, Edenberg HJ, Nurnberger JI, Kramer JR, Bucholz KK, Salvatore JE, Dick DM. Influence of Parental Alcohol Dependence Symptoms and Parenting on Adolescent Risky Drinking and Conduct Problems: A Family Systems Perspective. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1783-1794. [PMID: 29969154 PMCID: PMC6120770 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental alcohol problems are associated with adverse adolescent outcomes such as risky drinking and conduct problems. Important questions remain about the unique roles of fathers' and mothers' alcohol problems and differences and/or similarities in pathways of risk across ethnicity and gender. In this study, we used a family systems approach to consider spillover and crossover effects of fathers' and mothers' alcohol problems (number of alcohol dependence symptoms [ADS]) and parenting behaviors in relation to adolescents' risky drinking and conduct problems. METHODS The sample included 1,282 adolescents (aged 12 to 17) and their parents from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Parents completed the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), and adolescents completed an adolescent version of SSAGA. Data were analyzed using multivariate structural equation modeling. RESULTS Fathers' ADS count was associated with higher adolescent risky drinking and conduct problems indirectly via disruption to fathers' and mothers' positive parenting behaviors, whereas mothers' ADS count was not associated with adolescents' risky drinking and conduct problems directly or indirectly via positive parenting behaviors. No differences in these associations were found across ethnic background and offspring gender. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of considering the unique roles of fathers' and mothers' ADS in influencing family processes and adolescent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Fazil Aliev
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Turkey
| | - Mignonne C. Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University
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8
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Korotana LM, von Ranson KM, Wilson S, Iacono WG. Reciprocal Associations Between Eating Pathology and Parent-Daughter Relationships Across Adolescence: A Monozygotic Twin Differences Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:914. [PMID: 29930526 PMCID: PMC5999748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study explored longitudinal, bidirectional associations between eating pathology and perceptions of the parent-child relationship (i.e., parent-child regard and involvement) across adolescence. Specifically, this study examined whether twin differences in mother-daughter and father-daughter relationship problems emerged as a risk factor for, or outcome of, twin differences in eating pathology. By examining twin differences, this study explored associations between variables while controlling for shared environmental and genetic effects. A population-based sample of 446 monozygotic twin girls and their mothers completed questionnaires when twins were approximately 11, 14, and 17 years. Responses were analyzed using longitudinal cross-lagged models. Overall, few strong longitudinal associations were observed. Where longitudinal associations emerged, overall patterns indicated reciprocal associations that shifted across adolescence. Whereas twin differences in parent-daughter relationship variables more often predicted later twin differences in eating pathology across early adolescence, conversely, twin differences in eating pathology more often predicted later twin differences in parent-daughter relationship variables across later adolescence. In particular, the twin who reported greater eating pathology later reported more negative perceptions of the father-daughter relationship, as compared to her co-twin. Findings raise questions for future research regarding parental-in particular, paternal-responses to adolescent eating pathology and suggest the potential importance of efforts to support the parent-daughter relationship within the context of adolescent eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylia Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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9
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Zucker RA, Gonzalez R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Paulus MP, Arroyo J, Fuligni A, Morris AS, Sanchez M, Wills T. Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:107-120. [PMID: 29627333 PMCID: PMC6436615 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental maturation takes place in a social environment in addition to a neurobiological one. Characterization of social environmental factors that influence this process is therefore an essential component in developing an accurate model of adolescent brain and neurocognitive development, as well as susceptibility to change with the use of marijuana and other drugs. The creation of the Culture and Environment (CE) measurement component of the ABCD protocol was guided by this understanding. Three areas were identified by the CE Work Group as central to this process: influences relating to CE Group membership, influences created by the proximal social environment, influences stemming from social interactions. Eleven measures assess these influences, and by time of publication, will have been administered to well over 7,000 9-10 year-old children and one of their parents. Our report presents baseline data on psychometric characteristics (mean, standard deviation, range, skewness, coefficient alpha) of all measures within the battery. Effectiveness of the battery in differentiating 9-10 year olds who were classified as at higher and lower risk for marijuana use in adolescence was also evaluated. Psychometric characteristics on all measures were good to excellent; higher vs. lower risk contrasts were significant in areas where risk differentiation would be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Zucker
- Addiction Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33145, United States.
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, United States.
| | - Judith Arroyo
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane Room 2011, Rockville, MD, United States.
| | - Andrew Fuligni
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Amanda Sheffield Morris
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research & Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, United States.
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS & Drug Abuse, Florida International University, United States.
| | - Thomas Wills
- University of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, United States.
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10
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Burlaka V, Graham-Bermann SA, Delva J. Family factors and parenting in Ukraine. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 72:154-162. [PMID: 28818732 PMCID: PMC5659940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to estimate the use of positive and negative parenting practices in Ukraine and explore relationships between parenting practices, intimate partner violence (IPV), alcohol use, and sociodemographics. Parents of children (N=320) ages 9-16 from three Ukrainian regions answered questions from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ), the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-R), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES), and the Alcohol Use Section of the Drinking and Drug History and Current Use Patterns questionnaire. Ukrainian parents who reported lower use of alcohol, balanced family functioning and lower intimate partner violence were more likely to use positive parenting and less likely to use negative parenting practices. Parents with lower education were more likely to use negative parenting practices. Furthermore, alcohol use, IPV, parent education and higher family income were significantly and indirectly related with positive and negative parenting scores. The model explained 61% of variance in the positive parenting, 67% in the negative parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Burlaka
- The University of Mississippi, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Social Work, 204 Longstreet/PO Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
| | - Sandra A Graham-Bermann
- Child Violence and Trauma Lab, Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, USA.
| | - Jorge Delva
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, USA.
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Edwards AC, Lönn SL, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Sundquist J, Kendler KS, Sundquist K. Time-specific and cumulative effects of exposure to parental externalizing behavior on risk for young adult alcohol use disorder. Addict Behav 2017; 72:8-13. [PMID: 28319814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that parental externalizing behavior (EB) is a robust risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in their children, and that this is due to both inherited genetic liability and environmental exposure. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of exposure to parental EB vary as a function of timing and/or chronicity. METHODS We identified biological parents with an alcohol use disorder, drug abuse, or criminal behavior, during different periods of their child's upbringing, using Swedish national registries. Logistic regression was used to determine whether the effect of parental EB exposure during different developmental periods differentially impacted children's risk for young adult AUD (ages 19-24). In addition, we tested how multiply affected parents and/or sustained exposure to affected parents impacted risk. RESULTS While parental EB increased risk for young adult AUD, timing of exposure did not differentially impact risk. Having a second affected parent increased the risk of AUD additionally, and sustained exposure to parental EB across multiple periods resulted in a higher risk of young adult AUD than exposure in only one period. CONCLUSIONS In this well-powered population study, there was no evidence of "sensitive periods" of exposure to national registry-ascertained parental EB with respect to impact on young adult AUD, but sustained exposure was more pathogenic than limited exposure. These findings suggest developmental timing does not meaningfully vary the impact, but rather there is a pervasive risk for development of young adult AUD for children and adolescents exposed to parental EB.
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12
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Etiology of Teen Dating Violence among Adolescent Children of Alcoholics. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 47:515-533. [PMID: 28791542 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Family processes in early life have been implicated in adolescent involvement in teen dating violence, yet the developmental pathways through which this occurs are not well understood. In this study, etiological pathways from parental psychopathology and marital conflict in infancy to involvement in dating violence in late adolescence were examined in a sample of children at high-risk due to parental alcohol problems. Families (N = 227) recruited when the child was 12 months of age were assessed at 12-, 24-, 36-months, kindergarten, 6th, 8th, and 12th grades. Slightly more than half of the children were female (51%) and the majority were of European American descent (91%). Parental psychopathology in infancy was indirectly associated with teen dating violence in late adolescence via low maternal warmth and self-regulation in early childhood, externalizing behavior from kindergarten to early adolescence, and sibling problems in middle childhood. Marital conflict was also indirectly associated with teen dating violence via child externalizing behavior. Maternal warmth and sensitivity in early childhood emerged as an important protective factor and was associated with reduced marital conflict and increased child self-regulation in the preschool years as well as increased parental monitoring in middle childhood and early adolescence. Family processes occurring in the preschool years and in middle childhood appear to be critical periods for creating conditions that contribute to dating violence risk in late adolescence. These findings underscore the need for early intervention and prevention with at-risk families.
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13
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Finger B, Jobin A, Bernstein VJ, Hans S. Parenting contributors to early emerging problem behaviour in children of mothers in methadone maintenance treatment. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Finger
- Psychology; Montana State University Billings; Billings Montana USA
| | - Allison Jobin
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California at San Diego; San Diego California USA
| | | | - Sydney Hans
- School of Social Services Administration; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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14
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Li P, Becker JB, Heitzeg MM, McClellan ML, Reed BG, Zucker RA. Gender differences in the transmission of risk for antisocial behavior problems across generations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177288. [PMID: 28505162 PMCID: PMC5432185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that children of alcohol use disorder (AUD) parents are more likely to develop alcohol problems as well as antisocial and other behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to examine gender discordance in the effect of early maternal and paternal influences on antisocial behaviors of boys and girls, as well as the environmental factors that moderate the parental effects. Specifically, we examined the effects of childhood and adulthood antisocial behavior of the parents on offspring antisocial behavior as young adults. We also examined whether mothers' and fathers' drinking problems when offspring were young children (6-8 years) affected offspring antisocial behavior as young adults (18-21 years). We evaluated 655 children from 339 families in the Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS), a prospective study of AUD and non-AUD families. Path models were constructed in order to test for the parental contributions to offspring outcomes. We found that both mothers' and fathers' antisocial behavior contributed to the children's young adult antisocial behavior. Only mothers' drinking problems while their children were little had a significant effect on their sons' later drinking, but not on their daughters'. These different parental effects suggest that maternal and paternal influences may be mediated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jill B. Becker
- Department of Psychology and the Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michele L. McClellan
- Department of History and the Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Beth Glover Reed
- School of Social Work and the Department of Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Puttler LI, Fitzgerald HE, Heitzeg MM, Zucker RA. BOYS, EARLY RISK FACTORS FOR ALCOHOL PROBLEMS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF: AN INTERCONNECTED MATRIX. Infant Ment Health J 2016; 38:83-96. [PMID: 27976816 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-use disorders are a major public health issue worldwide. Although drinking and problematic alcohol use usually begins during adolescence, developmental origins of the disorder can be traced back to infancy and early childhood. Identification of early risk factors is essential to understanding developmental origins. Using data from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing, prospective, high-risk family study, this article summarizes findings of family context and functioning of both children and parents. We draw attention to the development of the self, an understudied aspect of very young children being reared in alcoholic families that exacerbates exposure to high childhood adverse experiences. We also provide evidence demonstrating that young boys are embedded in a dynamic system of genes, epigenetic processes, brain organization, family dynamics, peers, community, and culture that strengthens risky developmental pathways if nothing is done to intervene during infancy and early childhood.
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Abstract
In utero and during the first 5 years of life, boys face unique risks as a result of neurobiological and environmental factors. This introductory article to the Special Issue describes the background of this gender-specific inquiry and outlines some of those risks, drawing attention to the areas that will be covered in depth in the following contributions. We also describe the basis of this inquiry as the link between early life and the subsequent difficulties that adolescent boys and many young men face, and pay particular attention to the circumstances of young men of color and to the growing knowledge about the contributions of fathers to boys' development.
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Cope LM, Hardee JE, Soules ME, Burmeister M, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Reduced brain activation during inhibitory control in children with COMT Val/Val genotype. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00577. [PMID: 28032000 PMCID: PMC5167006 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral undercontrol is a well-established risk factor for substance use disorder, identifiable at an early age well before the onset of substance use. However, the biological mechanistic structure underlying the behavioral undercontrol/substance use relationship is not well understood. The enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) catabolizes dopamine and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, brain regions involved in behavioral control. The goal of this work was to investigate the association between genetic variation in COMT functioning and fronto-striatal brain functioning during successful inhibitory control, a critical aspect of behavioral control. METHODS Participants were 65 (22 female) 7-12 year olds who were genotyped for the functional COMT Val158Met (rs4680) single-nucleotide polymorphism and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a go/no-go task. The majority of the sample (80%) had at least one parent with a history of alcohol use disorder and were thus at heightened risk for substance use disorders. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of genotype on brain activation in left and right putamen during successful versus failed inhibition and in right inferior frontal gyrus/insula during successful inhibition versus baseline. Follow-up tests revealed that Met homozygotes had greater activation in each region relative to Val homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS These results are relevant for understanding how specific genes influence brain functioning related to underlying risk factors for substance use disorders and other disinhibitory psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mary E Soules
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Department of Human Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Eiden RD, Lessard J, Colder CR, Livingston J, Casey M, Leonard KE. Developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use from infancy to late adolescence. Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1619-1633. [PMID: 27584669 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use beginning in infancy was examined in a sample of children with alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. The model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression and antisocial behavior in a cascading process of risk via 3 major hypothesized pathways: first, via parental warmth/sensitivity from toddler to kindergarten age predicting higher parental monitoring in middle childhood through early adolescence, serving as a protective pathway for adolescent substance use; second, via child low self-regulation in the preschool years to a continuing externalizing behavior problem pathway leading to underage drinking and higher engagement with substance using peers; and third, via higher social competence from kindergarten age through middle childhood being protective against engagement with delinquent and substance using peers, and leading to lower adolescent substance use. The sample consisted of 227 intact families recruited from the community at 12 months of child age. Results were supportive for the first 2 pathways to substance use in late adolescence. Among proximal, early adolescent risks, engagement with delinquent peers and parent's acceptance of underage drinking were significant predictors of late adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. The results highlight the important protective roles of maternal warmth/sensitivity in early childhood to kindergarten age, parental monitoring in middle childhood, and of child self-regulation in the preschool period as reducing risk for externalizing behavior problems, underage drinking, and engagement with delinquent peers in early adolescence. Specific implications for the creation of developmentally fine-tuned preventive intervention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Jared Lessard
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Jennifer Livingston
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Meghan Casey
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Kenneth E Leonard
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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Ohannessian CM. The interactive effect of paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking on adolescent internalizing problems. Addict Behav 2015; 50:70-3. [PMID: 26103425 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of both paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking on adolescent internalizing problems (depression and anxiety symptomatology). METHODS Surveys were administered to 566 10th and 11th grade students from the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. in the spring of 2007 and again in the spring of 2008. RESULTS Although significant main effects were not observed, significant interactions were found between paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking for internalizing problems, especially for boys. In general, these interactions indicated that when paternal problem drinking was high, depression symptomatology and anxiety symptomatology were lower if maternal problem drinking was low. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the need to consider both paternal and maternal problem drinking when examining the effects that parental problem drinking may have on adolescent adjustment.
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Heitzeg MM, Cope LM, Martz ME, Hardee JE, Zucker RA. Brain activation to negative stimuli mediates a relationship between adolescent marijuana use and later emotional functioning. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:71-83. [PMID: 26403581 PMCID: PMC4691419 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the impact of heavy marijuana use during adolescence on emotional functioning, as well as the brain functional mediators of this effect. Participants (n=40) were recruited from the Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS). Data on marijuana use were collected prospectively beginning in childhood as part of the MLS. Participants were classified as heavy marijuana users (n=20) or controls with minimal marijuana use. Two facets of emotional functioning-negative emotionality and resiliency (a self-regulatory mechanism)-were assessed as part of the MLS at three time points: mean age 13.4, mean age 19.6, and mean age 23.1. Functional neuroimaging data during an emotion-arousal word task were collected at mean age 20.2. Negative emotionality decreased and resiliency increased across the three time points in controls but not heavy marijuana users. Compared with controls, heavy marijuana users had less activation to negative words in temporal, prefrontal, and occipital cortices, insula, and amygdala. Activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to negative words mediated an association between marijuana group and later negative emotionality. Activation of the cuneus/lingual gyrus mediated an association between marijuana group and later resiliency. Results support growing evidence that heavy marijuana use during adolescence affects later emotional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Meghan E Martz
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2044 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2044 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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Finan LJ, Schulz J, Gordon MS, Ohannessian CM. Parental problem drinking and adolescent externalizing behaviors: The mediating role of family functioning. J Adolesc 2015; 43:100-10. [PMID: 26073673 PMCID: PMC4516616 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored relationships among parental problem drinking, family functioning, and adolescent externalizing behaviors. The unique effects of maternal and paternal drinking were examined separately for girls and boys. The sample included 14-19 year old U.S. adolescents (Mage = 16.15; SD = .75; 52.5% female) and their parents. Participants completed surveys in the spring of 2007 and 2008. Structural equation modeling was used to conduct path analysis models. Results showed the distinctive and adverse effects of parental problem drinking on adolescent alcohol use, drug use, rule breaking, and aggressive behavior over time. Findings also highlighted the indirect and mediating roles of family functioning. For both girls and boys, family cohesion mediated the relationship between parental problem drinking and adolescent externalizing behaviors. For girls, adolescent-father communication predicted increased externalizing behaviors over time. These findings draw attention to the importance of exploring adolescent and parent gender when examining parental problem drinking, family functioning, and externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Finan
- University of Delaware, Human Development Family Studies, 120 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Jessica Schulz
- University of Delaware, Human Development Family Studies, 120 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Mellissa S Gordon
- University of Delaware, Human Development Family Studies, 120 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Christine McCauley Ohannessian
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106, United States.
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22
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McKelvey LM, Burrow NA, Mesman GR, Pemberton JL, Bradley RH, Fitzgerald HE. Supportive fathers lessen the effects of mothers' alcohol problems on children's externalizing behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19424620.2012.783427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M. McKelvey
- a Department of Family and Preventive Medicine , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Nicola A. Burrow
- a Department of Family and Preventive Medicine , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Glenn R. Mesman
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Joy L. Pemberton
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Robert H. Bradley
- c T. Denny Sanford School Social Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
| | - Hiram E. Fitzgerald
- d University Outreach and Engagement University, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
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Stress-Induced Drinking in Parents of Boys with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Heterogeneous Groups in an Experimental Study of Adult-Child Interactions. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 41:919-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weiland BJ, Welsh RC, Yau WYW, Zucker RA, Zubieta JK, Heitzeg MM. Accumbens functional connectivity during reward mediates sensation-seeking and alcohol use in high-risk youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:130-9. [PMID: 22958950 PMCID: PMC3546225 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in fronto-striatal connectivity in problem substance users have suggested reduced influence of cognitive regions on reward-salience regions. Youth with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) have disrupted ventral striatal processing compared with controls with no familial risk (FH-). As sensation-seeking represents an additional vulnerability factor, we hypothesized that functional connectivity during reward anticipation would differ by family history, and would mediate the relationship between sensation-seeking and drinking in high-risk subjects. METHODS Seventy 18-22 year olds (49 FH+/21 FH-) performed a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Group connectivity differences for incentive (reward/loss) vs. neutral conditions were evaluated with psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, seeded in nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Indirect effects of sensation-seeking on drinking volume through accumbens connectivity were tested. RESULTS NAcc connectivity with paracentral lobule/precuneus and sensorimotor areas was decreased for FH- vs. increased for FH+ during incentive anticipation. In FH+, task-related functional coupling between left NAcc and supplementary sensorimotor area (SSMA) and right precuneus correlated positively with sensation-seeking and drinking volume and mediated their relationship. In FH-, left NAcc-SSMA connectivity correlated negatively with sensation-seeking but was not related to drinking. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest preexisting differences in accumbens reward-related functional connectivity in high-risk subjects. NAcc coupling with SSMA, involved in attention and motor networks, and precuneus, a default mode structure, appear to mediate sensation-seeking's effect on drinking in those most at-risk. Differences in accumbens connectivity with attention/motor/default networks, rather than control systems, may influence the reward system's role in vulnerability for substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Weiland
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert C. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wai-Ying Wendy Yau
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Burstein M, Stanger C, Dumenci L. Relations between parent psychopathology, family functioning, and adolescent problems in substance-abusing families: disaggregating the effects of parent gender. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43:631-47. [PMID: 22392413 PMCID: PMC4383170 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study: (1) examined relations between parent psychopathology and adolescent internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and substance use in substance-abusing families; and (2) tested family functioning problems as mediators of these relations. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the independent effects of parent psychopathology and family functioning problems by parent gender. Participants included 242 parents in treatment for substance abuse and/or dependence and 59 of their coparents (16.9% in treatment for substance-abuse/dependence) from middle income households (SES: M = 4.7; SD = 2.1). Ratings were obtained for 325 adolescents (48% female; 27.8% non-Caucasian) between the ages of 10 and 18 years (M = 13.5 years; SD = 2.5 years). Parent psychopathology, family functioning problems, and adolescent problems were assessed with parent and coparent ratings on the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90)/Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Family Relationship Measure, and the Child Behavior Checklist, respectively. Results indicated that maternal psychopathology was directly related to adolescent internalizing problems and substance use, but maternal perceptions of family functioning problems failed to mediate relations between maternal psychopathology and adolescent problems. By contrast, paternal perceptions of family functioning problems uniquely mediated relations between paternal psychopathology and adolescent externalizing problems. Findings underscore the importance of examining how mothers and fathers may differentially impact adolescent problems in substance-abusing families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy Burstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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26
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Nucleus accumbens response to incentive stimuli anticipation in children of alcoholics: relationships with precursive behavioral risk and lifetime alcohol use. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2544-51. [PMID: 22396427 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1390-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Children of alcoholics (COAs) are at elevated risk to develop alcohol and other substance use disorders. The neurobiological underpinnings of this heightened vulnerability are presently not well understood. This study investigated whether, in humans, COAs have different functioning of the mesolimbic reward circuitry beyond previous substance use confounds and examined potential group differences in neural response in relation to alcohol use and behavioral risk. We studied 20 18- to 22-year-old COAs and 20 controls, developmentally well characterized for substance use and selected to match on sex, age, IQ, lifetime substance use and associated problems, and precursive (ages 12-14 years) externalizing behavioral risk. None met criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV diagnosis. Neural responses to anticipation of reward and loss were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary incentive delay task. Overall, COAs showed reduced ventral striatum activation during anticipation of monetary reward and loss compared with controls. However, additional analysis revealed that blunted nucleus accumbens (NAcc) response was only observed in COAs who have not demonstrated any problem drinking behavior. In addition, uniquely in COAs, NAcc activation was positively correlated with precursive externalizing risk, as well as current and lifetime alcohol consumption. These findings suggest a multilevel developmental process whereby lower precursive behavioral risk appears protective of later problem alcohol use in COAs, which is further associated with a blunted NAcc response to incentive anticipation, potentially reflecting a resilience mechanism. Moreover, the results suggest that a close association between motivational responses, alcohol consumption, and behavioral risk may underlie addiction vulnerability in COAs.
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Handley ED, Chassin L, Haller MM, Bountress KE, Dandreaux D, Beltran I. Do executive and reactive disinhibition mediate the effects of familial substance use disorders on adolescent externalizing outcomes? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:528-42. [PMID: 21668077 DOI: 10.1037/a0024162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the potential mediating roles of executive and reactive disinhibition in predicting conduct problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and substance use among adolescents with and without a family history of substance use disorders. Using data from 247 high-risk adolescents, parents, and grandparents, structural equation modeling indicated that reactive disinhibition, as measured by sensation seeking, mediated the effect of familial drug use disorders on all facets of the adolescent externalizing spectrum. Executive disinhibition, as measured by response disinhibition, spatial short term memory, and "trait" impulsivity, was associated with ADHD symptoms. Moreover, although executive functioning weakness were unrelated to familial substance use disorders, adolescents with familial alcohol use disorders were at risk for "trait" impulsivity marked by a lack of planning. These results illustrate the importance of "unpacking" the broad temperament style of disinhibition and of studying the processes that underlie the commonality among facets of the externalizing spectrum and processes that predict specific externalizing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Handley
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
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28
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Kleinke K, Stemmler M, Reinecke J, Lösel F. Efficient ways to impute incomplete panel data. ASTA-ADVANCES IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10182-011-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Haber JR, Bucholz KK, Jacob T, Grant JD, Scherrer JF, Sartor CE, Duncan AE, Heath A. Effect of paternal alcohol and drug dependence on offspring conduct disorder: gene-environment interplay. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011; 71:652-63. [PMID: 20731970 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2010.71.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Not only are substance-use disorders and externalizing disorders frequently comorbid, they often co-occur in families across generations. The current study examined the role of genetic and environmental influences in the relationship between paternal histories of drug dependence or alcohol dependence and offspring conduct disorder using an offspring-of-twins design. METHOD Participants were male twins (n = 1,774) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their offspring (n = 1,917), and mothers of the offspring (n = 1,202). Twins had a history of drug dependence, alcohol dependence, or neither. Based on the father's and his co-twin's drug-dependence or alcohol-dependence history and zygosity, risk groups were constructed to reflect different levels of genetic and environmental risk that were then used to predict offspring conduct disorder. RESULTS After controlling for potentially confounding variables, the offspring of men with a history of drug dependence or alcohol dependence had significantly higher rates of conduct disorder, compared with offspring of men without this history. Offspring at higher genetic risk had higher rates of conduct disorder. High-risk offspring at lower environmental risk had lower rates of conduct disorder but only in the case of paternal drug-dependence risk. Lower environmental risk did not influence rates of offspring conduct disorder when the father had an alcohol-dependence history. CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk associated with both paternal drug-dependence and paternal alcohol-dependence histories predicted offspring conduct-disorder risk, but only risk associated with paternal drug-dependence history was mitigated by having a low-risk environment. These results demonstrated a significant gene-environment interaction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Randolph Haber
- Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, MC151-J, Menlo Park, California 94025-2539, USA.
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Klahr AM, McGue M, Iacono WG, Burt SA. The association between parent-child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: results from a longitudinal adoption study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:46-56. [PMID: 21038930 PMCID: PMC3035729 DOI: 10.1037/a0021350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A handful of prior adoption studies have confirmed that the cross-sectional relationship between child conduct problems and parent-child conflict at least partially originates in the shared environment. However, as the direction of causation between parenting and delinquency remains unclear, this relationship could be better explained by the adolescent's propensity to elicit conflictive parenting, a phenomenon referred to as an evocative gene-environment correlation. In the current study, the authors thus examined the prospective relationship between conduct problems and parent-child conflict in a sample of adoptive families. Participants included 672 adolescents in 405 adoptive families assessed at 2 time points roughly 4 years apart. Results indicated that parent-child conflict predicts the development of conduct problems, whereas conduct problems do not predict increases in parent-child conflict. Such findings suggest that evocative gene-environment correlations are highly unlikely to be an explanation of prior shared environmental effects during adolescence. Moreover, because the adolescents in this study do not share genes with their adoptive parents, the association between conduct problems and parent-child conflict is indicative of shared environmental mediation in particular. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlea M Klahr
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 37A Psychology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Eiden RD, Ostrov JM, Colder CR, Leonard KE, Edwards EP, Orrange-Torchia T. Parent alcohol problems and peer bullying and victimization: child gender and toddler attachment security as moderators. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 39:341-50. [PMID: 20419575 DOI: 10.1080/15374411003691768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between parents' alcoholism and peer bullying and victimization in middle childhood in 162 community-recruited families (80 girls and 82 boys) with and without alcohol problems. Toddler-mother attachment was assessed at 18 months of child age, and child reports of peer bullying and victimization were obtained in 4th grade. There was a direct association between fathers' alcohol symptoms and bullying of peers, as well as indirect association via toddler-mother attachment security. Multiple group models indicated that the direct association between parents' alcohol symptoms and bullying was significant for boys but not girls. The association between maternal alcohol symptoms and bullying was significant for secure but not insecure boys or secure/insecure girls. The association between fathers' alcohol symptoms and bullying was significant for insecure boys but not secure boys or secure/insecure girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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32
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Cavazos-Rehg PA, Spitznagel EL, Bucholz KK, Nurnberger J, Edenberg HJ, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Hesselbrock V, Bierut LJ. Predictors of sexual debut at age 16 or younger. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2010; 39:664-73. [PMID: 18846417 PMCID: PMC2855761 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-008-9397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the extent to which variables within the self system (i.e., symptoms of alcohol dependence and conduct disorder, gender, race, and metropolitan status) and the familial system (i.e., having an alcohol dependent biological parent or second-degree relative, religious background, educational background of parents, and being born to a teenage mother) were associated with sexual debut at 16 years old or earlier. Participants were 1,054 biological relatives, aged 18-25 years, of alcohol dependent probands who participated in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism project. Comparison participants (N = 234) without alcohol dependent biological parents were also evaluated. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were assessed by structured, personal interviews. Parental history of alcohol dependence was evaluated by direct interview of parents in most cases and family history in uninterviewed parents. In a multivariate survival analysis, increased risk of becoming sexually active at 16 years of age or earlier was significantly associated with 6 of the 10 predictor variables, including race, one or more alcohol dependence symptoms, and/or one or more conduct disorder symptoms. Having an alcohol dependent biological parent or second-degree relative (e.g., aunt, uncle, or grandparent), educational background of mother, and being born to a teenage mother were also significantly associated with increased risk. These results provide evidence that specific variables in the self and familial systems of influence are important in predicting sexual debut at 16 years old or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hussong AM, Huang W, Curran PJ, Chassin L, Zucker RA. Parent alcoholism impacts the severity and timing of children's externalizing symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:367-80. [PMID: 20084453 PMCID: PMC3215275 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies show that children of alcoholic parents have higher rates of externalizing symptoms compared to their peers, it remains unclear whether the timing of children's externalizing symptoms is linked to that of their parent's alcohol-related symptoms. Using a multilevel modeling approach, we tested whether children aged 2 through 17 showed elevated mother-, father- and child-reported externalizing symptoms (a) at the same time that parents showed alcohol-related consequences (time-varying effects), (b) if parents showed greater alcohol-related consequences during the study period (proximal effects), and (c) if parents had a lifetime diagnosis of alcoholism that predated the study period (distal effects). We used integrative data analysis to combine samples from two prospective studies to test these hypotheses. Distal effects of parent alcoholism on increased child externalizing symptoms were large and consistent. In addition, proximal and time-varying effects of parent alcohol symptoms were also found. Implications for preventing escalations in externalizing symptoms among this high-risk population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Hussong
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Eisenberg N, Haugen R, Spinrad TL, Hofer C, Chassin L, Zhou Q, Kupfer A, Smith CL, Valiente C, Liew J. Relations of Temperament to Maladjustment and Ego Resiliency in At-Risk Children. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2010; 19:577-600. [PMID: 20567606 PMCID: PMC2887699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe relations of control/regulation‐related temperamentally based dispositions (effortful control (EC), impulsivity, and approach/avoidance) to externalizing problems and personality ego resiliency were examined in a sample of 467 children (M age = 7.46 years), some of whom were children of alcoholics (COAs). In addition, we examined if the relations of temperamental regulation/control to maladjustment/ego resiliency were moderated by COA status or sex of the child. In general, regulated, controlled temperament was negatively related to externalizing problems and EC was positively related to ego resiliency. Relations between a problematic temperament and externalizing problems were stronger and sometimes only found for COAs, especially male COAs. Ego resiliency was positively related to high father‐reported approach for boys who were not sons of alcoholics. In addition, COA status was related to high impulsivity, approach behavior, and externalizing problems and low EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Eisenberg
- Nancy Eisenberg, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University; Rg Hagen, Division of Psychology in Education, Arizona State University; Tracy L. Spinrad, Department of Family and Human Development, Arizona State University; Claire Hofer, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University; Laurie Chassin, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University; Qing Zhou, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University; Arizona State University; Anne Kupfer, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University; Cynthia L. Smith, Arizona State University; Carlos Valiente, Department of Family and Human Development, Arizona State University; Jeffrey Liew, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
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Giannakopoulos G, Dimitrakaki C, Pedeli X, Kolaitis G, Rotsika V, Ravens-Sieberer U, Tountas Y. Adolescents' wellbeing and functioning: relationships with parents' subjective general physical and mental health. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7:100. [PMID: 20003508 PMCID: PMC2804705 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-7-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at examining the relationship between parental subjective health status and adolescents' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as well as the role of gender, socioeconomic status, presence of chronic health care needs and social support on the above interaction. METHODS Questionnaires were administered to a Greek nation-wide random sample of adolescents (N = 1,194) aged 11-18 years and their parents (N = 973) in 2003. Adolescents' and parents' status was assessed, together with reports of socio-economic status and level of social support. Various statistical tests were used to determine the extent to which these variables were related to each other. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Parental subjective mental health status was significantly correlated with adolescents' better physical and psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, parent-child relationships, school environment and financial resources. Parental subjective physical health status was strongly associated with more positive adolescents' self-perception. Adolescents' male gender, younger age, absence of chronic health care needs, high social support, and higher family income were positively associated with better HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the importance of parental subjective health status, along with other variables, as a significant factor for the adolescents' HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giannakopoulos
- Centre for Health Services Research, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, 25 Alexandroupoleos Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Performance and subjective effects of diazepam and d-amphetamine in high and low sensation seekers. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:505-17. [PMID: 19654505 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283305e8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although sensation-seeking status is associated with age of initiation and amount of drug use among adolescents, and sensitivity to the behavioral and reinforcing effects of drugs among young adults, it is unclear whether sensation-seeking status among adolescents is predictive of sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of drugs (i.e. abuse potential) as adults. This study examined the acute behavioral effects of oral diazepam and d-amphetamine in young adults, ages 18-21 years, who had consistently scored in the highest or lowest third of their grade-based cohort on a modified Sensation Seeking Scale that was completed annually between ages 10 and 14 years. Healthy participants completed 16 7.5-h test days, with test days separated by a minimum of 48 h. Each day, assessments consisting of computer task performance, verbal report of drug effects, and cardiovascular measures were completed 0, 50, 110, 170, 230, and 290 min after drug administration. Placebo and three active doses of diazepam and d-amphetamine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/70 kg) were tested under double-blind conditions according to a randomized-block design. Typical stimulant and sedative effects were obtained with d-amphetamine and diazepam, respectively. Drug effects varied as a function of sensation-seeking status, with magnitude of effects on cardiovascular function, task performance, and report of positive drug effects being greater among high sensation seekers, and report of negative drug effects being greater among low sensation seekers. Adolescents who report high levels of sensation seeking on a consistent basis are more sensitive to pharmacological effects of stimulant and sedative drugs that are associated with abuse potential as young adults.
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Bakoula C, Kolaitis G, Veltsista A, Gika A, Chrousos GP. Parental stress affects the emotions and behaviour of children up to adolescence: a Greek prospective, longitudinal study. Stress 2009; 12:486-98. [PMID: 19206015 DOI: 10.3109/10253890802645041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic research about the continuity of mental health problems from childhood to adolescence is limited, but necessary to design effective prevention and intervention strategies. We used a population-based representative sample of Greek adolescents, followed-up from birth to the age of 18 years, to assess early influences on and the persistence of mental health problems in youth. We examined the role of peripartum, early development and parental characteristics in predicting mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Results suggest a strong relationship between behavioural problems in childhood and adolescence for both genders, while emotional problems were more likely to persist in boys. Age and sex-specific models revealed significant positive associations between higher scores on the behavioural and emotional problems scales and higher frequency of accidents in preschool years, physical punishment in early childhood, lack of parental interest in child's school and activities, and perceived maternal stress in all children. Perceived paternal stress was associated with higher scores on the Total and Internalizing problems scales in the total population. Our results suggest that early interventions are necessary as mental health problems strongly persist from childhood to late adolescence. The adverse effects of parental stress and poor care-giving practices on child's psychopathology need to be recognised and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bakoula
- First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders of parents are associated with an increased risk of psychological and developmental difficulties in their children. Most research has focused on mothers, neglecting psychiatric disorders affecting fathers. We review findings on paternal psychiatric disorders and their effect on children's psychosocial development. Most psychiatric disorders that affect fathers are associated with an increased risk of behavioural and emotional difficulties in their children, similar in magnitude to that due to maternal psychiatric disorders. Some findings indicate that boys are at greater risk than girls, and that paternal disorders, compared with maternal disorders, might be associated with an increased risk of behavioural rather than emotional problems. Improved paternal mental health is likely to improve children's wellbeing and life course.
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McMahon TJ, Winkel JD, Luthar SS, Rounsaville BJ. Looking for Poppa: Parenting Status of Men Versus Women Seeking Drug Abuse Treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/ada-37567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lester PE, Weiss RE, Rice E, Comulada WS, Lord L, Alber S, Rotheram-Borus MJ. The longitudinal impact of HIV+ parents' drug use on their adolescent children. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2009; 79:51-9. [PMID: 19290725 PMCID: PMC2843584 DOI: 10.1037/a0015427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of parental substance use on the emotional and behavioral adjustment of their adolescent children was examined over 5 years. A representative sample of 220 parents with HIV (PWH) and 330 adolescent children in New York City were repeatedly assessed. Some parents never used marijuana or hard drugs over the 5 years (nonusers). Among those who were users, substance use varied over time. PWH who used substances during a specific 3-month period were classified as active users and those who abstained from substance use were classified as inactive users. Longitudinal regression analyses were used to analyze the impact of variations in patterns of substance use over time on their adolescent children's emotional adjustment and behavioral problems. PWH relapse exacerbated adolescent substance use, trouble with peers, and adolescent emotional distress. Even time-limited reductions in parents' substance abuse can have a significant positive impact on their adolescent children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. Interventions that address parental substance use among PWH should be developed to ameliorate the impact of substance use relapse on their adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Lester
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Davé S, Nazareth I, Senior R, Sherr L. A comparison of father and mother report of child behaviour on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2008; 39:399-413. [PMID: 18266104 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-008-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To date there has been no comparison of father and mother report on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a standardised measure of child behaviour used widely in the UK in clinical practice and research. The objectives of the study were to investigate differences and agreement between parents on the various SDQ domains of child behaviour. Parents of 4-6 years olds were recruited via 13 UK general practices, and completed the SDQ and measures on depression, parenting, couple relationship, alcohol use and demographics. Parental SDQ ratings were compared. The SDQ was completed by 248 parent dyads. Mother and father ratings were correlated, however fathers reported higher mean scores than mothers for externalising behaviours. Higher reporting by fathers was related to alcohol misuse, the couple relationship, fathering, and father employment. Fathers did not report significantly more abnormal behaviours than mothers except for hyperactivity. There was high interparental agreement on normal/borderline behaviours (94.8-98.3% agreement), but lower agreement on abnormal behaviours (7.7-37.9%). There was higher interparental agreement on male rather than female children, but fathers were four times more likely to report hyperactivity among their boys compared with girls. Using combined parental reports in clinical settings would enhance the sensitivity of identifying children requiring clinical attention for their problem behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Davé
- General Practice Research Framework, Medical Research Council, Stephenson House, 158-160 North Gower Street, London NW1 2ND, UK.
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Abstract
Pathological alcohol use is a complex and costly problem. This chapter focuses on recent developments in the etiology of alcohol use disorders. Literature is reviewed from the fields of epidemiology, genetics, personality, neuropsychology, parenting, and social influences. In addition, theoretical models that describe pathways to the development of alcohol use disorders are presented. Particular emphasis is given to ways in which genetic, environmental, psychopharmacological, and personological literatures can inform one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211-0001, USA.
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Eiden RD, Edwards EP, Leonard KE. A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: role of parenting and children's self-regulation. Dev Psychol 2007; 43:1187-201. [PMID: 17723044 PMCID: PMC2720575 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model predicting children's externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten in a sample of children with alcoholic (n = 130) and nonalcoholic (n = 97) parents. The model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression, and antisocial behavior at 12-18 months of child age in predicting parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years of child age. Parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years was hypothesized to predict children's self-regulation at 3 years (effortful control and internalization of rules), which in turn was expected to predict externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten. Structural equation modeling was largely supportive of this conceptual model. Fathers' alcohol diagnosis at 12-18 months was associated with lower maternal and paternal warmth/sensitivity at 2 years. Lower maternal warmth/sensitivity was longitudinally predictive of lower child self-regulation at 3 years, which in turn was longitudinally predictive of higher externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten, after controlling for prior behavior problems. There was a direct association between parents' depression and children's externalizing behavior problems. Results indicate that one pathway to higher externalizing behavior problems among children of alcoholics may be via parenting and self-regulation in the toddler to preschool years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Hussong AM, Wirth RJ, Edwards MC, Curran PJ, Chassin LA, Zucker RA. Externalizing symptoms among children of alcoholic parents: Entry points for an antisocial pathway to alcoholism. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 116:529-42. [PMID: 17696709 PMCID: PMC2842994 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined heterogeneity in risk for externalizing symptoms in children of alcoholic parents, as it may inform the search for entry points into an antisocial pathway to alcoholism. That is, they tested whether the number of alcoholic parents in a family, the comorbid subtype of parental alcoholism, and the gender of the child predicted trajectories of externalizing symptoms over the early life course, as assessed in high-risk samples of children of alcoholic parents and matched controls. Through integrative analyses of 2 independent, longitudinal studies, they showed that children with either an antisocial alcoholic parent or 2 alcoholic parents were at greatest risk for externalizing symptoms. Moreover, children with a depressed alcoholic parent did not differ from those with an antisocial alcoholic parent in reported symptoms. These findings were generally consistent across mother, father, and adolescent reports of symptoms; child gender and child age (ages 2 through 17); and the 2 independent studies examined. Multialcoholic and comorbid-alcoholic families may thus convey a genetic susceptibility to dysregulation along with environments that both exacerbate this susceptibility and provide few supports to offset it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hussong
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA.
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46
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Dogan SJ, Conger RD, Kim KJ, Masyn KE. Cognitive and Parenting Pathways in the Transmission of Antisocial Behavior From Parents to Adolescents. Child Dev 2007; 78:335-49. [PMID: 17328709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of adolescent perceptions of parental behavior and disrupted parenting in the continuity of antisocial behavior across generations. Participants included 430 adolescents and their biological parents assessed during the period from the 9th to 12th grades (9th grade age in years: M=15.09, SD=0.43). Structural equation modeling provided support for the mediating role of adolescent perceptions and disrupted parenting in the familial transmission of antisocial behavior. Furthermore, the results were consistent across parent and adolescent gender. The findings extend previous research by suggesting a significant role for adolescent perceptions of parents' activities in the development and growth of antisocial behavior. Results also support significant stability in antisocial tendencies over the course of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Dogan
- Department of Human & Community Development, University of California at Davis, Family Research Group, 202 Cousteau Place, Suite 100, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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47
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Peiponen S, Laukkanen E, Korhonen V, Hintikka U, Lehtonen J. The association of parental alcohol abuse and depression with severe emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents: a clinical study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2006; 52:395-407. [PMID: 17278341 DOI: 10.1177/0020764006065134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier studies have indicated associations between parental psychiatric problems, such as depression, and substance abuse and adolescent problems. AIMS This study aimed to determine whether parental psychiatric problems are associated with problems and problem behaviour in adolescents in a clinical sample. METHODS The study subjects were 70 outpatient adolescents (age 13-18 years, boys 30%) and their parents. The adolescents were assessed using the structural clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) and a semi-structured questionnaire, and the parents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS Maternal alcohol abuse and depression were associated with serious problems, especially among girls, and paternal alcohol abuse was associated with adolescent health-compromising behaviour. Maternal depression and alcohol abuse had no association with adolescent health-compromising behaviour. Maternal depression without alcohol abuse was associated with the diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adolescents, but not with other adolescent problems, while paternal depression without alcohol abuse was not associated with any adolescent problems. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small study sample, these findings indicate that parental psychiatric problems and alcohol abuse are correlated with adolescent psychological problems and should be considered and assessed when assessing adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirkka Peiponen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
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48
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Eiden RD, Edwards EP, Leonard KE. Children's internalization of rules of conduct: role of parenting in alcoholic families. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2006; 20:305-15. [PMID: 16938068 PMCID: PMC2666298 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between fathers' alcoholism and children's internalization of rules of conduct at 2 to 3 years of age. The sample consisted of 220 families (102 without alcoholism, 118 with alcoholism). Results indicated that there was no direct association between fathers' alcoholism and children's internalization measured with a behavioral paradigm at age 3 years. However, the indirect association between fathers' alcoholism and children's behavioral internalization was significant through fathers' sensitivity during play interactions at age 2 years. Children of fathers with alcoholism were rated by their mothers as having lower internalized conduct over the 2- to 3-year period. This direct association was not mediated by parental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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49
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Grekin ER, Sher KJ. Alcohol dependence symptoms among college freshmen: prevalence, stability, and person-environment interactions. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 14:329-38. [PMID: 16893276 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
College students are at risk for problematic alcohol use. Few studies, however, have examined alcohol dependence symptoms within a college sample. The current study assesses the prevalence, predictors, and stability of proxy Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) alcohol dependence symptoms among college freshmen. Participants were 3,720 freshmen taking part in a longitudinal study. Participants completed measures of alcohol use, fraternity and sorority membership, and behavioral undercontrol. Results revealed that alcohol dependence symptoms were prevalent and moderately stable among college freshmen. Both membership in a Greek organization and behavioral undercontrol predicted responses to our alcohol dependence proxy. In addition, Greek status interacted with behavioral undercontrol to predict alcohol dependence symptoms, such that Greek members high in behavioral undercontrol were especially vulnerable to symptoms of dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Grekin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-0001, USA.
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50
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Zhou Q, King KM, Chassin L. The roles of familial alcoholism and adolescent family harmony in young adults' substance dependence disorders: mediated and moderated relations. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 115:320-31. [PMID: 16737396 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.115.2.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the prospective relations among family history density of alcoholism (FHD), adolescent family harmony, and young adults' alcohol and drug dependence. Family harmony was rated by mothers and fathers in adolescence, and young adults' substance dependence diagnoses were obtained through structured interviews. Higher FHD predicted lower adolescent family harmony, which in turn increased young adults' odds of being diagnosed with drug dependence (with and without alcohol dependence) compared to no diagnoses or to alcohol dependence only. Family harmony also interacted with FHD such that the protective effect of family harmony on young adults' drug dependence with or without alcohol dependence decreased as FHD rose, and was nonsignificant at high levels of FHD. The findings suggest the importance of distinguishing among alcohol and drug dependence disorders and examining their differential etiological pathways, and also suggest that the protective effects of harmonious family environments on substance dependence may be limited at high levels of FHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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