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Takada M, Hirouchi J, Kujiraoka I, Takahara S, Schneider T, Kai M. Temporal changes in cumulative mortality risks of cancer, by occupation, in the working population of Japan from 1995 to 2020: a benchmark for radiation risk comparison. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2024; 44:011514. [PMID: 38422516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ad2ebc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide benchmark data for discussing the tolerability of cancer risk associated with occupational radiation exposure. It focused on differences in cancer mortality risk by occupation among Japan's working population and examined baseline cancer mortality risks and its variations from 1995 through 2020. Data were collected every five years from national vital statistics sources. By focusing on the same types of cancer among radiation induced effects, cumulative mortality risks were calculated for colorectal, lung, and breast cancer (females only) for those aged 15-74. The average cumulative mortality risk for the working population in Japan has decreased by 30%-60% over the past 25 years. Service workers and male managers were at an average risk, among all workers, while clerical workers and transportation and manufacturing workers had about half the average risk. The risks were higher for professionals and female managers, about 1.5-2 times the average for professionals and up to 5 times the average for female managers. The decrease in the average cancer mortality risk in the working population as a baseline suggests that risk tolerance in society might have changed over time. Since differences in mortality by occupation were confirmed, the usefulness of occupational data as a benchmark needs further investigation, as high-risk/low-risk occupations vary by country and region. The results of this study contribute to put radiation risks into perspective with the background risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momo Takada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun Hirouchi
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kujiraoka
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shogo Takahara
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Thierry Schneider
- Nuclear Protection Evaluation Centre (CEPN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Szablewski L. Insulin Resistance: The Increased Risk of Cancers. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:998-1027. [PMID: 38392069 PMCID: PMC10888119 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, also known as impaired insulin sensitivity, is the result of a decreased reaction of insulin signaling to blood glucose levels. This state is observed when muscle cells, adipose tissue, and liver cells, improperly respond to a particular concentration of insulin. Insulin resistance and related increased plasma insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) may cause metabolic impairments, which are pathological states observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Observations of cancer patients confirm that hyperinsulinemia is a major factor influencing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Obesity and diabetes have been reported as risks of the initiation, progression, and metastasis of several cancers. However, both of the aforementioned pathologies may independently and additionally increase the cancer risk. The state of metabolic disorders observed in cancer patients is associated with poor outcomes of cancer treatment. For example, patients suffering from metabolic disorders have higher cancer recurrence rates and their overall survival is reduced. In these associations between insulin resistance and cancer risk, an overview of the various pathogenic mechanisms that play a role in the development of cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szablewski
- Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Degett TH, Moustsen-Helms IR, Larsen SB, Kjær TK, Tjønneland A, Kjær SK, Johansen C, Gögenur I, Dalton SO. Cardiovascular events after elective colorectal cancer surgery in patients with stage I-III disease with no previous cardiovascular disease. Acta Oncol 2023; 62:728-736. [PMID: 37262420 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2023.2212844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of cardiovascular events in patients treated for colorectal cancer is debated due to diverging results in previous studies. Colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease share several risk factors such as physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking. Information about confounding covariates and follow-up time are therefore essential to address the issue. This study aims to investigate the risk of new-onset cardiovascular events for patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer receiving elective surgery compared to a matched population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a prospective cohort, we compared cardiovascular events among 876 patients treated with elective surgery for incident stage I-III colorectal cancer diagnosed between January 1st, 2001 and December 31st, 2016 to a cancer-free cohort matched by age, sex, and time since enrollment (N = 3504). Regression analyses were adjusted for lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidity. Multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with cardiovascular events in the postoperative (<90 days of elective surgery) and long-term phase (>90 days after elective surgery). RESULTS After a median follow-up of 3.9 years, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident heart failure was 1.53 (95% CI 1.02-2.28) among patients operated for colorectal cancer. The postoperative risk of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris was associated with the use of lipid-lowering drugs. Long-term risks of cardiovascular events were ASA-score of III+IV and lipid-lowering drugs with HRs ranging from 2.20 to 15.8. Further, the use of antihypertensive drugs was associated with an HR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.06-4.13) for angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. Heart failure was associated with being overweight, diabetes, and anastomosis leakage. CONCLUSION We observed an increased hazard of heart failure in patients operated on for stage I-III colorectal cancer compared to cancer-free comparisons. We identified several potential risk factors for cardiovascular events within and beyond 90 days of elective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Helene Degett
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Surgical Science (CSS), Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Ida Rask Moustsen-Helms
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Benzon Larsen
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trille Kristina Kjær
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjær
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cancer Survivorship and Treatment Late Effects (CASTLE), Department of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Organ Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Centre for Surgical Science (CSS), Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark
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Al-Nakkash L, Mason D, Ismail N, Bowman T, Ahlert J, Rubin M, Smith E, Rosander A, Broderick TL. Exercise Training Prevents the Loss of Wall Thickness and Lowers Expression of Alzheimer's Related Proteins in 3xTg Mouse Jejunum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14164. [PMID: 36361051 PMCID: PMC9653708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated the benefits of regular exercise on cardiovascular, neural, and cognitive function in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the consequences of AD on gastrointestinal morphology and the effects of regular exercise, which plays an important role against the development of certain gastrointestinal-related diseases, are still poorly understood. Therefore, to assess the changes in intestinal structure in a mouse model of AD and the impact of exercise, 2-month-old 3xTg-AD male mice were subjected to treadmill running 5 days per week for a period of 5 months. Jejunum from 3xTg-AD mice analyzed by histochemical methods revealed significant alterations in morphology. Compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, villi length and crypt depth were increased, and collagen content of jejunum was elevated in 3xTg-AD mice. Jejunum wall dimensions, expressed as total wall thickness, outer longitudinal thickness, and inner circular thickness were decreased in 3xTg-AD compared to WT. Smooth muscle actin expression in jejunal wall was decreased in 3xTg-AD. Most of these aberrations were improved with exercise. Western blot expression of cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5, involved in neural cell death and hyperphosphorylation of tau), was elevated in 3xTg-AD jejunum. This was associated with a 4-fold increase in tau5 expression. Exercise prevented the increase in expression of CDK5 and tau5. Expression of caspase 3 (an apoptotic marker) was elevated in 3xTg-AD jejunum and exercise prevented this. The results of our study indicate that the abnormalities in jejunum of the 3xTg mouse model of AD were prevented with exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Nakkash
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Daniel Mason
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Niamatullah Ismail
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Taylor Bowman
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - John Ahlert
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Maxwell Rubin
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Emma Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Abigail Rosander
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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Coronary artery disease and cancer: a significant resemblance. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:187. [PMID: 36071253 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and coronary artery disease (CAD) are two of the most common causes of death, and they frequently coexist, especially as the world's population ages. CAD can develop prior to or following cancer diagnosis, as well as a side effect of cancer treatment. CAD develops as complex interactions of lifestyle and hereditary variables, just like the development of the most complex and non-communicable diseases. Cancer is caused by both external/acquired factors (tobacco, food, physical activity, alcohol consumption, epigenetic alterations) and internal/inherited factors (genetic mutations, hormones, and immunological diseases). The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has recently emerged as a strong tool for gene therapy for both cancer as well as CAD treatment due to its great accuracy and efficiency. A deeper understanding of the complex link between CAD and cancer should lead to better prevention, faster detection, and safer treatment strategies.
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del Mar Salinas-Asensio M, Ocón-Hernández O, Mundo-López A, Fernández-Lao C, Peinado FM, Padilla-Vinuesa C, Álvarez-Salvago F, Postigo-Martín P, Lozano-Lozano M, Lara-Ramos A, Arroyo-Morales M, Cantarero-Villanueva I, Artacho-Cordón F. 'Physio-EndEA' Study: A Randomized, Parallel-Group Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of a Supervised and Adapted Therapeutic Exercise Program to Improve Quality of Life in Symptomatic Women Diagnosed with Endometriosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031738. [PMID: 35162761 PMCID: PMC8834829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The ‘Physio-EndEA’ study aims to explore the potential benefits of a therapeutic exercise program (focused on lumbopelvic stabilization and tolerance to exertion) on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of symptomatic endometriosis women. Design: The present study will use a parallel-group randomized controlled trial design. Methods: A total of 22 symptomatic endometriosis women will be randomized 1:1 to the Physio-EndEA or usual care groups. The ‘Physio-EndEA’ program will consist of a one-week lumbopelvic stabilization learning phase followed by an eight-week phase of stretching, aerobic and resistance exercises focused on the lumbopelvic area that will be sequentially instructed and supervised by a trained physiotherapist (with volume and intensity progression) and adapted daily to the potential of each participant. The primary outcome measure is HRQoL. The secondary outcome measures included clinician-reported outcomes (pressure pain thresholds, muscle thickness and strength, flexibility, body balance and cardiorespiratory fitness) and patient-reported outcomes (pain intensity, physical fitness, chronic fatigue, sexual function, gastrointestinal function and sleep quality). Discussion: Findings of this study will help to identify cost-effective non-pharmacological options (such as this exercise-based intervention) that may contribute to the improvement of HRQoL in symptomatic endometriosis women.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Salinas-Asensio
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.d.M.S.-A.); (F.A.-C.)
| | - Olga Ocón-Hernández
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, ‘San Cecilio’ University Hospital, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Fernández-Lao
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Peinado
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
| | - Carmen Padilla-Vinuesa
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, ‘San Cecilio’ University Hospital, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Paula Postigo-Martín
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Lozano-Lozano
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Lara-Ramos
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, ‘Virgen de las Nieves’ University Hospital, E-18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Morales
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Cantarero-Villanueva
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; (C.F.-L.); (P.P.-M.); (M.L.-L.); (M.A.-M.); (I.C.-V.)
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; (O.O.-H.); (F.M.P.); (C.P.-V.)
- “Cuídate” Support Unit for Oncology Patients (UAPO), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.d.M.S.-A.); (F.A.-C.)
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Sujkowski A, Hong L, Wessells RJ, Todi SV. The protective role of exercise against age-related neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101543. [PMID: 34923167 PMCID: PMC8761166 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a widely accessible, low-cost intervention with a variety of benefits to multiple organ systems. Exercise improves multiple indices of physical performance and stimulates pronounced health benefits reducing a range of pathologies including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Endurance exercise delays brain aging, preserves memory and cognition, and improves symptoms of neurodegenerative pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and various ataxias. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise include neuronal survival and plasticity, neurogenesis, epigenetic modifications, angiogenesis, autophagy, and the synthesis and release of neurotrophins and cytokines. In this review, we discuss shared benefits and molecular pathways driving the protective effects of endurance exercise on various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - R J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Taaffe DR, Kim JS, Luo H, Yang L, Fairman CM, Qiao Y, Newton RU, Galvão DA. Protective effects of physical activity in colon cancer and underlying mechanisms: A review of epidemiological and biological evidence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103578. [PMID: 35007701 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity has a protective effect against colon cancer development and progression. Further, the relevant biological mechanisms where physical activity or exercise may improve survival have also been initially examined. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence to date which comprises 16 cohort studies of the effects of physical activity on colon cancer outcomes including cancer recurrence, cancer-specific and overall survival. Moreover, we present four potential mechanisms involving shear pressure, systemic milieu alteration, extracellular vesicles, and immune function by which physical activity and exercise may favorably impact colon cancer. Research currently in progress will provide definitive evidence of survival benefits resulting from exercise and future work will help clarify the role of targeted exercise and the relevant mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Hao Luo
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Lirui Yang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yuandong Qiao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
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Roberts FL, Markby GR. New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102639. [PMID: 34685618 PMCID: PMC8533934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases. This is particularly important as exercise is not an available option to all and so novel methods must be identified to confer the beneficial effects of exercise in a therapeutic manner. This review will focus on key emerging molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy in selected, highly metabolic tissues, describing their regulation and contribution to beneficial adaptations to exercise.
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10
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Shirvani H, Bazgir B, Rahimi M, Isanejad A, Samadi M, Sobhani V, Alizadeh AM, Arabzadeh E. Therapeutic and preventive effects of exercise training on metabolic regulators/markers in mouse colorectal cancer cells. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Matthews KA, Kahl AR, Gaglioti AH, Charlton ME. Differences in Travel Time to Cancer Surgery for Colon versus Rectal Cancer in a Rural State: A New Method for Analyzing Time-to-Place Data Using Survival Analysis. J Rural Health 2020; 36:506-516. [PMID: 32501619 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rectal cancer is rarer than colon cancer and is a technically more difficult tumor for surgeons to remove, thus rectal cancer patients may travel longer for specialized treatment compared to colon cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether travel time for surgery was different for colon versus rectal cancer patients. METHODS A secondary data analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence data from the Iowa Cancer Registry data was conducted. Travel times along a street network from all residential ZIP Codes to all cancer surgery facilities were calculated using a geographic information system. A new method for analyzing "time-to-place" data using the same type of survival analysis method commonly used to analyze "time-to-event" data is introduced. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze travel time differences for colon versus rectal cancer patients. RESULTS A total of 5,844 CRC patients met inclusion criteria. Median travel time to the nearest surgical facility was 9 minutes, median travel time to the actual cancer surgery facilities was 22 minutes, and the median number of facilities bypassed was 3. Although travel times to the nearest surgery facilities were not significantly different for colon versus rectal cancer patients, rectal cancer patients on average traveled 15 minutes longer to their actual surgery facility and bypassed 2 more facilities to obtain surgery. DISCUSSION In general, the survival analysis method used to analyze the time-to-place data as described here could be applied to a wide variety of health services and used to compare travel patterns among different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Matthews
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amanda R Kahl
- Department of Epidemiology, Iowa Cancer Registry, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne H Gaglioti
- National Center for Primary Care, Department of Family Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E Charlton
- Department of Epidemiology, Iowa Cancer Registry, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
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Rezapour M, Ali S, Stollman N. Diverticular Disease: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management. Gut Liver 2018; 12:125-132. [PMID: 28494576 PMCID: PMC5832336 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverticular disease is one of the most common conditions in the Western world and one of the most common findings identified at colonoscopy. Recently, there has been a significant paradigm shift in our understanding of diverticular disease and its management. The pathogenesis of diverticular disease is thought to be multifactorial and include both environmental and genetic factors in addition to the historically accepted etiology of dietary fiber deficiency. Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) is currently considered a type of chronic diverticulosis that is perhaps akin to irritable bowel syndrome. Mesalamine, rifaximin and probiotics may achieve symptomatic relief in some patients with SUDD, although their role(s) in preventing complications remain unclear. Antibiotic use for acute diverticulitis and elective prophylactic resection surgery are considered more individualized treatment modalities that take into account the clinical status, comorbidities and lifestyle of the patient. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of diverticular disease continues to evolve and is likely to be diverse and multifactorial. Paradigm shifts in several areas of the pathogenesis and management of diverticular disease are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Rezapour
- Division of Gastroenterology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saima Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil Stollman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, East Bay Center for Digestive Health, Oakland, CA, USA
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13
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Yaman H, Atay E. The effect of exercise prescription of primary care physician on the quality of life in patients. LONDON JOURNAL OF PRIMARY CARE 2018; 10:93-98. [PMID: 30083241 PMCID: PMC6074643 DOI: 10.1080/17571472.2018.1464731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effect of exercise prescribed by primary care physicians (PCPs) on the quality of life (QoL) of elderly people. Method Randomisation was performed at PCPs level from 16 primary healthcare centers. Patients were divided into intervention and control groups. Both groups of physicians received theoretical training (14 h), and the intervention group received additional practical training on exercise prescription (10 h). Patients in the intervention group were prescribed endurance, flexibility, balance, and strength exercises and were given training packs. QoL was measured using Short Form-36. Measurements were taken at the beginning of the study, after the 3rd month, and at the end of the 6th month to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results The age of participants (Intervention group n = 69, Control group n = 110) was 57.68 ± 5.08 years. At the end of the study, physical function, physical role function, social role function, mental health, vitality, general health perception, and emotional role function scores increased and body pain scores decreased in the intervention group. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the intervention and control groups were observed for physical function, physical role function, body pain, mental health, vitality, and emotional role function scores but not for social role function or general health perception scores. Conclusions Exercise prescriptions given by PCPs containing endurance, strength, flexibility, and balance exercises improve QoL in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emrah Atay
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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14
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Abstract
As a nation, we underinvest in prevention and fail to implement strategies that ensure all population groups equitably share in the return on investment in prevention research and the benefits of prevention effectiveness. There is significant evidence indicating that by applying knowledge that we already have to reduce tobacco, inactivity, and obesity (known modifiable causes of cancer), we can prevent more than 50% of cancers. Vaccination against HPV, aspirin and selective estrogen receptor modulators, and screening programs further reduce risk. Evidence-based prevention strategies are inconsistently implemented across the United States. Substantial variation across States indicates that there is much room for improvement in implementation of prevention. Implementation science applies innovative approaches to identifying, understanding, and developing strategies for overcoming barriers to the adoption, adaptation, integration, scale-up, and sustainability of evidence-based interventions, tools, policies, and guidelines that will prevent cancer through application of evidence-based interventions. When we get implementation of prevention programs right and at scale, we achieve substantial population benefits. Although many efforts are underway to maximize our knowledge about the causes and treatments of cancer, we can achieve reductions in the cancer burden right now by doing what we already know. The time to start is now. Cancer Prev Res; 11(4); 171-84. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen M Emmons
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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On lenses and blind spots in qualitative exercise and environment research: A Response to Stephanie Coen. Health Place 2018; 53:268-270. [PMID: 29305267 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative research focused on how people experience the social and material environments in which they exercise has the potential to inform public health agendas in all sorts of ways. This commentary takes up the claim made by Stephanie Coen that such research should begin with an 'equity lens' and place a greater emphasis on 'critique' than we did in the 'Exercise and Environment' special issue to which she responds. At its best qualitative research reveals new ways of thinking about the social and material contexts at hand. As such, it has the potential to highlight important dimensions of the lived experience of popular fitness practices that may have hitherto been relatively overlooked. Always starting with the overt aim of applying an 'equity lens' truncates the possibility of discovering such dimensions. Furthermore, being too wedded to an overtly critical stance may end up hindering, rather than encouraging, the most positive dialogue between those studying the cotemporary exercise experience and those involved in public health.
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16
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Mählmann L, Gerber M, Furlano RI, Legeret C, Kalak N, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. Psychological wellbeing and physical activity in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease compared to healthy controls. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:160. [PMID: 29233119 PMCID: PMC5727963 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) report impairments in daily activities, social interactions and coping. Findings regarding psychological functioning are inconsistent, while limited information is available on objectively assessed physical activity (PA). The aims of the present study were therefore to compare anthropometric dimensions, blood values, psychological functioning and PA of children and adolescents with IBD with healthy controls. METHODS Forty-seven children and adolescents took part in the study. Of these, 23 were diagnosed with IBD (mean age: 13.88 years, 44% females). The IBD group was divided into a medically well adjusted "remission-group" (n = 14; IBD-RE) and a group with an "active state" of disease (n = 8; IBD-AD). Healthy controls (n = 24; HC) were age- and gender-matched. Participants' anthropometric data, blood values and objective PA were assessed. Further, participants completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic data and psychological functioning. RESULTS Participants with IBD-AD showed higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) values, haemoglobin, and leukocyte values. IBD-AD had poorer psychological functioning and lower PA (average steps per day) compared to IBD-RE and HC. No mean differences were found between IBD-RE and HC. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of results suggests that effective medical treatment of IBD in children and adolescents is associated with favorable physiological parameters, psychological dimensions and PA. Psychological counselling of children and adolescents in an active state of IBD seem to be advised in addition to standard treatment schedules. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT NCT02264275 ; Registered 8 October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mählmann
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Ch-4012 Basel, Switzerland
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul I. Furlano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Legeret
- Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadeem Kalak
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Ch-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Ch-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Ch-4012 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Russell J, Du Toit EF, Peart JN, Patel HH, Headrick JP. Myocyte membrane and microdomain modifications in diabetes: determinants of ischemic tolerance and cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:155. [PMID: 29202762 PMCID: PMC5716308 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the leading cause of death in diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition to eliciting cardiomyopathy, DM induces a ‘wicked triumvirate’: (i) increasing the risk and incidence of IHD and myocardial ischemia; (ii) decreasing myocardial tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury; and (iii) inhibiting or eliminating responses to cardioprotective stimuli. Changes in ischemic tolerance and cardioprotective signaling may contribute to substantially higher mortality and morbidity following ischemic insult in DM patients. Among the diverse mechanisms implicated in diabetic impairment of ischemic tolerance and cardioprotection, changes in sarcolemmal makeup may play an overarching role and are considered in detail in the current review. Observations predominantly in animal models reveal DM-dependent changes in membrane lipid composition (cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation, fatty acid saturation vs. reduced desaturation, phospholipid remodeling) that contribute to modulation of caveolar domains, gap junctions and T-tubules. These modifications influence sarcolemmal biophysical properties, receptor and phospholipid signaling, ion channel and transporter functions, contributing to contractile and electrophysiological dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, ischemic intolerance and suppression of protective signaling. A better understanding of these sarcolemmal abnormalities in types I and II DM (T1DM, T2DM) can inform approaches to limiting cardiomyopathy, associated IHD and their consequences. Key knowledge gaps include details of sarcolemmal changes in models of T2DM, temporal patterns of lipid, microdomain and T-tubule changes during disease development, and the precise impacts of these diverse sarcolemmal modifications. Importantly, exercise, dietary, pharmacological and gene approaches have potential for improving sarcolemmal makeup, and thus myocyte function and stress-resistance in this ubiquitous metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Russell
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Eugene F Du Toit
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason N Peart
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - John P Headrick
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4217, Australia.
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18
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Omran S, Barakat H, Muliira JK, McMillan S. Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in Apparently Healthy Adults in Jordanian Hospitals. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2017; 32:447-453. [PMID: 26700179 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-015-0970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequently occurring cancer in Jordan. CRC risk is expected to continue rising due to dietary patterns, sedentary lifestyle, and other practices. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of dietary and lifestyle risk factors for CRC among patients attending outpatient gastroenterology clinics in Jordan. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 713 asymptomatic participants. Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire measuring sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, physical activity, and lifestyle risk factors of CRC. The mean age of participants was 57.0 ± 8.56 years. The majority of participants were male (71.8 %) and with less than secondary school formal education (60.7 %). The commonest risk factors for CRC among the participants were overweight or obesity (76.1 %), lack of exercise (71.6 %), limited consumption of vegetables (70.8 %), smoking (60.6 %), over consumption of red meat (56.3 %), and diabetes mellitus (24.1 %). Dietary and lifestyle risk factors for CRC are prevalent in Jordan and likely to fuel an upsurge CRC if population-wide educational interventions are not implemented. There is need for greater attention and emphasis on strategies to educate the general population about healthy dietary and lifestyle habits as means of preventing CRC in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Omran
- Adult Health Department/Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan, 22110.
| | - Husam Barakat
- Gastroenterology Department/Ibn AlHaytham Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Joshua Kanaabi Muliira
- Adult Health Department/ College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Susan McMillan
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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19
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Little CH, Combet E, McMillan DC, Horgan PG, Roxburgh CSD. The role of dietary polyphenols in the moderation of the inflammatory response in early stage colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2310-2320. [PMID: 26066365 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.997866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current focus in colorectal cancer (CRC) management is on reducing overall mortality by increasing the number of early-stage cancers diagnosed and treated with curative intent. Despite the success of screening programs in down-staging CRC, interval cancer rates are substantial and other strategies are desirable. Sporadic CRC is largely associated with lifestyle factors including diet. Polyphenols are phytochemicals ingested as part of a normal diet, which are abundant in plant foods including fruits/berries and vegetables. These may exert their anti-carcinogenic effects via the modulation of inflammatory pathways. Key signal transduction pathways are fundamental to the association of inflammation and disease progression including those mediated by NF-κB and STAT, PI3K and COX. Our aim was to examine the evidence for the effect of dietary polyphenols intake on tumor and host inflammatory responses to determine if polyphenols may be effective as part of a dietary intervention. There is good epidemiological evidence of a reduction in CRC risk from case-control and cohort studies assessing polyphenol intake. It would be premature to suggest a major public health intervention to promote their consumption; however, dietary change is safe and feasible, emphasizing the need for further investigation of polyphenols and CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Little
- a Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary , Glasgow , UK
| | - E Combet
- b Department of Human Nutrition , School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital , Glasgow , UK
| | - D C McMillan
- a Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary , Glasgow , UK
| | - P G Horgan
- a Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary , Glasgow , UK
| | - C S D Roxburgh
- a Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary , Glasgow , UK
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20
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Buggio L, Barbara G, Facchin F, Frattaruolo MP, Aimi G, Berlanda N. Self-management and psychological-sexological interventions in patients with endometriosis: strategies, outcomes, and integration into clinical care. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:281-293. [PMID: 28496368 PMCID: PMC5422563 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s119724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis has a multifactorial etiology. The onset and progression of the disease are believed to be related to different pathogenic mechanisms. Among them, the environment and lifestyle may play significant roles. Diet, dietary supplements, physical exercise, osteopathy, massage, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and Chinese herbal medicine may represent a complementary and feasible approach in the treatment of symptoms related to the disease. In this narrative review, we aimed to examine the most updated evidence on these alternative approaches implicated in the self-management of the disease. In addition, several studies have demonstrated that endometriosis may negatively impact mental health and quality of life, suggesting that affected women may have an increased risk of developing psychological suffering as well as sexual problems due to the presence of pain. In light of these findings, we discuss the importance of integrating psychological interventions (including psychotherapy) and sexual therapy in endometriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buggio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano.,Departmental Operating Unit of Surgical Gynecology and Endometriosis, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Giussy Barbara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence (SVSeD), Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Federica Facchin
- Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Frattaruolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano.,Departmental Operating Unit of Surgical Gynecology and Endometriosis, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Giorgio Aimi
- Departmental Operating Unit of Surgical Gynecology and Endometriosis, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Nicola Berlanda
- Departmental Operating Unit of Surgical Gynecology and Endometriosis, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
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21
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Marmonti E, Busquets S, Toledo M, Ricci M, Beltrà M, Gudiño V, Oliva F, López-Pedrosa JM, Manzano M, Rueda R, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM. A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest? Front Physiol 2017; 8:184. [PMID: 28424626 PMCID: PMC5372807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest has been an established treatment in the past prescribed for critically illness or convalescing patients, in order to preserve their body metabolic resource, to prevent serious complications and to support their rapid path to recovery. However, it has been reported that prolonged bed rest can have detrimental consequences that may delay or prevent the recovery from clinical illness. In order to study disuse-induced changes in muscle and bone, as observed during prolonged bed rest in humans, an innovative new model of muscle disuse for rodents is presented. Basically, the animals are confined to a reduced space designed to restrict their locomotion movements and allow them to drink and eat easily, without generating physical stress. The animals were immobilized for either 7, 14, or 28 days. The immobilization procedure induced a significant decrease of food intake, both at 14 and 28 days of immobilization. The reduced food intake was not a consequence of a stress condition induced by the model since plasma corticosterone levels –an indicator of a stress response– were not altered following the immobilization period. The animals showed a significant decrease in soleus muscle mass, grip force and cross-sectional area (a measure of fiber size), together with a decrease in bone mineral density. The present model may potentially serve to investigate the effects of bed-rest in pathological states characterized by a catabolic condition, such as diabetes or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Marmonti
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Ricci
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Beltrà
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Victòria Gudiño
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Oliva
- Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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22
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Abstract
In the past two decades, we and others have estimated that more than half of cancers could have been prevented by applying knowledge that we already have. Tobacco use, inactivity, and obesity are modifiable causes of cancer,– and evidence now suggests that vaccination against the human papillomavirus, the use of aspirin and selective estrogen-receptor modulators, and participation in screening programs further reduce the risk of specific cancers., The effect of these strategies on cancer-related outcomes in the general population is significant. A 62% reduction in lung-cancer mortality is associated with smoking cessation at age 50, and environmental and policy strategies are effective at increasing cessation.– A 95% reduction in mortality is associated with screening for cervical cancer, a 100% reduction in mortality is associated with vaccination against the human papillomavirus, – and a 90% reduction in mortality related to chronic liver disease and liver cancer is associated with vaccination against hepatitis B virus. There is also benefit for those at high risk for cancer. Lung-cancer screening is associated with a 20% reduction in mortality among smokers at high risk, salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancer among women with a BRCA1/2 mutation,, and treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators reduces the incidence of breast cancer by 50% among women at high risk., Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 50% among those with infection. Our ability to prevent cancer has improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Emmons
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (K.M.E.); and the Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.C.)
| | - Graham A Colditz
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (K.M.E.); and the Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.C.)
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23
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Åvitsland A, Solbraa AK, Riiser A. Promoting workplace stair climbing: sometimes, not interfering is the best. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:2. [PMID: 28078084 PMCID: PMC5220617 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stair climbing is a vigorous activity and can lead to several health benefits. Studies seeking to increase stair climbing in various public locations have shown positive effects, while results from similar studies conducted in the workplace are inconclusive. This study examined stair climbing in the workplace, and monitored effects from a single- and a combined intervention. Interventions were inspired by nudging, the libertarian method of influencing behavior. METHODS By quasi-experimental design, stair- and elevator traffic in two office buildings was monitored preceding-, during- and following interventions with stair leading footprints alone, and combined with stair-riser banners. Chi square tests were applied to determine differences between baseline and the subsequent periods. Web-based questionnaires were distributed after follow-up period. RESULTS Elevators and stairs were used 45 237 times, of which 89.6% was stair use. Intervention site stair climbing at baseline (79.0%) was significantly reduced with footprints (-5.1%, p < 0.001), and footprints with stair-riser banners (-5.7%, p < 0.001) while baseline stair climbing at the control site (94.2%) remained stable (p > 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Stair climbing was significantly reduced during the intervention periods. Use of stair leading footprints alone, or combined with stair-riser banners in an attempt to influence stair climbing may be ineffective, or cause a negative reaction, when applied in a workplace with a pre-existing high amount of stair climbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Åvitsland
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Ane Kristiansen Solbraa
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
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Pattern and Distribution of Colorectal Cancer in Tanzania: A Retrospective Chart Audit at Two National Hospitals. J Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 2016:3769829. [PMID: 27965709 PMCID: PMC5124659 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3769829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing public health concern with increasing rates in countries with previously known low incidence. This study determined pattern and distribution of CRC in Tanzania and identified hot spots in case distribution. Methods. A retrospective chart audit reviewed hospital registers and patient files from two national institutions. Descriptive statistics, Chi square (χ2) tests, and regression analyses were employed and augmented by data visualization to display risk variable differences. Results. CRC cases increased sixfold in the last decade in Tanzania. There was a 1.5% decrease in incidences levels of rectal cancer and 2% increase for colon cancer every year from 2005 to 2015. Nearly half of patients listed Dar es Salaam as their primary residence. CRC was equally distributed between males (50.06%) and females (49.94%), although gender likelihood of diagnosis type (i.e., rectal or colon) was significantly different (P = 0.027). More than 60% of patients were between 40 and 69 years. Conclusions. Age (P = 0.0183) and time (P = 0.004) but not gender (P = 0.0864) were significantly associated with rectal cancer in a retrospective study in Tanzania. Gender (P = 0.0405), age (P = 0.0015), and time (P = 0.0075) were all significantly associated with colon cancer in this study. This retrospective study found that colon cancer is more prevalent among males at a relatively younger age than rectal cancer. Further, our study showed that although more patients were diagnosed with rectal cancer, the trend has shown that colon cancer is increasing at a faster rate.
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Ricci E, Viganò P, Cipriani S, Chiaffarino F, Bianchi S, Rebonato G, Parazzini F. Physical activity and endometriosis risk in women with infertility or pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4957. [PMID: 27749551 PMCID: PMC5059053 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential association between endometriosis and physical activity (PA) has been suggested in several epidemiological studies.We aimed to establish whether PA influences endometriosis risk. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched using "physical activity" OR "exercise" combined with "endometriosis," in Medical Subject Headings and free text. We selected original articles in English, published up to April 2016, evaluating the association between endometriosis and recent or past PA (case-control or cohort studies). References of retrieved papers were reviewed. We computed summary odds ratios (ORs) of endometriosis for recent and past PA. RESULTS Six case-control and 3 cohort studies included 3355 cases for recent PA and 4600 cases for past PA. The summary OR for endometriosis according to PA level, calculated by the random-effect model, was 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.07] for any recent versus no PA. As compared to no recent PA, ORs for low and moderate/high PA were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.68-1.28) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.53-1.07), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Though it suggests that PA may reduce the risk of endometriosis, this meta-analysis does not conclusively support the hypothesis. Whether our findings are really explained by the benefit of exercise at molecular and endocrine level, or related to confounding mechanisms, such as study design, choice of controls, and PA potentially improving pain, needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ricci
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Neonato e del Bambino, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
- Correspondence: Elena Ricci, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milano, Italy (e-mail: )
| | - Paola Viganò
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Sonia Cipriani
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Neonato e del Bambino, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Francesca Chiaffarino
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Neonato e del Bambino, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Neonato e del Bambino, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Giorgia Rebonato
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Fabio Parazzini
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Neonato e del Bambino, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. All-cause mortality risk as a function of sedentary behavior, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:223-30. [PMID: 27498675 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1221751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging work demonstrates individual associations of sedentary behavior, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on mortality risk. Limited research has evaluated all three of these parameters in a model when considering mortality risk, and their potential additive association on mortality risk has not been fully evaluated, which was the purpose of this study. METHODS Data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (N = 2,295 adults 20-85 yrs), with follow-up through 2011. Sedentary behavior and MVPA were objectively assessed (accelerometry) with cardiorespiratory estimated from a prediction equation taking into consideration participant demographic, anthropometric and behavioral characteristics. Using the median values, a PACS (Physical Activity Cardiorespiratory Sedentary) score was created that ranged from 0-3, indicating the number of these three positive characteristics. RESULTS Those with below median sedentary behavior did not have a reduced all-cause mortality risk (HR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.34-1.04; P = 0.07), but those with above median MVPA (HR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.82; P = 0.02) and above median CRF did (HR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.09-0.43; P < 0.001). Compared to those with a PACS score of 0, those with a PACS score of 1, 2, and 3, respectively, had a 67% (HR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.17-0.63, P = 0.002), 82% (HR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.05-0.30; P < 0.001) and 96% (HR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02-0.11; P < 0.001) reduced risk of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION Cardiorespiratory fitness and MVPA, but not sedentary behavior, were independently associated with reduced mortality risk. Adults with all three characteristics (below median sedentary and above median MVPA and CRF), however, had the lowest mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- b Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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Vymetalkova V, Vodicka P, Pardini B, Rosa F, Levy M, Schneiderova M, Liska V, Vodickova L, Nilsson TK, Farkas SA. Epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation reveals a rectal cancer-specific epigenomic signature. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1193-207. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study is to address a genome-wide search for novel methylation biomarkers in the rectal cancer (RC), as only scarce information on methylation profile is available. Materials & methods: We analyzed methylation status in 25 pairs of RC and adjacent healthy mucosa using the Illumina Human Methylation 450 BeadChip. Results: We found significantly aberrant methylation in 33 genes. After validation of our results by pyrosequencing, we found a good agreement with our findings. The BPIL3 and HBBP1 genes resulted hypomethylated in RC, whereas TIFPI2, ADHFE1, FLI1 and TLX1 were hypermethylated. An external validation by TCGA datasets confirmed the results. Conclusion: Our study, with external validation, has demonstrated the feasibility of using specific methylated DNA signatures for developing biomarkers in RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio Rosa
- Human Genetics Foundation, (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Miroslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery, Teaching Hospital & Medical School in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sanja A Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University; Örebro, Sweden
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Differences between colon and rectal cancer in complications, short-term survival and recurrences. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31:1683-91. [PMID: 27497831 PMCID: PMC5031780 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many apparent differences exist in aetiology, genetics, anatomy and treatment response between colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC). This study examines the differences in patient characteristics, prevalence of complications and their effect on short-term survival, long-term survival and the rate of recurrence between RC and CC. METHODS For all stage II-III CC and RC patients who underwent resection with curative intent (2006-2008) in five hospitals in the Netherlands, occurrence of complications, crude survival, relative survival and recurrence rates were compared. RESULTS A total of 767 CC and 272 RC patients underwent resection. Significant differences were found for age, gender, emergency surgery, T-stage and grade. CC patients experienced fewer complications compared to RC (p = 0.019), but CC patients had worse short-term mortality rates (1.5 versus 6.7 % for 30-day mortality, p = 0.001 and 5.2 versus 9.5 % for 90-day mortality, p = 0.032). The adjusted HR (overall survival) for CC patients with complications was 1.57 (1.23-2.01; p < 0.001) as compared to patients without complications; for RC, the HR was 1.79 (1.12-2.87; p = 0.015). Relative survival analyses showed high excess mortality in the first months after surgery and a sustained, prolonged negative effect on both CC and RC. Complications were associated with a higher recurrence rate for both CC and RC; adjusted analyses showed a trend towards a significant association. CONCLUSION Large differences exist in patient characteristics and clinical outcomes between CC and RC. CC patients have a significantly higher short-term mortality compared to RC patients due to a more severe effect of complications.
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Chatterjee S, Chattopadhyay A, Levine PH. Between-ward disparities in colorectal cancer incidence and screening in Washington DC. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2015; 5:S1-9. [PMID: 26344423 PMCID: PMC7325823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the incidence and determinants of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its screening in District of Columbia (DC), and identify modifiable risk factors. Data (2000–2009) from the DC Cancer Registry, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS-DC) and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) were used to estimate CRC incidence in eight DC Wards. Risk factors and CRC screening were analyzed using uni-, bi-, and multivariable statistical methods with survey procedures in SAS (version 9.2) including binary, unconditional multivariable logistic regression analysis. Factors measured included stage of diagnosis, age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, exercise, body weight, health insurance, education, employment, and income. Over the study time, CRC screening increased from 48.4% to 68.6%. Mean age at diagnosis was 67 years. CRC incidence is high in DC. Furthermore, CRC incidence rates in DC below 50 years age were higher than the SEER18 average. Disparities exist between CRC incidence and screening among DC Wards. Identified risk factors for CRC are smoking, obesity, and low physical activity; screening was less prevalent among the uninsured and low socio-economic group. Local variations in CRC occurrence exist and may vary from average national experiences. Identification of local regions which vary from national trends in disease occurrence is important for comprehensive understanding of the disease in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Chatterjee
- Center for Global Health and Development, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984341 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4341, USA
| | - Amit Chattopadhyay
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bldg 14, MBR-AMC, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; MHMC Orthodontics Residency Program, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Paul H Levine
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984341 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4341, USA
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Proportion of colon cancer attributable to lifestyle in a cohort of US women. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1271-1279. [PMID: 26092381 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many modifiable lifestyle factors have been associated with colon cancer risk, but less is known about their effect on disease when considered together. Estimating the proportion of colon cancer cases that could be prevented by the adoption of combined modifiable lifestyle behaviors will provide important insights into disease prevention. METHODS In the Nurses' Health Study, we defined a low-risk group according to a combination of six factors: body mass index < 25 kg/m(2), physical activity of ≥ 21 metabolic equivalent of task per week, alcohol consumption ≤ 30 g/day, cigarette smoking <10 pack-years before the age of 30, current use of multivitamins for ≥ 15 years, and total calcium intake ≥ 700 mg/day. A composite risk score index was created and the population attributable risk (PAR%) was calculated after accounting for other known risk or protective factors. RESULTS We documented 1,127 colon cancer cases among 81,092 over 24 years of follow-up. Compared with women in the lowest risk category, the women at all other exposure levels had a hazard ratio of colon cancer of 1.81 (95% confidence interval 1.15-2.85). The score index was significantly and linearly related to an increasing risk of colon cancer (p value for trend <0.0001). The PAR% of the six risk factors considered together in relation to colon cancer was 0.37 (95% CI 0.09-0.60). When regular aspirin use (two tablets/week for six or more years) was included with the other low-risk behaviors, the PAR% increased to 0.43 (95% CI 0.14-0.65). CONCLUSIONS Beyond the known benefit from colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, key behavior modifications and adherence to a healthy lifestyle could avoid approximately 37% of colon cancer cases among women.
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Piguet AC, Saran U, Simillion C, Keller I, Terracciano L, Reeves HL, Dufour JF. Regular exercise decreases liver tumors development in hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice independently of steatosis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1296-303. [PMID: 25623824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Unhealthy lifestyles predispose people to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may further result in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although NASH patients benefit from physical activity, it is unknown whether regular exercise reduces the risk of developing HCC. Therefore, we studied the effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in male hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice (AlbCrePten(flox/flox)), which develop steatohepatitis and HCC spontaneously. METHODS Mice were fed a standardized 10% fat diet and were randomly divided into exercise or sedentary groups. The exercise group ran on a motorized treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week during 32 weeks. RESULTS After 32 weeks of regular exercise, 71% of exercised mice developed nodules larger than 15 mm(3)vs. 100% of mice in the sedentary group. The mean number of tumors per liver was reduced by exercise, as well as the total tumoral volume per liver. Exercise did not affect steatosis and had no effect on the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Activity Score (NAS). Exercise decreased tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, exercise stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrate raptor, which decreased the kinase activity of mTOR. CONCLUSIONS These data show a beneficial effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in an experimental model of NASH and offer a rationale for encouraging predisposed patients to increase their physical activity for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Piguet
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Uttara Saran
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; The Liver Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Al-Naggar RA, Al-Kubaisy W, Yap BW, Bobryshev YV, Osman MT. Attitudes towards colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening tests among elderly Malay patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:667-74. [PMID: 25684505 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in Malaysia, where data are limited regarding knowledge and barriers in regard to CRC and screening tests. The aim of the study was to assess these parameters among Malaysians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The questionnaires were distributed in the Umra Private Hospital in Selangor. The questionnaire had four parts and covered social-demographic questions, respondent knowledge about CRC and colorectal tests, attitude towards CRC and respondentaction regarding CRC. More than half of Malay participants (total n=187) were female (57.2%) and 36.9% of them were working as professionals. RESULTS The majority of the participants (93.6%) never had a CRC screening test. The study found that only 10.2% of the study participants did not consider that their chances of getting CRC were high. A high percentage of the participants (43.3%) believed that they would have good chance of survival if the cancer would be found early. About one third of the respondents did not want to do screening because of fear of cancer, and concerns of embarrassment during the procedure adversely affected attitude to CRC screening as well. Age, gender, income, family history of CRC, vegetable intake and physical activity were found to be significant determinants of knowledge on CRC. CONCLUSIONS The major barriers identified towards CRC screening identified in our study were fear of pain and embarrassment. The findings have implications for understanding of similarities and differences in attitude to CRC amongst elderly patients in other cultural/ geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redhwan A Al-Naggar
- Population Health and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
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Castro Y, Fernández ME, Strong LL, Stewart DW, Krasny S, Hernandez Robles E, Heredia N, Spears CA, Correa-Fernández V, Eakin E, Resnicow K, Basen-Engquist K, Wetter DW. Adaptation of a counseling intervention to address multiple cancer risk factors among overweight/obese Latino smokers. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2015; 42:65-72. [PMID: 25527143 PMCID: PMC4467573 DOI: 10.1177/1090198114560019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 60% of cancer-related deaths in the United States are attributable to tobacco use, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity, and these risk factors tend to cluster together. Thus, strategies for cancer risk reduction would benefit from addressing multiple health risk behaviors. We adapted an evidence-based intervention grounded in social cognitive theory and principles of motivational interviewing originally developed for smoking cessation to also address physical activity and fruit/vegetable consumption among Latinos exhibiting multiple health risk behaviors. Literature reviews, focus groups, expert consultation, pretesting, and pilot testing were used to inform adaptation decisions. We identified common mechanisms underlying change in smoking, physical activity, and diet used as treatment targets; identified practical models of patient-centered cross-cultural service provision; and identified that family preferences and support as particularly strong concerns among the priority population. Adaptations made to the original intervention are described. The current study is a practical example of how an intervention can be adapted to maximize relevance and acceptability and also maintain the core elements of the original evidence-based intervention. The intervention has significant potential to influence cancer prevention efforts among Latinos in the United States and is being evaluated in a sample of 400 Latino overweight/obese smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larkin L Strong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diana W Stewart
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Krasny
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Natalia Heredia
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Eakin
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ken Resnicow
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yoo YG. A Comparison Study: the Risk Factors in the Lifestyles of Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5932/jkphn.2014.28.3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Garavaglia E, Ricci E, Chiaffarino F, Cipriani S, Cioffi R, Viganò P, Frigerio A, Candiani M, Parazzini F. Leisure and occupational physical activity at different ages and risk of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 183:104-8. [PMID: 25461361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cohort and case-control studies have suggested that adult physical activity (PA) may lower endometriosis risk and improve symptoms, but evidence is still controversial. To add information on leisure and occupational PA impact, if any, on endometriosis risk, we have analyzed data from a small case-control study conducted in Milan (Italy). STUDY DESIGN Ninety cases and 90 controls (median age 35 years, range 18-76) were compared. Endometriosis was laparoscopically diagnosed within the year before interview. Information on demographic variables, menstrual and reproductive history, occupational and recreational physical activity was collected. RESULTS A consistent protective effect emerged between leisure PA and endometriosis risk. For <2-4 and ≥5h/week (reference no PA), the estimated odds ratios (ORs) were, respectively: 0.36 (95% CI 0.18-0.74) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.27-2.53) as regards PA in early adolescence; 0.31 (95% CI 0.15-0.63) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.25-2.38) as regards PA in teenage years; 0.34 (95% CI 0.12-0.94) and 0.33 (95% CI 0.08-1.28) for PA in adulthood. However, no significant trend was seen according to hours spent in leisure PA. Occupational PA did not show statistical significant differences among different types or across age classes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that leisure PA in early adolescence, teenage years and adulthood may, to some extent, decrease the risk of endometriosis. In the interpretation of these results, however, the role of potential biases cannot be totally ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garavaglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Chiaffarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - R Cioffi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - P Viganò
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - A Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Candiani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - F Parazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Anderson JC, Lacy BE. Editorial: Constipation and colorectal cancer risk: a continuing conundrum. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1650-2. [PMID: 25287089 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are conflicting data regarding the association between bowel movement frequency, constipation, and colorectal cancer (CRC). In this issue, Citronberg et al. present data from a large prospective study that was designed to examine this issue. In addition to examining bowel habits, these authors included information about the participants' laxative use, distinguishing between fiber and non-fiber-based laxatives. The investigators also collected data with respect to CRC risk factors including demographics, family history, lower endoscopy exposure, smoking, medication use, and detailed dietary information. The results demonstrated no relationship between bowel movement frequency or constipation and CRC. The authors also observed an increased CRC risk in patients who were in either the low or high non-fiber laxative use groups as compared with individuals who never used these agents (low risk: hazard ratio (HR)=1.49; and high risk: HR=1.43; Ptrend=0.05). Conversely, there was a statistically significant lower risk for those patients who reported a high use of fiber laxatives (HR=0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.95) as compared with the nonuse group. These data have implications for physicians who treat patients with constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Anderson
- 1] Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, USA [2] The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian E Lacy
- 1] The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA [2] Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Wu WT, Lin YJ, Shiue HS, Li CY, Tsai PJ, Yang CY, Liou SH, Wu TN. Cancer incidence of Taiwanese shipbreaking workers who have been potentially exposed to asbestos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:370-378. [PMID: 24837247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shipbreaking remains one of the most dangerous jobs worldwide. Shipbreaking workers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals, especially asbestos. Unfortunately, long-term follow-up studies of cancer incidence patterns in shipbreaking workers are lacking. This study examines whether there is an increased risk of cancer among male shipbreaking workers over a 24-year follow-up period. METHODS 4155 male shipbreaking worker's information was retrospectively collected from Kaohsiung's Shipbreaking Workers Union database from 1985. The study cohort was linked to the Taiwan Cancer Registry from 1985 to 2008 for new cancer cases. The expected number of cancers for shipbreaking workers was calculated by using the age (5-year intervals) and calendar time-specific annual rates of cancer incidence with reference to the general population of Taiwan from 1985 to 2008. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as relative risk estimates. The hazard ratio (HR) for cancer was calculated for the shipbreaking workers with Total Exposure Potential Scores for asbestos. RESULTS After consideration of a 5-year latency period, an elevated incidence of overall cancer (N=368; SIR=1.13 (1.01-1.25)), oral cavity cancer (N=83; SIR=1.99 (1.58-2.46)), and trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers (N=53; SIR=1.36 (1.02-1.78)) was found among male shipbreaking employees. Moreover, mesothelioma cases were found in those who had the occupation of flame cutter. The high asbestos exposure group was associated with an increased SIR of developing overall cancer and oral cancer, whether we considered a 5-year or 10-year latency period. CONCLUSION Asbestos-related diseases, including lung cancer and mesothelioma, were seen in excess in these shipbreaking workers and some cases appeared to have a dose-dependent relationship. Preventative measures among male shipbreaking workers should be researched further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lin
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Sheng Shiue
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Trong-Neng Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Voluntary Running Exercise Alters Microbiota Composition and Increases n-Butyrate Concentration in the Rat Cecum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:572-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Evans CC, LePard KJ, Kwak JW, Stancukas MC, Laskowski S, Dougherty J, Moulton L, Glawe A, Wang Y, Leone V, Antonopoulos DA, Smith D, Chang EB, Ciancio MJ. Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92193. [PMID: 24670791 PMCID: PMC3966766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a significant health concern which has been linked to structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota. Exercise (Ex) is effective in preventing obesity, but whether Ex alters the gut microbiota during development with high fat (HF) feeding is unknown. Objective Determine the effects of voluntary Ex on the gastrointestinal microbiota in LF-fed mice and in HF-DIO. Methods Male C57BL/6 littermates (5 weeks) were distributed equally into 4 groups: low fat (LF) sedentary (Sed) LF/Sed, LF/Ex, HF/Sed and HF/Ex. Mice were individually housed and LF/Ex and HF/Ex cages were equipped with a wheel and odometer to record Ex. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and used for bacterial DNA isolation. DNA was subjected both to quantitative PCR using primers specific to the 16S rRNA encoding genes for Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and to sequencing for lower taxonomic identification using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data were analyzed using a one or two-way ANOVA or Pearson correlation. Results HF diet resulted in significantly greater body weight and adiposity as well as decreased glucose tolerance that were prevented by voluntary Ex (p<0.05). Visualization of Unifrac distance data with principal coordinates analysis indicated clustering by both diet and Ex at week 12. Sequencing demonstrated Ex-induced changes in the percentage of major bacterial phyla at 12 weeks. A correlation between total Ex distance and the ΔCt Bacteroidetes: ΔCt Firmicutes ratio from qPCR demonstrated a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.043). Conclusion Ex induces a unique shift in the gut microbiota that is different from dietary effects. Microbiota changes may play a role in Ex prevention of HF-DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. Evans
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathy J. LePard
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeff W. Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Stancukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samantha Laskowski
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Dental Medicine, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Glawe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yunwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dionysios A. Antonopoulos
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Smith
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mae J. Ciancio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
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Al-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV. Knowledge of colorectal cancer screening among young Malaysians. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:1969-74. [PMID: 23679301 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and associated factors regarding colorectal cancer screening among university students in Malaysia. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle practice and knowledge of colorectal screening. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 students (21.3±1.4 years old). The majority of the participants were Malay with a monthly family income of less than 5,000 Ringgit Malaysia (equal to 1,700 USD) (67.0% and 76.0%, respectively). Regarding their lifestyle practices, the majority were non-smokers and had never consumed alcohol (83.7%, and 88.0%, respectively). The majority of the participants had no knowledge of digital rectal examination, colonoscopy, barium enema and fecal occult blood screening (63.3%, 60.7%, 74.0% and 62.3%, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that their age and the discipline which the students were studying significantly influenced their level of knowledge about colorectal screening. The present study results indicate that education campaigns about colorectal cancer should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Seth
- GPVTS ST3, Great Berry Surgery, Langdon Health Centre, Nightingales, Basildon
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1143-211. [PMID: 23798298 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1164] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene-environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co-twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer-term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Potential targets for colorectal cancer prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17279-303. [PMID: 23975167 PMCID: PMC3794728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The step-wise development of colorectal neoplasia from adenoma to carcinoma suggests that specific interventions could delay or prevent the development of invasive cancer. Several key factors involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis have already been identified including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), survivin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Clinical trials of COX-2 inhibitors have provided the “proof of principle” that inhibition of this enzyme can prevent the formation of colonic adenomas and potentially carcinomas, however concerns regarding the potential toxicity of these drugs have limited their use as a chemopreventative strategy. Curcumin, resveratrol and quercetin are chemopreventive agents that are able to suppress multiple signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis and hence are attractive candidates for further research.
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Lira VA, Okutsu M, Zhang M, Greene NP, Laker RC, Breen DS, Hoehn KL, Yan Z. Autophagy is required for exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance. FASEB J 2013; 27:4184-93. [PMID: 23825228 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological and physiological stimuli, including acute exercise, activate autophagy; however, it is unknown whether exercise training alters basal levels of autophagy and whether autophagy is required for skeletal muscle adaptation to training. We observed greater autophagy flux (i.e., a combination of increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and LC3-II levels and reduced p62 protein content indicating a higher rate of initiation and resolution of autophagic events), autophagy protein expression (i.e., Atg6/Beclin1, Atg7, and Atg8/LC3) and mitophagy protein Bnip3 expression in tonic, oxidative muscle compared to muscles of either mixed fiber types or of predominant glycolytic fibers in mice. Long-term voluntary running (4 wk) resulted in increased basal autophagy flux and expression of autophagy proteins and Bnip3 in parallel to mitochondrial biogenesis in plantaris muscle with mixed fiber types. Conversely, exercise training promoted autophagy protein expression with no significant increases of autophagy flux and mitochondrial biogenesis in the oxidative soleus muscle. We also observed increased basal autophagy flux and Bnip3 content without increases in autophagy protein expression in the plantaris muscle of sedentary muscle-specific Pgc-1α transgenic mice, a genetic model of augmented mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings reveal that endurance exercise training-induced increases in basal autophagy, including mitophagy, only take place if an enhanced oxidative phenotype is achieved. However, autophagy protein expression is mainly dictated by contractile activity independently of enhancements in oxidative phenotype. Exercise-trained mice heterozygous for the critical autophagy protein Atg6 showed attenuated increases of basal autophagy flux, mitochondrial content, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, along with impaired improvement of endurance capacity. These results demonstrate that increased basal autophagy is required for endurance exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor A Lira
- 1University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Ln. Rd., MR4-6041A, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Castro Y, Basen-Engquist K, Fernandez ME, Strong LL, Eakin EG, Resnicow K, Li Y, Wetter DW. Design of a randomized controlled trial for multiple cancer risk behaviors among Spanish-speaking Mexican-origin smokers. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:237. [PMID: 23506397 PMCID: PMC3610197 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity account for as much as 60% of cancer risk. Latinos experience profound disparities in health behaviors, as well as the cancers associated with them. Currently, there is a dearth of controlled trials addressing these health behaviors among Latinos. Further, to the best of our knowledge, no studies address all three behaviors simultaneously, are culturally sensitive, and are guided by formative work with the target population. Latinos represent 14% of the U.S. population and are the fastest growing minority group in the country. Efforts to intervene on these important lifestyle factors among Latinos may accelerate the elimination of cancer-related health disparities. METHODS/DESIGN The proposed study will evaluate the efficacy of an evidence-based and theoretically-driven Motivation And Problem Solving (MAPS) intervention, adapted and culturally-tailored for reducing cancer risk related to smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity among high-risk Mexican-origin smokers who are overweight/obese (n = 400). Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: Health Education (HE) or MAPS (HE + up to 18 MAPS counseling calls over 18 months). Primary outcomes are smoking status, servings of fruits and vegetables, and both self-reported and objectively measured physical activity. Outcome assessments will occur at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. DISCUSSION The current study will contribute to a very limited evidence base on multiple risk factor intervention studies on Mexican-origin individuals and has the potential to inform both future research and practice related to reducing cancer risk disparities. An effective program targeting multiple cancer risk behaviors modeled after chronic care programs has the potential to make a large public health impact because of the dearth of evidence-based interventions for Latinos and the extended period of support that is provided in such a program. TRIAL REGISTRATION National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry # NCT01504919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia Castro
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria E Fernandez
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Larkin L Strong
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Research - Unit 1440, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX, 77230-1402, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Eakin
- Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ken Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Wetter
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Research - Unit 1440, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX, 77230-1402, USA
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Perioperative exercise for chronic liver injury patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy. Am J Surg 2013; 206:202-9. [PMID: 23374372 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes of exercise therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent hepatectomy. METHODS Fifty-one patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were randomized to diet therapy alone (n = 25) or to exercise in addition to diet therapy (n = 26). Exercise at the anaerobic threshold of each patient was started 1 month preoperatively, resumed from 1 week postoperatively, and continued for 6 months. RESULTS Whole body mass and fat mass in the exercise group compared with the diet group were significantly decreased at 6 months postoperatively. Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment score were also significantly decreased. At 6 months, anaerobic threshold and peak oxygen consumption were significantly increased, while serum insulin and insulin resistance were significantly improved in a high-frequency exercise subgroup compared with a low-frequency group. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative exercise therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with liver dysfunction may improve insulin resistance associated with hepatic impairment and suggests a benefit to the early resumption of daily exercise after hepatectomy.
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Schnell O, Erbach M, Hummel M. Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes with aspirin. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2012; 9:245-55. [PMID: 22508698 DOI: 10.1177/1479164112441486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. The role for aspirin in diabetes is of high clinical interest. Guidelines recommend that primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes with aspirin should be based on the individual risk for CVD. New mechanistic studies suggest that enhanced platelet turnover may partly contribute to the fact the primary prevention studies found unequivocal results in diabetes. There is initial evidence that a potential future modification of dosages in diabetes may counteract the enhancement in platelet turnover in diabetes. The use of aspirin in diabetic patients for secondary prevention of CVD is supported by key evidence. The aim of the review is to present recent studies on aspirin for prevention of CVD in diabetes and to highlight its role also in view of new mechanistic and clinical studies with aspirin. Novel aspects of aspirin, e.g. its potential role for the prevention of cancer, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schnell
- Diabetes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mathews EH, Liebenberg L. A practical quantification of blood glucose production due to high-level chronic stress. Stress Health 2012; 28:327-32. [PMID: 22223631 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose (BG) is the primary metabolic fuel for, among others, cancer cell progression, cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Stress is an important contributor to the amount of BG produced especially by the liver. In this paper, we attempt to quantify the BG production due to chronic (in the order of weeks) high-level psychological stress in a manner that a lay person will understand. Three independent approaches were used. The first approach was based on a literature survey of stress hormone data from healthy individuals and its subsequent mathematical manipulation. The next approach was a deductive process where BG levels could be deduced from published stress data of large cardiovascular clinical trials. The third approach used empirical BG data and a BG simulation model. The three different methods produced an average BG increase of 2.2-fold above basal for high levels of stress over a period of more than a day. The standard deviation normalized to the average value was 4.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Henry Mathews
- Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
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Sanchez NF, Stierman B, Saab S, Mahajan D, Yeung H, Francois F. Physical activity reduces risk for colon polyps in a multiethnic colorectal cancer screening population. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:312. [PMID: 22715975 PMCID: PMC3437999 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying modifiable factors that influence the epidemiology of colorectal cancer incidence among multiethnic groups might be informative for the development of public health strategies targeting the disease. Minimal data exists describing the impact of physical activity on colorectal polyp risk in United States minority populations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of exercise on the prevalence of polyps in a multiethnic colorectal cancer screening population. Results We enrolled 982 patients: 558 Hispanic, 202 Asian,149 Black, and 69 White. Patients who reported exercising one or more hours weekly had a lower prevalence of any polyps (25.3% vs 33.2%, P = 0.008) as well as adenomas (13.8 vs. 18.9%, P = 0.03) compared to those who did not exercise. Black and Hispanic patients and those who were overweight or obese also had lower prevalence of polyps if they led an active lifestyle. Multivariate analysis revealed that age >55, male sex, and Black race/ethnicity were positively associated with the presence of adenomas, while a history of exercising one hour or more weekly was an independent negative predictor for the presence of adenomas anywhere in the colon (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.4 - 0.9, P = 0.03). Conclusions Exercising one hour per week was associated with a lower prevalence of polyps and adenomas when compared to those who exercised less or not at all. An active lifestyle provides benefits to groups who are at risk for colorectal cancer, such as Blacks. It also provides significant protection to overweight and obese individuals. Public health initiatives should promote physical activity as a cancer prevention tool in multiethnic populations. Trial registration none
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