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Brooks D, Zimmer A, Wakefield L, Lyle LT, Difilippantonio S, Tucci FC, Illiano S, Annunziata CM, Steeg PS. Limited fibrosis accompanies triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in multiple model systems and is not a preventive target. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23462-23481. [PMID: 29805748 PMCID: PMC5955109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is mechanistically implicated in both tumor metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Previously, metastasis was increased when fulminant fibrosis was first induced in mice, suggesting a direct connection between these processes. The current report examined the extent of metastasis-induced fibrosis in breast cancer model systems, and tested the metastasis preventive efficacy and fibrosis attenuation of antagonists for LPAR1 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) in breast and ovarian cancer models. Staining analysis demonstrated only focal, low-moderate levels of fibrosis in lungs from eleven metastasis model systems. Two orally available LPAR1 antagonists, SAR100842 and EPGN9878, significantly inhibited breast cancer motility to LPA in vitro. Both compounds were negative for metastasis prevention and failed to reduce fibrosis in the experimental MDA-MB-231T and spontaneous murine 4T1 in vivo breast cancer metastasis models. SAR100842 demonstrated only occasional reductions in invasive metastases in the SKOV3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer experimental metastasis models. Two approved drugs for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, were investigated. Both were ineffective at preventing MDA-MB-231T metastasis, with no attenuation of fibrosis. In summary, metastasis-induced fibrosis is only a minor component of metastasis in untreated progressive breast cancer. LPAR1 antagonists, despite in vitro evidence of specificity and efficacy, were ineffective in vivo as oral agents, as were approved IPF drugs. The data argue against LPAR1 and fibrosis as monotherapy targets for metastasis prevention in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brooks
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalage Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S. Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shimizu Y, Amano H, Ito Y, Betto T, Yamane S, Inoue T, Nishizawa N, Matsui Y, Kamata M, Nakamura M, Kitasato H, Koizumi W, Majima M. Angiotensin II subtype 1a receptor signaling in resident hepatic macrophages induces liver metastasis formation. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1757-1768. [PMID: 28660748 PMCID: PMC5581524 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) are a clinically significant problem. The renin-angiotensin system is involved in tumor growth and metastases. This study was designed to evaluate the role of angiotensin II subtype receptor 1a (AT1a) in the formation of liver metastasis in CRC. A model of liver metastasis was developed by intrasplenic injection of mouse colon cancer (CMT-93) into AT1a knockout mice (AT1aKO) and wild-type (C57BL/6) mice (WT). Compared with WT mice, the liver weight and liver metastatic rate were significantly lower in AT1aKO. The mRNA levels of CD31, transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1), and F4/80 were suppressed in AT1aKO compared with WT. Double immunofluorescence analysis showed that the number of accumulated F4/80+ cells expressing TGF-β1 in metastatic areas was higher in WT than in AT1aKO. The AT1aKO bone marrow (BM) (AT1aKO-BM)→WT showed suppressed formation of liver metastasis compared with WT-BM→WT. However, the formation of metastasis was further suppressed in WT-BM→AT1aKO compared with AT1aKO-BM→WT. In addition, accumulated F4/80+ cells in the liver metastasis were not BM-derived F4/80+ cells, but mainly resident hepatic F4/80+ cells, and these resident hepatic F4/80+ cells were positive for TGF-β1. Angiotensin II enhanced TGF-β1 expression in Kupffer cells. Treatment of WT with clodronate liposomes suppressed liver metastasis by diminishing TGF-β1+ F4/80+ cells accumulation. The formation of liver metastasis correlated with collagen deposition in the metastatic area, which was dependent on AT1a signaling. These results suggested that resident hepatic macrophages induced liver metastasis formation by induction of TGF-β1 through AT1a signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
- Department of GastroenteologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideki Amano
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of SurgeryKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Betto
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
- Department of GastroenteologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Sakiko Yamane
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
- Department of GastroenteologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Tomoyoshi Inoue
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
- Department of GastroenteologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishizawa
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
- Department of SurgeryKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshio Matsui
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Mariko Kamata
- Department of NephrologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Department of MicrobiologyKitasato University School of Allied Health SciencesKanagawaJapan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Department of MicrobiologyKitasato University School of Allied Health SciencesKanagawaJapan
| | - Wasaburo Koizumi
- Department of GastroenteologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of PharmacologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
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Alves ISS, Coser PHP, Loureiro GJZ, Nogueira da Gama LP, Ribeiro FDSS, Bautz WG, Coburn KLA, Pacheco MDS, da Gama de Souza LN. Fibrosis and Mast Cells in Colorectal Lesions: Significance in Adenoma-Colorectal Cancer Sequence and Association with Diet. J Gastrointest Cancer 2017; 47:278-86. [PMID: 27146043 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenoma is the most common benign neoplasm with potential to progress into colorectal cancer (CRC), a disease responsible for high rates of mortality. However, it is not possible yet to establish which lesions will evolve into CRC. We aimed to investigate the intrinsic factors, diet profile, and microenvironment as factors involved in adenoma-CRC progression. METHODS We evaluated nutritional profile and microscopic features. Adenomas and CRC lesions were stained with Mallory's trichrome to reveal fibrosis and Alcian blue to identify mast cells. RESULTS A total of 143 patients was selected, 66 % diagnosed with normal mucosa, 28.4 % with benign lesion, and 5.6 % with CRC. A higher frequency of lesions was associated with patients older than 50 years (26.57 %) and women (18.18 %), but men were more likely to develop CRC. Regarding microscopic aspects, epithelium-connective tissue interface with disorganization feature was significantly higher in CRC when compared to adenoma (P = 0.0007). A greater fibrosis around vessels was also observed in CRC (P = 0.01). The statistical analysis indicated a significant correlation between mast cell population and patients older than 50 years (P < 0.01), male (P < 0.01), with right colon lesion (P < 0.05) and CRC. Low consumption of leafy greens (P < 0.001) and carotenoids (P < 0.01) and elevated consumption of red meat (P < 0.001) were associated with a high density of mast cells. CONCLUSIONS An association between clinical, diet profile, and microscopic features in colorectal lesions was observed, with a progressive change in the microenvironment during adenoma-CRC sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sinara Silva Alves
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Piras Coser
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Willian Grassi Bautz
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Loureiro Almeida Coburn
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Dental Clinic (PPGCO), Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Marcos da Silva Pacheco
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nogueira da Gama de Souza
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health of Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Dental Clinic (PPGCO), Marechal Campos av., 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Tanei T, Leonard F, Liu X, Alexander JF, Saito Y, Ferrari M, Godin B, Yokoi K. Redirecting Transport of Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel to Macrophages Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy against Liver Metastases. Cancer Res 2016; 76:429-39. [PMID: 26744528 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for liver metastases arising from primary breast and lung cancers are minimally effective. One reason for this unfavorable outcome is that liver metastases are poorly vascularized, limiting the ability to deliver therapeutics from the systemic circulation to lesions. Seeking to enhance transport of agents into the tumor microenvironment, we designed a system in which nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nAb-PTX) is loaded into a nanoporous solid multistage nanovector (MSV) to enable the passage of the drug through the tumor vessel wall and enhance its interaction with liver macrophages. MSV enablement increased nAb-PTX efficacy and survival in mouse models of breast and lung liver metastasis. MSV-nAb-PTX also augmented the accumulation of paclitaxel and MSV in the liver, specifically in macrophages, whereas paclitaxel levels in the blood were unchanged after administering MSV-nAb-PTX or nAb-PTX. In vitro studies demonstrated that macrophages treated with MSV-nAb-PTX remained viable and were able to internalize, retain, and release significantly higher quantities of paclitaxel compared with treatment with nAb-PTX. The cytotoxic potency of the released paclitaxel was also confirmed in tumor cells cultured with the supernatants of macrophage treated with MSV-nAB-PTX. Collectively, our findings showed how redirecting nAb-PTX to liver macrophages within the tumor microenvironment can elicit a greater therapeutic response in patients with metastatic liver cancer, without increasing systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tanei
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Fransisca Leonard
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Jenolyn F Alexander
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kenji Yokoi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas.
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Matsumura H, Kondo T, Ogawa K, Tamura T, Fukunaga K, Murata S, Ohkohchi N. Kupffer cells decrease metastasis of colon cancer cells to the liver in the early stage. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2303-10. [PMID: 25231346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Kupffer cells (KCs) play an important role in the liver's immune response, their role in colon cancer metastasis to the liver is unclear. We here analyzed the relationship between KCs and tumor cells (TCs) in colon cancer metastasis to the liver. Fischer 344 (F344) rats were divided into control group (KC+ group) and KC elimination group (KC‑ group), in which KC elimination was induced by Cl2MDP liposome injection. RCN‑H4 colon cancer cells were injected into the rats of both groups, and the relationship between the two types of cells was observed by intravital microscopy (IVM) for 6 h. Moreover, to investigate the effect of KCs on liver metastasis formation, KCs were eliminated at different time points before and after the TC injection. The number of metastatic nodules 2 weeks after the injection was evaluated. In the KC‑ group, IVM revealed that the number of adherent TCs had increased 1.5‑fold at 6 h after the TC injection as compared with in the KC+ group. Moreover, in the KC+ group, 74% of the TCs adhered to the KCs, and KC activation and KC phagocytosis of the TCs were observed. Two weeks after the injection, the number of metastatic nodules was significantly increased in rats in which the KCs had been eliminated before the injection, but not in rats in which the KCs had been eliminated after the injection. KC activation and KC phagocytosis of TCs decreased colon cancer cell metastasis to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsumura
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tamura
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukunaga
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murata
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
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Bour G, Martel F, Goffin L, Bayle B, Gangloff J, Aprahamian M, Marescaux J, Egly JM. Design and development of a robotized system coupled to µCT imaging for intratumoral drug evaluation in a HCC mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106675. [PMID: 25203629 PMCID: PMC4159281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer related deaths worldwide. One of the main challenges in cancer treatment is drug delivery to target cancer cells specifically. Preclinical evaluation of intratumoral drugs in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models is difficult, as percutaneous injection hardly can be precisely performed manually. In the present study we have characterized a hepatoma model developing a single tumor nodule by implantation of Hep55.1C cells in the liver of syngeneic C57BL/6J mice. Tumor evolution was followed up by µCT imaging, and at the histological and molecular levels. This orthotopic, poorly differentiated mouse HCC model expressing fibrosis, inflammation and cancer markers was used to assess the efficacy of drugs. We took advantage of the high precision of a previously developed robotized system for automated, image-guided intratumoral needle insertion, to administer every week in the tumor of the Hep55.1C mouse model. A significant tumor growth inhibition was observed using our robotized system, whereas manual intraperitoneal administration had no effect, by comparison to untreated control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Bour
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fernand Martel
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Goffin
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Bayle
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Gangloff
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Aprahamian
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Conti JA, Kendall TJ, Bateman A, Armstrong TA, Papa-Adams A, Xu Q, Packham G, Primrose JN, Benyon RC, Iredale JP. The desmoplastic reaction surrounding hepatic colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases aids tumor growth and survival via alphav integrin ligation. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6405-13. [PMID: 18927279 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma represents a major clinical challenge. We investigated the hypothesis that the desmoplastic reaction within the liver elicited by metastatic adenocarcinoma, characterized by collagen I deposition and altered collagen IV distribution, promotes the growth and survival of hepatic colorectal carcinoma metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Partial hepatectomy specimens for metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma were examined immunohistochemically for differential integrin expression. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines HT-29, KM12SM, and KM12c were grown on wild-type collagen I or IV, or cleavage-resistant r/r collagen I, and assessed for their growth, survival, and resistance to 5-fluorouracil. The effect of alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrin blockade by neutralizing antibodies was examined. RESULTS Collagen I, in contrast to collagen IV, significantly enhanced the growth, survival, and chemoresistance of colorectal carcinoma cells. Blockade of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins significantly reduced colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation on collagen, especially in the cell line with the most metastatic potential. These in vitro findings correlated with the pattern of integrin expression identified within resected hepatic colorectal carcinoma metastases. Using matrix metalloproteinase-resistant r/r collagen I as a dominant negative ligand for alpha(v) integrins, we showed a key role for this integrin-ligand interaction in mediating the survival and proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Desmoplasia has an important role in the development of hepatic colorectal carcinoma metastasis. The interaction between integrin and collagen I is identified as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Conti
- Liver and Pancreas Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
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8
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Kruskal JB, Azouz A, Korideck H, El-Hallak M, Robson SC, Thomas P, Goldberg SN. Hepatic colorectal cancer metastases: imaging initial steps of formation in mice. Radiology 2007; 243:703-11. [PMID: 17431127 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2432060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively use optical imaging to study the cell-specific mechanisms of entrapment and subsequent growth of two human colon cancer cell lines differing in their propensity to form hepatic metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this Animal Care Committee-approved study, intravital optical imaging was performed in exteriorized livers of three groups of mice after intrasplenic inoculation of human colon cancer cells. Group 1 mice (control group; n=12) received a cell-maintaining solution only. Groups 2 and 3 (n=12 in each) were administered poorly (MIP-101 colon cancer cells) or highly (CX-1 colon cancer cells) metastatic cells. Imaging was performed on postinoculation days 0, 1, 3, and 6 to document sites and mechanisms of tumor cell entrapment and presence and sites of endothelial cell activation and of tumor cell interactions with systemic macrophages and Kupffer cells. Fluorescence intensity of Kupffer cells was compared by using the Mann-Whitney test. Immunohistochemistry served as the reference standard for all in vivo observations. RESULTS Whereas both MIP-101 and CX-1 colon cancer cells adhered to periportal Kupffer cells, the CX-1 cells resulted in Kupffer cell activation, evidenced in vivo by increased visible peroxidase activity (P<.05). Only CX-1 cells were associated with subsequent downstream endothelial cell activation, evidenced by in vivo expression of E-selectin. By day 6, regression of periportal MIP-101 tumor growth correlated with ingrowth of systemic macrophages, while CX-1 tumor growth, originating in the outflow venous regions, correlated with translobular migration and ingrowth of activated Kupffer cells. CONCLUSION Formation of hepatic colon cancer metastases is cancer cell-type specific, with cell lines differing in their mechanisms and intrahepatic locations of initial entrapment and Kupffer cell activation and subsequent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Kruskal
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, West Clinical Center-CC302B, 1 Deaconess Rd, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Suo J, Wang Q, Jin HJ, Li H, Zhao H. K-19 mRNA RT-PCR in detecting micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5219-22. [PMID: 16937537 PMCID: PMC4088024 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i32.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the value and prospect of RT-PCR in detecting micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer.
METHODS: Histopathology was used and K19 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR in tumor tissues and lymph nodes from gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection of gastric carcinoma.
RESULTS: K19 mRNA was expressed in all tumor specimens of 30 cases; of the 126 lymph nodes, 26 were histopathologically positive (20.6%), and 42 positive (33.3%) by RT-PCR. Amplification fragments of 460 and 540 bp were shown in all the tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes after K19 and β-actin RT-PCR, while only a 540 bp fragment appeared in the lymph nodes of non-tumor patients.
CONCLUSION: K19 mRNA RT-PCR is sensitive and specific in testing micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer, and it is superior to routine histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Suo
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Chen G, Luo DZ, Feng ZB, Guo F. Hepatic local cellular immune status and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:489-494. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the local cellular immune status in the tissues of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with the prognosis of the patients.
METHODS: Surgical specimens from 60 cases of HCC, 62 cases of LC, and 23 normal liver tissues were stained of CD3, CD57, CD20, CD68 and GrB with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase detection system to assess the number and the distribution of hepatic local immunocytes.
RESULTS: The numbers of T lymphocytes (60.5±18.9), B lymphocytes (40.3±29.9) and NK cells (6.8±5.1) in the liver of HCC patients were significantly higher than those in the liver of LC patients (53.0±18.7, t = 2.21, P = 0.029<0.05; 21.5±18.2, t = 4.19, P = 0.000<0.01; 4.2±2.9, t = 3.53, P = 0.001<0.01, respectively) and normal controls (45.4±11.7, t = 3.57, P = 0.001<0.01; 8.1±5.9, t = 7.97, P = 0.000<0.01; 4.8±2.3, t = 2.54, P = 0.013<0.05, respectively ); while the number of macrophages (Mf)(24.6±13.4)was significantly lower than that in the liver of LC patients(41.0±13.5, t = 6.74, P = 0.000<0.01)and normal controls (40.3±8.9, t = 6.17, P = 0.000<0.01). The numbers of T and B lymphocytes in the liver of LC patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls (T cells: 53.0±18.7 vs 45.4±11.7, t = 2.23, P = 0.029<0.05; B cells: 21.5±18.2 vs 8.1±5.9, t = 5.14, P = 0.000<0.01). GrB positive cells in the liver mostly consisted of CD57 positive cells and a few CD3 positive cells. The numbers of NK cells, B lymphocytes and GrB positive cells in the cancerous tissues of stages I and II were significantly higher than that of stages III and IV (8.3±5.3 vs 5.3±4.5, t = 5.38, P = 0.024<0.05; 49.1±29.8 vs31.0±27.5, t = 2.44, P = 0.018<0.05; 6.8±5.3 vs 4.1±3.2, t = 2.32, P = 0.024<0.05, respectively). The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, Mj and GrB positive cells in HCC with metastasis in 15 months were significantly lower than those without metastasis (53.1±16.0 vs 65.5±21.1, t = 2.41, P = 0.02<0.05; 2.9±3.1 vs 9.4±4.5, t = 6.33, P = 0.000<0.01; 20.9±11.3vs 30.1±14.4, t = 2.62, P = 0.012<0.05; 2.5±1.6 vs 7.0±4.3, t = 5.02, P = 0.000<0.01, respectively). The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, B lymphocytes and GrB positive cells decreased gradually with the progressing of disease in the HCC patients.
CONCLUSION: The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, B lymphocytes, Mf and GrB positive cells might be important markers to assess the hepatic local immune status and useful factors to predict the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Sameni M, Dosescu J, Moin K, Sloane BF. Functional Imaging of Proteolysis: Stromal and Inflammatory Cells Increase Tumor Proteolysis. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:159-75. [PMID: 14649059 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200303136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying basement membrane is degraded during progression of breast and colon carcinoma. Thus, we imaged degradation of a quenched fluorescent derivative of basement membrane type IV collagen (DQ-collagen IV) by living human breast and colon tumor spheroids. Proteolysis of DQ-collagen IV by HCT 116 and HKh-2 human colon tumor spheroids was both intracellular and pericellular. In contrast, proteolysis of DQ-collagen IV by BT20 human breast tumor spheroids was pericellular. As stromal elements can contribute to proteolytic activities associated with tumors, we also examined degradation of DQ-collagen IV by human monocytes/macrophages and colon and breast fibroblasts. Fibroblasts themselves exhibited a modest amount of pericellular degradation. Degradation was increased 4–17-fold in cocultures of fibroblasts and tumor cells as compared to either cell type alone. Inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, plasmin, and the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, all reduced degradation in the cocultures. Monocytes did not degrade DQ-collagen IV; however, macrophages degraded DQ-collagen IV intracellularly. In coculture of tumor cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages, degradation of DQ-collagen IV was further increased. Imaging of living tumor and stromal cells has, thus, allowed us to establish that tumor proteolysis occurs pericellularly and intracellularly and that tumor, stromal, and inflammatory cells all contribute to degradative processes.
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