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Perkins J, Hayashi T, Peakall R, Flematti GR, Bohman B. The volatile chemistry of orchid pollination. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:819-839. [PMID: 36691832 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2022Orchids are renowned not only for their diversity of floral forms, but also for their many and often highly specialised pollination strategies. Volatile semiochemicals play a crucial role in the attraction of a wide variety of insect pollinators of orchids. The compounds produced by orchid flowers are as diverse as the pollinators they attract, and here we summarise some of the chemical diversity found across orchid taxa and pollination strategies. We focus on compounds that have been experimentally demonstrated to underpin pollinator attraction. We also highlight the structural elucidation and synthesis of a select subset of important orchid pollinator attractants, and discuss the ecological significance of the discoveries, the gaps in our current knowledge of orchid pollination chemistry, and some opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Perkins
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Tobias Hayashi
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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2
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de Brito-Machado D, Ramos YJ, Defaveri ACAE, de Queiroz GA, Guimarães EF, de Lima Moreira D. Volatile Chemical Variation of Essential Oils and Their Correlation with Insects, Phenology, Ontogeny and Microclimate: Piper mollicomum Kunth, a Case of Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3535. [PMID: 36559647 PMCID: PMC9785739 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor the volatile chemical composition from leaves and reproductive organs of Piper mollicomum Kunth (PM), in its reproduction period, as well as register inflorescence visitors, microclimate and phenological information. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the different fresh organs by hydrodistillation were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and by GC coupled to a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID), respectively. The cercentage content of some volatiles present in reproductive organs, such as limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool and eupatoriochromene, increased during the maturation period of the inflorescences, and decreased during the fruiting period, suggesting a defense/attraction activities. Furtermore, a biosynthetic dichotomy between 1,8-cineole (leaves) and linalool (reproductive organs) was recorded. A high frequency of bee visits was registered weekly, and some correlations showed a positive relationship between this variable and terpenes. Microclimate has an impact on this species' phenological cycles and insect visiting behavior. All correlations between volatiles, insects, phenology and microclimate allowed us to present important data about the complex information network in PM. These results are extremely relevant for the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical-ecological plant-insect interactions in Piperaceae, a basal angiosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Brito-Machado
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Ygor Jessé Ramos
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Anna Carina Antunes e Defaveri
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - George Azevedo de Queiroz
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Elsie Franklin Guimarães
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Davyson de Lima Moreira
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
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3
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Liu J, Zhang J, Shen J, Zhao H, Ma W, Jiang Y. Differences in EAG Response and Behavioral Choices between Honey Bee and Bumble Bee to Tomato Flower Volatiles. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13110987. [PMID: 36354811 PMCID: PMC9697709 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees and honey bees are of vital importance for tomato pollination, although honey bees are less attracted to tomato flowers than bumble bees. Little is known about how tomato flower volatile compounds influence the foraging behaviors of honey bees and bumble bees. In this study, compounds of tomato flower volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electroantennography (EAG) and a dynamic two-choice olfactometer were used, respectively, to compare the differences of antennal and behavioral responses between Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris towards selected volatile compounds. A total of 46 compounds were detected from the tomato flower volatiles. Of the 16 compounds tested, A. mellifera showed strong antennal responses to 3 compounds (1-nonanal, (+)-dihydrocarvone, and toluene) when compared with a mineral oil control, and B. terrestris showed 7 pronounced EAG responses (1,3-xylene, (+)-dihydrocarvone, toluene, piperitone, eucarvone, 1-nonanal, and β-ocimene). Additionally, 1-nonanal and (+)-dihydrocarvone elicited significant avoidance behavior of A. mellifera, but not of B. terrestris. In conclusion, bumble bees are more sensitive to the compounds of tomato flower volatiles compared to honey bees, and honey bees showed aversion to some compounds of tomato flower volatiles. The findings indicated that compounds of flower volatiles significantly influenced bee foraging preference for tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jinshan Shen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Huiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yusuo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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4
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Tang D, Shen Y, Li F, Yue R, Duan J, Ye Z, Lin Y, Zhou W, Yang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Zhao J, Li P. Integrating metabolite and transcriptome analysis revealed the different mechanisms of characteristic compound biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation in tea flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016692. [PMID: 36247612 PMCID: PMC9557745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of tea plants (Camellia sinensis), as well as tea leaves, contain abundant secondary metabolites and are big potential resources for the extraction of bioactive compounds or preparation of functional foods. However, little is known about the biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of those metabolites in tea flowers, such as terpenoid, flavonol, catechins, caffeine, and theanine. This study finely integrated target and nontarget metabolism analyses to explore the metabolic feature of developing tea flowers. Tea flowers accumulated more abundant terpenoid compounds than young leaves. The transcriptome data of developing flowers and leaves showed that a higher expression level of later genes of terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, such as Terpene synthases gene family, in tea flowers was the candidate reason of the more abundant terpenoid compounds than in tea leaves. Differently, even though flavonol and catechin profiling between tea flowers and leaves was similar, the gene family members of flavonoid biosynthesis were selectively expressed by tea flowers and tea leaves. Transcriptome and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the regulatory mechanism of flavonol biosynthesis was perhaps different between tea flowers and leaves. However, the regulatory mechanism of catechin biosynthesis was perhaps similar between tea flowers and leaves. This study not only provides a global vision of metabolism and transcriptome in tea flowers but also uncovered the different mechanisms of biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation of those important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangdong Li
- College of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianwei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhili Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lixiao Chen
- Municipal Research Institute for Processing of Agricultural and Featured Products, Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Science, Shiyan, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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5
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Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Tieguanyin with Different Types Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111530. [PMID: 35681280 PMCID: PMC9180349 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tieguanyin (TGY) is one kind of oolong tea that is widely appreciated for its aroma and taste. To study the difference of volatile compounds among different types of TGY and other oolong teas, solid-phase microextraction−gas chromatography−mass spectrometry and chemometrics analysis were conducted in this experiment. Based on variable importance in projection > 1 and aroma character impact > 1, the contents of heptanal (1.60−2.79 μg/L), (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (34.15−70.68 μg/L), (E)-2-octenal (1.57−2.94 μg/L), indole (48.44−122.21 μg/L), and (E)-nerolidol (32.64−96.63 μg/L) in TGY were higher than in other varieties. With the increase in tea fermentation, the total content of volatile compounds decreased slightly, mainly losing floral compounds. Heavily fermented tea contained a higher content of monoterpenoids, whereas low-fermentation tea contained higher contents of sesquiterpenes and indole, which could well distinguish the degree of TGY fermentation. Besides, the volatiles analysis of different grades of TGY showed that the special-grade tea contained more aroma compounds, mainly alcohols (28%). (E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal, (E)-2-octenal, benzeneacetaldehyde, and (E)-nerolidol were the key volatile compounds to distinguish different grades of TGY. The results obtained in this study could help enrich the theoretical basis of aroma substances in TGY.
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Yang Z, Li Y, Gao F, Jin W, Li S, Kimani S, Yang S, Bao T, Gao X, Wang L. MYB21 interacts with MYC2 to control the expression of terpene synthase genes in flowers of Freesia hybrida and Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4140-4158. [PMID: 32275056 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, linalool was found to be the most abundant component among the cocktail of volatiles released from flowers of Freesia hybrida. Linalool formation is catalysed by monoterpene synthase TPS1. However, the regulatory network developmentally modulating the expression of the TPS1 gene in Freesia hybrida remains unexplored. In this study, three regulatory genes, FhMYB21L1, FhMYB21L2, and FhMYC2, were screened from 52 candidates. Two MYB transcription factor genes were synchronously expressed with FhTPS1 and could activate its expression significantly when overexpressed, and the binding of FhMYB21L2 to the MYBCORE sites in the FhTPS1 promoter was further confirmed, indicating a direct role in activation. FhMYC2 showed an inverse expression pattern compared with FhTPS1; its expression led to a decreased binding of FhMYB21 to the FhTPS1 promoter to reduce its activation capacity when co-expressed, suggesting a role for an MYB-bHLH complex in the regulation of the FhTPS1 gene. In Arabidopsis, both MYB21 and MYC2 regulators were shown to activate the expression of sesquiterpene synthase genes, and the regulatory roles of AtMYB21 and AtMYC2 in the expression of the linalool synthase gene were also confirmed, implying conserved functions of the MYB-bHLH complex in these two evolutionarily divergent plants. Moreover, the expression ratio between MYB21 and MYC2 orthologues might be a determinant factor in floral linalool emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengzhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shadrack Kimani
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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7
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Valterová I, Martinet B, Michez D, Rasmont P, Brasero N. Sexual attraction: a review of bumblebee male pheromones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 74:233-250. [PMID: 31442206 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Males of many bumblebee species exhibit a conspicuous pre-mating behavior with two distinct behavioral components: scent marking and patrol flying. The marking pheromone is produced by the cephalic part of the labial gland (CLG). As far as is known, the CLG secretion is species specific, and it usually consists of two types of compounds: (i) straight-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes or esters, and (ii) acyclic mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes (alcohols or acetates). Here, we summarize data from the literature reporting chemical composition of the CLG secretions of more than 80 bumblebee species. Similarities and differences within and between subgenera are discussed in the context of biosynthetic pathways and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Valterová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám 2, CZ-166 10 Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Baptiste Martinet
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Brasero
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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8
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Goelen T, Sobhy IS, Vanderaa C, Boer JG, Delvigne F, Francis F, Wäckers F, Rediers H, Verstrepen KJ, Wenseleers T, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Volatiles of bacteria associated with parasitoid habitats elicit distinct olfactory responses in an aphid parasitoid and its hyperparasitoid. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Christophe Vanderaa
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jetske G. Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Frank Delvigne
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI) TERRA Université de Liège‐Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional & Evolutionary Entomology TERRA Université de Liège‐Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Westerlo Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Lab for Systems Biology VIB Center for Microbiology & Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Lab for Genetics and Genomics Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Faulkes CG, Elmore JS, Baines DA, Fenton B, Simmons NB, Clare EL. Chemical characterisation of potential pheromones from the shoulder gland of the Northern yellow-shouldered-bat, Sturnira parvidens (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7734. [PMID: 31579609 PMCID: PMC6754726 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats of the genus Sturnira (Family Phyllostomidae) are characterised by shoulder glands that are more developed in reproductively mature adult males. The glands produce a waxy secretion that accumulates on the fur around the gland, dyeing the fur a dark colour and giving off a pungent odour. These shoulder glands are thought to play a role in their reproductive behaviour. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we analysed solvent extracts of fur surrounding the shoulder gland in the northern-shouldered bat, Sturnira parvidens to (i) characterise the chemical composition of shoulder gland secretions for the first time, and (ii) look for differences in chemical composition among and between adult males, sub-adult/juvenile males and adult females. Fur solvent extracts were analysed as liquids and also further extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction to identify volatile components in the odour itself. Odour fingerprint analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling plots and multivariate analysis revealed clear and significant differences (P < 0.001) between adult males vs both juvenile males and adult females. The chemical components of the shoulder gland secretion included terpenes and phenolics, together with alcohols and esters, most likely derived from the frugivorous diet of the bat. Many of the compounds identified were found exclusively or in elevated quantities among adult (reproductive) males compared with adult females and non-reproductive (juvenile) males. This strongly suggests a specific role in male–female attraction although a function in male–male competition and/or species recognition is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Faulkes
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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10
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Startek JB, Voets T, Talavera K. To flourish or perish: evolutionary TRiPs into the sensory biology of plant-herbivore interactions. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:213-236. [PMID: 30229297 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between plants and their herbivores are highly complex systems generating on one side an extraordinary diversity of plant protection mechanisms and on the other side sophisticated consumer feeding strategies. Herbivores have evolved complex, integrative sensory systems that allow them to distinguish between food sources having mere bad flavors from the actually toxic ones. These systems are based on the senses of taste, olfaction and somatosensation in the oral and nasal cavities, and on post-ingestive chemosensory mechanisms. The potential ability of plant defensive chemical traits to induce tissue damage in foragers is mainly encoded in the latter through chemesthetic sensations such as burning, pain, itch, irritation, tingling, and numbness, all of which induce innate aversive behavioral responses. Here, we discuss the involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the chemosensory mechanisms that are at the core of complex and fascinating plant-herbivore ecological networks. We review how "sensory" TRPs are activated by a myriad of plant-derived compounds, leading to cation influx, membrane depolarization, and excitation of sensory nerve fibers of the oronasal cavities in mammals and bitter-sensing cells in insects. We also illustrate how TRP channel expression patterns and functionalities vary between species, leading to intriguing evolutionary adaptations to the specific habitats and life cycles of individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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The Variation of Oncidium Rosy Sunset Flower Volatiles with Daily Rhythm, Flowering Period, and Flower Parts. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091468. [PMID: 28869565 PMCID: PMC6151839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncidium is an important ornamental crop worldwide, and in recent years, the characteristics of the flower aroma have become a concern for breeders. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the volatile compounds to study the aroma characteristics of Onc. Rosy Sunset. A total of 45 compounds were identified, with the major compound being linalool. Onc. Rosy Sunset had the highest odor concentration from 10:00 to 12:00 and lowest from 20:00 to 24:00. The inflorescence emitted the highest quantities of volatile compounds during stages 3–6, which then decreased with the aging of the flowers. In Onc. Rosy Sunset, the sepals and petals were the major parts for the floral fragrance emission, in which linalool content was the highest, whereas the lip and column had a different composition of major volatile compounds, of which benzaldehyde, β-myrcene, and β-caryophyllene dominated.
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12
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Soso SB, Koziel JA. Characterizing the scent and chemical composition of Panthera leo marking fluid using solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5137. [PMID: 28698649 PMCID: PMC5506057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lions (Panthera leo) use chemical signaling to indicate health, reproductive status, and territorial ownership. To date, no study has reported on both scent and composition of marking fluid (MF) from P. leo. The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a novel method for simultaneous chemical and scent identification of lion MF in its totality (urine + MF), 2) identify characteristic odorants responsible for the overall scent of MF as perceived by human panelists, and 3) compare the existing library of known odorous compounds characterized as eliciting behaviors in animals in order to understand potential functionality in lion behavior. Solid-phase microextraction and simultaneous chemical-sensory analyses with multidimensional gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry improved separating, isolating, and identifying mixed (MF, urine) compounds versus solvent-based extraction and chemical analyses. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, 4-methylphenol, and 3-methylcyclopentanone were isolated and identified as the compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of lion MF. Twenty-eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from MF were identified, adding a new list of compounds previously unidentified in lion urine. New chemicals were identified in nine compound groups: ketones, aldehydes, amines, alcohols, aromatics, sulfur-containing compounds, phenyls, phenols, and volatile fatty acids. Twenty-three VOCs are known semiochemicals that are implicated in attraction, reproduction, and alarm-signaling behaviors in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B Soso
- Iowa State University, Environmental Science Graduate Program, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America.,Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Iowa State University, Environmental Science Graduate Program, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America. .,Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America.
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Cha DH, Olsson SB, Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Hood GR, Mattsson M, Schwarz D, Feder JL, Linn CE. Identification of Host Fruit Volatiles from Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Attractive to Rhagoletis zephyria Flies from the Western United States. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:188-197. [PMID: 28078623 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of behaviorally active volatiles was identified from the fruit of snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus, for Rhagoletis zephyria flies reared from snowberry fruit. A nine-component blend containing 3-methylbutan-1-ol (3%), dimethyl trisulfide (1%), 1-octen-3-ol (40%), myrcene (8%), nonanal (9%), linalool (13%), (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT, 6%), decanal (15%), and β-caryophyllene (5%) was identified that gave consistent electroantennogram activity and was behaviorally active in flight tunnel tests. In other flight tunnel assays, snowberry flies from two sites in Washington state, USA, displayed significantly greater levels of upwind oriented flight to sources with the snowberry volatile blend compared with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple (Malus domestica) and downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) fruit from the eastern USA, and domestic apple, black hawthorn (C. douglasii) and ornamental hawthorn (C. monogyna) from Washington state. Selected subtraction assays showed that whereas removal of DMNT or 1-octen-3-ol significantly reduced the level of upwind flight, removal of myrcene and β-caryophyllene, or dimethyl trisulfide alone did not significantly affect the proportion of upwind flights. Our findings add to previous studies showing that populations of Rhagoletis flies infesting different host fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of volatile compounds specific to their respective host plants. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that differences among flies in their behavioral responses to host fruit odors represent key adaptations involved in sympatric host plant shifts, contributing to host specific mating and generating prezygotic reproductive isolation among members of the R. pomonella sibling species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Cha
- Department of Entomology, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
- USDA-ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, WA, 98951, USA
- USDA-ARS, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Shannon B Olsson
- Department of Entomology, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
- Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 065, India
| | - Wee L Yee
- USDA-ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, WA, 98951, USA
| | - Robert B Goughnour
- USDA-ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, WA, 98951, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Monte Mattsson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Cworvallis, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, 510 High Street, MS 9160, Washington, 98225, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Charles E Linn
- Department of Entomology, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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Drakou CE, Tsitsanou KE, Potamitis C, Fessas D, Zervou M, Zographos SE. The crystal structure of the AgamOBP1•Icaridin complex reveals alternative binding modes and stereo-selective repellent recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:319-338. [PMID: 27535661 PMCID: PMC11107575 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae Odorant Binding Protein 1 in complex with the most widely used insect repellent DEET, was the first reported crystal structure of an olfactory macromolecule with a repellent, and paved the way for OBP1-structure-based approaches for discovery of new host-seeking disruptors. In this work, we performed STD-NMR experiments to directly monitor and verify the formation of a complex between AgamOBP1 and Icaridin, an efficient DEET alternative. Furthermore, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry experiments provided evidence for two Icaridin-binding sites with different affinities (Kd = 0.034 and 0.714 mM) and thermodynamic profiles of ligand binding. To elucidate the binding mode of Icaridin, the crystal structure of AgamOBP1•Icaridin complex was determined at 1.75 Å resolution. We found that Icaridin binds to the DEET-binding site in two distinct orientations and also to a novel binding site located at the C-terminal region. Importantly, only the most active 1R,2S-isomer of Icaridin's equimolar diastereoisomeric mixture binds to the AgamOBP1 crystal, providing structural evidence for the possible contribution of OBP1 to the stereoselectivity of Icaridin perception in mosquitoes. Structural analysis revealed two ensembles of conformations differing mainly in spatial arrangement of their sec-butyl moieties. Moreover, structural comparison with DEET indicates a common recognition mechanism for these structurally related repellents. Ligand interactions with both sites and binding modes were further confirmed by 2D 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The identification of a novel repellent-binding site in AgamOBP1 and the observed structural conservation and stereoselectivity of its DEET/Icaridin-binding sites open new perspectives for the OBP1-structure-based discovery of next-generation insect repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Drakou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina E Tsitsanou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Potamitis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Fessas
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Zervou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros E Zographos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Chemosensory proteins of the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana: Identification, tissue distribution and olfactory related functional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 194-195:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Spatiotemporal Floral Scent Variation of Penstemon digitalis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:641-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Gong WC, Chen G, Vereecken NJ, Dunn BL, Ma YP, Sun WB. Floral scent composition predicts bee pollination system in five butterfly bush (Buddleja, Scrophulariaceae) species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:245-55. [PMID: 24841694 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, plant-pollinator interactions have been interpreted as pollination syndrome. However, the validity of pollination syndrome has been widely doubted in modern studies of pollination ecology. The pollination ecology of five Asian Buddleja species, B. asiatica, B. crispa, B. forrestii, B. macrostachya and B. myriantha, in the Sino-Himalayan region in Asia, flowering in different local seasons, with scented inflorescences were investigated during 2011 and 2012. These five species exhibited diverse floral traits, with narrow and long corolla tubes and concealed nectar. According to their floral morphology, larger bees and Lepidoptera were expected to be the major pollinators. However, field observations showed that only larger bees (honeybee/bumblebee) were the primary pollinators, ranging from 77.95% to 97.90% of total visits. In this study, floral scents of each species were also analysed using coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although the five Buddleja species emitted differentiated floral scent compositions, our results showed that floral scents of the five species are dominated by substances that can serve as attractive signals to bees, including species-specific scent compounds and principal compounds with larger relative amounts. This suggests that floral scent compositions are closely associated with the principal pollinator assemblages in these five species. Therefore, we conclude that floral scent compositions rather than floral morphology traits should be used to interpret plant-pollinator interactions in these Asian Buddleja species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-C Gong
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Yeh CH, Tsai WY, Chiang HM, Wu CS, Lee YI, Lin LY, Chen HC. Headspace solid-phase microextraction analysis of volatile components in Phalaenopsis Nobby's Pacific Sunset. Molecules 2014; 19:14080-93. [PMID: 25207714 PMCID: PMC6271821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis is the most important economic crop in the Orchidaceae family. There are currently numerous beautiful and colorful Phalaenopsis flowers, but only a few species of Phalaenopsis have an aroma. This study reports the analysis volatile components present in P. Nobby’s Pacific Sunset by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the optimal extraction conditions were obtained by using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber. A total of 31 compounds were identified, with the major compounds being geraniol, linalool and α-farnesene. P. Nobby’s Pacific Sunset had the highest odor concentration from 09:00 to 13:00 on the eighth day of storage. It was also found that in P. Nobby’s Pacific Sunset orchids the dorsal sepals and petals had the highest odor concentrations, whereas the column had the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Yeh
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Sheng Wu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Chun Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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19
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Špánik I, Pažitná A, Šiška P, Szolcsányi P. The determination of botanical origin of honeys based on enantiomer distribution of chiral volatile organic compounds. Food Chem 2014; 158:497-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Altshuler O, Abu-Abied M, Chaimovitsh D, Shechter A, Frucht H, Dudai N, Sadot E. Enantioselective effects of (+)- and (-)-citronellal on animal and plant microtubules. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1598-1604. [PMID: 23947826 DOI: 10.1021/np4002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Citronellal is a major component of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus essential oils. Herein it is shown that whereas (+)-citronellal (1) is an effective microtubule (MT)-disrupting compound, (-)-citronellal (2) is not. Quantitative image analysis of fibroblast cells treated with 1 showed total fluorescence associated with fibers resembling that in cells treated with the MT-disrupting agents colchicine and vinblastine; in the presence of 2, the fluorescence more closely resembled that in control cells. The distribution of tubulin in soluble and insoluble fractions in the presence of 1 also resembled that in the presence of colchicine, whereas similar tubulin distribution was obtained in the presence of 2 and in control cells. In vitro polymerization of MTs was inhibited by 1 but not 2. Measurements of MT dynamics in plant cells showed similar MT elongation and shortening rates in control and 2-treated cells, whereas in the presence of 1, much fewer and shorter MTs were observed and no elongation or shrinkage was detected. Taken together, the MT system is suggested to be able to discriminate between different enantiomers of the same compound. In addition, the activity of essential oils rich in citronellal is affected by the relative content of the two enantiomers of this monoterpenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Altshuler
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO , Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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21
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Yin XW, Iovinella I, Marangoni R, Cattonaro F, Flamini G, Sagona S, Zhang L, Pelosi P, Felicioli A. Odorant-binding proteins and olfactory coding in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3029-39. [PMID: 23512006 PMCID: PMC11113457 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Solitary bees are major pollinators but their chemical communication system has been poorly studied. We investigated olfactory coding in Osmia cornuta from two perspectives, chemical and biochemical. We identified (E)-geranyl acetone and 2-hexyl-1,3-dioxolane, specifically secreted by females and males, respectively. A transcriptome analysis of antennae revealed 48 ORs (olfactory receptors), six OBPs (odorant-binding proteins), five CSPs (chemosensory proteins), and a single SNMP (sensory neuron membrane protein). The numbers of ORs and OBPs are much lower than in the honeybee, in particular, C-minus OBPs are lacking in the antennae of O. cornuta. We have expressed all six OBPs of O. cornuta and studied their binding specificities. The best ligands are common terpene plant odorants and both volatiles produced by the bee and identified in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Yin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Immacolata Iovinella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Guido Flamini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Sagona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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22
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Yuvaraj JK, Andersson MN, Steinbauer MJ, Farnier K, Anderbrant O. Specificity and sensitivity of plant odor-detecting olfactory sensory neurons in Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:542-551. [PMID: 23524066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue gum psyllid, Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae), is an economic threat to Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus plantations worldwide. To date, no generally applicable control method is available and the potential for semiochemical-based monitoring or control methods has not yet been investigated. Hence, we conducted the first study on the olfactory sense of C. eucalypti, investigating the specificity and sensitivity of its olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to host plant volatiles using single sensillum recordings (SSR). Synthetic compounds were selected from published identifications of Eucalyptus volatiles and after analysis of headspace collections from Eucalyptus cordata. The antenna of C. eucalypti carries four cavities containing olfactory sensilla (S1-S4). Our recordings revealed that each of these sensilla houses three OSNs that could be distinguished electrophysiologically based on spike amplitude differences (A, B, and C neuron with large, intermediate, and small amplitude, respectively). The A neuron in sensillum S1 responded primarily to β-caryophyllene and weaker to β-ocimene, whereas the accompanying B-neuron responded strongly and very specifically to linalool. Furthermore, the B-neuron in both S2 and S3 responded strongly to 1-hexanol, Z3-hexenol, and Z3-hexenyl acetate. OSNs in S4 responded only weakly to a few of the synthetic compounds. Response thresholds in strongly responding OSNs to putative key compounds were close to the 1ng dose on the filter paper and responses exhibited a phasic-tonic profile irrespective of compound dose. C. eucalypti may use the physiologically active compounds for long-range host finding. Future laboratory and field experiments will reveal whether plant volatiles can be used in the management and monitoring of C. eucalypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Kumar Yuvaraj
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Suinyuy TN, Donaldson JS, Johnson SD. Variation in the chemical composition of cone volatiles within the African cycad genus Encephalartos. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 85:82-91. [PMID: 23098901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles play a key role in attraction of pollinators to cycad cones, but the extent to which volatile chemistry varies among cycad species is still poorly documented. Volatile composition of male and female cones of nineteen African cycad species (Encephalartos; Zamiaceae) was analysed using headspace technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 152 compounds were identified among the species included in this study, the most common of which were monoterpenes, nitrogen-containing compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Male and female cones emitted similar volatile compounds which varied in relative amounts with two unsaturated hydrocarbons (3E)-1,3-octadiene and (3E,5Z)-1,3,5-octatriene present in the volatile profile of most species. In a multivariate analysis of volatile profiles using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), a number of species clusters were identified according to shared emission of unsaturated hydrocarbons, pyrazines, benzenoids, aldehydes, alkanes and terpenoids. In comparison, terpenoids are common in Zamia and dominant in Macrozamia species (both in the family Zamiaceae) while benzenoids, esters, and alcohols are dominant in Cycas (Cycadaceae) and in Stangeria (Stangeriaceae). It is likely that volatile variation among Encephalartos species reflects both phylogeny and adaptations to specific beetle pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N Suinyuy
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa.
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24
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Tava A, Cecotti R, Confalonieri M. Characterization of the volatile fraction of Nigritella nigra(L.) Rchb. F. (Orchidaceae), a rare species from the Central Alps. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.645644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Ayasse M, Stökl J, Francke W. Chemical ecology and pollinator-driven speciation in sexually deceptive orchids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1667-1677. [PMID: 21497864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids mimic females of their pollinator species to attract male insects for pollination. Pollination by sexual deception has independently evolved in European, Australian, South African, and South American orchid taxa. Reproductive isolation is mainly based on pre-mating isolation barriers, the specific attraction of males of a single pollinator species, mostly bees, by mimicking the female species-specific sex-pheromone. However, in rare cases post-mating barriers have been found. Sexually deceptive orchids are ideal candidates for studies of sympatric speciation, because key adaptive traits such as the pollinator-attracting scent are associated with their reproductive success and with pre-mating isolation. During the last two decades several investigations studied processes of ecological speciation in sexually deceptive orchids of Europe and Australia. Using various methods like behavioural experiments, chemical, electrophysiological, and population-genetic analyses it was shown that minor changes in floral odour bouquets might be the driving force for pollinator shifts and speciation events. New pollinators act as an isolation barrier towards other sympatrically occurring species. Hybridization occurs because of similar odour bouquets of species and the overlap of flowering periods. Hybrid speciation can also lead to the displacement of species by the hybrid population, if its reproductive success is higher than that in the parental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ayasse
- Institute for Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Althanstreet 14; Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Althanstreet 14; Austria
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27
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Dötterl S, Vereecken NJ. The chemical ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions: a review and perspectivesThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bees and angiosperms have shared a long and intertwined evolutionary history and their interactions have resulted in remarkable adaptations. Yet, at a time when the “pollination crisis” is of major concern as natural populations of both wild and honey bees ( Apis mellifera L., 1758) face alarming decline rates at a worldwide scale, there are important gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge about the role of floral chemistry versus other communication channels in bee-pollinated flowering plants, both at the macro- and micro-evolutionary levels, and across the specialization–generalization gradient. The available data illustrate that floral scents and floral chemistry have been largely overlooked in bee–flower interactions, and that pollination studies integrating these components along with pollinator behaviour in a phylogenetic context will help gain considerable insights into the sensory ecology and the evolution of bees and their associated flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dötterl
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Free University of Brussels/Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue FD Roosevelt 50 CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N. J. Vereecken
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Free University of Brussels/Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue FD Roosevelt 50 CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Electrophysiological responses and field attraction of the grey corn weevil, Tanymecus (Episomecus) dilaticollis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to synthetic plant volatiles. CHEMOECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-010-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Plants have evolved a range of strategies to manipulate the behaviour of their insect partners. One powerful strategy is to produce signals that already have a role in the animals' own communication systems. To investigate to what extent the evolution of floral scents is correlated with chemical communication in insects, I analyse the occurrence, commonness, and evolutionary patterns of the 71 most common 'floral' volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 96 plant families and 87 insect families. I found an overlap of 87% in VOCs produced by plants and insects. 'Floral' monoterpenes showed strong positive correlation in commonness between plants (both gymnosperms and angiosperms) and herbivores, whereas the commonness of 'floral' aromatics was positively correlated between angiosperms and both pollinators and herbivores. According to a multivariate regression analysis the commonness of 'floral' aromatics was best explained by their commonness in pollinators, whereas monoterpenes were best explained by herbivores. Among pollinator orders, aromatics were significantly more common in Lepidoptera than in Hymenoptera, whereas monoterpenes showed no difference among the two orders. Collectively, these patterns suggest that plants and insects converge in overall patterns of volatile production, both for attraction and defence. Monoterpenes seem to have evolved primarily for defence under selection by herbivores, whereas aromatics evolved signalling functions in angiosperms, primarily for pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, Zollikerstrasse 107, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Host-mediated volatile polymorphism in a parasitic plant influences its attractiveness to pollinators. Oecologia 2009; 162:413-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vereecken NJ, Schiestl FP. On the roles of colour and scent in a specialized floral mimicry system. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1077-84. [PMID: 19692390 PMCID: PMC2766200 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sexually deceptive orchids achieve cross-pollination by mimicking the mating signals of female insects, generally hymenopterans. This pollination mechanism is often highly specific as it is based primarily on the mimicry of mating signals, especially the female sex pheromones of the targeted pollinator. Like many deceptive orchids, the Mediterranean species Ophrys arachnitiformis shows high levels of floral trait variation, especially in the colour of the perianth, which is either green or white/pinkinsh within populations. The adaptive significance of perianth colour polymorphism and its influence on pollinator visitation rates in sexually deceptive orchids remain obscure. METHODS The relative importance of floral scent versus perianth colour in pollinator attraction in this orchid pollinator mimicry system was evaluated by performing floral scent analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and behavioural bioassays with the pollinators under natural conditions were performed. KEY RESULTS The relative and absolute amounts of behaviourally active compounds are identical in the two colour morphs of O. arachnitiformis. Neither presence/absence nor the colour of the perianth (green versus white) influence attractiveness of the flowers to Colletes cunicularius males, the main pollinator of O. arachnitiformis. CONCLUSION Chemical signals alone can mediate the interactions in highly specialized mimicry systems. Floral colour polymorphism in O. arachnitiformis is not subjected to selection imposed by C. cunicularius males, and an interplay between different non-adaptive processes may be responsible for the maintenance of floral colour polymorphism both within and among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Vereecken
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Free University of Brussels/Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Jürgens A, El-Sayed AM, Suckling DM. Do carnivorous plants use volatiles for attracting prey insects? Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Giglio A, Brandmayr P, Dalpozzo R, Sindona G, Tagarelli A, Talarico F, Brandmayr TZ, Ferrero EA. The defensive secretion of Carabus lefebvrei Dejean 1826 pupa (Coleoptera, Carabidae): gland ultrastructure and chemical identification. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:351-61. [PMID: 19067359 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study documents the defensive function of flavored humor secreted by the abdominal glands of Carabus lefebvrei pupae. The morphology and the ultrastructure of these glands were described and the volatile compounds of glands secretion were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ultrastructure analysis shows an acinose complex formed by about 50 clusters. Each cluster has 20 glandular units and the unit-composed of one secretory and one canal cell lying along a duct-belongs to the class 3 cell type of Quennedey (1998). In the cytoplasm, the secretory cell contains abundant rough endoplasmatic reticula, glycogen granules, numerous mitochondria, and many well-developed Golgi complexes producing electron-dense secretory granules. Mitochondria are large, elongated, and often adjoining electronlucent vesicles. The kind and the origin of secretory granules varying in size and density were discussed. The chemical analysis of the gland secretion revealed the presence of a mixture of low molecular weight terpenes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids. Monoterpenes, especially linalool, were the major products. We supposed that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids have a deterrent function against the predators and monoterpenes provide a prophylaxis function against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Giglio
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci cubo 4B, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Calabria, Italy.
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Cavaggioni A, Mucignat-Caretta C, Redaelli M. Mice Recognize Recent Urine Scent Marks by the Molecular Composition. Chem Senses 2008; 33:655-63. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjn035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mori K. Significance of chirality in pheromone science. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7505-23. [PMID: 17855097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pheromones play important roles in chemical communication among organisms. Various chiral and non-racemic pheromones have been identified since the late 1960s. Their enantioselective syntheses could establish the absolute configuration of the naturally occurring pheromones and clarified the relationships between absolute configuration and bioactivity. For example, neither the (R)- nor (S)-enantiomer of sulcatol, the aggregation pheromone of an ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sulcatus, is behaviorally active, while their mixture is bioactive. In the case of olean, the olive fruit fly pheromone, its (R)-isomer is active for the males, and the (S)-isomer is active for the females. About 140 chiral pheromones are reviewed with regard to their stereochemistry-bioactivity relationships. Problems encountered in studying chirality of pheromones were examined and analyzed to think about possible future directions in pheromone science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mori
- Photosensitive Materials Research Center, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd, Wakahagi 4-2-1, Inba-mura, Inba-gun, Chiba 270-609, Japan
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Johnson SD, Ellis A, Dötterl S. Specialization for pollination by beetles and wasps: the role of lollipop hairs and fragrance in Satyrium microrrhynchum (Orchidaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:47-55. [PMID: 21642207 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposed nectar presentation is a key trait in flowers specialized for pollination by short-tongued insects. We investigated the pollination of Satyrium microrrhynchum, a rare South African orchid in which nectar is secreted as droplets on long floral hairs ("lollipop hairs") at the mouth of a shallow labellum. Our observations indicate that this orchid is pollinated specifically by two insect species: a cetoniid beetle (Atrichelaphinus tigrina) and a pompilid wasp (Hemipepsis hilaris). Both insects have short mouthparts and remove nectar from the hairs with sweeping motions of their mouthparts. Pollinaria become attached to the upper surface of their heads while they feed on the nectar. Beetles damage the hairs while feeding, which may explain the positive relationship between hair damage and pollination success in plants of S. microrrhynchum from populations where beetles were common. The orchid has cryptic green-yellow flowers with spectral reflectance similar to that of its leaves. The fragrance from plants in three populations, analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, was dominated by various terpenoids; linalool was the most abundant. Plants in different populations emitted similar compounds, but eugenol and derivatives of this compound were found in only one of the three populations. In an electrophysiological study (gas chromatography coupled to electroantennography), using antennae of A. tigrina, clear signals were elicited by some of the floral scent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; and Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Vereecken NJ, Mant J, Schiestl FP. Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-006-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Dötterl S, Burkhardt D, Weissbecker B, Jürgens A, Schütz S, Mosandl A. Linalool and lilac aldehyde/alcohol in flower scents. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:231-8. [PMID: 16542668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stereoisomers of linalool and lilac aldehyde/alcohol were determined in the flower scent of 15 plant species using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC/MS). Both linalool and all 8 stereoisomers of lilac alcohol and lilac aldehyde were detected, and there was a species-specific pattern. Single stereoisomers were collected by micropreparative-enantio-MDGC and were electrophysiologically tested on antennae of the noctuid moth Hadena bicruris, a species known to rely on lilac aldehyde for finding its host plant. The moth responded to all 8 stereoisomers, though only four stereoisomers were found in the scent of its host plant. The moth was less sensitive to some isomers than to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Ulland S, Ian E, Borg-Karlson AK, Mustaparta H. Discrimination between enantiomers of linalool by olfactory receptor neurons in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae (L.). Chem Senses 2006; 31:325-34. [PMID: 16495438 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjj036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants emit complex blends of volatiles, including chiral compounds that might be detected by vertebrates and invertebrates. Insects are ideal model organisms for studying the underlying receptor neuron mechanisms involved in olfactory discrimination of enantiomers. In the present study, we have employed two-column gas chromatography linked to recordings from single olfactory receptor neurons of Mamestra brassicae, in which separation of volatiles in a polar and a chiral column was performed. We here present the response properties of olfactory receptor neurons tuned to linalool. The narrow tuning of these receptor neurons was demonstrated by their strong responses to (R)-(-)-linalool, the weaker responses to the (+)-enantiomer as well as a few structurally related compounds, and no responses to the other numerous plant released volatiles. The enantioselectivity was verified by parallel dose-response curves, that of (R)-(-)-linalool shifted 1 log unit to the left of the (S)-(+)-linalool curve. A complete overlap of the temporal response pattern was found when comparing the responses of the same strength. Analysis of the spike amplitude and waveform indicated that the responses to the two enantiomers originated from the same neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Ulland
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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40
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Mant J, Brändli C, Vereecken NJ, Schulz CM, Francke W, Schiestl FP. Cuticular hydrocarbons as sex pheromone of the bee Colletes cunicularius and the key to its mimicry by the sexually deceptive orchid, Ophrys exaltata. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:1765-87. [PMID: 16222807 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-5926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Male Colletes cunicularius bees pollinate the orchid, Ophrys exaltata, after being sexually deceived by the orchid's odor-mimicry of the female bee's sex pheromone. We detected biologically active volatiles of C. cunicularius by using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) with simultaneous flame ionization detection. After identification of the target compounds by coupled gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we performed behavioral tests using synthetic blends of the active components. We detected 22 EAD active compounds in cuticular extracts of C. cunicularius females. Blends of straight chain, odd-numbered alkanes and (Z)-7-alkenes with 21-29 carbon atoms constituted the major biologically active compounds. Alkenes were the key compounds releasing mating behavior, especially those with (Z)-7 unsaturation. Comparison of patterns of bee volatiles with those of O. exaltata subsp. archipelagi revealed that all EAD-active compounds were also found in extracts of orchid labella. Previous studies of the mating behavior in C. cunicularius showed linalool to be an important attractant for patrolling males. We confirmed this with synthetic linalool but found that it rarely elicited copulatory behavior, in accordance with previous studies. A blend of active cuticular compounds with linalool elicited both attraction and copulation behavior in patrolling males. Thus, linalool appears to function as a long-range attractant, whereas cuticular hydrocarbons are necessary for inducing short-range mating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Mant
- Geobotanical Institute, ETH-Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Georgieva E, Handjieva N, Popov S, Evstatieva L. Comparative analysis of the volatiles from flowers and leaves of three Gentiana species. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Caissard JC, Meekijjironenroj A, Baudino S, Anstett MC. Localization of production and emission of pollinator attractant on whole leaves of Chamaerops humilis (Arecaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:1190-1199. [PMID: 21653475 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.8.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds, which frequently play important roles in plant-insect interaction, can be produced either by flowers to attract pollinators or by leaves to deter herbivores. The specialized structures associated with odor production differ in these two organs. The European dwarf palm Chamaerops humilis represents a unique intermediate between these two. In previous work, its leaves were shown to produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract pollinators only during flowering. Because the leaf sinuses look like a gland, the sinus was examined histologically and with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for evidence that the sinus emits VOCs. Volatile compounds emitted by the different parts of the leaf were extracted by washes and headspace then analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The sinus does not have the expected gland-like structure; the VOCs are actually produced by the whole leaf, even if the composition of the VOCs emitted by the sinus slightly differs. Thus, attraction of pollinators does not result from specialized secreting cells in leaves of flowering European dwarf palms. The results are discussed in the context of a convergent evolution of leaves toward petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Caissard
- Laboratoire BVpam (Biotechnologies Végétales, plantes aromatiques et médicinales) EA 3061, Université Jean Monnet, 23 rue du Docteur Paul Michelon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne Cédex 02, France
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Peakall R, Schiestl FP. A mark-recapture study of male Colletes cunicularius bees: implications for pollination by sexual deception. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang Z, Bengtsson M, Witzgall P. Host plant volatiles synergize response to sex pheromone in codling moth, Cydia pomonella. J Chem Ecol 2004; 30:619-29. [PMID: 15139312 DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000018633.94002.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant volatile compounds synergize attraction of codling moth males Cydia pomonella to sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone). Several apple volatiles, known to elicit a strong antennal response, were tested in a wind tunnel. Two-component blends of 1 pg/min codlemone and 100 pg/min of either racemic linalool, (E)-beta-farnesene, or (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol attracted significantly more males to the source than codlemone alone (60, 58, 56, and 37%, respectively). In comparison, a blend of codlemone and a known pheromone synergist, dodecanol, attracted 56% of the males tested. Blends of pheromone and plant volatiles in a 1:100 ratio attracted more males than 1:1 or 1:10,000 blends. Adding two or four of the most active plant compounds to codlemone did not enhance attraction over blends of codlemone plus single-plant compounds. Of the test compounds, only farnesol was attractive by itself; at a release rate of 10,000 pg/min, 16% of the males arrived at the source. However, attraction to a 1:10,000 blend of codlemone and farnesol (42%) was not significantly different from attraction to codlemone alone (37%). In contrast, a codlemone mimic, (E)-10-dodecadien-1-ol, which attracted 2% males by itself, had a strong antagonistic effect when blended in a 1:10,000 ratio with codlemone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yang
- Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 44, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
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Reisenman CE, Christensen TA, Francke W, Hildebrand JG. Enantioselectivity of projection neurons innervating identified olfactory glomeruli. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2602-11. [PMID: 15028752 PMCID: PMC6729518 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5192-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Projection neurons (PNs) with arborizations in the sexually dimorphic "lateral large female glomerulus" (latLFG) in the antennal lobe (AL) of the moth Manduca sexta previously were shown to respond preferentially to antennal stimulation with (+/-)linalool, a volatile compound commonly emitted by plants. In the present study, using intracellular recording and staining techniques, we examined the responsiveness of latLFG-PNs to the enantiomers, (+)linalool and (-)linalool and found that (1) latLFG-PNs are more responsive to antennal stimulation with (+)linalool than with (-)linalool, (2) PNs with arborizations in a glomerulus adjacent to the latLFG are preferentially responsive to (-)linalool, and (3) PNs with arborizations confined to other glomeruli near the latLFG are equally responsive to both enantiomers of linalool. Structure-activity studies showed that the hydroxyl group in this tertiary terpene alcohol is the key feature of the molecule determining the response of enantioselective PNs to linalool. In contrast, the responses of non-enantioselective PNs are less dependent on the alcoholic functionality of linalool. Our findings show that PNs innervating a uniquely identifiable glomerulus respond preferentially to a particular enantiomer of an odor substance. Moreover, PNs with arborizations in a glomerulus adjacent to the latLFG, although less sensitive than latLFG-PNs to linalool, respond preferentially to the opposite enantiomer, demonstrating that information about stimulus-absolute configuration can be encoded in different olfactory glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Reisenman
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, USA.
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Schmitt T, Strohm E, Herzner G, Bicchi C, Krammer G, Heckel F, Schreier P. (S)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid, a new component in cephalic glands of male European beewolves Philanthus triangulum. J Chem Ecol 2004; 29:2469-79. [PMID: 14682528 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026305901049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition and functional significance of pheromones of solitary Hymenoptera is much less well known compared to social species. Males of the genus Philanthus (Sphecidae) are territorial and scent mark their territories to attract females. Because of inconsistent results of earlier studies, we reanalyzed the content of the cephalic glands of male European beewolves, Philanthus triangulum F. Besides a variety of alkanes and alkenes, four major compounds were found. Two of these, (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol and (Z)-10-nonadecen-2-one, had been previously described as constituents of the cephalic glands. We identified 1-octadecanol as a new component of the cephalic gland, and a fourth compound, enantiopure (S)-2,3-dihydrofamesoic acid, was identified for the first time in nature. Structural elucidation and enantiomeric analysis were performed by HRGC-MS and HRGC-FTIR as well as enantioselective gas chromatography and by means of authentic reference compounds. Occurrence and function of the four compounds in insect chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Zoologie III, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, G ermany
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