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Ji T, Pang Y, Cheng M, Wang R, Chen X, Zhang C, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhong C. Deletion of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), but not GCPIII, provided long-term benefits in mice with traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3786-3801. [PMID: 37349952 PMCID: PMC10651966 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MAIN PROBLEM N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) has neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) by activating metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) and reducing glutamate release. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is the primary enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of NAAG. It remains unclear whether glutamate carboxypeptidase III (GCPIII), a homolog of GCPII, can partially compensate for GCPII's function. METHODS GCPII-/- , GCPIII-/- , and GCPII/III-/- mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Mice brain injury model was established through moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI). The relationship between GCPII and GCPIII was explored by analyzing injury response signals in the hippocampus and cortex of mice with different genotypes at the acute (1 day) and subacute (7 day) phase after TBI. RESULTS In this study, we found that deletion of GCPII reduced glutamate production, excitotoxicity, and neuronal damage and improved cognitive function, but GCPIII deletion had no significant neuroprotective effect. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the neuroprotective effect between the combination of GCPII and GCPIII deletion and GCPII deletion alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GCPII inhibition may be a therapeutic option for TBI, and that GCPIII may not act as a complementary enzyme to GCPII in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjie Ji
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Pang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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Sulimai N, Brown J, Lominadze D. Vascular Effects on Cerebrovascular Permeability and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040648. [PMID: 37189395 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells in the brain are protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB). The local regulation of blood flow is determined by neurons and signal conducting cells called astrocytes. Although alterations in neurons and glial cells affect the function of neurons, the majority of effects are coming from other cells and organs of the body. Although it seems obvious that effects beginning in brain vasculature would play an important role in the development of various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies, significant interest has only been directed to the possible mechanisms involved in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) for the last decade. Presently, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke applies considerable attention toward research related to VCID and vascular impairments during Alzheimer's disease. Thus, any changes in cerebral vessels, such as in blood flow, thrombogenesis, permeability, or others, which affect the proper vasculo-neuronal connection and interaction and result in neuronal degeneration that leads to memory decline should be considered as a subject of investigation under the VCID category. Out of several vascular effects that can trigger neurodegeneration, changes in cerebrovascular permeability seem to result in the most devastating effects. The present review emphasizes the importance of changes in the BBB and possible mechanisms primarily involving fibrinogen in the development and/or progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases resulting in memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Sulimai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jason Brown
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Luo P, Li L, Huang J, Mao D, Lou S, Ruan J, Chen J, Tang R, Shi Y, Zhou S, Yang H. The role of SUMOylation in the neurovascular dysfunction after acquired brain injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125662. [PMID: 37033632 PMCID: PMC10073463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is the most common disease of the nervous system, involving complex pathological processes, which often leads to a series of nervous system disorders. The structural destruction and dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) are prominent features of ABI. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying NVU destruction and its reconstruction is the key to the treatment of ABI. SUMOylation is a protein post-translational modification (PTM), which can degrade and stabilize the substrate dynamically, thus playing an important role in regulating protein expression and biological signal transduction. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of SUMOylation can clarify the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of neurovascular dysfunction after ABI and is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of potential treatment strategies. This article reviews the role of SUMOylation in vascular events related to ABI, including NVU dysfunction and vascular remodeling, and puts forward therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengren Luo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiashang Huang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Mao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silong Lou
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - You Shi
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Zhou, ; Haifeng Yang,
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Zhou, ; Haifeng Yang,
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nikbakht A, kargar_soleimanabad S, Siahposht-Khachaki A, Farzin D. The effect of Riluzole on neurological outcomes, blood-brain barrier, brain water and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Larson K, Damon M, Randhi R, Nixon-Lee N, J Dixon K. Selective inhibition of soluble TNF using XPro1595 improves hippocampal pathology to promote improved neurological recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124336. [PMID: 35692164 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220610104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). BACKGROUND Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI. OBJECTIVES Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation and dendritic plasticity, and associated functional impairments. METHODS Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as neuronal degeneration and plasticity. RESULTS We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology's within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity, enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity (spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were prevented in mice treated with XPro1595. CONCLUSION Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use in patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Larson
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Melissa Damon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Rajasa Randhi
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Nancy Nixon-Lee
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Kirsty J Dixon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
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Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101618. [PMID: 35395416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Peripheral immune cell infiltration and activation of microglia and astrocytes are observed in PD, a process called neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental response to protect the brain but, when chronic, it triggers neuronal damage. In the last decade, central and peripheral inflammation were suggested to occur at the prodromal stage of PD, sustained throughout disease progression, and may play a significant role in the pathology. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD has been a high priority in research, primarily to find effective treatments once symptoms are present. Evidence indicates that early life exposure to neuroinflammation as a consequence of life events, environmental or behaviour factors such as exposure to infections, pollution or a high fat diet increase the risk of developing PD. Many studies show healthy habits and products that decrease neuroinflammation also reduce the risk of PD. Here, we aim to stimulate discussion about the role of neuroinflammation in PD onset and progression. We highlight that reducing neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan is critical for preventing idiopathic PD, and present epidemiological studies that detail risk and protective factors. It is possible that introducing lifestyle changes that reduce neuroinflammation at the time of PD diagnosis may slow symptom progression. Finally, we discuss compounds and therapeutics to treat the neuroinflammation associated with PD.
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Clark A, Zelmanovich R, Vo Q, Martinez M, Nwafor DC, Lucke-Wold B. Inflammation and the role of infection: Complications and treatment options following neurotrauma. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 100:23-32. [PMID: 35381478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury can have devastating consequences for patients and extended hospital stays and recovery course. Recent data indicate that the initial insult causes profound changes to the immune system and leads to a pro-inflammatory state. This alteration in homeostasis predisposes patients to an increased risk of infection and underlying autoimmune conditions. Increased emphasis has been placed on understanding this process both in the clinical and preclinical literature. This review highlights the intrinsic inflammatory conditions that can occur within the initial hospital stay, discusses long-term immune consequences, highlights emerging treatment options, and delves into important pathways currently being investigated with preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Clark
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | | | - Quan Vo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Melanie Martinez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Divine C Nwafor
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
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Wang JP, Li C, Ding WC, Peng G, Xiao GL, Chen R, Cheng Q. Research Progress on the Inflammatory Effects of Long Non-coding RNA in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:835012. [PMID: 35359568 PMCID: PMC8961287 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.835012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acute clinical event and an important cause of death and long-term disability. However, the underlying mechanism of the pathophysiological has not been fully elucidated and the lack of effective treatment a huge burden to individuals, families, and society. Several studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might play a crucial role in TBI; they are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Some lncRNAs modulate multiple therapeutic targets after TBI, including inflammation, thus, these lncRNAs have tremendous therapeutic potential for TBI, as they are promising biomarkers for TBI diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction. This review discusses the differential expression of different lncRNAs in brain tissue during TBI, which is likely related to the physiological and pathological processes involved in TBI. These findings may provide new targets for further scientific research on the molecular mechanisms of TBI and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-cong Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge-lei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Chen,
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Quan Cheng,
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Choi K, Kim MS, Keum MA, Choi S, Kyoung KH, Kim JT, Kim S, Noh M. Risk factors for end-stage renal disease in patients with trauma and stage 3 acute kidney injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28581. [PMID: 35060520 PMCID: PMC8772680 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on long-term renal outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and trauma, especially those with traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been limited.In this study, we enrolled patients with stage 3 AKI as per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines, who initiated renal replacement therapy (RRT). These patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of TBI. Comparing the baseline characteristics and management strategies of each group, we analyzed whether TBI affects the progression of kidney disease.Between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2020, 51 patients who initiated RRT due to AKI after trauma were enrolled in this study. TBI was identified in 20 patients, and the clinical conditions were not related to TBI in the remaining 31. The study endpoint was set to determine whether the patients of each group needed RRT persistently at discharge and at the time of recent outpatient clinic. Six (30.0%) out of 20 patients with TBI and 2 (6.5%) out of 31 patients without TBI required conventional hemodialysis, as per the most recent data. No significant within-group differences were found in terms of the baseline characteristics and management strategies. In the logistic regression analysis, TBI was independently associated with disease progression to end-stage renal disease.TBI is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease in patients with trauma and stage 3 AKI who initiate RRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghak Choi
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ae Keum
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyouck Kyoung
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon T. Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjeep Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Noh
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Sabet N, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Multipotential and systemic effects of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577619. [PMID: 34058510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality of people at all ages. Biochemical, cellular and physiological events that occur during primary injury lead to a delayed and long-term secondary damage that can last from hours to years. Secondary brain injury causes tissue damage in the central nervous system and a subsequent strong and rapid inflammatory response that may lead to persistent inflammation. However, this inflammatory response is not limited to the brain. Inflammatory mediators are transferred from damaged brain tissue to the bloodstream and produce a systemic inflammatory response in peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine systems. Complications of TBI are associated with its multiple and systemic effects that should be considered in the treatment of TBI patients. Therefore, in this review, an attempt was made to examine the systemic effects of TBI in detail. It is hoped that this review will identify the mechanisms of injury and complications of TBI, and open a window for promising treatment in TBI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sabet
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Fibrinogen Interaction with Astrocyte ICAM-1 and PrP C Results in the Generation of ROS and Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052391. [PMID: 33673626 PMCID: PMC7957521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuroinflammatory diseases, like traumatic brain injury (TBI), are associated with an elevated level of fibrinogen and short-term memory (STM) impairment. We found that during TBI, extravasated fibrinogen deposited in vasculo-astrocyte interfaces, which was associated with neurodegeneration and STM reduction. The mechanisms of this fibrinogen-astrocyte interaction and its functional role in neurodegeneration are still unclear. Cultured mouse brain astrocytes were treated with fibrinogen in the presence or absence of function-blocking antibody or peptide against its astrocyte receptors intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or cellular prion protein (PrPC), respectively. Fibrinogen interactions with astrocytic ICAM-1 and PrPC were characterized. The expression of pro-inflammatory markers, generations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in astrocytes, and neuronal death caused by astrocyte-conditioned medium were assessed. Data showed a strong association between fibrinogen and astrocytic ICAM-1 or PrPC, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and overproduction of ROS and NO, resulting in neuronal apoptosis and death. These effects were reduced by blocking the function of astrocytic ICAM-1 and PrPC, suggesting that fibrinogen association with its astrocytic receptors induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in oxidative stress, and ultimately neuronal death. This can be a mechanism of neurodegeneration and the resultant STM reduction seen during TBI.
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Jaquins-Gerstl A, Michael AC. Dexamethasone-Enhanced Microdialysis and Penetration Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:602266. [PMID: 33364231 PMCID: PMC7752925 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis probes, electrochemical microsensors, and neural prosthetics are often used for in vivo monitoring, but these are invasive devices that are implanted directly into brain tissue. Although the selectivity, sensitivity, and temporal resolution of these devices have been characterized in detail, less attention has been paid to the impact of the trauma they inflict on the tissue or the effect of any such trauma on the outcome of the measurements they are used to perform. Factors affecting brain tissue reaction to the implanted devices include: the mechanical trauma during insertion, the foreign body response, implantation method, and physical properties of the device (size, shape, and surface characteristics. Modulation of the immune response is an important step toward making these devices with reliable long-term performance. Local release of anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone (DEX) are often used to mitigate the foreign body response. In this article microdialysis is used to locally deliver DEX to the surrounding brain tissue. This work discusses the immune response resulting from microdialysis probe implantation. We briefly review the principles of microdialysis and the applications of DEX with microdialysis in (i) neuronal devices, (ii) dopamine and fast scan cyclic voltammetry, (iii) the attenuation of microglial cells, (iv) macrophage polarization states, and (v) spreading depolarizations. The difficulties and complexities in these applications are herein discussed.
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Bai Q, Sheng Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Yong VW, Xue M. Intracerebral haemorrhage: from clinical settings to animal models. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5:388-395. [PMID: 33376200 PMCID: PMC7804065 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity and for which no effective treatments are available to date. Much experimental and clinical research have been performed to explore its mechanisms regard the subsequent inflammatory cascade and to seek the potential therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review is to discuss insights from clinical settings that have led to the development of numerous animal models of ICH. Some of the current and future challenges for clinicians to understand ICH are also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bai
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaofu Sheng
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Voon Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hoffman J, Yu J, Kirstein C, Kindy MS. Combined Effects of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Drinking on the Neuroinflammatory Cytokine Response and Cognitive Behavioral Outcomes. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110876. [PMID: 33228251 PMCID: PMC7699568 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between alcohol consumption and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often focuses on alcohol consumption increasing the likelihood of incurring a TBI, rather than alcohol use outcomes after TBI. However, patients without a history of an alcohol use disorder can also show increased problem drinking after single or multiple TBIs. Alcohol and mild TBI share diffuse deleterious neurological impacts and cognitive impairments; therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine if an interaction on brain and behavior outcomes occurs when alcohol is consumed longitudinally after TBI. To examine the impact of mild repetitive TBI (rmTBI) on voluntary alcohol consumption, mice were subjected to four mild TBI or sham procedures over a 2 week period, then offered alcohol (20% v/v) for 2 weeks using the two-bottle choice, drinking in the dark protocol. Following the drinking period, mice were evaluated for neuroinflammatory cytokine response or tested for cognitive and behavioral deficits. Results indicate no difference in alcohol consumption or preference following rmTBI as compared to sham; however, increases in the neuroinflammatory cytokine response due to alcohol consumption and some mild cognitive behavioral deficits after rmTBI and alcohol consumption were observed. These data suggest that the cytokine response to alcohol drinking and rmTBI + alcohol drinking is not necessarily aggregate, but the combination does result in an exacerbation of cognitive behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +1-919-843-4389 (J.H.)
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Cheryl Kirstein
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +1-919-843-4389 (J.H.)
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15
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Brenner LA, Forster JE, Stearns-Yoder KA, Stamper CE, Hoisington AJ, Brostow DP, Mealer M, Wortzel HS, Postolache TT, Lowry CA. Evaluation of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans With Co-occurring Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1015. [PMID: 33192959 PMCID: PMC7641622 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: US military Veterans returned from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) with symptoms associated with mild traumatic brain injury [mTBI; i.e., persistent post-concussive (PPC) symptoms] and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interventions aimed at addressing symptoms associated with both physical and psychological stressors (e.g., PPC and PTSD symptoms) are needed. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of a probiotic intervention, as well as to begin the process of evaluating potential biological outcomes. Methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial was implemented among US military Veterans from recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Those enrolled had clinically significant PPC and PTSD symptoms. Participants were randomized to intervention (Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938) or placebo supplementation (daily for 8 weeks +/- 2 weeks) at a 1:1 ratio, stratified by irritable bowel syndrome status. Thirty-one Veterans were enrolled and randomized (15 to the placebo condition and 16 to the probiotic condition). Results: Thresholds for feasibility, acceptability, and safety were met. Probiotic supplementation resulted in a decrease in plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations relative to the placebo group that approached statistical significance (p = 0.056). Although during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; administered post-supplementation) no between-group differences were found on a subjective measure of stress responsivity (Visual Analog Scale), there was a significantly larger increase in mean heart beats per minute between baseline and the math task for the placebo group as compared with the probiotic group (estimated mean change, probiotic 5.3 [95% Confidence Interval: −0.55, 11.0], placebo 16.9 [11.0, 22.7], p = 0.006). Conclusions: Findings from this trial support the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of supplementation with an anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory probiotic, L. reuteri DSM 17938, among Veterans with PPC and PTSD symptoms. Moreover, results suggest that CRP may be a viable inflammatory marker of interest. A larger randomized controlled trial aimed at measuring both biological and clinical outcomes is indicated. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT02723344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Brenner
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeri E Forster
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelly A Stearns-Yoder
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher E Stamper
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Systems Engineering & Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, United States
| | - Diana P Brostow
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Meredith Mealer
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hal S Wortzel
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.,Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5 MIRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Acute Time-Course Changes in CCL11, CCL2, and IL-10 Levels After Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2020; 35:308-316. [PMID: 32881764 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine changes in plasma levels of CCL11, CCL2, and IL-10 after 10 controlled soccer headers. SETTING Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine healthy soccer players with at least 3 years of soccer heading experience, between 18 and 26 years old, and enrolled at a large public university. DESIGN In this randomized clinical trial using a soccer heading model, participants were randomized into the heading (n = 22) or kicking-control (n = 17) groups to perform 10 headers or kicks. MAIN MEASURES Plasma levels of CCL11, CCL2, and IL-10 at preintervention and 0, 2, and 24 hours postintervention. RESULTS Mixed-effects regression models did not reveal any significant group differences in changes of plasma CCL11, CCL2, or IL-10 levels from preintervention. Within the heading group, there was a statistically significant time by years of heading experience interaction with 2.0-pg/mL increase in plasma CCL11 each year of prior experience at 24 hours postintervention (P = .001). CONCLUSION Findings from this study suggest that 10 soccer headers do not provoke an acute inflammatory response. However, the acute CCL11 response may be influenced by prior exposure to soccer headers, providing a precedent for future field studies that prospectively track head impact exposure and changes in CCL11.
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17
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The Association of Saliva Cytokines and Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion Outcomes. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2020; 35:354-362. [PMID: 32881769 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore cytokine alterations following pediatric sports-related concussion (SRC) and whether a specific cytokine profile could predict symptom burden and time to return to sports (RTS). SETTING Sports Medicine Clinic. PARTICIPANTS Youth ice hockey participants (aged 12-17 years) were recruited prior to the 2013-2016 hockey season. DESIGN Prospective exploratory cohort study. MAIN MEASURE Following SRC, saliva samples were collected and a Sport Concussion Assessment Tool version 3 (SCAT3) was administered within 72 hours of injury and analyzed for cytokines. Additive regression of decision stumps was used to model symptom burden and length to RTS based on cytokine and clinical features. RRelieFF feature selection was used to determine the predictive value of each cytokine and clinical feature, as well as to identify the optimal cytokine profile for the symptom burden and RTS. RESULTS Thirty-six participants provided samples post-SRC (81% male; age 14.4 ± 1.3 years). Of these, 10 features, sex, number of previous concussions, and 8 cytokines, were identified to lead to the best prediction of symptom severity (r = 0.505, P = .002), while 12 cytokines, age, and history of previous concussions predicted the number of symptoms best (r = 0.637, P < .001). The prediction of RTS led to the worst results, requiring 21 cytokines, age, sex, and number of previous concussions as features (r = -0.320, P = .076). CONCLUSIONS In pediatric ice hockey participants following SRC, there is evidence of saliva cytokine profiles that are associated with increased symptom burden. However, further studies are needed.
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18
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Sulimai N, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen and Neuroinflammation During Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4692-4703. [PMID: 32776201 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with systemic inflammation. Inflammation itself results in increased blood content of fibrinogen (Fg), called hyperfibrinogenemia (HFg). Fg is not only considered an acute phase protein and a marker of inflammation, but has been shown that it can cause inflammatory responses. Fibrin deposits have been associated with memory reduction in neuroinflammatory diseases such as AD and TBI. Reduction in short-term memory has been seen during the most common form of TBI, mild-to-moderate TBI. Fibrin deposits have been found in brains of patients with mild-to-moderate TBI. The vast majority of the literature emphasizes the role of fibrin-activated microglia as the mediator in the neuroinflammation pathway. However, the recent discovery that astrocytes, which constitute approximately 30% of the cells in the mammalian central nervous system, manifest different reactive states warrants further investigations in the causative role of HFg in astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Our previous study showed that Fg deposited in the vasculo-astrocyte interface-activated astrocytes. However, little is known of how Fg directly affects astrocytes and neurons. In this review, we summarize studies that show the effect of Fg on different types of cells in the vasculo-neuronal unit. We will also discuss the possible mechanism of HFg-induced neuroinflammation during TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Sulimai
- Departments of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, MDC-4024, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - David Lominadze
- Departments of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, MDC-4024, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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19
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Saldanha CJ. Estrogen as a Neuroprotectant in Both Sexes: Stories From the Bird Brain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32655477 PMCID: PMC7324752 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens such as estradiol (E2) are potent effectors of neural structure and function via peripheral and central synthesis. In the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), neural E2 synthesis is among the highest reported in homeotherms due to the abundant constitutive expression of aromatase (E-synthase) in discrete neuronal pools across the forebrain. Following penetrating or concussive trauma, E2 synthesis increases even further via the induced expression of aromatase in reactive astrocytes around the site of damage. Injury-associated astrocytic aromatization occurs in the brains of both sexes regardless of the site of injury and can remain elevated for weeks following trauma. Interestingly, penetrating injury induces astrocytic aromatase more rapidly in females compared to males, but this sex difference is not detectable 24 h posttrauma. Indeed, unilateral penetrating injury can increase E2 content 4-fold relative to the contralateral uninjured hemisphere, suggesting that glial aromatization may be a powerful source of neural E2 available to circuits. Glial aromatization is neuroprotective as inhibition of injury-induced aromatase increases neuroinflammation, gliosis, necrosis, apoptosis, and infarct size. These effects are ameliorated upon replacement with E2, suggesting that the songbird may have evolved a rapidly responsive neurosteroidogenic system to protect vulnerable brain circuits. The precise signals that induce aromatase expression in astrocytes include elements of the inflammatory cascade and underscore the sentinel role of the innate immune system as a crucial effector of trauma-associated E2 provision in the vertebrate brain. This review will describe the inductive signals of astroglial aromatase and the neuroprotective role for glial E2 synthesis in the adult songbird brains of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Saldanha
- Departments of Neuroscience, Biology, Psychology & The Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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20
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Pharmacologic Treatment of Neurobehavioral Sequelae Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Crit Care Nurs Q 2020; 43:172-190. [DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Pinchi E, Luigi C, Paola S, Gianpietro V, Raoul T, Mauro A, Paola F. MicroRNAs: The New Challenge for Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:319-331. [PMID: 31729300 PMCID: PMC7327940 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191113100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acronym TBI refers to traumatic brain injury, an alteration of brain function, or an evidence of brain pathology, that is caused by an external force. TBI is estimated to become the third leading cause of permanent disability and mortality worldwide. TBI-related injuries can be classified in many ways, according to the degree of severity or the pathophysiology of brain injury (primary and secondary damage). Numerous cellular pathways act in secondary brain damage: excitotoxicity (mediated by excitatory neurotransmitters), free radical generation (due to mitochondrial impairment), neuroinflammatory response (due to central nervous system and immunoactivation) and apoptosis. In this scenario, microRNAs are implicated in the regulation of almost all genes at the post-transcriptional level. Several microRNAs have been demonstrated to be specifically expressed in particular cerebral areas; moreover, physiological changes in microRNA expression during normal cerebral development upon the establishment of neural networks have been characterized. More importantly, microRNAs show profound alteration in expression in response to brain pathological states, both traumatic or not. This review summarizes the most important molecular networks involved in TBI and examines the most recent and important findings on TBI-related microRNAs, both in animal and clinical studies. The importance of microRNA research holds promise to find biomarkers able to unearth primary and secondary molecular patterns altered upon TBI, to ultimately identify key points of regulation, as a valuable support in forensic pathology and potential therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Pinchi
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; E-mail:
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22
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Khalid F, Yang GL, McGuire JL, Robson MJ, Foreman B, Ngwenya LB, Lorenz JN. Autonomic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: translational insights. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 47:E8. [DOI: 10.3171/2019.8.focus19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a substantial amount of research on the neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is a knowledge gap regarding the relationship between TBI and the pathophysiology of organ system dysfunction and autonomic dysregulation. In particular, the mechanisms or incidences of renal or cardiac complications after TBI are mostly unknown. Autonomic dysfunction following TBI exacerbates secondary injury and may contribute to nonneurologial complications that prolong hospital length of stay. Gaining insights into the mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction can guide advancements in monitoring and treatment paradigms to improve acute survival and long-term prognosis of TBI patients. In this paper, the authors will review the literature on autonomic dysfunction after TBI and possible mechanisms of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Specifically, they will discuss the link among the brain, heart, and kidneys and review data to direct future research on and interventions for TBI-induced autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Khalid
- Departments of 1Pharmacology and Systems Physiology and
| | | | - Jennifer L. McGuire
- 2Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
- 3Collaborative for Research on Acute Neurological Injuries
| | - Matthew J. Robson
- 3Collaborative for Research on Acute Neurological Injuries
- 4Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; and
| | - Brandon Foreman
- 2Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
- 3Collaborative for Research on Acute Neurological Injuries
- 5Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Laura B. Ngwenya
- 2Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
- 3Collaborative for Research on Acute Neurological Injuries
- 5Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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23
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Catlin J, Leclerc JL, Shukla K, Marini SM, Doré S. Role of the PGE 2 receptor subtypes EP1, EP2, and EP3 in repetitive traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:628-635. [PMID: 31617678 PMCID: PMC7248542 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal was to explore the signaling pathways of PGE2 to investigate therapeutic effects against secondary injuries following TBI. Methods Young (4.9 ± 1.0 months) and aged (20.4 ± 1.4 months) male wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and PGE2 EP1, 2, and 3 receptor knockout mice were selected to either receive sham or repetitive concussive head injury. Immunohistochemistry protocols with Iba1 and GFAP were performed to evaluate microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus, two critical components of neuroinflammation. Passive avoidance test measured memory function associated with the hippocampus. Results No differences in hippocampal microgliosis were found when aged EP2−/− and EP3−/− mice were compared with aged WT mice. However, the aged EP1−/− mice had 69.2 ± 7.5% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere compared with WT aged mice. Compared with aged EP2−/− and EP3−/−, EP1−/− aged mice had 78.9 ± 5.1% and 74.7 ± 6.2% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere. Within the EP1−/− mice, aged mice had 90.7 ± 2.7% and 81.1 ± 5.6% less hippocampal microgliosis compared with EP1−/− young mice in the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, respectively. No differences were noted in all groups for astrogliosis. There was a significant difference in latency time within EP1−/−, EP2−/−, and EP3−/− on day 1 and day 2 in aged and young mice. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the PGE2 EP receptors may be potential therapeutic targets to treat repetitive concussions and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Catlin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Krunal Shukla
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Marini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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24
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Zhang L, Wang H. Long Non-coding RNA in CNS Injuries: A New Target for Therapeutic Intervention. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:754-766. [PMID: 31437654 PMCID: PMC6709344 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CNS injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and cerebral ischemic stroke, are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. As an important class of pervasive genes involved in many pathophysiological processes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received attention in the past decades. Multiple studies indicate that lncRNAs are abundant in the CNS and have a key role in brain function as well as many neurological disorders, especially in CNS injuries. Several investigations have deciphered that regulation of lncRNAs exert pro-angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation effects in CNS injury via different molecules and pathways, including microRNA (miRNA), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Notch, and p53. Thus, lncRNAs show great promise as molecular targets in CNS injuries. In this article, we provide an updated review of the current state of our knowledge about the relationship between lncRNAs and CNS injuries, highlighting the specific roles of lncRNAs in CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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25
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Hallett PJ, Engelender S, Isacson O. Lipid and immune abnormalities causing age-dependent neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:153. [PMID: 31331333 PMCID: PMC6647317 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes pathogenic concepts and factors, in particular glycolipid abnormalities, that create cell dysfunction and synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases. By phenocopying lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher disease and related disorders, age- and dose-dependent changes in glycolipid cell metabolism can lead to Parkinson's disease and related dementias. Recent results show that perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism can precede or is a part of abnormal protein handling in both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. In aging and genetic predisposition with lipid disturbance, α-synuclein's normal vesicular and synaptic role may be detrimentally shifted toward accommodating and binding such lipids. Specific neuronal glycolipid, protein, and vesicular interactions create potential pathophysiology that is amplified by astroglial and microglial immune mechanisms resulting in neurodegeneration. This perspective provides a new logic for therapeutic interventions that do not focus on protein aggregation, but rather provides a guide to the complex biology and the common sequence of events that lead to age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simone Engelender
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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26
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Purkayastha S, Stokes M, Bell KR. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury: a review of related pathophysiology and symptoms. Brain Inj 2019; 33:1129-1136. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1631488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Purkayastha
- Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Simmons School of Education and Human Development, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mathew Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Neurology & Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen R Bell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Tse K, Hammond D, Simpson D, Beynon RJ, Beamer E, Tymianski M, Salter MW, Sills GJ, Thippeswamy T. The impact of postsynaptic density 95 blocking peptide (Tat-NR2B9c) and an iNOS inhibitor (1400W) on proteomic profile of the hippocampus in C57BL/6J mouse model of kainate-induced epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1378-1392. [PMID: 31090233 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiepileptogenic agents that prevent the development of epilepsy following a brain insult remain the holy grail of epilepsy therapeutics. We have employed a label-free proteomic approach that allows quantification of large numbers of brain-expressed proteins in a single analysis in the mouse (male C57BL/6J) kainate (KA) model of epileptogenesis. In addition, we have incorporated two putative antiepileptogenic drugs, postsynaptic density protein-95 blocking peptide (PSD95BP or Tat-NR2B9c) and a highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 1400W, to give an insight into how such agents might ameliorate epileptogenesis. The test drugs were administered after the induction of status epilepticus (SE) and the animals were euthanized at 7 days, their hippocampi removed, and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 2,579 proteins were identified; their normalized abundance was compared between treatment groups using ANOVA, with correction for multiple testing by false discovery rate. Significantly altered proteins were subjected to gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. KA-induced SE was most robustly associated with an alteration in the abundance of proteins involved in neuroinflammation, including heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CD44 antigen. Treatment with PSD95BP or 1400W moderated the abundance of several of these proteins plus that of secretogranin and Src substrate cortactin. Pathway analysis identified the glutamatergic synapse as a key target for both drugs. Our observations require validation in a larger-scale investigation, with candidate proteins explored in more detail. Nevertheless, this study has identified several mechanisms by which epilepsy might develop and several targets for novel drug development. OPEN PRACTICES: This article has been awarded Open Data. All materials and data are publicly accessible as supporting information. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tse
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dean Hammond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Tymianski
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graeme J Sills
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Acute Tubular Injury is Associated With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: in Vitro Study on Human Tubular Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6090. [PMID: 30988316 PMCID: PMC6465296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury following traumatic brain injury is associated with poor outcome. We investigated in vitro the effects of plasma of brain injured patients with acute tubular kidney injury on kidney tubular epithelial cell function. we performed a prospective observational clinical study in ICU in a trauma centre of the University hospital in Italy including twenty-three ICU patients with traumatic brain injury consecutively enrolled. Demographic data were recorded on admission: age 39 ± 19, Glasgow Coma Score 5 (3–8). Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma on admission and after 24, 48 and 72 hours; urine were collected for immunoelectrophoresis having healthy volunteers as controls. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were stimulated with patients or controls plasma. Adhesion of freshly isolated human neutrophils and trans-epithelial electrical resistance were assessed; cell viability (XTT assay), apoptosis (TUNEL staining), Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Megalin expression (quantitative real-time PCR) were measured. All patients with normal serum creatinine showed increased plasmatic Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and increased urinary Retinol Binding Protein and α1-microglobulin. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin was significantly correlated with both inflammatory mediators and markers of tubular damage. Patient’ plasma incubated with tubular cells significantly increased adhesion of neutrophils, reduced trans-epithelial electrical resistance, exerted a cytotoxic effect and triggered apoptosis and down-regulated the endocytic receptor Megalin compared to control. Plasma of brain injured patients with increased markers of subclinical acute kidney induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype, cellular dysfunction and apoptotic death in tubular epithelial cells.
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Gano A, Vore AS, Sammakia M, Deak T. Assessment of Extracellular Cytokines in the Hippocampus of the Awake Behaving Rat Using Large-Molecule Microdialysis Combined with Multiplex Arrays After Acute and Chronic Ethanol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:640-654. [PMID: 30667526 PMCID: PMC6443416 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated persistent changes in central nervous system (CNS) cytokine gene expression following ethanol (EtOH) exposure. However, the low endogenous expression and short half-lives of cytokines in the CNS have made cytokine protein detection challenging. The goal of these studies was to establish parameters for use of large-molecule microdialysis and sensitive multiplexing technology for the simultaneous detection of brain cytokines, corticosterone (CORT), and EtOH concentrations in the awake behaving rat. METHODS Adult (P75+) male Sprague Dawley rats that were either naïve to EtOH (Experiment 1) or had a history of adolescent chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE; Experiment 2) were given an acute EtOH challenge during microdialysis. Experiment 1 examined brain EtOH concentrations, CORT and a panel of neuroimmune analytes, including cytokines associated with innate and adaptive immunity. The natural time course of changes in these cytokines was compared to the effects of an acute 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) EtOH challenge. In Experiment 2, rats with a history of adolescent CIE or controls exposed to vehicle were challenged with 3.0 g/kg i.p. EtOH during microdialysis in adulthood, and a panel of cytokines was examined in parallel with brain EtOH concentrations and CORT. RESULTS The microdialysis procedure itself induced a cytokine-specific response that replicated across studies, specifically a sequential elevation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10. Surprisingly, acute EtOH did not significantly alter this course of cytokine fluctuations in the hippocampus. However, a history of adolescent CIE showed drastic effects on multiple neuroimmune analytes when rechallenged with EtOH as adults. Rats with a history of adolescent EtOH displayed a severely blunted neuroimmune response in adulthood, evinced by suppressed IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings provide a methodological framework for assessment of cytokine release patterns, their modulation by EtOH, and the long-lasting changes to neuroimmune reactivity evoked by a history of adolescent CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Andrew S. Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Maryam Sammakia
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
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Chronically Implanted Intracranial Electrodes: Tissue Reaction and Electrical Changes. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9090430. [PMID: 30424363 PMCID: PMC6187588 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain-electrode interface is arguably one of the most important areas of study in neuroscience today. A stronger foundation in this topic will allow us to probe the architecture of the brain in unprecedented functional detail and augment our ability to intervene in disease states. Over many years, significant progress has been made in this field, but some obstacles have remained elusive—notably preventing glial encapsulation and electrode degradation. In this review, we discuss the tissue response to electrode implantation on acute and chronic timescales, the electrical changes that occur in electrode systems over time, and strategies that are being investigated in order to minimize the tissue response to implantation and maximize functional electrode longevity. We also highlight the current and future clinical applications and relevance of electrode technology.
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Liu K, Xiao C, Wang F, Xiang X, Ou A, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Miao D, Zhao F, Long G, Qiu Y, Zhu H, Ma Z. Chemokine receptor antagonist block inflammation and therapy Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mouse model. Cytokine 2018; 110:70-77. [PMID: 29704821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral encephalitis disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The virus can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. In this study, we first investigated the distribution of JEV infection in brain and further analyzed the dynamic change in inflammation related genes, chemokines, as well as pathological characteristics. Results demonstrated that CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist could significantly inhibit the inflammation. The mice treated with CCR2 and CCR5 antagonists had a higher survival rate between 60% and 70%, respectively. In summary, our study thoroughly illustrated the characteristics of the dynamic change in inflammation related genes and chemokines induced by JEV infection. We further indicated that CCR5 and CCR2 are potential targets for treatment of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Molecular Virology and Comparative Medicine, Teaching Building Room 420&422, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gang Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Huaimin Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Cuzzocrea S, Doyle T, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Brain Trauma. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1452-1466. [PMID: 29310513 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes secondary pathological mechanisms, including ischemic and inflammatory processes. The new research in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators has opened the door for an effective mechanism of reducing central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesion activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effect of the functional S1PR1 antagonist, siponimod, in phase III clinical trials for autoimmune disorders and of the competitive sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1) antagonist, TASP0277308, in pre-clinical development in an in vivo model of TBI in mice. We used the well-characterized model of TBI caused by controlled cortical impact. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with siponimod or TASP0277308 (1 mg/kg) at 1 and 4 h post-trauma. Our results demonstrated that these agents exerted significant beneficial effects on TBI pre-clinical scores in term of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in particular, attenuation of astrocytes and microglia activation, cytokines release, and rescue of the reduction of adhesion molecules (i.e., occludin and zonula occludens-1). Moreover, these compounds were able to decrease T-cell activation visible by reduction of CD4+ and CD8+, reduce the lesioned area (measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining), and to preserve tissue architecture, microtubule stability, and neural plasticity. Moreover, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence for the use of low-dose oral S1PR1 antagonists as neuroprotective strategies for TBI and broaden our understanding of the underlying S1PR1-driven neuroinflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of TBI. Altogether, our results showed that blocking the S1PR1 axis is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate neuropathological effects engaged in the CNS by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy .,2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Doyle
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michela Campolo
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Susan A Farr
- 3 VA Medical Center Saint Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
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Pedersen AL, Brownrout JL, Saldanha CJ. Neuroinflammation and neurosteroidogenesis: Reciprocal modulation during injury to the adult zebra finch brain. Physiol Behav 2018; 187:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mukhamedshina YO, Akhmetzyanova ER, Martynova EV, Khaiboullina SF, Galieva LR, Rizvanov AA. Systemic and Local Cytokine Profile following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: A Multiplex Analysis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:581. [PMID: 29163344 PMCID: PMC5671564 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study of the changes in cytokine profile in blood serum and in the spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has shown that an inflammatory reaction and immunological response are not limited to the CNS, but widespread. This fact was confirmed by changes detected in a cytokine profile in blood serum samples [MIP-1α, interleukin 1 (IL-1) α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-1β, MCP-1, RANTES]. There were also changes in the levels of MIP-1α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-18, GM-colony-stimulating factor, IL-17α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, MCP-1, and GRO KC CINC-1 in samples of the rat injured spinal cord. The results underscore the complex cytokine network imbalance exhibited after SCI and show significant changes in the concentrations of 14 cytokines/chemokines with different inflammatory and immunological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana O Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Luisa R Galieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Progesterone Provides the Pleiotropic Neuroprotective Effect on Traumatic Brain Injury Through the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway. Neurocrit Care 2017; 26:292-300. [PMID: 27995513 PMCID: PMC5334408 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study was to investigate the role of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in the pleiotropic neuroprotective effect of progesterone (PROG) on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods The Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2−/−) and C57 mice were respectively subjected to a lateral cortical impact injury caused by a free-falling object and randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, trauma, and trauma + PROG treatment group. The PROG treatment group was given PROG (32 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneal injection) immediately after injury. For all groups, a series of brain samples were obtained after trauma at 24 and 72 h, respectively. The cerebral edema was evaluated; the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was measured using ELISA array, and the apoptosis index was detected by TUNEL. Flow cytometry was used to detect the intracellular calcium concentration. Results The water content, the apoptosis index, the levels of inflammatory cytokine, and the intracellular calcium ion were significantly decreased with the PROG treatment in C57 mice with TBI model. However, the effect of PROG on TBI was not found in the Nrf2−/− mouse model of TBI. Conclusions PROG reduced cerebral edema, apoptosis, inflammatory reaction, and intracellular calcium ion overload effects after TBI. These beneficial effects were not seen in the Nrf2−/− mouse model of TBI. The results from this study suggested that the Nrf2/ARE signal pathway may be involved in the pleiotropic neuroprotective effect of PROG on TBI.
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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Gul A, Kunwar B, Mazhar M, Perveen K, Simjee SU. N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide: a Novel Suppressor of RANK/RANKL Pathway in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model in Rats. Inflammation 2017; 40:1177-1190. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become the signature injury of the military conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan and also has a high rate of occurrence in civilian populations in the United States. Although the effects of a moderate to severe brain injury have been investigated for decades, the chronic effects of single and repetitive mild TBI are just beginning to be investigated. Data suggest that the different types and severities of TBI have unique long-term outcomes and thus may represent different types of diseases. Therefore, this review outlines the causes, incidence, symptoms, and pathophysiology of mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
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Targeting the NF-E2-Related Factor 2 Pathway: a Novel Strategy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1773-1785. [PMID: 28224478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As an essential component of cellular defense against a variety of endogenous and exogenous stresses, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has received increased attention in the past decades. Multiple studies indicate that Nrf2 acts not only as an important protective factor in injury models but also as a downstream target of therapeutic agents. Activation of Nrf2 has increasingly been linked to many human diseases, especially in central nervous system (CNS) injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several researches have deciphered that activation of Nrf2 exerts antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiinflammation influence in TBI via different molecules and pathways including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2). Hence, Nrf2 shows great promise as a molecular target in TBI. In the present article, we provide an updated review of the current state of our knowledge about relationship between Nrf2 and TBI, highlighting the specific roles of Nrf2 in TBI.
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40
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Wu CL, Kor CT, Chiu PF, Tsai CC, Lian IB, Yang TH, Tarng DC, Chang CC. Long-term renal outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171999. [PMID: 28196132 PMCID: PMC5308784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The relationship between TBI and kidney diseases is largely unknown. Methods We aimed to determine whether TBI is associated with long-term adverse renal outcomes. We performed a nationwide, population-based, propensity score-matched cohort study of 32,152 TBI patients and 128,608 propensity score-matched controls. Data were collected by the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2000 to 2012. Our clinical outcomes were chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and the composite endpoint of ESRD or all-cause mortality. Results The incidence rate of CKD was higher in the TBI than in the control cohort (8.99 vs. 7.4 per 1000 person-years). The TBI patients also showed higher risks of CKD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.20; P < 0.001) and composite endpoints (aHR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.15; P = 0.022) than the control groups, but the ESRD was not significantly different between the groups. In subgroup analyses, the risks of incident CKD and composite endpoints were significantly raised in TBI patients aged < 65 years and/or without comorbidities. However, the risks of both CKD and composite outcome were little affected by the severity of TBI. Conclusions TBI has a modest but significant effect on incident CKD and composite endpoint, but not on ESRD alone. TBI patients under 65 are at greater risk of CKD and composite outcome than their older counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chew-Teng Kor
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Fang Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ie-Bin Lian
- Graduate Institute of Statistics and Information Science, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Hsiang Yang
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-CC); (D-CT)
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-CC); (D-CT)
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Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7010011. [PMID: 28124982 PMCID: PMC5297300 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts people of all ages and genders, and the severity of injury ranges from concussion/mild TBI to severe TBI. Across all spectrums, TBI has wide-ranging, and variable symptomology and outcomes. Treatment options are lacking for the early neuropathology associated with TBIs and for the chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral deficits. Inflammation and neuroinflammation appear to be major mediators of TBI outcomes. These systems are being intensively studies using animal models and human translational studies, in the hopes of understanding the mechanisms of TBI, and developing therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes of the millions of people impacted by TBIs each year. This manuscript provides an overview of the epidemiology and outcomes of TBI, and presents data obtained from animal and human studies focusing on an inflammatory and immunological context. Such a context is timely, as recent studies blur the traditional understanding of an “immune-privileged” central nervous system. In presenting the evidence for specific, adaptive immune response after TBI, it is hoped that future studies will be interpreted using a broader perspective that includes the contributions of the peripheral immune system, to central nervous system disorders, notably TBI and post-traumatic syndromes.
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Namas R, Ghuma A, Hermus L, Zamora R, Okonkwo D, Billiar T, Vodovotz Y. The Acute Inflammatory Response in Trauma /Hemorrhage and Traumatic Brain Injury: Current State and Emerging Prospects. Libyan J Med 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v4i3.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Hermus
- Martini Hospital, Department of Surgery, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Y. Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Gonzalez P, Rodríguez FJ. Analysis of the expression of the Wnt family of proteins and its modulatory role on cytokine expression in non activated and activated astroglial cells. Neurosci Res 2016; 114:16-29. [PMID: 27562517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the essential functions of astrocytes and the emerging relevance of the Wnt family of proteins in the CNS under physiological and pathological conditions, the astroglial expression of this family of proteins and its potential modulatory role on astroglial activation is almost unknown. Thus, we have evaluated the expression of all Wnt ligands, receptors and regulators, and the activation state of Wnt-related signaling pathways in non-activated and differentially activated astroglial cultures. We found that numerous Wnt ligands, receptors and regulators were expressed in non-activated astrocytes, while the Wnt-dependent pathways were constitutively active. Moreover, the expression of most detectable Wnt-related molecules and the activity of the Wnt-dependent pathways suffered post-activation variations which frequently depended on the activation system. Finally, the analysis of the effects exerted by Wnt1 and 5a on the astroglial expression of prototypical genes related to astroglial activation showed that both Wnt ligands increased the astroglial expression of interleukin 1β depending on the experimental context, while did not modulate tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, transforming growth factor β1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. These results strongly suggest that the Wnt family of proteins is involved in how astrocytes modulate and respond to the physiological and pathological CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, National Hospital for Paraplegics, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, National Hospital for Paraplegics, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Navarro A, Del Valle E, Tolivia J. Differential Expression of Apolipoprotein D in Human Astroglial and Oligodendroglial Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:1031-6. [PMID: 15258178 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6213.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (Apo D) is a secreted lipocalin in the nervous system that may be related to processes of reinnervation and regeneration. Under normal conditions, Apo D is present in the central nervous system in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and some scattered neurons. To elucidate the regional and cellular distribution of Apo D in normal human brain, we performed double immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Apo D in samples of postmortem human cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Most of the GFAP-positive cells in the gray matter had features of protoplasmic astrocytes and were mainly Apo D-positive. Apo D staining was mostly confined to the cell soma and proximal processes, whereas GFAP extended to a rich and extensive array of processes. The fibrous astrocytes in the white matter were immunoreactive for GFAP but not for Apo D. In the white matter, Apo D was mainly detected in oligodendrocytes and extracellularly in the neuropil. The results of the present study support a specific behavior for each astrocyte type. These findings suggest that Apo D expression may be cell-specific, depending on the particular tissue physiology at the time of examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Navarro
- Departamento Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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Hypoxanthine Intrastriatal Administration Alters Neuroinflammatory Profile and Redox Status in Striatum of Infant and Young Adult Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2790-2800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Dugue R, Barone FC. Ischemic, traumatic and neurodegenerative brain inflammatory changes. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to link the role of the immune system in the neuropathology of acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. The blood–brain barrier delineates the CNS from the peripheral immune system. However, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier acts as a gate between the periphery and the brain, permitting immune activity crosstalk and modulation. In acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases, the blood–brain barrier is compromised and an influx of inflammatory cells and plasma proteins occurs, resulting in edema, demyelination, cell dysfunction and death, and neurobehavioral changes. The role of the complement system, key cytokines, microglia and other neuroglia in brain degenerative pathology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Dugue
- Departments of Neurology & Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Frank C Barone
- Departments of Neurology & Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Inflammatory Changes and Coagulopathy in Multiply Injured Patients. THE POLY-TRAUMATIZED PATIENT WITH FRACTURES 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122098 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-47212-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe tissue trauma leads to an early activation of several danger recognition systems, including the complement and the coagulation system, often resulting in an overwhelming almost synchronic pro- and anti-inflammatory response of the host. Although the immune response is associated with beneficial effects at the site of injury including the elimination of exogenous and endogenous danger molecules as well as the initiation of regenerative processes, an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response significantly contributes to posttraumatic complications such as multiple organ failure (MOF) and early death. Besides pre-existing physical conditions, age, gender, and underlying comorbidities, surgical and anesthesiological management after injury is decisive for outcome. Improvements in surgical intensive care have increased number of patients who survive the initial phase after trauma. However, instead of progressing to normal recovery, patients often pass into persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS). The characterization and management of PICS will require new strategies for direct monitoring and therapeutic intervention into the patient’s immune function. In this chapter, we describe various factors involved in the inflammatory changes after trauma and aim to understand how these factors interact to progress to systemic inflammation, MOF, and PICS.
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Kumar RG, Boles JA, Wagner AK. Chronic Inflammation After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Characterization and Associations With Outcome at 6 and 12 Months Postinjury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2015; 30:369-81. [PMID: 24901329 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine associations between chronic inflammatory profiles and outcome 6 to 12 months following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING University-affiliated level 1 trauma center and community. PARTICIPANTS Adults with severe TBI (n = 87); healthy controls (n = 7). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURES Glasgow Outcome Scale; serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α), 2 weeks to 3 months, 4- to 6-month averages, 6- and 12-month levels. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α were elevated over 3 months following TBI. Multivariate analysis showed that increased cytokine load score was associated with a 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.38) and 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.37) increase in odds of unfavorable Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Also, elevated IL-6/IL-10 ratios were associated with increased odds of unfavorable outcomes at 6 months (adjusted odds ratio = 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.88). CONCLUSIONS Chronic inflammation has not been well characterized following TBI. Our subacute cytokine load score classifies individuals at risk for unfavorable outcomes following injury. Higher proinflammatory burden with IL-6, relative to the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10, is significantly associated with outcome. Further research should examine whether inflammatory genes and other inflammatory biomarkers affect risk for unfavorable outcomes and TBI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj G Kumar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mr Kumar, Ms Boles, and Dr Wagner), Center for Neuroscience (Dr Wagner), and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research (Dr Wagner), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this literature review was to systematically describe the sequential metabolic changes that occur following concussive injury, as well as identify and characterize the major concepts associated with the neurochemical cascade. RESEARCH DESIGN Narrative literature review. CONCLUSIONS Concussive injury initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological changes that include hyper-acute ionic flux, indiscriminant excitatory neurotransmitter release, acute hyperglycolysis and sub-acute metabolic depression. Additionally, these metabolic changes can subsequently lead to impaired neurotransmission, alternate fuel usage and modifications in synaptic plasticity and protein expression. The combination of these metabolic alterations has been proposed to cause the transient and prolonged neurological deficits that typically characterize concussion. Consequently, understanding the implications of the neurochemical cascade may lead to treatment and return-to-play guidelines that can minimize the chronic effects of concussive injury.
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Khaksari M, Abbasloo E, Dehghan F, Soltani Z, Asadikaram G. The brain cytokine levels are modulated by estrogen following traumatic brain injury: Which estrogen receptor serves as modulator? Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:279-87. [PMID: 26112336 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore whether administration of estrogen affects brain cytokine levels in TBI. We also sought determine which one of type of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) is involved. Ovariectomized female rats were divided in to eight groups. Estrogen or vehicle was administered following TBI (E2 and oil groups). Antagonist of ER(ICI 182, 780) or vehicle was also administered following TBI (ICI and DMSO groups). The ICI or vehicle was administered either before induction of TBI and administration of estrogen (ICI+E2 and DMSO+E2 groups). TBI was induced by Marmarou's method. In addition to brain water content, the levels of brain proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured 24 hours post- TBI. Present results demonstrated that, estrogen reduced TBI- induced brain edema. The antiedema effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The brain measures of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in TBI were also reduced by estrogen. The anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The inhibition level of estrogen by ICI was 53.2%, 12.09% and 48.45% for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. Estrogen also elevated IL-10 in TBI. ICI inversely controlled the effect of estrogen on IL-10, by 33.84%. This effect was not observed once ICI was used alone. The estrogen administration following TBI probably results in proinflammatory cytokines reduction, and inversely enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In our study, the neuroprotective effect of estrogen is proposed to be mediated by both ERα and ERα, and accordingly the inhibition of neuroprotective effect of estrogen by ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Abbasloo
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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