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Lam SS, Tjørnløv RS, Therkildsen OR, Christensen TK, Madsen J, Daugaard-Petersen T, Ortiz JMC, Peng W, Charbonneaux M, Rivas EI, Garbus SE, Lyngs P, Siebert U, Dietz R, Maier-Sam K, Lierz M, Tombre IM, Andersen-Ranberg EU, Sonne C. Seroprevalence of avian influenza in Baltic common eiders (Somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105873. [PMID: 32585505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (Somateria molissima, n = 183) in three Danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in Central Norway (Svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the Finnish Baltic Sea (Russian breeding population). These species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the Western to the Eastern and Northern part of the Baltic Sea. Plasma of these species was analysed for seroprevalence of specific avian influenza A (AI) antibodies to obtain information on circulating AI serotypes and exposure. Overall, antibody prevalence was 55% for the eiders and 47% for the pink-footed geese. Of AI-antibody seropositive birds, 12% (22/183) of the eiders and 3% (12/427) of the pink-footed geese had been exposed to AI of the potentially zoonotic serotypes H5 and/or H7 virus. AI seropositive samples selected at random (n = 33) showed a low frequency of serotypes H1, H6 and H9. Future projects should aim at sampling and isolating AI virus to characterize dominant serotypes and virus strains (PCR). This will increase our understanding of how AI exposure may affect health, breeding and population viability of Baltic common eiders and pink-footed geese as well as the potential spill-over to humans (zoonotic potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Rune Skjold Tjørnløv
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Jesper Madsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Daugaard-Petersen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Maël Charbonneaux
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Esteban Iglesias Rivas
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Svend-Erik Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Scientific Field Station, Christiansø 97, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, GE-25761 Büsum, Germany.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Maier-Sam
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91-93, GE-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91-93, GE-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ingunn M Tombre
- Department of Arctic Ecology, The Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Emilie U Andersen-Ranberg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Mostafa A, Wille M, Li R, Graaf A, Järhult JD, Ellström P, Zohari S, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:608-621. [PMID: 31381759 PMCID: PMC8038931 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to impose a negative impact on animal and human health worldwide. In particular, the emergence of highly pathogenic AIV H5 and, more recently, the emergence of low pathogenic AIV H7N9 have led to enormous socioeconomical losses in the poultry industry and resulted in fatal human infections. While H5N1 remains infamous, the number of zoonotic infections with H7N9 has far surpassed those attributed to H5. Despite the clear public health concerns posed by AIV H7, it is unclear why specifically this virus subtype became endemic in poultry and emerged in humans. In this review, we bring together data on global patterns of H7 circulation, evolution and emergence in humans. Specifically, we discuss data from the wild bird reservoir, expansion and epidemiology in poultry, significant increase in their zoonotic potential since 2013 and genesis of highly pathogenic H7. In addition, we analysed available sequence data from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions and reassortment dynamics. The integration of all aspects is crucial in the optimisation of surveillance efforts in wild birds, poultry and humans, and we emphasise the need for a One Health approach in controlling emerging viruses such as AIV H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 44008 Hus Vita, Kalmar SE-391 82 , Sweden
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth street, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala SE-75189, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
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Serologic and Virologic Evidence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) from Two Different Locations in Italy. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:158-163. [PMID: 30235085 DOI: 10.7589/2017-11-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have been repeatedly demonstrated to circulate in wild boar ( Sus scrofa) populations, whereas no evidence of exposure to avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been described in wild boar. To better understand how different environments may influence the ecology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in wild suid populations, we examined biologic samples of wild boars from two study areas represented by an upland (UL) and a wetland (WL) in northern and central Italy, respectively. Serum samples were collected from 388 wild boars sampled in the UL, whereas both a serum sample and a nasal swab were obtained from each of 35 wild boars sampled in the WL. Twenty of 388 (5.2%) sera from the UL were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein and some of these samples showed antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition to SIVs of H1N1 (1/20), H1N2 (10/20), and H3N2 (1/20) antigenic subtypes. No IAV-seropositive wild boar was detected in the WL, although one of 35 animals was found to be IAV-positive by both a reverse transcriptase PCR and a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. We hypothesize an SIV exposure for IAV-seropositive wild boars occupying the UL, whereas a possible AIV spillover from aquatic bird species-natural reservoirs of IAVs-to wild boars in the WL cannot be ruled out. Further research is needed to better understand the role played by wild boars in IAV ecology in Mediterranean habitats.
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Alessandra De Marco M, Campitelli L, Delogu M, Raffini E, Foni E, di Trani L, Scaffidi M, Donatelli I. Serological evidences showing the involvement of free-living pheasants in the influenza ecology. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Campitelli
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale. Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Raffini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna. Lugo (RA), Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna. Parma, Italy
| | - Livia di Trani
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale e Alimentare. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Scaffidi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale. Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Donatelli
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Lutrell MP, Poulson RL, Brown JD, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE. Are passerine birds reservoirs for influenza A viruses? J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:792-809. [PMID: 25121402 PMCID: PMC11312393 DOI: 10.7589/2014-02-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Although peridomestic passerine species have been involved in influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks in poultry, there is little evidence to indicate they serve as reservoirs for these viruses under natural conditions. Recent molecular-based detections of IAV in terrestrial wild birds have challenged this paradigm, and it has been suggested that additional research is warranted to better define the role of these birds as IAV hosts. To address this need, we reviewed the published literature reporting results from IAV surveillance of passerines. We also conducted prospective virologic and serologic surveillance of North American passerines for IAVs. The literature review included 60 publications from 1975-2013 that reported results from 829 species of passerines and other terrestrial birds. In our prospective study during 2010 and 2011, 3,868 serum samples and 900 swab samples were collected and tested from 102 terrestrial wild bird species from Georgia, New Jersey, Delaware, and Minnesota, USA. Antibodies to the nucleoprotein of IAV were detected with a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 4/3,868 serum samples (0.1%); all positive samples were from Minnesota. No virus was detected in 900 swab samples by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or matrix real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Our results are consistent with historic literature; although passerines and terrestrial wild birds may have a limited role in the epidemiology of IAV when associated with infected domestic poultry or other aberrant hosts, there is no evidence supporting their involvement as natural reservoirs for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Slusher
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Wilcox
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - M. Page Lutrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Current address: Pennsylvania Game Commission, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Orchard Rd., University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
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Delogu M, Piredda I, Pintore A, Cabras P, Cotti C, Ghetti G, Raffini E, De Marco MA. Avian influenza and animal health risk: conservation of endemic threatened wild birds in Sardinia Island. Avian Dis 2013; 56:1034-9. [PMID: 23402132 DOI: 10.1637/10174-041012-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sardinia is a Mediterranean island with a long geological history, leading to a separation process from continental Europe during the Miocene. As a consequence, in this insular habitat some wild bird species developed endemic forms, some of which are currently threatened. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible animal health risk associated with a potential avian influenza virus (AIV) circulation in Sardinian wild bird populations. Overall, 147 cloacal swabs were sampled in the Sardinia region from June 2009 to September 2011. Samples were obtained from 12 taxonomic orders, including 16 families and 40 species of birds. Based on the endangered host status or on the ecology of the host-virus interaction, samples were categorized into three groups of species: 1) endemic, endangered, or both (17 species); 2) potential reservoir (21 species); and 3) potential spillover (two species). Cloacal swabs were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for influenza A virus matrix gene amplification. Forty-one serum samples were tested by nucleoprotein-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NP-ELISA) for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and by hemagglutination inhibition assay for detection of seropositivity against H5 and H7 AIV subtypes. No cloacal swabs tested RT-PCR positive for AIV, whereas two weak seropositive results were detected by NP-ELISA in a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and in a yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis). The low or absent AIV circulation detected in Sardinia's wild birds during the study suggests a naïve status in these avian populations. These data provide new information on AIV circulation in Sardinia's wild birds that could be applied to implement conservation strategies for threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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Birds and viruses at a crossroad--surveillance of influenza A virus in Portuguese waterfowl. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49002. [PMID: 23145046 PMCID: PMC3492218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years, extensive amounts of data have become available regarding influenza A virus (IAV) in wild birds in northern Europe, while information from southern Europe is more limited. Here, we present an IAV surveillance study conducted in western Portugal 2008–2009, analyzing 1653 samples from six different species of waterfowl, with the majority of samples taken from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Overall 4.4% of sampled birds were infected. The sampling results revealed a significant temporal variation in the IAV prevalence, including a pronounced peak among predominantly young birds in June, indicating that IAV circulate within breeding populations in the wetlands of western Portugal. The H10N7 and H9N2 subtypes were predominant among isolated viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences of H10N7, H9N2 and H11N3 virus showed that sequences from Portugal were closely related to viral sequences from Central Europe as well as to IAVs isolated in the southern parts of Africa, reflecting Portugal’s position on the European-African bird migratory flyway. This study highlights the importance of Portugal as a migratory crossroad for IAV, connecting breeding stationary waterfowl with birds migrating between continents which enable transmission and spread of IAV.
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9
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Han Y, Hou G, Jiang W, Han C, Liu S, Chen J, Li J, Zhang P, Huang B, Liu Y, Chen J. A survey of avian influenza in tree sparrows in China in 2011. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33092. [PMID: 22496742 PMCID: PMC3319536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) are widely distributed in all seasons in many countries. In this study, a survey and relevant experiments on avian influenza (AI) in tree sparrows were conducted. The results suggested that the receptor for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), SAα2,3Gal, is abundant in the respiratory tract of tree sparrows, and most of the tree sparrows infected experimentally with two H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses died within five days after inoculation. Furthermore, no AIVs were isolated from the rectum eluate of 1300 tree sparrows, but 94 serological positives of AI were found in 800 tree sparrows. The serological positives were more prevalent for H5 subtype HPAI (94/800) than for H7 subtype AI (0/800), more prevalent for clade 2.3.2.1 H5 subtype HPAI (89/800) than for clade 2.3.4 (1/800) and clade 7.2 (4/800) H5 subtype HPAI, more prevalent for clade 2.3.2.1 H5 subtype HPAI in a city in southern China (82/800) than in a city in northern China (8/800). The serological data are all consistent with the distribution of the subtypes or clades of AI in poultry in China. Previously, sparrows or other passerine birds were often found to be pathogenically negative for AIVs, except when an AIV was circulating in the local poultry, or the tested passerine birds were from a region near waterfowl-rich bodies of water. Taken together, the data suggest that tree sparrows are susceptible to infection of AIVs, and surveys targeting sparrows can provide good serological data about the circulation of AIVs in relevant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Han
- Institute of Animal and Husbandry Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuehuan Liu
- Institute of Animal and Husbandry Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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Hill NJ, Takekawa JY, Cardona CJ, Meixell BW, Ackerman JT, Runstadler JA, Boyce WM. Cross-seasonal patterns of avian influenza virus in breeding and wintering migratory birds: a flyway perspective. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 12:243-53. [PMID: 21995264 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in nature is intrinsically linked with the movements of wild birds. Wild birds are the reservoirs for the virus and their migration may facilitate the circulation of AIV between breeding and wintering areas. This cycle of dispersal has become widely accepted; however, there are few AIV studies that present cross-seasonal information. A flyway perspective is critical for understanding how wild birds contribute to the persistence of AIV over large spatial and temporal scales, with implications for how to focus surveillance efforts and identify risks to public health. This study characterized spatio-temporal infection patterns in 10,389 waterfowl at two important locations within the Pacific Flyway--breeding sites in Interior Alaska and wintering sites in California's Central Valley during 2007-2009. Among the dabbling ducks sampled, the northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) had the highest prevalence of AIV at both breeding (32.2%) and wintering (5.2%) locations. This is in contrast to surveillance studies conducted in other flyways that have identified the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern pintail (Anas acuta) as hosts with the highest prevalence. A higher diversity of AIV subtypes was apparent at wintering (n=42) compared with breeding sites (n=17), with evidence of mixed infections at both locations. Our study suggests that wintering sites may act as an important mixing bowl for transmission among waterfowl in a flyway, creating opportunities for the reassortment of the virus. Our findings shed light on how the dynamics of AIV infection of wild bird populations can vary between the two ends of a migratory flyway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J Hill
- Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, U.S. Geological Survey, Vallejo, California, USA
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Pérez-Ramírez E, Gerrikagoitia X, Barral M, Höfle U. Detection of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Castilla-La Mancha (south central Spain). Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Breithaupt A, Kalthoff D, Dale J, Bairlein F, Beer M, Teifke JP. Neurotropism in blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) and red-billed queleas (Quelea quelea) after highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:924-32. [PMID: 20974871 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810386467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiologic role of passerine birds in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) remains controversial. However, confirmed natural infections with HPAIV in Passeriformes, their close contact to poultry and humans, and their role as a human food source indicate a need for increased research on passerines. To date, there are only a few studies on viral shedding and pathomorphologic changes in songbirds infected with HPAIV. To investigate susceptibility, clinical outcome, virus spread, and pathomorphology, the authors inoculated oculo-oronasally 22 red-billed queleas (Quelea quelea) and 11 blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with A/Cygnus cygnus/Germany/R65/2006 (H5N1) using 2 different doses of either 10(4) EID50 (50% egg infective dose) or 10(6) EID50 per animal. They monitored all birds for clinical signs and oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding. They also performed immunohistochemistry and obtained molecular virologic data by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in tissue samples. In contrast to blackcaps, where 100% of the infected individuals died, queleas were much less susceptible, with a mortality of 82% and 18%, depending on the doses applied. In both species, the virus was shed within 3 to 6 days postinfection, mainly via the respiratory tract. Viral antigen was detected in 100% of the succumbed birds, particularly in the central nervous system. In blackcaps, the heart, lungs, and pancreas were mainly infected. In contrast, the pancreas was predominantly affected in queleas, whereas the heart and the lower respiratory tract were of minor relevance. The authors hypothesize that neurotropism should be considered a main factor for the fatal course of disease in Passeriformes after infection with HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Breithaupt
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Goyal SM, Jindal N, Chander Y, Ramakrishnan MA, Redig PT, Sreevatsan S. Isolation of mixed subtypes of influenza A virus from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Virol J 2010; 7:174. [PMID: 20667110 PMCID: PMC2922187 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From April 2007 to March 2008, cloacal swabs were obtained from 246 casualty raptors recovered by various wildlife rehabilitation centers in the United States. The swabs were placed in a virus transport medium and transported to the laboratory on ice packs. At the laboratory, the samples were pooled with each pool consisting of five samples. All pools (n = 50) were screened for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) using a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR); one of the pools was found positive. All five samples in this pool were tested individually by rRT-PCR; one sample from a bald eagle was found positive. This sample was inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs for virus isolation and a hemagglutinating virus was isolated. Complete genome sequencing of the isolate revealed a mixed infection with H1N1 and H2N1 subtypes. Further analysis revealed that the PB1-F2 gene sequence of H1N1 virus had the N66S virulence-associated substitution. Further studies on ecology and epidemiology of AIV in raptors are needed to help understand their role in the maintenance and evolution of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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14
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Krauss S, Stallknecht DE, Negovetich NJ, Niles LJ, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Coincident ruddy turnstone migration and horseshoe crab spawning creates an ecological 'hot spot' for influenza viruses. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3373-9. [PMID: 20630885 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1985, avian influenza virus surveillance has been conducted annually from mid-May to early June in charadriiform species from the families Scolopacidae and Laridae (shorebirds and gulls) at Delaware Bay in the northeast United States. The mass migrations of shorebirds, gulls and horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) coincide at that time, and large numbers of migrating birds pause at Delaware Bay to feed on horseshoe crab eggs deposited at the high-tide line. Influenza viruses are consistently isolated from charadriiform birds at Delaware Bay, at an overall rate approximately 17 times the combined rate of isolation at all other surveillance sites worldwide (490 isolates/9474 samples, 5.2% versus 49 isolates per 15,848 samples, 0.3%, respectively; Proportion test, p < 0.0001). The likelihood of isolating influenza viruses at Delaware Bay is dependent on the presence of ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) at the sampling site (G-test of independence, p < 0.001). The convergence of host factors and environmental factors results in a unique ecological 'hot spot' for influenza viruses in Charadriiformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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15
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Siembieda JL, Johnson CK, Cardona C, Anchell N, Dao N, Reisen W, Boyce W. Influenza A viruses in wild birds of the Pacific flyway, 2005-2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:793-800. [PMID: 20059316 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant threat to public health, and viral subtypes circulating in natural avian reservoirs can contribute to the emergence of pathogenic influenza viruses in humans. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of AIVs in 8826 migratory and resident wild birds in North America along the Pacific flyway, which is a major north-south migration pathway that overlaps with four other flyways in Alaska providing opportunities for mixing of Eurasian and American origin influenza viruses. Overall, the prevalence of AIVs was low (1%) among the wide range of avian species tested, but we detected AIVs in 69 hunter-harvested waterfowl (Anseriformes) sampled at a national wildlife refuge in California from October 2007 to January 2008. A wide range of subtypes were detected in waterfowl with H6N1, H10N7, H7N3, and H3N5 being the most common. We suspect H6N1 was introduced or remerged in 2007 at this key wintering site for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway. Over a 3-week period, 13 H6N1 AIVs were isolated from two northern pintails (Anas acuta), three northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), three ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), four American widgeon (Anas americana), and one gadwall (Anas strepera). We conclude that a diverse array of AIVs was present and that cross-species transmission was occurring among waterfowl in the central valley wetlands of California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Siembieda
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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16
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Brochet AL, Guillemain M, Lebarbenchon C, Simon G, Fritz H, Green AJ, Renaud F, Thomas F, Gauthier-Clerc M. The potential distance of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus dispersal by mallard, common teal and Eurasian pochard. ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:449-57. [PMID: 20112048 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterbirds represent the major natural reservoir for low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIV). Among the wide diversity of subtypes that have been described, two of them (H5 and H7) may become highly pathogenic (HP) after their introduction into domestic bird populations and cause severe outbreaks, as is the case for HP H5N1 in South-Eastern Asia. Recent experimental studies demonstrated that HP H5N1 AIV infection in ducks does not necessarily have significant pathological effects. These results suggest that wild migratory ducks may asymptomatically carry HP AIV and potentially spread viruses over large geographical distances. In this study, we investigated the potential spreading distance of HP AIV by common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (A. platyrhynchos), and Eurasian pochard (Aythya ferina). Based on capture-mark-recapture method, we characterized their wintering movements from a western Mediterranean wetland (Camargue, South of France) and identified the potential distance and direction of virus dispersal. Such data may be crucial in determining higher-risk areas in the case of HP AIV infection detection in this major wintering quarter, and may serve as a valuable reference for virus outbreaks elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Brochet
- Centre de Recherche de La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200, Arles, France.
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17
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Wallensten A. Influenza virus in wild birds and mammals other than man. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600701406786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (IMK), Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Latorre-Margalef N, Gunnarsson G, Munster VJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Elmberg J, Olsen B, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Brudin L, Waldenström J. Does influenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or
vice versa
? A reply to Flint and Franson. Proc Biol Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Gunnarsson
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Elmberg
- Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Thord Fransson
- Bird Ringing Centre, Swedish Museum of Natural History104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Kalmar County Hospital391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University223 62 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Evidence of avian influenza virus and paramyxovirus subtype 2 in wild-living passerine birds in Slovenia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Jourdain E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Bicout DJ, Sabatier P. Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:365-72. [PMID: 17552088 PMCID: PMC2725901 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory movements of wild birds likely spread zoonotic infectious agents, such as avian influenza and West Nile viruses. Wild birds share with humans the capacity for moving fast over large distances. During migratory movements, birds carry pathogens that can be transmitted between species at breeding, wintering, and stopover places where numerous birds of various species are concentrated. We consider the area of the Camargue (southern France) as an example to highlight how ad hoc information already available on birds’ movements, abundance, and diversity can help assess the introduction and transmission risk for birdborne diseases in the western Mediterranean wetlands. Avian influenza and West Nile viruses are used as examples because birds are central to the epidemiology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Jourdain
- Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France.
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21
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Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, Waldenström J, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Beyer WEP, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e61. [PMID: 17500589 PMCID: PMC1876497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive data exist on avian influenza in wild birds in North America, limited information is available from elsewhere, including Europe. Here, molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds, as an alternative to classical labor-intensive methods of virus isolation in eggs. This study included 36,809 samples from 323 bird species belonging to 18 orders, of which only 25 species of three orders were positive for influenza A virus. Information on species, locations, and timing is provided for all samples tested. Seven previously unknown host species for avian influenza virus were identified: barnacle goose, bean goose, brent goose, pink-footed goose, bewick's swan, common gull, and guillemot. Dabbling ducks were more frequently infected than other ducks and Anseriformes; this distinction was probably related to bird behavior rather than population sizes. Waders did not appear to play a role in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Europe, in contrast to the Americas. The high virus prevalence in ducks in Europe in spring as compared with North America could explain the differences in virus–host ecology between these continents. Most influenza A virus subtypes were detected in ducks, but H13 and H16 subtypes were detected primarily in gulls. Viruses of subtype H6 were more promiscuous in host range than other subtypes. Temporal and spatial variation in influenza virus prevalence in wild birds was observed, with influenza A virus prevalence varying by sampling location; this is probably related to migration patterns from northeast to southwest and a higher prevalence farther north along the flyways. We discuss the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza A virus in wild birds in relation to host ecology and compare our results with published studies. These data are useful for designing new surveillance programs and are particularly relevant due to increased interest in avian influenza in wild birds. Significant gaps in our knowledge of the ecology of avian influenza in wild migratory birds have become apparent during recent outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, in particular in relation to the risk of virus spread by wild birds. An eight-year surveillance study, which included more than 36,000 wild birds tested for low pathogenic avian influenza, provides new information on host species, prevalence, and temporal and geographical variation of avian influenza in wild migratory birds in Europe. Dabbling ducks harbored nearly all known influenza virus subtypes, with the exception of H13 and H16, which were found primarily in gulls. In contrast to American studies, waders did not play a role in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Europe. This study provides important information on the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza A virus and could assist in the design of new surveillance studies for high and low pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Baas
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Sweden
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thord Fransson
- Bird Ringing Center, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter E. P Beyer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ron A. M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Ferreira HL, Boschmans M, De Vriese J, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. A Universal Avian Endogenous Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction Control and Its Application to Avian Influenza Diagnosis and Quantification. Avian Dis 2007; 51:213-20. [PMID: 17494556 DOI: 10.1637/7552-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) is becoming an established first-line diagnostic assay as well as a precise quantification tool for avian influenza virus detection. However, there remain some limitations. First, we show that the sensitivity of RRT-PCR influenza detection can be 10- to 100-fold inhibited in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Adding 0.5 U of heat-activated Taq DNA polymerase successfully reverses PCR inhibition. Second, an excellent strategy for detecting false negative samples is the coamplification of an internal control from each sample. We developed a universal avian endogenous internal control (bird beta-actin) and apply it to influenza A diagnosis. Moreover, this internal control proves useful as a normalizer control for virus quantification, because beta-actin gene expression does not change in infected vs. uninfected ducks. A combined panel of wild bird cloacal swabs, wild bird tissue samples, experimental duck swabs, and experimental duck and chicken tissue samples was used to validate the endogenous control. The application of an endogenous internal control proves an excellent strategy both for avoiding false negative diagnostic results and for standardizing virus quantification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Borm
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Migratory Birds and their Possible Role in the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. EFSA J 2006; 4:357. [PMID: 32313578 PMCID: PMC7163743 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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De Marco MA, Foni E, Campitelli L, Delogu M, Raffini E, Chiapponi C, Barigazzi G, Cordioli P, Di Trani L, Donatelli I. Influenza virus circulation in wild aquatic birds in Italy during H5N2 and H7N1 poultry epidemic periods (1998 to 2000). Avian Pathol 2005; 34:480-5. [PMID: 16537162 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500368185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two epidemics of avian influenza due to H5 and H7 highly pathogenic viruses occurred in poultry in Italy in 1997/98 and 1999/2000, respectively. The circulation of these serotypes in wild aquatic birds was investigated examining 638 cloacal swabs and 621 sera collected from 150 gulls, 162 coots, and 326 ducks trapped in Italian wetlands from 1998 to 2000. Seroprevalences against influenza A viruses, detected by a double-antibody sandwich-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were 11% in gulls, 16% in coots, and 45% in ducks. Among the Anatidae group, duck species wintering in Mediterranean areas showed significantly higher values than ducks wintering in South-Saharan areas of Africa. In order to detect H5 and H7 antibodies, the haemagglutination-inhibition assay and two competitive ELISA tests (H5-ELISA and H7-ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies specific for H5 and H7 subtypes were performed. None of the aquatic bird species were found seropositive for H7 subtype, whereas H5-positive sera were found by both the haemagglutination-inhibition and ELISA assays in ducks only. The highest H5 seroprevalences were detected by H5-ELISA; overall, 5% (10/201) of duck species wintering in Mediterranean areas tested positive by this assay, with annual seroprevalences ranging from 2% (2/123) to 12% (6/51). In the present study, only five viruses belonging to H1N1, H11N6, and H2N3 subtypes were isolated from ducks. However, the H5 seroconversion observed in one mallard duck at the beginning of 1998 indicates that H5 virus circulation also occurred in the study area.
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25
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Campitelli L, Mogavero E, De Marco MA, Delogu M, Puzelli S, Frezza F, Facchini M, Chiapponi C, Foni E, Cordioli P, Webby R, Barigazzi G, Webster RG, Donatelli I. Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. Virology 2004; 323:24-36. [PMID: 15165816 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Revised: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the "bird flu" incident in Hong Kong SAR in 1997, several studies have highlighted the substantial role of domestic birds, such as turkeys and chickens, in the ecology of influenza A viruses. Even if recent evidence suggests that chickens can maintain several influenza serotypes, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in domestic species are believed to be introduced each time from the wild bird reservoir. However, so far the direct precursor of influenza viruses from domestic birds has never been identified. In this report, we describe the antigenic and genetic characterization of the surface proteins of H7N3 viruses isolated from wild ducks in Italy in 2001 in comparison to H7N3 strains that circulated in Italian turkeys in 2002-2003. The wild and domestic avian strains appeared strictly related at both phenotypic and genetic level: homology percentages in seven of their genes were comprised between 99.8% (for PB2) and 99.1% (for M), and their NA genes differed mainly because of a 23-aminoacid deletion in the NA stalk. Outside this region of the molecule, the NAs of the two virus groups showed 99% similarity. These findings indicate that turkey H7N3 viruses were derived "in toto" from avian influenza strains circulating in wild waterfowl 1 year earlier, and represent an important step towards the comprehension of the mechanisms leading to interspecies transmission and emergence of potentially pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campitelli
- Department of Virology, Istituto Superiore Sanita', Rome, Italy.
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26
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Campitelli L, Mogavero E, De Marco M, Delogu M, Puzelli S, Frezza F, Facchini M, Chiapponi C, Foni E, Cordioli P, Webby R, Barigazzi G, Webster R, Donatelli I. Influenza surveillance in birds in Italy (1999–2002): preliminary molecular characterisation of virus isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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