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Gao J, Wang H, Liu W, Xu H, Wei Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Song S, Shi G. Hydrogen peroxide serves as pivotal fountainhead for aerosol aqueous sulfate formation from a global perspective. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4625. [PMID: 38816351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional atmospheric chemistry posits that sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be oxidized to sulfate (SO42-) through aqueous-phase reactions in clouds and gas-phase oxidation. Despite adequate knowledge of traditional mechanisms, several studies have highlighted the potential for SO2 oxidation within aerosol water. Given the widespread presence of tropospheric aerosols, SO42- production through aqueous-phase oxidation in aerosol water could have a pervasive global impact. Here, we quantify the potential contributions of aerosol aqueous pathways to global sulfate formation based on the GEOS-Chem simulations and subsequent theoretical calculations. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation significantly influences continental regions both horizontally and vertically. Over the past two decades, shifts in the formation pathways within typical cities reveal an intriguing trend: despite reductions in SO2 emissions, the increased atmospheric oxidation capacities, like rising H2O2 levels, prevent a steady decline in SO42- concentrations. Abating oxidants would facilitate the benefit of SO2 reduction and the positive feedback in sulfate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Han Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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2
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Zhang T, Liu J, Xiang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Ying Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Chai F, Zheng M. Quantifying anthropogenic emission of iron in marine aerosol in the Northwest Pacific with shipborne online measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169158. [PMID: 38092217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions are recognized as significant contributors to atmospheric soluble iron (Fe) in recent years, which may affect marine primary productivity, especially in Fe-limited areas. However, the contribution of different emission sources to Fe in marine aerosol has been primarily estimated by modeling approaches. Quantifying anthropogenic Fe based on field measurements remains a great challenge. In this study, online multi-element measurements and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were combined for the first time to quantify sources of atmospheric Fe and soluble Fe in the Northwest Pacific during a cruise in spring 2015. Fe concentration in 624 atmospheric PM2.5 samples measured online was 74.58 ± 90.87 ng/m3. The PMF results showed anthropogenic activities, including industrial coal combustion, biomass burning, and maritime transport, were important in this region, contributing 31.4 % of atmospheric Fe on average. In addition, anthropogenic Fe concentration resolved by PMF was comparable to the simulation results of the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) and GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemical transport) models, with better correlation to CMAQ (r = 0.76) than GEOS-Chem (r = 0.26). This study developed a new method to estimate atmospheric soluble Fe, which integrates Fe source apportionment results and Fe solubility from different sources. Soluble Fe concentration was estimated as 3.93 ± 5.14 ng/m3, of which 87.0 % was attributed to anthropogenic emissions. Notably, ship emission alone contributed 27.5 % of soluble Fe, though its contribution to total Fe was only 2.2 %. Finally, the total deposition fluxes of atmospheric Fe (37.11 ± 38.43 μg/m2/day) and soluble Fe (1.85 ± 2.13 μg/m2/day) were estimated. This study developed a new methodology for quantifying contribution of anthropogenic emissions to Fe in marine aerosol, which could greatly help the assessment of impacts of human activities on marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaxin Xiang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuntao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuangling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Fei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Zhang S, Li D, Ge S, Wu C, Xu X, Liu X, Li R, Zhang F, Wang G. Elucidating the Mechanism on the Transition-Metal Ion-Synergetic-Catalyzed Oxidation of SO 2 with Implications for Sulfate Formation in Beijing Haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2912-2921. [PMID: 38252977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Currently, atmospheric sulfate aerosols cannot be predicted reliably by numerical models because the pathways and kinetics of sulfate formation are unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the synergetic catalyzing role of transition-metal ions (TMIs, Fe3+/Mn2+) in the oxidation of SO2 by O2 on aerosols using chamber experiments. Our results showed that the synergetic effect of TMIs is critically dependent on aerosol pH due to the solubility of Fe(III) species sensitive to the aqueous phase acidity, which is effective only under pH < 3 conditions. The sulfate formation rate on aerosols is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that in bulk solution and increases significantly on smaller aerosols, suggesting that such a synergetic-catalyzed oxidation occurs on the aerosol surface. The kinetic reaction rate can be described as R = k*[H+]-2.95[Mn(II)][Fe(III)][S(IV)] (pH ≤ 3.0). We found that TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation is the dominant pathway of sulfate formation in Beijing when haze particles are very acidic, while heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is the most important pathway when haze particles are weakly acidic. Our work for the first time clarified the role and kinetics of TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 by O2 in haze periods, which can be parameterized into models for future studies of sulfate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Energy Construction Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200434, China
| | | | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
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4
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Ye C, Lu K, Song H, Mu Y, Chen J, Zhang Y. A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:387-399. [PMID: 36522000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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5
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Wang X, Shen Z, Huang S, Che H, Zhang L, Lei Y, Sun J, Shen G, Xu H, Cao J. Water-soluble iron in PM 2.5 in winter over six Chinese megacities: Distributions, sources, and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120329. [PMID: 36195196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble iron (ws-Fe) in PM2.5 plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric chemical processes. The anthropogenic sources of ws-Fe have attracted considerable attention owing to its high solubility. However, few studies have investigated the content of PM2.5 ws-Fe in the urban environment. In the present study, we characterized the spatial distributions of ws-Fe in six Chinese megacities in the winter of 2019. Furthermore, we investigated the speciation of PM2.5 ws-Fe (ws-Fe(II) and ws-Fe(III)), potential sources of ws-Fe, and association between ws-Fe and particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher ws-Fe concentrations were observed in northern cities (Harbin, Beijing, and Xi'an) than in southern cities (Chengdu, Wuhan, and Guangzhou). Moreover, atmospheric ws-Fe concentrations in urban China were several folds higher than those in urban areas of the United States and several orders of magnitude higher than those in remote oceans, indicating that China is a key contributor to global atmospheric ws-Fe. The dominant form of ws-Fe was ws-Fe(III) in Beijing, whereas ws-Fe(II) was more abundant in the other five cities. The concentrations of ws-Fe and ws-Fe(II) concentrations increased with increasing PM2.5 levels in all the six cities, however, we did not observe any consistent pattern of ws-Fe(III) concentration. Biomass burning was a dominant source of ws-Fe in all cities except Beijing. A strong positive correlation was observed between particle-bound ROS content and ws-Fe; this finding is consistent with those of previous studies indicating that ws-Fe in PM2.5 notably influences atmospheric chemical processes and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change CanadaScience and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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6
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Itahashi S, Hattori S, Ito A, Sadanaga Y, Yoshida N, Matsuki A. Role of Dust and Iron Solubility in Sulfate Formation during the Long-Range Transport in East Asia Evidenced by 17O-Excess Signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13634-13643. [PMID: 36107476 PMCID: PMC9535864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerical models have been developed to elucidate air pollution caused by sulfate aerosols (SO42-). However, typical models generally underestimate SO42-, and oxidation processes have not been validated. This study improves the modeling of SO42- formation processes using the mass-independent oxygen isotopic composition [17O-excess; Δ17O(SO42-)], which reflects pathways from sulfur dioxide (SO2) to SO42-, at the background site in Japan throughout 2015. The standard setting in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model captured SO42- concentration, whereas Δ17O(SO42-) was underestimated, suggesting that oxidation processes were not correctly represented. The dust inline calculation improved Δ17O(SO42-) because dust-derived increases in cloud-water pH promoted acidity-driven SO42- production, but Δ17O(SO42-) was still overestimated during winter as a result. Increasing solubilities of the transition-metal ions, such as iron, which are a highly uncertain modeling parameter, decreased the overestimated Δ17O(SO42-) in winter. Thus, dust and high metal solubility are essential factors for SO42- formation in the region downstream of China. It was estimated that the remaining mismatch of Δ17O(SO42-) between the observation and model can be explained by the proposed SO42- formation mechanisms in Chinese pollution. These accurately modeled SO42- formation mechanisms validated by Δ17O(SO42-) will contribute to emission regulation strategies required for better air quality and precise climate change predictions over East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Itahashi
- Sustainable
System Research Laboratory (SSRL), Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Shohei Hattori
- International
Center for Isotope Effects Research (ICIER), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
- School
of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute
of Nature and Environment Technology, Kanazawa
University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Ito
- Yokohama
Institute for Earth Sciences, Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0001, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sadanaga
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Kanagawa, Japan
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute
of Nature and Environment Technology, Kanazawa
University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
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Ding S, Chen Y, Li Q, Li XD. Using Stable Sulfur Isotope to Trace Sulfur Oxidation Pathways during the Winter of 2017-2019 in Tianjin, North China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10966. [PMID: 36078683 PMCID: PMC9518053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After the implementation of the Coal Replacing Project (CRP) in the northern parts of China in 2017, its effect on PM2.5 composition is still unclear. In the study, water-soluble ionic components (WSICs) and stable sulfur isotope ratios (δ34S) of SO42- in PM2.5 collected during the domestic heating period before and after the implementation of CRP in Tianjin were analyzed. Results showed that the average concentrations of both PM2.5 and WSICs have dropped dramatically after the CRP, especially for the SO42- (by approximately 57-60%). After the CRP, the range of δ34Ssulfate was significantly narrowed to 4.1-7.5‱ in January 2018 and 1.4-6.1‱ in January 2019, which suggested that the sulfur source was becoming simple. It was interesting that the δ34Ssulfate value in the pollution period before the CRP was higher than that in the clean period, whereas it showed the opposite tendency after the CRP, which implied that the contribution of sea salt was high during the pollution period before the CRP. The MIXSIAR model calculated that the contributions of the transition-metal ion (TMI) oxidation and NO2 oxidation pathways in the three sampling stages were higher than those of the OH radical oxidation and H2O2/O3 oxidation pathways, indicating that the formation pathway of sulfate was mainly dominated by heterogeneous oxidation. Before the CRP, the NO2 oxidation pathway was the dominant sulfate oxidation pathway during a haze episode, and the TMI oxidation pathway dominated the formation of sulfates after the CRP.
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Campbell PC, Tang Y, Lee P, Baker B, Tong D, Saylor R, Stein A, Huang J, Huang HC, Strobach E, McQueen J, Pan L, Stajner I, Sims J, Tirado-Delgado J, Jung Y, Yang F, Spero TL, Gilliam RC. Development and evaluation of an advanced National Air Quality Forecasting Capability using the NOAA Global Forecast System version 16. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 15:3281-3313. [PMID: 35664957 PMCID: PMC9157742 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-3281-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new dynamical core, known as the Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere (FV3) and developed at both NASA and NOAA, is used in NOAA's Global Forecast System (GFS) and in limited-area models for regional weather and air quality applications. NOAA has also upgraded the operational FV3GFS to version 16 (GFSv16), which includes a number of significant developmental advances to the model configuration, data assimilation, and underlying model physics, particularly for atmospheric composition to weather feedback. Concurrent with the GFSv16 upgrade, we couple the GFSv16 with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to form an advanced version of the National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) that will continue to protect human and ecosystem health in the US. Here we describe the development of the FV3GFSv16 coupling with a "state-of-the-science" CMAQ model version 5.3.1. The GFS-CMAQ coupling is made possible by the seminal version of the NOAA-EPA Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler (NACC), which became a major piece of the next operational NAQFC system (i.e., NACC-CMAQ) on 20 July 2021. NACC-CMAQ has a number of scientific advancements that include satellite-based data acquisition technology to improve land cover and soil characteristics and inline wildfire smoke and dust predictions that are vital to predictions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during hazardous events affecting society, ecosystems, and human health. The GFS-driven NACC-CMAQ model has significantly different meteorological and chemical predictions compared to the previous operational NAQFC, where evaluation of NACC-CMAQ shows generally improved near-surface ozone and PM2.5 predictions and diurnal patterns, both of which are extended to a 72 h (3 d) forecast with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Campbell
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Youhua Tang
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pius Lee
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Barry Baker
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Tong
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rick Saylor
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ariel Stein
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ho-Chun Huang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward Strobach
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jeff McQueen
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Li Pan
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ivanka Stajner
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Jose Tirado-Delgado
- NOAA NWS/STI, College Park, MD, USA
- Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Fanglin Yang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tanya L. Spero
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Liu J, Liang D, Liu L, Ning A, Zhang X. Catalytic sulfate formation mechanism influenced by important constituents of cloud water via the reaction of SO 2 oxidized by hypobromic acid in marine areas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15935-15949. [PMID: 34296723 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive investigations of the possible formation pathways of sulfate, the main composition of atmospheric aerosol in marine areas, continue to challenge atmospheric chemists. As one of the most important oxidation routes of S(iv) contributing to sulfate formation, the reaction process of S(iv) oxidized by hypobromic acid, which is ubiquitous with the gas-phase mixing ratios of ∼310 ppt and has a well-known oxidative capacity, has attracted wide attention. However, little information is available about the detailed reaction mechanism. Especially, due to the abundant species in cloud water, the potential effect of these compositions on these reaction processes and the corresponding effect mechanism are also uncertain. Using high-level quantum chemical calculations, we theoretically elucidate the two-step mechanism of Br+ transfer proposed by experiment through the verification of the key BrSO3- intermediate formation and subsequent hydrolysis reaction or the uncovered reaction of BrSO3- intermediate with OH-. Further, the novel and more competitive mechanisms (OH+ or O atom transfer pathways) that have not been considered in previous studies, leading to sulfate formation directly, have been found. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that we revealed the effect mechanism of constituents catalyzed in cloud water, especially the important H2O-catalyzed mechanism. In addition, all the above pathways follow this catalytic mechanism. This finding indicates a linkage between the complex nature of the atmospheric constituents and related atmospheric reaction, as well as the enhanced occurrence of atmospheric secondary sulfate formation in the atmosphere. Hence, this exploration of sulfate formation related to hypobromic acid could provide a better understanding about the sources of sulfate in marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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11
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Salvitti C, Rosi M, Pepi F, Troiani A, de Petris G. Reactivity of transition metal dioxide anions MO2− (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) with sulfur dioxide in the gas phase: An experimental and theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Hattori S, Iizuka Y, Alexander B, Ishino S, Fujita K, Zhai S, Sherwen T, Oshima N, Uemura R, Yamada A, Suzuki N, Matoba S, Tsuruta A, Savarino J, Yoshida N. Isotopic evidence for acidity-driven enhancement of sulfate formation after SO 2 emission control. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabd4610. [PMID: 33952511 PMCID: PMC8099192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
After the 1980s, atmospheric sulfate reduction is slower than the dramatic reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. However, a lack of observational evidence has hindered the identification of causal feedback mechanisms. Here, we report an increase in the oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate ([Formula: see text]) in a Greenland ice core, implying an enhanced role of acidity-dependent in-cloud oxidation by ozone (up to 17 to 27%) in sulfate production since the 1960s. A global chemical transport model reproduces the magnitude of the increase in observed [Formula: see text] with a 10 to 15% enhancement in the conversion efficiency from SO2 to sulfate in Eastern North America and Western Europe. With an expected continued decrease in atmospheric acidity, this feedback will continue in the future and partially hinder air quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hattori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Iizuka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
| | - Sakiko Ishino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuting Zhai
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Naga Oshima
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan
| | - Ryu Uemura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Nozomi Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Sumito Matoba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Asuka Tsuruta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Joel Savarino
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
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13
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Liu Z, Hu B, Yang Y, Zhang D, Li W, Wen T, Xin J, Wang Y. Evaluating the size distribution characteristics and sources of atmospheric trace elements at two mountain sites: comparison of the clean and polluted regions in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42713-42726. [PMID: 32720022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved trace metal concentrations at two background sites were assessed during a 1-year observation campaign, with the measurements performed in parallel at two mountain sites, where Mt. Dinghu (DHS) located in the rural region of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Mt. Gongga (GGS) located in the Tibetan Plateau region. In total, 15 selected trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb) in aerosol samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The major metals in these two mountain sites were Fe, K, Mg, and Ca with concentrations ranging between 241 and 1452 ng/m3, 428 and 1351 ng/m3, 334 and 875 ng/m3, and 376 and 870 ng/m3, respectively, while the trace metals with the lowest concentrations were Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl with concentrations lower than 4 ng/m3 in DHS and 2 ng/m3 in GGS. The pronounced seasonal variability in the trace elements was observed in DHS, with lower concentrations in spring and summer and relatively high in winter and autumn, whereas seasonal variance of trace elements is hardly observed in Mt. Gongga. The size distribution pattern of crustal elements of Al, Mg, K, Ba, and Fe was quite similar in DHS and GGS, which were mainly found in coarse particles peaked at 4.7-5.8 μm. In addition, V, Mo, Ag, and Tl were also concentrated in coarse particles, although the high enrichment factor (EF > 100) of which suggested anthropogenic origin, whereas trace metals of Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, and Pb concentrated in fine mode particles. Specifically, these trace metals peak at approximately 1.5 μm in DHS, while those in GGS peaked at diameter smaller than 0.3 μm, indicating the responsible for long-range transport from the far urban and industrialized areas. Multivariate receptor model combined with the enrichment factor results demonstrated that the trace elemental components at these two background sites were largely contributed from the fossil fuel combustion (55.4% in DHS and 44.0% in GGS) and industrial emissions factors (20.1% vs. 26.5%), which are associated with long distance transport from the coastal area of Southeast China and the Northwestern India, respectively, as suggested by the backward air mass trajectory analysis. Local sources from soil dust contributed a minor variance for trace elements in DHS (9.7%) and GGS (13.8%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Huang L, Liu T, Grassian VH. Radical-Initiated Formation of Aromatic Organosulfates and Sulfonates in the Aqueous Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11857-11864. [PMID: 32969227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic organosulfates and sulfonates have recently been observed in ambient aerosols collected in urban sites. Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds including aromatics are considered as their precursors in the atmosphere, but the mechanism for the formation of these compounds is still not adequately understood. In the present study, we investigated the aqueous phase reactions of benzoic acid with sulfite in the presence of Fe3+ under various conditions. Aromatic organosulfates and sulfonates [hereafter called aromatic organosulfur compounds (AOSCs)] can be formed during the reaction. The yield was measured as 7.3 ± 0.6%, suggesting that the formation of AOSCs may provide an additional pathway for the fate of benzoic acid in the atmosphere. The mechanism for AOSC formation is proposed to be through the combination of organic radical intermediates with sulfoxy radicals, that is, SO3- and SO4- radicals. In addition to benzoic acid, other monocyclic aromatics (i.e., benzene, toluene, salicylic acid, benzyl alcohol, and phenol) can also undergo analogous mechanisms to produce various AOSCs. Interestingly, AOSC formation through this pathway can retain the aromatic ring of parent aromatics, shedding light on the fact that monocyclic aromatics can also serve as the hitherto unrecognized precursors of AOSCs in the atmosphere. Our findings provide new insights into potential sources and pathways for AOSC formation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tongshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Moch JM, Dovrou E, Mickley LJ, Keutsch FN, Liu Z, Wang Y, Dombek TL, Kuwata M, Budisulistiorini SH, Yang L, Decesari S, Paglione M, Alexander B, Shao J, Munger JW, Jacob DJ. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2020JD032706. [PMID: 33282612 PMCID: PMC7685164 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m-3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9-18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m-3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS 4 months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over 2 months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co-benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Moch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eleni Dovrou
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tracy L. Dombek
- Analytical Sciences Division, RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and BIC‐ESATPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Liudongqing Yang
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
- College of Flying TechnologyCivil Aviation University of ChinaTianjinChina
| | - J. William Munger
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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16
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Zhu Y, Li W, Lin Q, Yuan Q, Liu L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Shao L, Niu H, Yang S, Shi Z. Iron solubility in fine particles associated with secondary acidic aerosols in east China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114769. [PMID: 32428816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soluble iron (FeS) in aerosols contributes to free oxygen radical generation with implications for human health, and potentially catalyzes sulfur dioxide oxidation. It is also an important external source of micronutrients for ocean ecosystems. However, factors controlling FeS concentration and its contribution to total iron (FeT) in aerosols remain poorly understand. Here, FeS and FeT in PM2.5 was studied at four urban sites in eastern China from 21 to 31 December, 2017. Average FeT (869-1490 ng m-3) and FeS (24-68 ng m-3) concentrations were higher in northern than southern China cities, but Fe solubility (%FeS, 2.7-5.0%) showed no spatial pattern. Correlation analyses suggested %FeS was strongly correlated with FeS and PM2.5 instead of FeT concentrations. Individual particle observations confirmed that more than 65% of nano-sized Fe-containing particles were internally mixed with sulfates and nitrates. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between sulfates or nitrates/FeT molar ratio and %FeS. We also found that the sulfates/nitrates had weaker effects on %FeS at RH < 50% than at RH > 50%, suggesting RH as indirect factor can influence %FeS in PM2.5. These results suggest an important role of chemical processing in enhancing %FeS in the polluted atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Shushen Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Gen M, Zhang R, Li Y, Chan CK. Multiphase Photochemistry of Iron-Chloride Containing Particles as a Source of Aqueous Chlorine Radicals and Its Effect on Sulfate Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9862-9871. [PMID: 32668147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of iron chlorides is a well-known photolytic source of Cl• in environmental waters. However, the role of particulate chlorine radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) in their multiphase oxidative potential has been much less explored. Herein, we examine the effect of Cl•/Cl2•- produced from photolysis of particulate iron chlorides on atmospheric multiphase oxidation. As a model system, experiments on multiphase oxidation of SO2 by Cl•/Cl2•- were performed. Fast sulfate production from SO2 oxidation was observed with reactive uptake coefficients of ∼10-5, comparable to the values necessary for explaining the observations in the haze events in China. The experimental and modeling results found a good positive correlation between the uptake coefficient, γSO2, and the Cl• production rate, d[Cl•]/dt, as γSO2 = 5.3 × 10-6 × log(d[Cl•]/dt) + 4.9 × 10-5. When commonly found particulate dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid or malonic acid) were added, sulfate production was delayed due to the competition of Fe3+ between chloride and the dicarboxylic acid for its complexation at the initial stage. After the delay, comparable sulfate production was observed. The present study highlights the importance of photochemistry of particulate iron chlorides in multiphase oxidation processes in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Griffith SM, Wu G, Li L, Zhao Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Yu JZ. Field Evidence of Fe-Mediated Photochemical Degradation of Oxalate and Subsequent Sulfate Formation Observed by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6562-6574. [PMID: 32339453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we deployed a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 04 to April 17, 2013 to study individual oxalate particles and a monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) to track the bulk oxalate concentrations in particle matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). A shallow dip in the bulk oxalate concentration was consistently observed before 10:00 am in the morning throughout the observation campaign, corresponding to a 20% decrease in the oxalate concentration on average during the decay process. Such a decrease in PM oxalate was found to be coincident with a decrease in Fe-containing oxalate particles, providing persuasive evidence of Fe-mediated photochemical degradation of oxalate. Oxalate mixed with Fe and Fe_NaK particles, from industry sources, were identified as the dominant factors for oxalate decay in the early morning. We further found an increase of sulfate intensity by a factor of 1.6 on these individual Fe-containing particles during the oxalate decomposition process, suggesting a facilitation of sulfur oxidation. This is the first report on the oxalate-Fe decomposition process with individual particle level information and provides unique evidence to advance our current understanding of oxalate and Fe cycling. The present work also indicates the importance of anthropogenic sourced iron in oxalate-Fe photochemical processing. In addition, V-containing oxalate particles, from ship emissions, also showed evidence of morning photodegradation and need further attention since current models rarely consider photochemical processing of oxalate_V particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guanru Wu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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Li J, Zhang YL, Cao F, Zhang W, Fan M, Lee X, Michalski G. Stable Sulfur Isotopes Revealed a Major Role of Transition-Metal Ion-Catalyzed SO 2 Oxidation in Haze Episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2626-2634. [PMID: 31944676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary sulfate aerosols played an important role in aerosol formation and aging processes, especially during haze episodes in China. Secondary sulfate was formed via atmospheric oxidation of SO2 by OH, O3, H2O2, and transition-metal-catalyzed (TMI) O2. However, the relative importance of these oxidants in haze episodes was strongly debated. Here, we use stable sulfur isotopes (δ34S) of sulfate aerosols and a Rayleigh distillation model to quantify the contributions of each oxidant during a haze episode in Nanjing, a megacity in China. The observed δ34S values of sulfate aerosols showed a negative correlation with sulfur oxidation ratios, which was attributed to the sulfur isotopic fractionations during the sulfate formation processes. Using the average fractionation factor calculated from our observations and zero-dimensional (0-D) atmospheric chemistry modeling estimations, we suggest that OH oxidation was trivial during the haze episode, while the TMI pathway contributed 49 ± 10% of the total sulfate production and O3/H2O2 oxidations accounted for the rest. Our results displayed good agreement with several atmospheric chemistry models that carry aqueous and heterogeneous TMI oxidation pathways, suggesting the role of the TMI pathway was significant during haze episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghanyang Li
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Meiyi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuhui Lee
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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20
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Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A model inter-comparison of secondary pollutant simulations over urban areas in Japan, the first phase of Japan’s study for reference air quality modeling (J-STREAM Phase I), was conducted using 32 model settings. Simulated hourly concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are primary pollutant precursors of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), showed good agreement with the observed concentrations, but most of the simulated hourly sulfur oxide (SO2) concentrations were much higher than the observations. Simulated concentrations of PM2.5 and its components were compared to daily observed concentrations by using the filter pack method at selected ambient air pollution monitoring stations (AAPMSs) for each season. In general, most models showed good agreement with the observed total PM2.5 mass concentration levels in each season and provided goal or criteria levels of model ensemble statistics in warmer seasons. The good performances of these models were associated with the simulated reproducibility of some dominant components, sulfates (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+). The other simulated PM2.5 components, i.e., nitrates (NO3−), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), often show clear deviations from the observations. The considerable underestimations (approximately 30 µg/m3 for total PM2.5) of all participant models found on heavily polluted days with approximately 40–50 µg/m3 for total PM2.5 indicated some problems in the simulated local meteorology such as the atmospheric stability. This model inter-comparison suggests that these deviations may be owing to a need for further improvements both in the emission inventories and additional formation pathways in chemical transport models, and meteorological conditions also require improvement to simulate elevated atmospheric pollutants. Additional accumulated observations are likely needed to further evaluate the simulated concentrations and improve the model performance.
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21
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Fast oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide in deliquesced aerosol particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1354-1359. [PMID: 31900361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916401117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric sulfate aerosols have important impacts on air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. However, current air-quality models generally underestimate the rate of conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate during severe haze pollution events, indicating that our understanding of sulfate formation chemistry is incomplete. This may arise because the air-quality models rely upon kinetics studies of SO2 oxidation conducted in dilute aqueous solutions, and not at the high solute strengths of atmospheric aerosol particles. Here, we utilize an aerosol flow reactor to perform direct investigation on the kinetics of aqueous oxidation of dissolved SO2 by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using pH-buffered, submicrometer, deliquesced aerosol particles at relative humidity of 73 to 90%. We find that the high solute strength of the aerosol particles significantly enhances the sulfate formation rate for the H2O2 oxidation pathway compared to the dilute solution. By taking these effects into account, our results indicate that the oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 in the liquid water present in atmospheric aerosol particles can contribute to the missing sulfate source during severe haze episodes.
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22
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Xu JW, Martin RV, Henderson BH, Meng J, Oztaner B, Hand JL, Hakami A, Strum M, Phillips SB. Simulation of airborne trace metals in fine particulate matter over North America. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2019; 214:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116883. [PMID: 32665763 PMCID: PMC7359884 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal distributions are of relevance to understand sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PM2.5-related health effects, and atmospheric chemistry. However, knowledge of trace metal distributions is lacking due to limited ground-based measurements and model simulations. This study develops a simulation of 12 trace metal concentrations (Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, K, Mg, As, Cd, Ni and Pb) over continental North America for 2013 using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Evaluation of modeled trace metal concentrations with observations indicates a spatial consistency within a factor of 2, an improvement over previous studies that were within a factor of 3-6. The spatial distribution of trace metal concentrations reflects their primary emission sources. Crustal element (Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, K) concentrations are enhanced over the central US from anthropogenic fugitive dust and over the southwestern U.S. due to natural mineral dust. Heavy metal (As, Cd, Ni and Pb) concentrations are high over the eastern U.S. from industry. K is abundance in the southeast from biomass burning and high concentrations of Mg is observed along the coast from sea spray. The spatial pattern of PM2.5 mass is most strongly correlated with Pb, Ni, As and K due to their signature emission sources. Challenges remain in accurately simulating observed trace metal concentrations. Halving anthropogenic fugitive dust emissions in the 2011 National Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) inventory and doubling natural dust emissions in the default GEOS-Chem simulation was necessary to reduce biases in crustal element concentrations. A fivefold increase of anthropogenic emissions of As and Pb was necessary in the NATA inventory to reduce the national-scale bias versus observations by more than 80 %, potentially reflecting missing sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Xu
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jun Meng
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Burak Oztaner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny L Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amir Hakami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Strum
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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23
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Electrolysis-Assisted Mn(II)/Sulfite Process for Organic Contaminant Degradation at Near-Neutral pH. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-catalyzed sulfite activation (i.e., Mn(II)/sulfite) has emerged as an advanced oxidation process to produce sulfate radical (SO4•−) for water treatment. However, to maintain the catalytic activity of Mn(II) ion, solution acidity has to be kept below pH 4, which is difficult to maintain in practice. Moreover, Mn(II)/sulfite reaction is a strongly oxygen-dependent process, and purging air into reaction solution is another extra cost. To solve the above issues, we devised to implement electrolysis into Mn(II)/sulfite (i.e., electro/Mn(II)/sulfite process) for organic compound (bisphenol A, BPA) oxidation. It was revealed that, under near-neutral conditions (pH 6), the removal rate of 10 μM BPA was increased from 46.3%, by Mn(II)/sulfite process, to 94.2% by electro/Mn(II)/sulfite process. The enhancement of BPA removal after implementation of electrolysis to Mn(II)/sulfite process was investigated, and concluded to be a result of several pathways. In detail, the produced oxygen from water electrolysis, direct sulfite oxidation on anode, and local acidic pH at anode vicinity together play a role in promoting SO4•− production and, therefore, contaminant removal. Radical-scavenging assays confirmed the dominant role of SO4•− in electro/Mn(II)/sulfite process.
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Xu L, Lingaswamy AP, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Ma Q, Li W. Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:354-362. [PMID: 30573100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the soluble ions of PM1.0 were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter (OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51% (by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols (SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM2.5 concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - A P Lingaswamy
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Air Background Station (LABS), Hangzhou 311307, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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25
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Campbell PC, Bash JO, Spero TL. Updates to the Noah Land Surface Model in WRF-CMAQ to Improve Simulated Meteorology, Air Quality, and Deposition. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:231-256. [PMID: 31007838 DOI: 10.1002/2018ms001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Regional, state, and local environmental regulatory agencies often use Eulerian models to investigate the potential impacts on pollutant deposition and air quality from changes in land use, anthropogenic and natural emissions, and climate. The Noah land surface model (LSM) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is widely used with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for such investigations, but there are many inconsistencies that need to be changed so that they are consistent with dry deposition and emission processes. In this work, the Noah LSM in WRFv3.8.1 is improved in its linkage to CMAQv5.2 by adding important parameters to the WRF/Noah output, updating the WRF soil and vegetation reference tables that influence CMAQ wet and dry photochemical deposition processes, and decreasing WRF/Noah's top soil layer depth to be consistent with CMAQ processes (e.g., windblown dust and bidirectional ammonia exchange). The modified WRF/Noah-CMAQ system (both off-line and coupled) impacts meteorological predictions of 2-m temperature (T2; increases and decreases), 2-m mixing ratio (Q2; decreases), and 10-m wind speed (WSPD10; decreases) in the United States. These changes are mostly driven by leaf area index values and aerodynamic roughness lengths updated in the vegetation tables based on satellite data, with additional impacts from soil tables updated based on recent soil data. Improvements in the consistency in the treatment of land surface processes between CMAQ and WRF resulted in improvements in both estimated meteorological (e.g., T2, WSPD10, and latent heat fluxes) and chemical (e.g., ozone, sulfur dioxide, and windblown dust) model estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Campbell
- National Academies/National Research Council (NRC) Fellowship Participant at National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Durham NC USA
- Now at Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science/Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-Maryland University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- ARL/NOAA Affiliate
| | - Jesse O Bash
- National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Durham NC USA
| | - Tanya L Spero
- National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Durham NC USA
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Campbell PC, Bash JO, Spero TL. Updates to the Noah Land Surface Model in WRF-CMAQ to Improve Simulated Meteorology, Air Quality, and Deposition. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:231-256. [PMID: 31007838 PMCID: PMC6472559 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Regional, state, and local environmental regulatory agencies often use Eulerian models to investigate the potential impacts on pollutant deposition and air quality from changes in land use, anthropogenic and natural emissions, and climate. The Noah land surface model (LSM) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is widely used with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for such investigations, but there are many inconsistencies that need to be changed so that they are consistent with dry deposition and emission processes. In this work, the Noah LSM in WRFv3.8.1 is improved in its linkage to CMAQv5.2 by adding important parameters to the WRF/Noah output, updating the WRF soil and vegetation reference tables that influence CMAQ wet and dry photochemical deposition processes, and decreasing WRF/Noah's top soil layer depth to be consistent with CMAQ processes (e.g., windblown dust and bidirectional ammonia exchange). The modified WRF/Noah-CMAQ system (both off-line and coupled) impacts meteorological predictions of 2-m temperature (T2; increases and decreases), 2-m mixing ratio (Q2; decreases), and 10-m wind speed (WSPD10; decreases) in the United States. These changes are mostly driven by leaf area index values and aerodynamic roughness lengths updated in the vegetation tables based on satellite data, with additional impacts from soil tables updated based on recent soil data. Improvements in the consistency in the treatment of land surface processes between CMAQ and WRF resulted in improvements in both estimated meteorological (e.g., T2, WSPD10, and latent heat fluxes) and chemical (e.g., ozone, sulfur dioxide, and windblown dust) model estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Campbell
- National Academies/National Research Council (NRC) Fellowship Participant at National Exposure Research LaboratoryU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDurhamNCUSA
- Now at Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science/Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites‐MarylandUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- ARL/NOAA Affiliate
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- National Exposure Research LaboratoryU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDurhamNCUSA
| | - Tanya L. Spero
- National Exposure Research LaboratoryU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDurhamNCUSA
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Cui L, Li R, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Fu H, Chen J. An observational study of nitrous acid (HONO) in Shanghai, China: The aerosol impact on HONO formation during the haze episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1057-1070. [PMID: 29554727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous HONO measurement was conducted to study the formation features of HONO during the haze episodes at Shanghai, China. The HONO concentration ranged from 0.26 to 5.84ppb and averaged at 2.31ppb during the measurement period. The HONO concentration during the haze episode (P1), the haze-fog episode (P2) and the clean period (P3) were 2.80, 2.35 and 1.78ppb, respectively. Heterogeneous conversion of NO2 was the dominate pathway for nocturnal HONO formation, and the heterogeneous conversion efficiency of NO2 to HONO was closely associated with the PM2.5 concentration. The averaged heterogeneous conversion rate of NO2-to-HONO (CHONO) during the pollution periods (P1+P2) was 1.58×10-2h-1, higher than that during the clean period (P3) (0.93×10-2h-1), suggesting the higher conversion potential of NO2 to HONO during the pollution episodes. The daytime unknown HONO production rate (Punknown) in the pollution period was 2.98ppb/h, higher than 1.78ppb/h in the clean period. Further, aerosol played a role in Punknown during the transformation of the clean period to the pollution period. At a single particle scale, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that most of the particles during P1 and P2 were agglomerated, whereas the particles collected from P3 were uniformly distributed and showed simple morphologies. The number percentage of the S/N-bearing particles during P1 (34%) and P2 (27%) were higher than that during P3 (20%). In addition, particles contained more internally mixed nitrates during P1 and P2 than those during P3, suggesting more intense heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO on particle surfaces during the pollution episodes. In the present study, the averaged HONO/NOx ratio (5.60%), especially during P1 (7.80%) and P2 (7.50%) was much higher than that assumed global averaged value of 2.0%, suggesting a potentially important role for the HONO chemistry in Shanghai. This study provides new insights into the HONO formation mechanism in the atmosphere characterized by high fine particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunchen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ya Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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28
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Refinement of Modeled Aqueous-Phase Sulfate Production via the Fe- and Mn-Catalyzed Oxidation Pathway. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We refined the aqueous-phase sulfate (SO42−) production in the state-of-the-art Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model during the Japanese model inter-comparison project, known as Japan’s Study for Reference Air Quality Modeling (J-STREAM). In Japan, SO42− is the major component of PM2.5, and CMAQ reproduces the observed seasonal variation of SO42− with the summer maxima and winter minima. However, CMAQ underestimates the concentration during winter over Japan. Based on a review of the current modeling system, we identified a possible reason as being the inadequate aqueous-phase SO42− production by Fe- and Mn-catalyzed O2 oxidation. This is because these trace metals are not properly included in the Asian emission inventories. Fe and Mn observations over Japan showed that the model concentrations based on the latest Japanese emission inventory were substantially underestimated. Thus, we conducted sensitivity simulations where the modeled Fe and Mn concentrations were adjusted to the observed levels, the Fe and Mn solubilities were increased, and the oxidation rate constant was revised. Adjusting the concentration increased the SO42− concentration during winter, as did increasing the solubilities and revising the rate constant to consider pH dependencies. Statistical analysis showed that these sensitivity simulations improved model performance. The approach adopted in this study can partly improve model performance in terms of the underestimation of SO42− concentration during winter. From our findings, we demonstrated the importance of developing and evaluating trace metal emission inventories in Asia.
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29
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Gankanda A, Coddens EM, Zhang Y, Cwiertny DM, Grassian VH. Sulfate formation catalyzed by coal fly ash, mineral dust and iron(iii) oxide: variable influence of temperature and light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1484-1491. [PMID: 27796391 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent atmospheric field and modeling studies have highlighted a lack of understanding of the processes responsible for high levels of sulfate aerosol in the atmosphere, ultimately arising from a dearth of experimental data on such processes. Here we investigated the effect of temperature and simulated solar radiation on the catalytic oxidation of S(iv) to S(vi) (i.e., sulfite to sulfate) in aqueous suspensions of several metal-containing, atmospherically relevant particles including coal fly ash (FA), Arizona test dust (ATD) and an iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3). The effect of temperature and light on S(iv) oxidation was found to be very different for these three samples. For example, in the presence of FA and γ-Fe2O3 the temporal evolution of dissolved Fe(ii) (formed via reductive particle dissolution) correlated with S(iv) oxidation. Accordingly, we propose that S(iv) oxidation in most of these systems initially occurs primarily at the particle surface (i.e., a heterogeneous reaction pathway), although a solution-phase (i.e., homogeneous) catalytic pathway also contributes over later timescales due to the formation and accumulation of dissolved Fe(iii) (generated via oxidation of dissolved Fe(ii) by O2). It is likely that the homogeneous reaction pathway is operative at initial times in the presence of γ-Fe2O3 at 25 °C. In contrast, S(iv) oxidation in the presence of ATD appears to proceed entirely via a heterogeneous reaction, which notably does not lead to any iron dissolution. In fact, the greater overall rate of S(iv) loss in the presence of ATD compared to FA and γ-Fe2O3 suggests that other factors, including greater adsorption of sulfite, transition metal ion (TMI) catalysis by other metal ions (e.g., Ti), or different species of iron in ATD, play a role. Overall these studies suggest that the rate, extent and products of atmospheric S(iv) oxidation can be highly variable and dependent upon the nature of aerosol sources and ambient conditions (e.g., temperature and irradiance). Ultimately, such complexity precludes simple, broadly generalized schemes for this reaction when modeling atmospheric processes involving diverse components of different mineral dust aerosol as well as other metal-containing aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Gankanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ellen M Coddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. and Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Xie L, Spiro B, Wei G. Purification of BaSO 4 precipitate contaminated with organic matter for oxygen isotope measurements (δ 18 O and Δ 17 O). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1727-1733. [PMID: 28328040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sulfate precipitates are often contaminated with nitrates and organic materials (OM), which reduce the precision and accuracy of measurements of δ18 O and Δ17 O values in the sulfate. Although nitrates can be effectively removed using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid solution, removing OM from the precipitates is often difficult. One effective approach is to heat powdered precipitates to high temperatures. In this study, the effect of this procedure on the δ18 O and Δ17 O values of BaSO4 precipitate was fully examined. METHODS OM-contaminated BaSO4 precipitates and 18 O- and 17 O-labeled purified BaSO4 precipitates were loaded into alumina and gold crucibles and heated at 450 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C for 2 h. The nitrogen and carbon contents in the initial and the final BaSO4 were measured using an elemental analyzer. The values of δ18 O and Δ17 O were measured using a temperature conversion/elemental analyzer coupled with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and a CO2 laser system coupled with an isotopic ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS OM was effectively (88 ± 17%) removed from the BaSO4 precipitates by this treatment, and heating at 800 °C had the highest removal efficiency (98%). The differences in δ18 O and Δ17 O values between the final and initial BaSO4 precipitates was -0.6‰ to 0.3‰ (average of -0.1‰) and -0.24‰ to 0.10‰ (average of -0.02‰), respectively. Significant positive relationships between the δ18 O and Δ17 O values of the initial BaSO4 precipitate and those of the high-T-treated aliquots were found, with slopes having mean values of 0.96 ± 0.06 and 1.04 ± 0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The result demonstrates high removal efficiency for OM in BaSO4 precipitates and no significant differences in the oxygen isotopic compositions between high-T treated BaSO4 and initial BaSO4 . This study indicates that the modified high-T treatment (800 °C, 2 h) is an effective method for purifying BaSO4 precipitated from geological and environmental samples with a high OM content for δ18 O and Δ17 O measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Baruch Spiro
- Department of Mineralogy, Natural Science Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gangjian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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Using stable isotopes to trace sources and formation processes of sulfate aerosols from Beijing, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29958. [PMID: 27435991 PMCID: PMC4951693 DOI: 10.1038/srep29958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate pollution from anthropogenic and natural sources is a severe problem in China. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of aerosol sulfate (δ34Ssulfate and δ18Osulfate) and water-soluble ions in aerosols collected from 2012 to 2014 in Beijing are being utilized to identify their sources and assess seasonal trends. The mean δ34S value of aerosol sulfate is similar to that of coal from North China, indicating that coal combustion is a significant contributor to atmospheric sulfate. The δ34Ssulfate and δ18Osulfate values are positively correlated and display an obvious seasonality (high in winter and low in summer). Although an influence of meteorological conditions to this seasonality in isotopic composition cannot be ruled out, the isotopic evidence suggests that the observed seasonality reflects temporal variations in the two main contributions to Beijing aerosol sulfate, notably biogenic sulfur emissions in the summer and the increasing coal consumption in winter. Our results clearly reveal that a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and the application of desulfurization technology will be important for effectively reducing sulfur emissions to the Beijing atmosphere.
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Hu J, Wu L, Zheng B, Zhang Q, He K, Chang Q, Li X, Yang F, Ying Q, Zhang H. Source contributions and regional transport of primary particulate matter in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:31-42. [PMID: 26340297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A source-oriented CMAQ was applied to determine source sector/region contributions to primary particulate matter (PPM) in China. Four months were simulated with emissions grouped to eight regions and six sectors. Predicted elemental carbon (EC), primary organic carbon (POC), and PPM concentrations and source contributions agree with measurements and have significant spatiotemporal variations. Residential is a major contributor to spring/winter EC (50-80%), POC (60%-90%), and PPM (30-70%). For summer/fall, industrial contributes 30-50% for EC/POC and 40-60% for PPM. Transportation is more important for EC (20-30%) than POC/PPM (<5%). Open burning is important in summer/fall of Guangzhou and Chongqing. Dust contributes to 1/3-1/2 in spring/fall of Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing. Based on sector-region combination, local residential/transportation and residential/industrial from Heibei are major contributors to spring PPM in Beijing. In summer/fall, local industrial is the largest. In winter, residential/industrial from local and Hebei account for >90% in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Chang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Axson JL, Creamean JM, Bondy AL, Capracotta SS, Warner KY, Ault AP. An In Situ Method for Sizing Insoluble Residues in Precipitation and Other Aqueous Samples. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:24-34. [PMID: 25705069 PMCID: PMC4333727 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2014.991439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Particles are frequently incorporated into clouds or precipitation, influencing climate by acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, taking up coatings during cloud processing, and removing species through wet deposition. Many of these particles, particularly ice nuclei, can remain suspended within cloud droplets/crystals as insoluble residues. While previous studies have measured the soluble or bulk mass of species within clouds and precipitation, no studies to date have determined the number concentration and size distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation or cloud water using in situ methods. Herein, for the first time we demonstrate that Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is a powerful in situ method for determining the total number concentration, number size distribution, and surface area distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation, both of rain and melted snow. The method uses 500 μL or less of liquid sample and does not require sample modification. Number concentrations for the insoluble residues in aqueous precipitation samples ranged from 2.0-3.0(±0.3)×108 particles cm-3, while surface area ranged from 1.8(±0.7)-3.2(±1.0)×107 μm2 cm-3. Number size distributions peaked between 133-150 nm, with both single and multi-modal character, while surface area distributions peaked between 173-270 nm. Comparison with electron microscopy of particles up to 10 μm show that, by number, > 97% residues are <1 μm in diameter, the upper limit of the NTA. The range of concentration and distribution properties indicates that insoluble residue properties vary with ambient aerosol concentrations, cloud microphysics, and meteorological dynamics. NTA has great potential for studying the role that insoluble residues play in critical atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessie M. Creamean
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy L. Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Katy Y. Warner
- Division of Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, El Portal, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Zhang G, Bi X, Lou S, Li L, Wang H, Wang X, Zhou Z, Sheng G, Fu J, Chen C. Source and mixing state of iron-containing particles in Shanghai by individual particle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:9-16. [PMID: 23719486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailable iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient that can control oceanic productivity, thereby impacting the global carbon budget and climate. Therefore it is of vital importance to identify chemical species and mixing state of Fe-containing particles in the air, which are demonstrated to pose substantial impact on bioavailability of Fe. Using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), ~2,000,000 individual particles with mass spectra were collected in Shanghai for nearly 22d during the winter of 2011. Number fraction of Fe-containing particles (NfFe) varied in a wide range (<1-15%) throughout the measurement. Fe-containing particles were mainly clustered into four chemical groups, comprising of Fe-rich, K-rich, Dust and V-containing particle types. Analysis of mass spectra and mixing state suggests that Fe-containing particles correspond to various sources in Shanghai, especially anthropogenic sources iron/steel industrial activities, and fly ashes from both biomass burning and coal combustion, accounting for ~55% and ~18%, respectively. However, invasion of dust from northern desert areas is suspected to be more responsible for the spikes of NfFe (>10%), when Dust particle type contributed to >50% of Fe-containing particles. It is also revealed that Fe-containing particles were internally mixed with secondary species (e.g., sulfate and nitrate). Anthropogenic K-rich and Fe-rich particles tended to associate with both sulfate and nitrate, and thus might lead to more fraction of soluble Fe, compared to Dust particles. These results imply that atmospheric processing of Fe-containing particles from various sources might vary and thus would change the bioavailability of atmospheric Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Harris E, Sinha B, van Pinxteren D, Tilgner A, Fomba KW, Schneider J, Roth A, Gnauk T, Fahlbusch B, Mertes S, Lee T, Collett J, Foley S, Borrmann S, Hoppe P, Herrmann H. Enhanced Role of Transition Metal Ion Catalysis During In-Cloud Oxidation of SO2. Science 2013; 340:727-30. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1230911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Tales of volcanoes and El-Nino southern oscillations with the oxygen isotope anomaly of sulfate aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17662-7. [PMID: 23447567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213149110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of sulfate aerosols to reflect solar radiation and simultaneously act as cloud condensation nuclei renders them central players in the global climate system. The oxidation of S(IV) compounds and their transport as stable S(VI) in the Earth's system are intricately linked to planetary scale processes, and precise characterization of the overall process requires a detailed understanding of the linkage between climate dynamics and the chemistry leading to the product sulfate. This paper reports a high-resolution, 22-y (1980-2002) record of the oxygen-triple isotopic composition of sulfate (SO4) aerosols retrieved from a snow pit at the South Pole. Observed variation in the O-isotopic anomaly of SO4 aerosol is linked to the ozone variation in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere via the Ozone El-Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) Index (OEI). Higher (17)O values (3.3‰, 4.5‰, and 4.2‰) were observed during the three largest ENSO events of the past 2 decades. Volcanic events inject significant quantities of SO4 aerosol into the stratosphere, which are known to affect ENSO strength by modulating stratospheric ozone levels (OEI = 6 and (17)O = 3.3‰, OEI = 11 and (17)O = 4.5‰) and normal oxidative pathways. Our high-resolution data indicated that (17)O of sulfate aerosols can record extreme phases of naturally occurring climate cycles, such as ENSOs, which couple variations in the ozone levels in the atmosphere and the hydrosphere via temperature driven changes in relative humidity levels. A longer term, higher resolution oxygen-triple isotope analysis of sulfate aerosols from ice cores, encompassing more ENSO periods, is required to reconstruct paleo-ENSO events and paleotropical ozone variations.
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Schauer AJ, Kunasek SA, Sofen ED, Erbland J, Savarino J, Johnson BW, Amos HM, Shaheen R, Abaunza M, Jackson TL, Thiemens MH, Alexander B. Oxygen isotope exchange with quartz during pyrolysis of silver sulfate and silver nitrate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2151-2157. [PMID: 22886811 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Triple oxygen isotopes of sulfate and nitrate are useful metrics for the chemistry of their formation. Existing measurement methods, however, do not account for oxygen atom exchange with quartz during the thermal decomposition of sulfate. We present evidence for oxygen atom exchange, a simple modification to prevent exchange, and a correction for previous measurements. METHODS Silver sulfates and silver nitrates with excess (17)O were thermally decomposed in quartz and gold (for sulfate) and quartz and silver (for nitrate) sample containers to O(2) and byproducts in a modified Temperature Conversion/Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA). Helium carries O(2) through purification for isotope-ratio analysis of the three isotopes of oxygen in a Finnigan MAT253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS The Δ(17)O results show clear oxygen atom exchange from non-zero (17)O-excess reference materials to zero (17)O-excess quartz cup sample containers. Quartz sample containers lower the Δ(17)O values of designer sulfate reference materials and USGS35 nitrate by 15% relative to gold or silver sample containers for quantities of 2-10 µmol O(2). CONCLUSIONS Previous Δ(17)O measurements of sulfate that rely on pyrolysis in a quartz cup have been affected by oxygen exchange. These previous results can be corrected using a simple linear equation (Δ(17)O(gold) = Δ(17)O(quartz) * 1.14 + 0.06). Future pyrolysis of silver sulfate should be conducted in gold capsules or corrected to data obtained from gold capsules to avoid obtaining oxygen isotope exchange-affected data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schauer
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Hill-Falkenthal J, Priyadarshi A, Thiemens M. Differentiating sulfate aerosol oxidation pathways for varying source altitudes using35S and Δ17O tracers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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39
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Alexander B, Allman DJ, Amos HM, Fairlie TD, Dachs J, Hegg DA, Sletten RS. Isotopic constraints on the formation pathways of sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer of the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li W, Zhou S, Wang X, Xu Z, Yuan C, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Integrated evaluation of aerosols from regional brown hazes over northern China in winter: Concentrations, sources, transformation, and mixing states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee C, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Lee H, Dickerson RR, Hains JC, Krotkov N, Richter A, Vinnikov K, Schwab JJ. SO2emissions and lifetimes: Estimates from inverse modeling using in situ and global, space-based (SCIAMACHY and OMI) observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Kunasek SA, Alexander B, Steig EJ, Sofen ED, Jackson TL, Thiemens MH, McConnell JR, Gleason DJ, Amos HM. Sulfate sources and oxidation chemistry over the past 230 years from sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in a West Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Oakes M, Rastogi N, Majestic BJ, Shafer M, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES, Weber RJ. Characterization of soluble iron in urban aerosols using near-real time data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Gaston CJ, Pratt KA, Qin X, Prather KA. Real-Time detection and mixing state of methanesulfonate in single particles at an inland urban location during a phytoplankton bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1566-72. [PMID: 20121235 DOI: 10.1021/es902069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), produced by oceanic phytoplankton, is oxidized to form methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate, which influence particle chemistry and hygroscopicity. Unlike sulfate, MSA has no known anthropogenic source making it a useful tracer for ocean-derived biogenic sulfur. Despite numerous observations of MSA, predominately in marine environments, the production pathways of MSA have remained elusive highlighting the need for additional measurements, particularly at inland locations. During the Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA from July-August 2005, MSA was detected in submicrometer and supermicrometer particles using real-time, single-particle mass spectrometry. MSA was detected due to blooms of DMS-producing organisms along the California coast. The detection of MSA depended on both the origin of the sampled air mass as well as the concentration of oceanic chlorophyll present. MSA was mainly mixed with coastally emitted particle types implying that partitioning of MSA occurred before transport to Riverside. Importantly, particles containing vanadium had elevated levels of MSA compared to particles not containing vanadium, suggesting a possible catalytic role of vanadium in MSA formation. This study demonstrates how anthropogenic, metal-containing aerosols can enhance the atmospheric processing of biogenic emissions, which needs to be considered when modeling coastal as well as urban locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Gaston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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