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Gong JC, Li BH, Hu JW, Li PF, Liu Q, Yang GP, Liu CY. Driving force of tidal pulses on denitrifiers-dominated nitrogen oxide emissions from intertidal wetland sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120770. [PMID: 37897991 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal wetland sediments are an important source of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx), but their contribution to the global NOx budget remains unclear. In this work, we conducted year-round and diurnal observations in the intertidal wetland of Jiaozhou Bay to explore their regional source-sink patterns and influence factors on NOx emissions (initially in the form of nitric oxide) and used a dynamic soil reactor to further extend the mechanisms underlying the tidal pulse of nitric oxide (NO) observed in our investigations. The annual fluxes of NOx in the vegetated wetland were significantly higher than those in the wetland without vegetation. Their annual variations could be attributed to changes in temperature and the amount of organic carbon in the sediment, which was derived from vegetated plants and promoted the carbon-nitrogen cycle. Anaerobic denitrifiers had advantages in the intertidal wetland sediment and accounted for the major NO production (63.8 %) but were still limited by nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the sediment. Moreover, the tidal pulse was likely a primary driver of NOx emissions from intertidal wetlands over short periods, which was not considered in previous investigations. The annual NO exchange flux considering the tide pulse contribution (8.93 ± 1.72 × 10-2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) was significantly higher than that of the non-pulse period (4.14 ± 1.13 × 10-2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in our modeling result for the fluxes over the last decade. Therefore, the current measurement of NOx fluxes underestimated the actual gas emission without considering the tidal pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chen Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing-Han Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing-Wen Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Porter TM, Smenderovac E, Morris D, Venier L. All boreal forest successional stages needed to maintain the full suite of soil biodiversity, community composition, and function following wildfire. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7978. [PMID: 37198223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildfire is a natural disturbance in boreal forest systems that has been predicted to increase in frequency, intensity, and extent due to climate change. Most studies tend to assess the recovery of one component of the community at a time but here we use DNA metabarcoding to simultaneously monitor soil bacteria, fungi, and arthropods along an 85-year chronosequence following wildfire in jack pine-dominated ecosites. We describe soil successional and community assembly processes to better inform sustainable forest management practices. Soil taxa showed different recovery trajectories following wildfire. Bacteria shared a large core community across stand development stages (~ 95-97% of their unique sequences) and appeared to recover relatively quickly by crown closure. By comparison fungi and arthropods shared smaller core communities (64-77% and 68-69%, respectively) and each stage appeared to support unique biodiversity. We show the importance of maintaining a mosaic ecosystem that represents each stand development stage to maintain the full suite of biodiversity in soils following wildfire, especially for fungi and arthropods. These results will provide a useful baseline for comparison when assessing the effects of human disturbance such as harvest or for assessing the effects of more frequent wildfire events due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita M Porter
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada.
- University of Guelph, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Emily Smenderovac
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
| | - Dave Morris
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Venier
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
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3
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Hetz SA, Horn MA. Burkholderiaceae Are Key Acetate Assimilators During Complete Denitrification in Acidic Cryoturbated Peat Circles of the Arctic Tundra. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628269. [PMID: 33613495 PMCID: PMC7892595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryoturbated peat circles (pH 4) in the Eastern European Tundra harbor up to 2 mM pore water nitrate and emit the greenhouse gas N2O like heavily fertilized agricultural soils in temperate regions. The main process yielding N2O under oxygen limited conditions is denitrification, which is the sequential reduction of nitrate/nitrite to N2O and/or N2. N2O reduction to N2 is impaired by pH < 6 in classical model denitrifiers and many environments. Key microbes of peat circles are important but largely unknown catalysts for C- and N-cycling associated N2O fluxes. Thus, we hypothesized that the peat circle community includes hitherto unknown taxa and is essentially unable to efficiently perform complete denitrification, i.e., reduce N2O, due to a low in situ pH. 16S rRNA analysis indicated a diverse active community primarily composed of the bacterial class-level taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Acidimicrobiia, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobiae, and Bacteroidia, as well as archaeal Nitrososphaeria. Euryarchaeota were not detected. 13C2- and 12C2-acetate supplemented anoxic microcosms with endogenous nitrate and acetylene at an in situ near pH of 4 were used to assess acetate dependent carbon flow, denitrification and N2O production. Initial nitrate and acetate were consumed within 6 and 11 days, respectively, and primarily converted to CO2 and N2, suggesting complete acetate fueled denitrification at acidic pH. Stable isotope probing coupled to 16S rRNA analysis via Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing identified acetate consuming key players of the family Burkholderiaceae during complete denitrification correlating with Rhodanobacter spp. The archaeal community consisted primarily of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea of Nitrososphaeraceae, and was stable during the incubation. The collective data indicate that peat circles (i) host acid-tolerant denitrifiers capable of complete denitrification at pH 4-5.5, (ii) other parameters like carbon availability rather than pH are possible reasons for high N2O emissions in situ, and (iii) Burkholderiaceae are responsive key acetate assimilators co-occurring with Rhodanobacter sp. during denitrification, suggesting both organisms being associated with acid-tolerant denitrification in peat circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Hetz
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Zhang Y, Ma M, Fang H, Qin D, Cheng S, Yuan W. Impacts of nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide emission: Comparison of five nitrous oxide modules or algorithms. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kortelainen P, Larmola T, Rantakari M, Juutinen S, Alm J, Martikainen PJ. Lakes as nitrous oxide sources in the boreal landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1432-1445. [PMID: 31736162 PMCID: PMC7078959 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of regional and global freshwater N2 O emissions have remained inaccurate due to scarce data and complexity of the multiple processes driving N2 O fluxes the focus predominantly being on summer time measurements from emission hot spots, agricultural streams. Here, we present four-season data of N2 O concentrations in the water columns of randomly selected boreal lakes covering a large variation in latitude, lake type, area, depth, water chemistry, and land use cover. Nitrate was the key driver for N2 O dynamics, explaining as much as 78% of the variation of the seasonal mean N2 O concentrations across all lakes. Nitrate concentrations varied among seasons being highest in winter and lowest in summer. Of the surface water samples, 71% were oversaturated with N2 O relative to the atmosphere. Largest oversaturation was measured in winter and lowest in summer stressing the importance to include full year N2 O measurements in annual emission estimates. Including winter data resulted in fourfold annual N2 O emission estimates compared to summer only measurements. Nutrient-rich calcareous and large humic lakes had the highest annual N2 O emissions. Our emission estimates for Finnish and boreal lakes are 0.6 and 29 Gg N2 O-N/year, respectively. The global warming potential of N2 O from lakes cannot be neglected in the boreal landscape, being 35% of that of diffusive CH4 emission in Finnish lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuula Larmola
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Miitta Rantakari
- Finnish Environment InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- City of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jukka Alm
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)JoensuuFinland
| | - Pertti J. Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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Sihi D, Davidson EA, Savage KE, Liang D. Simultaneous numerical representation of soil microsite production and consumption of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide using probability distribution functions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:200-218. [PMID: 31580516 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Production and consumption of nitrous oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4 ), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) are affected by complex interactions of temperature, moisture, and substrate supply, which are further complicated by spatial heterogeneity of the soil matrix. This microsite heterogeneity is often invoked to explain non-normal distributions of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, also known as hot spots and hot moments. To advance numerical simulation of these belowground processes, we expanded the Dual Arrhenius and Michaelis-Menten model, to apply it consistently for all three GHGs with respect to the biophysical processes of production, consumption, and diffusion within the soil, including the contrasting effects of oxygen (O2 ) as substrate or inhibitor for each process. High-frequency chamber-based measurements of all three GHGs at the Howland Forest (ME, USA) were used to parameterize the model using a multiple constraint approach. The area under a soil chamber is partitioned according to a bivariate log-normal probability distribution function (PDF) of carbon and water content across a range of microsites, which leads to a PDF of heterotrophic respiration and O2 consumption among microsites. Linking microsite consumption of O2 with a diffusion model generates a broad range of microsite concentrations of O2 , which then determines the PDF of microsites that produce or consume CH4 and N2 O, such that a range of microsites occurs with both positive and negative signs for net CH4 and N2 O flux. Results demonstrate that it is numerically feasible for microsites of N2 O reduction and CH4 oxidation to co-occur under a single chamber, thus explaining occasional measurement of simultaneous uptake of both gases. Simultaneous simulation of all three GHGs in a parsimonious modeling framework is challenging, but it increases confidence that agreement between simulations and measurements is based on skillful numerical representation of processes across a heterogeneous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Sihi
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Dong Liang
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Dai S, Sun Y, Chen J, Cai Z, Zhang J, Müller C. Temperature effects on N 2O production pathways in temperate forest soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1127-1136. [PMID: 31466194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. Increasing temperature generally exerts a positive effect on soil N2O production. However, not much is known on the temperature influence on individual N2O production pathways. In this study, both laboratory 15N labelling experiments with an incubation temperature gradient (35 °C, 25 °C, 15 °C, 5 °C) and field 15N labelling experiments carried out in different seasons were conducted in Korean pine forest (KF) and Redwood coniferous forest (RF) soils. The results showed that the contribution of denitrification was positively correlated with temperature in KF and negatively correlated with temperature in RF, while their N2O production rates via denitrification (N2Od) all declined with decreasing temperature. The contribution of autotrophic nitrification in KF ranged from 11% to 21%, while the contribution in RF significantly increased with decreasing temperature (P < 0.05). However, the N2O production rates via autotrophic nitrification process (N2Oa) were significantly and positively correlated with incubation temperature (P < 0.05). In addition, the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to N2O production showed a negative and positive relation with increasing temperature in KF and RF, respectively. Whereas, the N2O production rates via heterotrophic nitrification (N2Oh) showed a significantly positive correlation with temperature (P < 0.05), but a negative relation with gross heterotrophic nitrification rates. The results in the field experiments corresponded to the laboratory results, indicating that the methods applied in field experiments were suitable for the estimation and prediction of in situ N2O production. The response of calculated N2O production rates to seasonal temperature in KF during the year of 2015-2017 also confirmed the suitability of the field research methods. This novel in situ technique to determine N2O production in temperate forest soils should be validated for other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shenyan Dai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yongquan Sun
- Suzhou Station of Farmland Quality Protection, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Suzhou Station of Farmland Quality Protection, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Tian H, Yang J, Xu R, Lu C, Canadell JG, Davidson EA, Jackson RB, Arneth A, Chang J, Ciais P, Gerber S, Ito A, Joos F, Lienert S, Messina P, Olin S, Pan S, Peng C, Saikawa E, Thompson RL, Vuichard N, Winiwarter W, Zaehle S, Zhang B. Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:640-659. [PMID: 30414347 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here, we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, on global soil N2 O emissions for the period 1861-2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process-based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N2 O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N2 O-N/year in the preindustrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N2 O-N/year in the recent decade (2007-2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N2 O-N/year to 3.3 Tg N2 O-N/year over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N2 O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N2 O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N2 O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N2 O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N2 O-N/year (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application, and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration reduced soil N2 O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N2 O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process-based simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Rongting Xu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Chaoqun Lu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stefan Gerber
- IFAS, Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Palmira Messina
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stefan Olin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (AIR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany
| | - Bowen Zhang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Bauters M, Verbeeck H, Rütting T, Barthel M, Bazirake Mujinya B, Bamba F, Bodé S, Boyemba F, Bulonza E, Carlsson E, Eriksson L, Makelele I, Six J, Cizungu Ntaboba L, Boeckx P. Contrasting nitrogen fluxes in African tropical forests of the Congo Basin. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology; Department of Environment; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology; Department of Environment; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tobias Rütting
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Matti Barthel
- Sustainable Agroecosystems; Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zürich; Tannenstrasse 1 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Basile Bazirake Mujinya
- Laboratory of Soil Science; Department of General Agricultural Sciences; University of Lubumbashi; PO Box 1825 Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Fernando Bamba
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Faustin Boyemba
- Plant Department; Faculty of Science; Université de Kisangani; Kisangani Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Bulonza
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elin Carlsson
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Linnéa Eriksson
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Isaac Makelele
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems; Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zürich; Tannenstrasse 1 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Landry Cizungu Ntaboba
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
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11
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Yao Z, Zheng X, Liu C, Lin S, Zuo Q, Butterbach-Bahl K. Improving rice production sustainability by reducing water demand and greenhouse gas emissions with biodegradable films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39855. [PMID: 28054647 PMCID: PMC5214061 DOI: 10.1038/srep39855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, rice production is facing unprecedented challenges, including the increasing demand, looming water crisis and on-going climate change. Thus, producing more rice at lower environmental cost is required for future development, i.e., the use of less water and the production of fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) per unit of rice. Ground cover rice production systems (GCRPSs) could potentially address these concerns, although no studies have systematically and simultaneously evaluated the benefits of GCRPS regarding yields and considering water use and GHG emissions. This study reports the results of a 2-year study comparing conventional paddy and various GCRPS practices. Relative to conventional paddy, GCRPSs had greater rice yields and nitrogen use efficiencies (8.5% and 70%, respectively), required less irrigation (−64%) and resulted in less total CH4 and N2O emissions (−54%). On average, annual emission factors of N2O were 1.67% and 2.00% for conventional paddy and GCRPS, respectively. A cost-benefit analysis considering yields, GHG emissions, water demand and labor and mulching costs indicated GCRPSs are an environmentally and economically profitable technology. Furthermore, substituting the polyethylene film with a biodegradable film resulted in comparable benefits of yield and climate. Overall, GCRPSs, particularly with biodegradable films, provide a promising solution for farmers to secure or even increase yields while reducing the environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.,Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.,College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shan Lin
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zuo
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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12
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Wang C, Houlton BZ, Dai W, Bai E. Growth in the global N 2 sink attributed to N fertilizer inputs over 1860 to 2000. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1044-1053. [PMID: 27672735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cropland expansion and fertilizer applications are among the most important substantial effects of human actions on the global nitrogen (N) cycle. However, questions remain over the fate of anthropogenic N inputs, particularly whether a significant fraction of N-based fertilizers have been lost to inert N2 or reactive N forms. Here, we combine natural N isotope constraints on the pre-industrial N cycle with global mass-balance modeling to investigate the role of cropland conversion on gaseous N emissions and hydrological N leaching fluxes. We estimate that cropland expansion has been accompanied by >9-fold increase in N input rates to cropping systems, roughly doubling the baseline N budget of the terrestrial biosphere. As a consequence, approximately 10 times more N is exported from modern croplands to the hydrosphere than in 1860, with a five-fold increase in cropland N gases emission to the atmosphere. Atmospheric NH3, NO, N2O and N2 fluxes increased from 8.6, 16.6, 11.7 and 31.9TgNyr-1, respectively, in 1860 to 17.7, 23.6, 15.2 and 39.7TgNyr-1, respectively, by 2000. Thus, the growth in N2 accounted for ~20% of cropland-driven N losses (dissolved plus gaseous pathways), with the remaining 80% exported as reactive N forms. Although the increase in N2 emissions has mitigated some of the unwanted side-effects of N fertilizer applications on human health, the economy, and climate change, this inert sink has been unable to keep pace with the increase in N inputs for enhanced food production. Our results imply that, unless new management steps are taken, an increasing fraction of N fertilizers will mobilize to reactive N forms in the global land, air and water systems, thus further accelerating the negative consequences of human modifications of the N cycle this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Edith Bai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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13
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The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Nature 2016; 531:225-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Oikawa PY, Ge C, Wang J, Eberwein JR, Liang LL, Allsman LA, Grantz DA, Jenerette GD. Unusually high soil nitrogen oxide emissions influence air quality in a high-temperature agricultural region. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8753. [PMID: 26556236 PMCID: PMC4659929 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilized soils have large potential for production of soil nitrogen oxide (NOx=NO+NO2), however these emissions are difficult to predict in high-temperature environments. Understanding these emissions may improve air quality modelling as NOx contributes to formation of tropospheric ozone (O3), a powerful air pollutant. Here we identify the environmental and management factors that regulate soil NOx emissions in a high-temperature agricultural region of California. We also investigate whether soil NOx emissions are capable of influencing regional air quality. We report some of the highest soil NOx emissions ever observed. Emissions vary nonlinearly with fertilization, temperature and soil moisture. We find that a regional air chemistry model often underestimates soil NOx emissions and NOx at the surface and in the troposphere. Adjusting the model to match NOx observations leads to elevated tropospheric O3. Our results suggest management can greatly reduce soil NOx emissions, thereby improving air quality. Soil NOx emissions can significantly impact air quality in agricultural regions, particularly high temperature fertilized systems. Here, the authors investigate NOx emissions in one such system in California and suggest that the NOx emissions are the highest ever observed, with implications for air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Oikawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Ge
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - J R Eberwein
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - L L Liang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - L A Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - D A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - G D Jenerette
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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15
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Pusede SE, Steiner AL, Cohen RC. Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3898-918. [PMID: 25950502 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Steiner
- §Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Yao Z, Liu C, Dong H, Wang R, Zheng X. Annual nitric and nitrous oxide fluxes from Chinese subtropical plastic greenhouse and conventional vegetable cultivations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:89-97. [PMID: 25313901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As intensive vegetable cultivation is rapidly expanding in China and elsewhere worldwide, its environmental consequences on nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions deserve attention. We measured N(2)O and NO fluxes simultaneously for a full year from Chinese subtropical vegetable fields. Clearly, both N(2)O and NO emissions varied greatly in different vegetable crop seasons within a year, highlighting the importance of whole-year measurement for achieving temporally accurate annual direct emission factors. A revised "hole-in-the-pipe" model well described quantitative relationships between N(2)O plus NO fluxes and soil-specific conditions. Annual background N(2)O and NO emissions were 0.73-5.0 and 0.26-0.56 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively, for the vegetable cultivations. The farmers' fertilization practice increased N(2)O and NO emissions. Annual direct emission factors for greenhouse and conventional vegetable fields, respectively, were 1.1% and 1.9% for N(2)O, and 0.36% and 0.32% for NO, indicating there is a need to consider a differentiation of emission factors for managed vegetable cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Haibo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
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17
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Huang Y, Li D. Soil nitric oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems in China: a synthesis of modeling and measurements. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7406. [PMID: 25490942 PMCID: PMC4261933 DOI: 10.1038/srep07406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils are among the major sources of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO), which play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Here we systematically synthesized the modeling studies and field measurements and presented a novel soil NO emission inventory of terrestrial ecosystems in China. The previously modeled inventories ranged from 480 to 1375 and from 242.8 to 550 Gg N yr(-1) for all lands and croplands, respectively. Nevertheless, all the previous modeling studies were conducted based on very few measurements from China. According to the current synthesis of field measurements, most soil NO emission measurements were conducted at croplands, while the measurements were only conducted at two sites for forest and grassland. The median NO flux was 3.2 ng N m(-2) s(-1) with a fertilizer induced emission factor (FIE) of 0.04% for rice fields, and was 7.1 ng N m(-2) s(-1) with an FIE of 0.67% for uplands. A novel NO emission inventory of 1226.33 (ranging from 588.24 to 2132.05) Gg N yr(-1) was estimated for China's terrestrial ecosystems, which was about 18% of anthropogenic emissions. More field measurements should be conducted to cover more biomes and obtain more representative data in order to well constrain soil NO emission inventory of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of
Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100012,
Beijing, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Key
Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan,
China
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18
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Yan J, Zhang W, Wang K, Qin F, Wang W, Dai H, Li P. Responses of CO(2), N(2)O and CH(4) fluxes between atmosphere and forest soil to changes in multiple environmental conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:300-12. [PMID: 23868392 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of multiple environmental conditions on greenhouse gas (CO2 , N2 O, CH4 ) fluxes, we transferred three soil monoliths from Masson pine forest (PF) or coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest (MF) at Jigongshan to corresponding forest type at Dinghushan. Greenhouse gas fluxes at the in situ (Jigongshan), transported and ambient (Dinghushan) soil monoliths were measured using static chambers. When the transported soil monoliths experienced the external environmental factors (temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition) at Dinghushan, its annual soil CO2 emissions were 54% in PF and 60% in MF higher than those from the respective in situ treatment. Annual soil N2 O emissions were 45% in PF and 44% in MF higher than those from the respective in situ treatment. There were no significant differences in annual soil CO2 or N2 O emissions between the transported and ambient treatments. However, annual CH4 uptake by the transported soil monoliths in PF or MF was not significantly different from that at the respective in situ treatment, and was significantly lower than that at the respective ambient treatment. Therefore, external environmental factors were the major drivers of soil CO2 and N2 O emissions, while soil was the dominant controller of soil CH4 uptake. We further tested the results by developing simple empirical models using the observed fluxes of CO2 and N2 O from the in situ treatment and found that the empirical models can explain about 90% for CO2 and 40% for N2 O of the observed variations at the transported treatment. Results from this study suggest that the different responses of soil CO2 , N2 O, CH4 fluxes to changes in multiple environmental conditions need to be considered in global change study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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19
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Nishina K, Akiyama H, Nishimura S, Sudo S, Yagi K. Evaluation of uncertainties in N2O and NO fluxes from agricultural soil using a hierarchical Bayesian model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jg002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Prentice IC, Spahni R, Niu HS. Modelling terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions and implications for climate feedback. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:472-488. [PMID: 22924469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to changes in climate and CO2 concentration as well as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enhancements. Here, we aimed to quantify the responses of natural ecosystem N2O emissions to multiple environmental drivers using a process-based global vegetation model (DyN-LPJ). We checked that modelled annual N2O emissions from nonagricultural ecosystems could reproduce field measurements worldwide, and experimentally observed responses to step changes in environmental factors. We then simulated global N2O emissions throughout the 20th century and analysed the effects of environmental changes. The model reproduced well the global pattern of N2O emissions and the observed responses of N cycle components to changes in environmental factors. Simulated 20th century global decadal-average soil emissions were c. 8.2-9.5 Tg N yr(-1) (or 8.3-10.3 Tg N yr(-1) with N deposition). Warming and N deposition contributed 0.85±0.41 and 0.80±0.14 Tg N yr(-1), respectively, to an overall upward trend. Rising CO2 also contributed, in part, through a positive interaction with warming. The modelled temperature dependence of N2O emission (c. 1 Tg N yr(-1) K(-1)) implies a positive climate feedback which, over the lifetime of N2O (114 yr), could become as important as the climate-carbon cycle feedback caused by soil CO2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Renato Spahni
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hai Shan Niu
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, 100049, China
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21
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Blankinship JC, Hart SC. Consequences of manipulated snow cover on soil gaseous emission and N retention in the growing season: a meta-analysis. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00225.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Ishijima K, Patra PK, Takigawa M, Machida T, Matsueda H, Sawa Y, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Langenfelds RL, Aoki S, Nakazawa T. Stratospheric influence on the seasonal cycle of nitrous oxide in the troposphere as deduced from aircraft observations and model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Ghude SD, Lal DM, Beig G, van der A R, Sable D. Rain-Induced Soil NOxEmission From India During the Onset of the Summer Monsoon: A Satellite Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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de Klein CAM, Sherlock RR, Cameron KC, van der Weerden TJ. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils in New Zealand—A review of current knowledge and directions for future research. J R Soc N Z 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2001.9517667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Houlton BZ, Bai E. Imprint of denitrifying bacteria on the global terrestrial biosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21713-6. [PMID: 19995974 PMCID: PMC2789759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of nitrogen (N) from land limits the uptake and storage of atmospheric CO(2) by the biosphere, influencing Earth's climate system and myriads of the global ecological functions and services on which humans rely. Nitrogen can be lost in both dissolved and gaseous phases; however, the partitioning of these vectors remains controversial. Particularly uncertain is whether the bacterial conversion of plant available N to gaseous forms (denitrification) plays a major role in structuring global N supplies in the nonagrarian centers of Earth. Here, we use the isotope composition of N ((15)N/(14)N) to constrain the transfer of this nutrient from the land to the water and atmosphere. We report that the integrated (15)N/(14)N of the natural terrestrial biosphere is elevated with respect to that of atmospheric N inputs. This cannot be explained by preferential loss of (14)N to waterways; rather, it reflects a history of low (15)N/(14)N gaseous N emissions to the atmosphere owing to denitrifying bacteria in the soil. Parameterizing a simple model with global N isotope data, we estimate that soil denitrification (including N(2)) accounts for approximately 1/3 of the total N lost from the unmanaged terrestrial biosphere. Applying this fraction to estimates of N inputs, N(2)O and NO(x) fluxes, we calculate that approximately 28 Tg of N are lost annually via N(2) efflux from the natural soil. These results place isotopic constraints on the widely held belief that denitrifying bacteria account for a significant fraction of the missing N in the global N cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Yan Y, Sha L, Cao M, Zheng Z, Tang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Liu G, Wang Y, Sun Y. Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:207-215. [PMID: 18574963 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free, (B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0 +/- 4.0, -35.9 +/- 2.8, -31.6 +/- 2.8 microgC/(m2 x h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were -4.1, -3.1, and -2.9 kgC/hm2, respectively. The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were 30.9 +/- 3.1, 28.2 +/- 3.5, 50.2+/-3.7 microgN/(m2 x h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P < 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yan
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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27
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Li D, Wang X, Mo J, Sheng G, Fu J. Soil nitric oxide emissions from two subtropical humid forests in south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Wang Y, McElroy MB, Martin RV, Streets DG, Zhang Q, Fu TM. Seasonal variability of NOxemissions over east China constrained by satellite observations: Implications for combustion and microbial sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Werner C, Kiese R, Butterbach-Bahl K. Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O, CH4, and CO2and controlling environmental factors for tropical rain forest sites in western Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Ding W, Cai Y, Cai Z, Yagi K, Zheng X. Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively cultivated maize-wheat rotation soil in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 373:501-11. [PMID: 17229455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
N2O emissions from a maize-wheat rotation field were monitored in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China) from June 2004 to June 2005. The experiment included four treatments: a bare (crop-absent) soil treated with 150 kg N ha-1 (WN150) and soils fertilized with 0 (N0), 150 (N150), and 250 (N250) kg N ha-1 and cropped with maize or wheat. The bulk of the N2O emissions occurred in pulses following the application of fertilizer N at soil temperatures of 15 degrees C or more. The application of fertilizer N significantly increased the N2O emission, from 636 g N2O-N ha-1 year-1 in the N0 treatment to 4480 g N2O-N ha-1 year-1 in the N250 treatment. However, this increase primarily occurred during the maize growing season. The emission factor of applied fertilizer N as N2O was 1.05-1.34% and 0.24-0.26% during the 105-day maize and 241-day wheat growing seasons, respectively, and was on average 0.61-0.77%. Increasing the rate of fertilizer application increased the emission factor during the maize growing season. The presence of maize appears to increase N2O emission by 45% versus bare soil during the maize growing season. And, N2O emission during the maize season were significantly related to CO2 production (R=0.43-0.81, n=30, P<0.05). N2O emission was greatly affected by soil moisture during the maize growing season and by soil temperature during the wheat growing season. The maximum rates of nitrification occurred when soil moisture was in the range of 45-60% WFPS, with the optimum value being approximately 50%. However, soil moisture influenced N2O emission only when the soil temperature was at the optimum level. It is suggested that reducing the application rate of basal fertilizer N during the maize growing season could decrease N2O emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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31
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Davidson EA, Seitzinger S. The enigma of progress in denitrification research. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2006; 16:2057-63. [PMID: 17205889 DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2057:teopid]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans have dramatically increased the amount of reactive nitrogen (primarily ammonium, nitrogen oxides, and organically bound N) circulating in the biosphere and atmosphere, creating a wide array of desirable products (e.g., food production) and undesirable consequences (e.g., eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and air pollution). Only when this reactive N is converted back to the chemically unreactive dinitrogen (N2) form, do these cascading effects of elevated reactive N cease to be of concern. Among the quantitatively most important processes for converting reactive N to N2 gas is the biological process of classical denitrification, in which oxides of nitrogen are used as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. This Invited Feature on denitrification includes a series of papers that integrate our current state of knowledge across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems on denitrification rates, controlling factors, and methodologies for measuring and modeling denitrification. In this paper, we present an overview of the role of denitrification within the broader N cycle, the environmental and health concerns that have resulted from human alteration of the N cycle, and a brief historical perspective on why denitrification has been so difficult to study. Despite over a century of research on denitrification and numerous recent technological advances, we still lack a comprehensive, quantitative understanding of denitrification rates and controlling factors across ecosystems. Inherent problems of measuring spatially and temporally heterogeneous N2 production under an N2-rich atmosphere account for much of this slow progress, but lack of interdisciplinary communication of research results and methodological developments has also impeded denitrification research. An integrated multidisciplinary approach to denitrification research, from upland terrestrial ecosystems, to small streams, river systems, estuaries, and continental shelf ecosystems, and to the open ocean, may yield new insights into denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Davidson
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540-1644, USA.
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32
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Kesik M, Brüggemann N, Forkel R, Kiese R, Knoche R, Li C, Seufert G, Simpson D, Butterbach-Bahl K. Future scenarios of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Kesik
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Renate Forkel
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Ralf Kiese
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Richard Knoche
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Changsheng Li
- Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Guenther Seufert
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability; Joint Research Centre; Ispra Italy
| | | | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Research Center; Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
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Houlton BZ, Sigman DM, Hedin LO. Isotopic evidence for large gaseous nitrogen losses from tropical rainforests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8745-50. [PMID: 16728510 PMCID: PMC1469773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510185103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrogen isotopic composition (15N/14N) of forested ecosystems varies systematically worldwide. In tropical forests, which are elevated in 15N relative to temperate biomes, a decrease in ecosystem 15N/14N with increasing rainfall has been reported. This trend is seen in a set of well characterized Hawaiian rainforests, across which we have measured the 15N/14N of inputs and hydrologic losses. We report that the two most widely purported mechanisms, an isotopic shift in N inputs or isotopic discrimination by leaching, fail to explain this climate-dependent trend in 15N/14N. Rather, isotopic discrimination by microbial denitrification appears to be the major determinant of N isotopic variations across differences in rainfall. In the driest climates, the 15N/14N of total dissolved outputs is higher than that of inputs, which can only be explained by a 14N-rich gas loss. In contrast, in the wettest climates, denitrification completely consumes nitrate in local soil environments, thus preventing the expression of its isotope effect at the ecosystem scale. Under these conditions, the 15N/14N of bulk soils and stream outputs decrease to converge on the low 15N/14N of N inputs. N isotope budgets that account for such local isotopic underexpression suggest that denitrification is responsible for a large fraction (24-53%) of total ecosystem N loss across the sampled range in rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Spatial Variation in Denitrification and N2O Emission in Relation to Nitrate Removal Efficiency in a N-stressed Riparian Buffer Zone. Ecosystems 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Riley RH, Vitousek PM. Hurricane Effects on Nitrogen Trace Gas Emissions in Hawaiian Montane Rain Forest1. Biotropica 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Regional Estimate of Nitric Oxide Emissions Following Woody Encroachment: Linking Imaging Spectroscopy and Field Studies. Ecosystems 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-004-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Tao Z, Jain AK. Modeling of global biogenic emissions for key indirect greenhouse gases and their response to atmospheric CO2increases and changes in land cover and climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Jaeglé L, Steinberger L, Martin RV, Chance K. Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:407-23; discussion 491-517, 519-24. [PMID: 16161795 DOI: 10.1039/b502128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use space-based observations of NO2 columns from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) to derive monthly top-down NOx emissions for 2000 via inverse modeling with the GEOS-CHEM chemical transport model. Top-down NOx sources are partitioned among fuel combustion (fossil fuel and biofuel), biomass burning and soils by exploiting the spatio-temporal distribution of remotely sensed fires and a priori information on the location of regions dominated by fuel combustion. The top-down inventory is combined with an a priori inventory to obtain an optimized a posteriori estimate of the relative roles of NOx sources. The resulting a posteriori fuel combustion inventory (25.6 TgN year(-1)) agrees closely with the a priori (25.4 TgN year(-1)), and errors are reduced by a factor of 2, from +/- 80% to +/- 40%. Regionally, the largest differences are found over Japan and South Africa, where a posteriori estimates are 25% larger than a priori. A posteriori fuel combustion emissions are aseasonal, with the exception of East Asia and Europe where winter emissions are 30-40% larger relative to summer emissions, consistent with increased energy use during winter for heating. Global a posteriori biomass burning emissions in 2000 resulted in 5.8 TgN (compared to 5.9 TgN year(-1) in the a priori), with Africa accounting for half of this total. A posteriori biomass burning emissions over Southeast Asia/India are decreased by 46% relative to a priori; but over North equatorial Africa they are increased by 50%. A posteriori estimates of soil emissions (8.9 TgN year(-1)) are 68% larger than a priori (5.3 TgN year(-1)). The a posteriori inventory displays the largest soil emissions over tropical savanna/woodland ecosystems (Africa), as well as over agricultural regions in the western U.S. (Great Plains), southern Europe (Spain, Greece, Turkey), and Asia (North China Plain and North India), consistent with field measurements. Emissions over these regions are highest during summer at mid-latitudes and during the rainy season in the Tropics. We estimate that 2.5-4.5 TgN year(-1) are emitted from N-fertilized soils, at the upper end of previous estimates. Soil and biomass burning emissions account for 22% and 14% of global surface NOx emissions, respectively. We infer a significant role for soil NOx emissions at northern mid-latitudes during summer, where they account for nearly half that of the fuel combustion source, a doubling relative to the a priori. The contribution of soil emissions to background ozone is thus likely to be underestimated by the current generation of chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Jaeglé L, Martin RV, Chance K, Steinberger L, Kurosu TP, Jacob DJ, Modi AI, Yoboué V, Sigha-Nkamdjou L, Galy-Lacaux C. Satellite mapping of rain-induced nitric oxide emissions from soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - R. V. Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - K. Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - L. Steinberger
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - T. P. Kurosu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - A. I. Modi
- Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure; University Abdou Moumouny of Niamey; Niamey Niger
| | - V. Yoboué
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère; Université de Cocody; Abidjan, Ivory Coast Africa
| | | | - C. Galy-Lacaux
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Laboratoire d'Aérologie; Toulouse France
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Sparrman T, Oquist M, Klemedtsson L, Schleucher J, Nilsson M. Quantifying unfrozen water in frozen soil by high-field 2H NMR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:5420-5425. [PMID: 15543746 DOI: 10.1021/es0493695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To understand wintertime controls of biogeochemical processes in high latitude soils it is essential to distinguish between direct temperature effects and the effects of changes in water availability mediated by freezing. Efforts to separate these controls are hampered by a lack of adequate methods to determine the proportion of unfrozen water. In this study we present a high-field 2H2O NMR method for quantifying unfrozen water content in frozen soil. The experimental material consisted of the humic layer of a boreal spruce forest soil mixed with varying proportions of quartz sand and humidified with deuterium-enriched water. The relative standard deviation of unfrozen water content (measured as NMR signal integral) was less than 2% for repeated measurements on a given sample and 3.5% among all samples, based on a total of 16 measurements. As compared to 1H NMR, this 2H NMR method was found to be superior for several reasons: it is less sensitive to field inhomogeneity and paramagnetic impurities, it gives a bigger line shape difference between the ice and liquid signal, it shows a sharper response to water fusion, and it excludes the possibility of hydrogen in the organic material interfering with the measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sparrman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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42
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ÃQuist MG, Nilsson M, Sörensson F, Kasimir-Klemedtsson Ã, Persson T, Weslien P, Klemedtsson L. Nitrous oxide production in a forest soil at low temperatures â processes and environmental controls. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2004; 49:371-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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43
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The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to simulate N2O emissions from a temperate grassland ecosystem. Ecol Modell 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Sowers T, Alley RB, Jubenville J. Ice core records of atmospheric N2O covering the last 106,000 years. Science 2003; 301:945-8. [PMID: 12920293 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Paleoatmospheric records of trace-gas concentrations recovered from ice cores provide important sources of information on many biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Here, we present a 106,000-year record of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) along with corresponding isotopic records spanning the last 30,000 years, which together suggest minimal changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial N2O production. During the last glacial termination, both marine and oceanic N2O emissions increased by 40 +/- 8%. We speculate that our records do not support those hypotheses that invoke enhanced export production to explain low carbon dioxide values during glacial periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Sowers
- Department of Geosciences and the EMS Environment Institute, Pennsylvania State University, UniversityPark, PA 16802, USA.
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Stark JM, Smart DR, Hart SC, Haubensak KA. REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FOREST AND RANGELAND SOILS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2278:ronoef]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Li C, Zhou X, Moore B. A simulation model linking crop growth and soil biogeochemistry for sustainable agriculture. Ecol Modell 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Ganzeveld LN. Global soil-biogenic NOxemissions and the role of canopy processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Rammon DA, Peirce JJ. Consumption of biogenic nitric oxide in hydrated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 117:347-355. [PMID: 11916050 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted in order to determine the relationship of nitric oxide (NO) consumption to water-filled pore space in soil. A test system that included the capability to blend gases, test soil samples, and analyze off-gases was used to conduct the study. The experimental set consisted of three replicates at five different levels of soil water content and three different levels of soil nitrogen in a sandy loam soil: unamended soil, soil fertilized at 56.2 kg N per ha (50 lb N acre(-1)), and soil fertilized at 112.3 kg N per ha (100 lb N acre(-1)). The average NO consumption rates were 7.1x10(-13) g-NO cm(-3) soil, 3.5x10(-11) g-NO cm(-3) soil, and 1.5x10(-10) g-NO cm(-3) soil, respectively.
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50
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Butterbach-Bahl K, Stange F, Papen H, Li C. Regional inventory of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions for forest soils of southeast Germany using the biogeochemical model PnET-N-DNDC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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