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Huang HY, Lin PY, Chen CC, Chen YK. Risk factors for the development of oral precancerous lesions in a cohort of 293 oral lichen planus patients with or without chronic periodontitis in southern Taiwan. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:594-600. [PMID: 38303877 PMCID: PMC10829744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Oral lichen planus (OLP) may contribute to the risk of chronic periodontitis, and no reports have shown whether OLP patients with periodontitis have a greater risk of oral precancerous lesions, Candida infection or other clinicopathological diseases. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for the development of oral precancerous lesions in a cohort of 293 OLP patients with or without chronic periodontitis in southern Taiwan. Materials and methods The current study recruited 293 OLP patients without preexisting periodontitis at a tertiary institution from 1995 to 2018. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of periodontitis. The study compared various clinical and pathological characteristics between the two groups, and also estimated the odds ratio (OR) and the 10-year cumulative risk of chronic periodontitis in OLP patients using logistic regression models and Kaplan‒Meier analysis methods, respectively. Results After adjusting for age and gender, the significant contributors to oral precancerous lesions in OLP patients (P < 0.05) were periodontal disease (OR = 2.24) and the male gender (OR = 7.52). Betel nut consumption (OR = 2.61), smoking (OR = 2.46), and candidiasis infection (OR = 3.02) also showed significant associations. Older OLP patients had a lower lesion risk, while a longer OLP duration heightened the periodontal disease likelihood. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that coexisting periodontal disease increases the likelihood of developing precancerous lesions in patients with OLP. Periodontal management with oral hygiene care and quitting betel nut consumption and smoking can reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Yu Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Patil SR, Maragathavalli G, Ramesh DNSV, Alam MK. Muscle Activity in Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients: Electromyography Study. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:2826862. [PMID: 36263234 PMCID: PMC9546703 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2826862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant condition of insidious onset which affects the oral mucosa, pharynx, and esophagus. The muscles of mastication are known to be affected resulting in limited mouth opening. Electromyography (EMG) is a sophisticated method of measuring and evaluating muscle activity. Previously, EMG was primarily utilized in medical sciences, but it is currently being used extensively in both the medical and dentistry fields. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to evaluate the electromyographic activity of masseter muscle in OSMF patients before and after treatment and to compare with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective case-control clinical study comprised 180 OSMF patients who were divided into four groups and 45 healthy individuals served as the control group. The OSMF individuals were injected with hyaluronidase 1,500 IU mixed in 1.5 ml of dexamethasone and 0.5 ml of lignocaine HCL intralesionally twice a week for one month along with a basic physiotherapy regimen consisting of mouth exercises two times daily. The control subjects were given placebo capsules. The treatment was carried out for a month and the electromyographic masseter muscle activity was evaluated among the OSMF patients and control group before and after treatment. RESULTS The results revealed that the electromyographic activity of master muscles in OSMF patients showed increased activity when compared with healthy controls. Patients with OSMF showed decreased muscle activity after treatment. CONCLUSION When compared with healthy controls, OSMF patients had higher electromyographic activity of the masseter muscles and the muscle activity was decreased following treatment. In OSMF patients, EMG may help in determining the involvement of the mastication and facial expression muscles. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the treatment outcome of muscle activity in OSMF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R Patil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - G. Maragathavalli
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - D. N. S. V. Ramesh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A. M. E'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Mohammad Khursheed Alam
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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Ansari A, Mahmood T, Bagga P, Ahsan F, Shamim A, Ahmad S, Shariq M, Parveen S. Areca catechu
: A phytopharmacological legwork. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Saba Parveen
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
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Lunz K, Stappen I. Back to the Roots-An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils. Molecules 2021; 26:3155. [PMID: 34070487 PMCID: PMC8197530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that-besides their aromatic properties-their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases-including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley-were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Stappen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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BactericidalActivity of Crevicular Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Chronic Periodontitis Patients and Healthy Subjects under the Influence of Areca Nut Extract: An In Vitro Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10145008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Arecanutchewing is an established risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), but its role in periodontal disease has not yet been defined. Thisstudy aimed to assess the effect of areca nut extracts (ANE) on the bactericidal activity of crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cPMNs) in healthy subjects and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. An in vitro study was designed with an equal number of (n = 30) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected from CP patients and healthy subjects. Bactericidal activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays were performed with the GCF samples pre-treated with extracts of two varieties of areca nut: ripe and tender. Simultaneously, controls were also carried out with Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and catechin. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), along with post-hoc analysis, were employed for statistical analysis. In both study groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.01)in the bactericidal activity was noted when the samples treated with the ripe areca nut (rANE) were compared with the tender variant (tANE). Similarly, H2O2 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in the rANE in contrast to tANE for both study groups. The above results were significant within the group but were found to be non-significant between the study groups, except when it was treated with HBSS (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was found that there was a reduction in the bactericidal activity and H2O2 production of cPMNs in both healthy subjects and CP patients in the presence of areca nut extract. Moreover, the effect of rANE on cPMNs was more detrimental than tANE.
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Kotrashetti V, Chandrarekha V, Bhat K, Babji D. Effects of Areca nut extracts on the neutrophil functions in blood and saliva samples of subjects with normal oral mucosa with and without Areca nut habit: A comparative study. JOURNAL OF DR. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jdrntruhs.jdrntruhs_124_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Lee CY, Chang CH, Teng NC, Chang HM, Huang WT, Huang YK. Associations between the phenotype and genotype of MnSOD and catalase in periodontal disease. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:201. [PMID: 31470840 PMCID: PMC6717336 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease in which pathogenic infections trigger a series of inflammatory responses and redox regulation. The hypothesis of this study was that a host’s redox regulation, as modified by genetic polymorphisms, may affect periodontal disease activities (including the plaque index (PlI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD)) during periodontal therapy. Methods In total, 175 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were recruited from the Department of Periodontology, Taipei Medical University Hospital. Both saliva samples and clinical measurements (PlI, BOP, and PD) were taken at the baseline and at 1 month after completing treatment. Salivary manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase, and corresponding genetic polymorphisms (MnSOD, T47C, rs4880 and Catalase, C-262 T, rs1001179) were determined. The extent of change (Δ) of MnSOD or catalase was calculated by subtracting the concentration after completing treatment from that at the baseline. Results Subjects who carried the Catalase CC genotype had significantly higher salivary MnSOD or catalase levels. The MnSOD genotype had a significant effect on the percentage of PDs of 4~9 mm (p = 0.02), and salivary ΔMnSOD had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.03). The Catalase genotype had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.01~0.04), but the effect was not found for the mean PlI or PD. There was a significant interaction between the MnSOD genotype and salivary ΔMnSOD on PDs of 4~9 mm. After adjusting for gender, years of schooling, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, subjects with ΔMnSOD of < 0 μg/ml or Δcatalase of < 0 μg/ml had significantly higher 5.58- or 5.17-fold responses to scaling and root planing treatment. Conclusions The MnSOD T47C genotype interferes with the phenotype of salivary antioxidant level, alters MnSOD levels, and influences the PD recovery. MnSOD and catalase gene polymorphism associated with phenotype expression and susceptibility in periodontal root planing treatment responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-019-0877-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Lee
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huang Chang
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kai Huang
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Alsahafi E, Begg K, Amelio I, Raulf N, Lucarelli P, Sauter T, Tavassoli M. Clinical update on head and neck cancer: molecular biology and ongoing challenges. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31308358 PMCID: PMC6629629 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are an aggressive, genetically complex and difficult to treat group of cancers. In lieu of truly effective targeted therapies, surgery and radiotherapy represent the primary treatment options for most patients. But these treatments are associated with significant morbidity and a reduction in quality of life. Resistance to both radiotherapy and the only available targeted therapy, and subsequent relapse are common. Research has therefore focussed on identifying biomarkers to stratify patients into clinically meaningful groups and to develop more effective targeted therapies. However, as we are now discovering, the poor response to therapy and aggressive nature of HNSCCs is not only affected by the complex alterations in intracellular signalling pathways but is also heavily influenced by the behaviour of the extracellular microenvironment. The HNSCC tumour landscape is an environment permissive of these tumours' aggressive nature, fostered by the actions of the immune system, the response to tumour hypoxia and the influence of the microbiome. Solving these challenges now rests on expanding our knowledge of these areas, in parallel with a greater understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC subtypes. This update aims to build on our earlier 2014 review by bringing up to date our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCCs and provide insights into areas of ongoing research and perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alsahafi
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katheryn Begg
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Nina Raulf
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Philippe Lucarelli
- Faculté des Sciences, de La Technologie et de La Communication, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue Du Swing, Belvaux, 4367, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Faculté des Sciences, de La Technologie et de La Communication, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue Du Swing, Belvaux, 4367, Luxembourg
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Hsiao JR, Chang CC, Lee WT, Huang CC, Ou CY, Tsai ST, Chen KC, Huang JS, Wong TY, Lai YH, Wu YH, Hsueh WT, Wu SY, Yen CJ, Chang JY, Lin CL, Weng YL, Yang HC, Chen YS, Chang JS. The interplay between oral microbiome, lifestyle factors and genetic polymorphisms in the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:778-787. [PMID: 29668903 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor oral hygiene may lead to overgrowth of pathogenic oral bacteria, which may induce chronic inflammation to promote the oncogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study investigated the association between oral bacterial profile and OSCC risk in a case-control study of 138 OSCC cases and 151 controls (88 cases and 90 controls for the discovery group and 50 cases and 61 controls for the validation group). Oral bacterial profiles were characterized by targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Three species of periodontopathogenic bacteria, Prevotella tannerae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia, were associated with an increased OSCC risk. This association was modified by the genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4. Use of alcohol, betel quids and cigarettes and poor oral hygiene were associated with a higher percentage of oral periodontopathogenic bacteria. The association between alcohol and periodontopathogenic bacteria was modified by the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2, with a stronger positive association observed among the ALDH2-deficient individuals. The percentage of periodontopathogenic bacteria was positively correlated with the level of salivary IL1β, an inflammatory cytokine. Overall, our results showed a positive association between periodontopathogenic bacteria and OSCC risk and this relationship may be influenced by lifestyle and genetic factors. Our results provided further biological support for the established association between poor oral hygiene and OSCC risk. This suggested that improving oral hygiene may reduce OSCC risk and should be part of a public health campaign to prevent the occurrence of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chi Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Ou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Chung Chen
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jehn-Shyun Huang
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yiu Wong
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsueh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Lin
- Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Weng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chien Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tsai YW, Liu YH, Su HH. Bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess: the changing trend and predisposing factors. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 84:532-539. [PMID: 28756939 PMCID: PMC9452268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peritonsillar abscess is the most common deep neck infection. The infectious microorganism may be different according to clinical factors. Objective To identify the major causative pathogen of peritonsillar abscess and investigate the relationship between the causative pathogen, host clinical factors, and hospitalization duration. Methods This retrospective study included 415 hospitalized patients diagnosed with peritonsillar abscess who were admitted to a tertiary medical center from June 1990 to June 2013. We collected data by chart review and analyzed variables such as demographic characteristics, underlying systemic disease, smoking, alcoholism, betel nut chewing, bacteriology, and hospitalization duration. Results A total of 168 patients had positive results for pathogen isolation. Streptococcus viridans (28.57%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.21%) were the most common microorganisms identified through pus culturing. The isolation rate of anaerobes increased to 49.35% in the recent 6 years (p = 0.048). Common anaerobes were Prevotella and Fusobacterium spp. The identification of K. pneumoniae increased among elderly patients (age > 65 years) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.76 (p = 0.03), and decreased in the hot season (mean temperature > 26 °C) (OR = 0.49, p = 0.04). No specific microorganism was associated with prolonged hospital stay. Conclusion The most common pathogen identified through pus culturing was S. viridans, followed by K. pneumoniae. The identification of anaerobes was shown to increase in recent years. The antibiotics initially selected should be effective against both aerobes and anaerobes. Bacterial identification may be associated with host clinical factors and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Tsai
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsi Liu
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Tajen University, Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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11
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Predicting the Failure of Dental Implants Using Supervised Learning Techniques. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rathod S, Wanikar I, Raj A, Maske S, Harkare V. Association between kharra chewing and periodontal health status in oral submucous fibrosis patients of Central India, Nagpur. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 22:345-347. [PMID: 30131628 PMCID: PMC6077969 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_130_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Kharra is a mixture of areca nut and tobacco. Arecoline, an areca nut extract, disrupts the harmony of the periodontal cells and thus leads to destruction of the periodontium. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant condition that arises due to the consumption of kharra. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of kharra chewing on periodontal status in patients with OSMF. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were divided into Group I: healthy periodontium (n = 15), Group II: chronic periodontitis without OSMF group (n = 15), and Group III: chronic periodontitis with OSMF group (n = 15). The clinical parameters assessed for patients with chronic periodontitis were gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD; overall and regional) ≥3 mm, and clinical attachment level (CAL; overall and regional) ≥3 mm. For patients in Group III, the OSMF diagnosis and staging were based on Khanna's classification. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The sample with a mean age of 35 years had a frequency of chewing kharra >6 times per day for at least 3 years. PI, PPD and CAL in Group III were 2.1 ± 0.4, 3.2 ± 0.6, and 4.8 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. the results of the clinical parameters in Group III and Group II were higher than Group I. GI was higher in Group II as compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The habit of chewing kharra is found to be associated with poor periodontal health in patients with OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha Rathod
- Departments of Periodontology and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ishita Wanikar
- Departments of Periodontology and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anubha Raj
- Departments of Periodontology and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Maske
- Departments of Periodontology and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Harkare
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Cytotoxicity and transformation of C3H10T1/2 cells induced by areca nut components. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 115:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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14
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Chen YJ, Lee SS, Huang FM, Yu HC, Tsai CC, Chang YC. Effects of arecoline on cell growth, migration, and differentiation in cementoblasts. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Wu F, Parvez F, Islam T, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Argos M, Levy D, Sarwar G, Ahsan H, Chen Y. Betel quid use and mortality in Bangladesh: a cohort study. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93:684-692. [PMID: 26600610 PMCID: PMC4645429 DOI: 10.2471/blt.14.149484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential effects of betel quid chewing on mortality. (A quid consists of betel nut, wrapped in betel leaves; tobacco is added to the quid by some users). METHODS Prospective data were available on 20 033 individuals aged 18-75 years, living in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Demographic and exposure data were collected at baseline using a standardized questionnaire. Cause of death was defined by verbal autopsy questionnaires administered to next of kin. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between betel use and mortality from all causes and from specific causes, using Cox proportional hazards models. We adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, educational attainment and tobacco smoking history. FINDINGS There were 1072 deaths during an average of 10 years of follow-up. Participants who had ever used betel were significantly more likely to die from all causes (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.44) and cancer (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09-2.22); but not cardiovascular disease (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.93-1.43). These findings were robust to adjustment for potential confounders. There was a dose-response relationship between mortality from all causes and both the duration and the intensity of betel use. The population attributable fraction for betel use was 14.1% for deaths from all causes and 24.2% for cancer. CONCLUSION Betel quid use was associated with mortality from all causes and from cancer in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America (USA)
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Tariqul Islam
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Rabiul Hasan
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Argos
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Diane Levy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Golam Sarwar
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America (USA)
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Bokhari SAH, Khan AA, Leung WK, Wajid G. Association of periodontal and cardiovascular diseases: South-Asian studies 2001-2012. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 19:495-500. [PMID: 26644713 PMCID: PMC4645533 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.157876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Large proportion of Asian populations have moderate to severe periodontal disease and a substantial number are anticipated to be at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study reviews epidemiology and association of periodontal and CVDs from the South-Asian region. Observational studies and clinical trials published during January 2001-December 2012 focusing association between periodontitis and CVDs in South-Asian countries were retrieved from various databases and studied. Current evidence suggests that both periodontal and CVDs are globally prevalent and show an increasing trend in developing countries. Global data on epidemiology and association of periodontal and CVDs are predominantly from the developed world; whereas Asia with 60% of the world's population lacks substantial scientific data on the link between periodontal and CVDs. During the search period, 14 studies (5 clinical trials, 9 case-controls) were reported in literature from South-Asia; 100% of clinical trials and 77% case-control studies have reported a significant association between the oral/periodontal parameters and CVD. Epidemiological and clinical studies from South-Asia validate the global evidence on association of periodontal disease with CVDs. However, there is a need for meticulous research for public health and scientific perspective of the Periodontal and CVDs from South-Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Akhtar Hussain Bokhari
- Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dental Sciences, University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayyaz Ali Khan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gohar Wajid
- Department of Medical Education, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Hsiao CN, Ko EC, Shieh TY, Chen HS. Relationship between areca nut chewing and periodontal status of people in a typical aboriginal community in Southern Taiwan. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kvarnvik C, Söljegård E, Charalampakis G, Suksu-Art N, Dahlén G. Periodontal disease in a remote Asian population: association between clinical and microbiological parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:246-53. [PMID: 25918901 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to clinically and microbiologically describe the periodontal conditions in a remote adult Asian population with poor oral hygiene. METHODS The subjects were 30-60-year-old adults of Karen Hill tribes with no access to dental care. Eighty-six subjects were selected randomly. Clinical registrations included number of remaining teeth, plaque index (PlI), bleeding on probing (BoP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD). Subgingival plaque samples were collected and analyzed with the checkerboard method. RESULTS Subjects of the study group had mean number of remaining teeth of 26.5 despite the abundant plaque and a high bleeding score. Severe periodontitis (CAL ≥ 7 mm) was recorded in 12.9% of the youngest age group (30-39 years) while it was significantly higher (52%) in the middle group (40-49 years) and (60%) in the eldest age group (50-60 years). Pathological pocketing (PPD ≥ 7 mm) was significantly lower in all age groups. Age, betel chewing, and a microbiological cluster including at least one of Prevotella tannerae, Filifactor alocis and Porphyromonas endodontalis significantly correlated with the severity of periodontal disease. CONCLUSION Age, betel chewing, and a new bacterial complex other than the "red complex" correlated to periodontal breakdown in this remote adult Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kvarnvik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emelie Söljegård
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Charalampakis
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hsiao CN, Ting CC, Shieh TY, Ko EC. Relationship between betel quid chewing and radiographic alveolar bone loss among Taiwanese aboriginals: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:133. [PMID: 25366525 PMCID: PMC4247196 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Betel quid chewing is associated with the periodontal status; however, results of epidemiological studies are inconsistent. To the best of our knowledge, no study has reported radiographic alveolar bone loss (RABL) associated with betel quid chewing. Methods This survey was conducted in an aboriginal community in Taiwan because almost all betel quid chewers were city-dwelling cigarette smokers. In total, 114 subjects, aged 30–60 years, were included. Full-mouth intraoral RABL was retrospectively measured and adjusted for age, gender, and plaque index (PI). Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between RABL and potential risk factors. Results Age-, gender-, and PI-adjusted mean RABL was significantly higher in chewers with or without cigarette smoking than in controls. Multiple regression analysis showed that the RABL for consumption of 100,000 pieces betel quid for the chewer group was 0.40 mm. Full-mouth plotted curves for adjusted mean RABL in the maxilla were similar between the chewer and control groups, suggesting that chemical effects were not the main factors affecting the association between betel quid chewing and the periodontal status. Conclusion Betel quid chewing significantly increases RABL. The main contributory factors are age and oral hygiene; however, the major mechanism underlying this process may not be a chemical mechanism. Regular dental visits, maintenance of good oral hygiene, and reduction in the consumption of betel quid, additives, and cigarettes are highly recommended to improve the periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward Chengchuan Ko
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Chang LY, Lai YL, Yu TH, Chen YT, Hung SL. Effects of Areca Nut Extract on Lipopolysaccharides-Enhanced Adhesion and Migration of Human Mononuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2014; 85:859-67. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ho YC, Chen CC, Yang SF, Huang FM, Chang YC. Upregulation of proteolytic enzymes and cyclooxygenase-2 in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with safrole. J Dent Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lee YY, Lin MB, Cheng CF, Chang LY, Liu TY, Hung SL. Inhibitory effects of areca nut extract on expression of complement receptors and fc receptors in human neutrophils. J Periodontol 2013; 85:1096-106. [PMID: 24354650 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing of areca quid increases the prevalence of periodontal diseases. Areca nut extract (ANE) inhibits the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. This in vitro study investigates the effects of ANE on complement- and antibody-opsonized phagocytosis by neutrophils. Expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin in ANE-treated neutrophils is also analyzed. METHODS The viability of ANE-treated neutrophils was determined using the propidium iodide staining method. The possible effects of ANE on the expression of complement receptors and Fc receptors were examined using an immunofluorescence staining method followed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils against complement or immunoglobulin (Ig)G-opsonized fluorescent beads was analyzed using flow cytometry. Expression of F-actin was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS ANE significantly inhibited the production of complement receptors (CR1, CR3, and CR4) and Fc receptors (FcγRII and FcγRIII) in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of neutrophils with ANE significantly impaired their ability to phagocytose fluorescent beads. ANE also inhibited phagocytosis of fluorescent beads that were opsonized by complement or IgG. Moreover, expression of F-actin was inhibited after ANE treatment. CONCLUSIONS ANE inhibits the complement- and IgG-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis that may result from reduction of the expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin formation after ANE treatment. The findings suggest that areca nut chewing may jeopardize the defensive functions of neutrophils and affect periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Patil KG, Metgud SC. Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Phagocytosis of Actinobacillus actinomycete mcomitans ATCC 33384 by Neutrophils in Patients with Chronic Periondontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2153-6. [PMID: 24298462 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5694.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE A higher prevalence of periodontal disease among areca nut chewers than non chewers has been demonstrated. Neutrophils, the first line of defence mechanism against microbial infection play an important role in maintaining the periodontal health. In this context our aim was to evaluate the effects of areca nut extracts on phagocytic activity by neutrophils isolated from gingival crevicular washing of healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sample size consisted of a total of 60 subjects which were divided into two groups of 30 each. Group I consisted healthy subjects and Group II consisted clinically diagnosed cases of chronic periodontitis. Neutrophils isolated from gingival crevicular washings of both groups were treated with aqueous extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) and examined for their effect on cellular viability of neutrophils using typan blue exclusion assay. The possible/ ableffects on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils against a periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(ATCC 33384) was determined by using microscopic method. RESULTS Both rANE and tANE affected the phagocytic activity by neutrophils in healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis. Ripe areca nut extract has altered the neutrophil functions more than tender areca nut in both the groups. There was no difference seen in the cell viability of neutrophils when treated with rANE and tANE in both the groups (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Both ripe and tender arecanut extract affected the neutrophil function in healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis. Ripe arecanut extract significantly altered the neutrophils functions more than tender areca nut extract. Thus, alterations in these functions of neutrophils may lead to signs of clinical diseases associated with areca chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gangaram Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences , Mayani, District, Satara, Maharashtra, India
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Petersen PE, Ogawa H. The global burden of periodontal disease: towards integration with chronic disease prevention and control. Periodontol 2000 2013; 60:15-39. [PMID: 22909104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are accelerating globally, advancing across all regions and pervading all socioeconomic classes. Unhealthy diet and poor nutrition, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive use of alcohol and psychosocial stress are the most important risk factors. Periodontal disease is a component of the global burden of chronic disease, and chronic disease and periodontal disease have the same essential risk factors. In addition, severe periodontal disease is related to poor oral hygiene and to poor general health (e.g. the presence of diabetes mellitus and other systemic diseases). The present report highlights the global burden of periodontal disease: the ultimate burden of periodontal disease (tooth loss), as well as signs of periodontal disease, are described from World Health Organization (WHO) epidemiological data. High prevalence rates of complete tooth loss are found in upper middle-income countries, whereas the tooth-loss rates, at the time of writing, are modest for low-income countries. In high-income countries somewhat lower rates for edentulism are found when compared with upper middle-income countries. Around the world, social inequality in tooth loss is profound within countries. The Community Periodontal Index was introduced by the WHO in 1987 for countries to produce periodontal health profiles and to assist countries in the planning and evaluation of intervention programs. Globally, gingival bleeding is the most prevalent sign of disease, whereas the presence of deep periodontal pockets (≥6 mm) varies from 10% to 15% in adult populations. Intercountry and intracountry variations are found in the prevalence of periodontal disease, and these variations relate to socio-environmental conditions, behavioral risk factors, general health status of people (e.g. diabetes and HIV status) and oral health systems. National public health initiatives for the control and prevention of periodontal disease should include oral health promotion and integrated disease-prevention strategies based on common risk-factor approaches. Capacity building of oral health systems must consider the establishment of a financially fair service in periodontal care. Health systems research is needed for the evaluation of population-oriented oral health programs.
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Singh PN, Natto Z, Yel D, Job J, Knutsen S. Betel quid use in relation to infectious disease outcomes in Cambodia. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e262-7. [PMID: 22296863 PMCID: PMC3307941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The habitual chewing of betel quid (areca nut, betel leaf, tobacco) is estimated to occur among 600 million persons in Asia and the Asia-Pacific Region. Emerging data from rural Asia indicate that the betel quid is part of traditional medicine practices that promote its use for a wide range of ailments, including infectious disease. In the present study, we examined the association between betel quid, traditional medicine, and infectious disease outcomes. METHODS For the purpose of a nationwide, interviewer-administered, cross-sectional survey of tobacco use (including betel quid), we conducted a stratified three-stage cluster sampling of 13 988 adults aged 18 years and older from all provinces of Cambodia. RESULTS We found an association between the intensity of betel quid use and HIV/AIDS (odds ratio (OR) 2.06, 95% CI 1.09-3.89), dengue fever (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.55-2.72), tuberculosis (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.96-2.36), and typhoid (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.95-2.30). These associations were even stronger in women - the primary users of betel quid in Cambodia. Multivariable analyses that controlled for age, gender, income, education, urban versus rural dwelling, receiving care from traditional medicine practitioners, and cigarette smoking did not alter the betel quid-infectious disease association. CONCLUSIONS Our findings raise the possibility of a role of betel quid use in the transmission of infectious disease through pathways such as immunosuppression, oral route of entry for a pathogen (i.e., through injury to the oral mucosa), and contamination (i.e., fecal-oral) of the betel quid ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramil N Singh
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Dodani K, Anumala N, Avula H, Reddy K, Varre S, Kalakonda BB, Arora N, Suri C, Avula JK. Periodontal findings in patients with oral submucous fibrosis and comet assay of affected gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontol 2011; 83:1038-47. [PMID: 22166165 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) involves large sections of population and is related to certain chewing practices that involve direct exposure of the gingiva to noxious chemicals and additives. The impact of such practices, although studied extensively in relation to the cheek mucosa, is not elucidated as far as gingival tissues are concerned. The possible DNA damage on affected gingiva is also one of the objectives of the present study. METHODS One hundred cases of individuals with OSF and 89 without OSF were examined for periodontal parameters and compared. Biopsies of gingival tissue from both categories were examined with conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining for epithelial, connective tissue, and inflammatory changes. Comet assay of epithelial cells obtained from scraping the gingival surface of both patients with OSF and control individuals was performed. RESULTS Patients with OSF had poorer oral hygiene and greater loss of attachment, probing depth, and recession compared with controls. Significant histopathologic changes in the form of loss of rete ridges with gingival epithelium reduced to a flattened surface was observed. All the patients with OSF showed comet cells in larger numbers. The controls also showed comet cells but in fewer numbers, and the number of individuals showing comet cells was significantly less. CONCLUSION OSF showed significant changes in affected gingiva, and the presence of comet cells in all the patients with OSF is a significant indicator of possible pathognomonic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dodani
- Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Wang CC, Chen TY, Wu HY, Liu TY, Jan TR. Areca nut extracts suppress the differentiation and functionality of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:198-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shodan M, Prasad KV, Javali SB. School teachers’ knowledge of oral disease prevention: a survey from Dharwad, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:62-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang LN, Yang YM, Xu ZR, Gui QF, Hu QQ. Chewing substances with or without tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease in Asia: a meta-analysis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 11:681-9. [PMID: 20803772 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether people who ever use any form of chewing substance in Asia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched for relevant studies, with no limitation on language or study year. Studies were included if they provided quantitative estimate of the association between ever use of chewing substance and the occurrence of CVD. Two authors independently implemented inclusion criteria, abstracted study characteristics, and performed meta-analysis. Summary relative risks were estimated on the basis of a random effect model. We used Q statistic and Egger's test to examine heterogeneity across studies and potential publication bias, respectively. RESULTS Eight eligible studies were included. The relative risk of CVD for ever using chewing substances with or without tobacco was 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.40), which was unchanged when restricted to cohort studies [1.25 (1.08-1.42)] or cohort studies in Taiwan [1.31 (1.12-1.51)]. The summary relative risk for ischemic heart disease was 1.27 (1.02-1.52), and was lowered to 1.26 (0.85-1.67) after exclusion of a cross-sectional study. The overall relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.32 (1.08-1.56). On the basis of the Taiwan data, the summary relative risk of CVD for betel (Areca catechu) chewing was 1.30 (1.17-1.44). Data on dose-response were limited to betel chewing in Taiwan, suggesting a relationship between risk of CVD and cumulative exposure. Two large cohorts in Taiwan reported a greater risk of CVD with betel chewing than with smoking. CONCLUSIONS An association was detected between betel chewing with or without tobacco and the risk of CVD. Betel chewing may impose a greater CVD risk than smoking. More effort is needed in developing betel chewing cessation programmes. The relationship between betel chewing and subgroups of CVD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Dahlén G, Nauclér C, Nordwall S, Suksu-art N. Oral microflora in betel-chewing adults of the Karen tribe in Thailand. Anaerobe 2010; 16:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ho WH, Lee YY, Chang LY, Chen YT, Liu TY, Hung SL. Effects of areca nut extract on the apoptosis pathways in human neutrophils. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:412-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lai YL, Wu CY, Lee YY, Chang HW, Liu TY, Hung SL. Stimulatory Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Prostaglandin E2Production by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2010; 81:758-66. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Su Z, Kong F, Wang S, Chen J, Yin R, Zhou C, Zhang Y, He Z, Shi Y, Xue Y, Shi X, Lu L, Shao Q, Xu H. The rag locus of Porphyromonas gingivalis might arise from Bacteroides via horizontal gene transfer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:429-37. [PMID: 20195672 PMCID: PMC2953623 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-0880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is regarded as one of the risk factors of periodontitis. P. gingivalis exhibits a wide variety of genotypes. Many insertion sequences (ISs), located in their chromosomes, made P. gingivalis differentiate into virulent and avirulent strains. In this research, we investigated the prevalence of P. gingivalis in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among periodontitis patients from Zhenjiang, China, detected the P. gingivalis rag locus distributions by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and analyzed the origin of the P. gingivalis rag locus based on evolution. There were three rag locus variants co-existing in Zhenjiang. The results showed that the rag locus may be associated with severe periodontitis. This work also firstly ascertained that the rag locus might arise, in theory, from Bacteroides sp. via horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Su
- Department of Immunology and Laboratory Immunology, Center of Medical Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Chang LY, Lin JC, Chang CW, Ho WH, Chen YT, Peng JL, Hung SL. Inhibitory effects of safrole on phagocytosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the activity of myeloperoxidase released by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1330-7. [PMID: 19656034 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safrole, a component of Piper betle inflorescence, inhibits bactericidal activity and the release of superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). This in vitro study further investigated the effects of safrole on phagocytic activity, the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activity of the lysosomal enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released by human PMNs. METHODS The possible effects of safrole on the phagocytic activity of PMNs against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) were determined using flow cytometry. PMNs were treated with various concentrations of safrole, which was followed by treatment with Hanks balanced salt solution with or without cytochalasin B and fMet-Leu-Phe (CB/fMLP). Intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and a fluorometer, whereas MPO activity was determined using a substrate assay. RESULTS Safrole significantly inhibited the phagocytic activity of PMNs in a dose-dependent manner. Approximately 50% of the phagocytic activity of PMNs was affected when 10 mM safrole was used. Exposure of the PMNs to safrole (up to 5 mM) did not directly affect the intracellular levels of ROS and the extracellular activity of MPO. However, the ability of CB/fMLP to trigger production of intracellular ROS and the activity of MPO released by human PMNs was significantly suppressed by safrole. CONCLUSIONS Safrole reduced the uptake of A. actinomycetemcomitans by human PMNs. Safrole also impaired the normal activation activity of PMNs. Alterations in the defensive properties of PMNs by safrole might promote bacterial colonization, and this could result in periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Yu Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case report. OBJECTIVE To describe the case of a patient who habitually chewed betel quid and presented with intractable lower back pain owing to L4-L5 discitis caused by Eikenella corrodens. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA E. corrodens is a normal inhabitant of mucosal surfaces in humans, particularly the oral cavity. Vertebral discitis due to E. corrodens is extremely rare. Discitis caused by E. corrodens in a habitual betel quid chewer has not been reported thus far. METHODS A 52-year-old man had suffered from lower back pain for many years, and it worsened 3 months before admission. He had had severe periodontitis because of habitual betel quid chewing for over 10 years. RESULTS The patient underwent staged spine surgeries because of the coexistence of L4-L5 discitis and isthmic spondylolisthesis. Tissue culture revealed the presence of E. corrodens. One and half years after the operation, the patient was fully ambulatory but demonstrated mild atrophy in the right thigh compared with the left thigh. CONCLUSION E. corrodens discitis is extremely rare. We hypothesize that E. corrodens is a potential causative organism of discitis in patients who habitually chew betel quid.
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Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Kuo YF, Liu TY, Chen YT, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:175-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Parmar G, Sangwan P, Vashi P, Kulkarni P, Kumar S. Effect of chewing a mixture of areca nut and tobacco on periodontal tissues and oral hygiene status. J Oral Sci 2008; 50:57-62. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.50.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hung SL, Lin YJ, Chien EJ, Liu WG, Chang HW, Liu TY, Chen YT. Areca nut extracts-activated secretion of leukotriene B4, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and elevated intracellular calcium concentrations in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:393-401. [PMID: 17760816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the major source of leukotriene B4, which is synthesized via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway is regulated by intracellular calcium and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The impact of areca nut extracts on the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated, and some of the possible mechanisms underlying the responses were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extracts. The concentrations of leukotriene B4 released into the supernatants were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was monitored using immunoblotting, and the cytosolic calcium kinetics were assessed fluorometrically using Fura-2. RESULTS Exposure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to areca nut extracts led to a dose-dependent increase in the production of leukotriene B4, with levels peaking at 30 min and decreasing thereafter. Areca nut extracts enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, an enzyme known to activate 5-lipoxygenase. Incubation with areca nut extracts also resulted in a rapid elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The induction of leukotriene B4 by areca nut extracts was suppressed with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or with the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSION The interaction of areca nut extracts with polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade. Incubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with areca nut extracts resulted in the activation of intracellular events, such as phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Ca2+ mobilization, involved in the release of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a source of leukotriene B4, which may modulate the inflammatory response in areca chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, and Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Núñez-de la Mora A, Jesmin F, Bentley GR. Betel Nut Use among First and Second Generation Bangladeshi Women in London, UK. J Immigr Minor Health 2007; 9:299-306. [PMID: 17431783 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-007-9041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of socio-economic variables and migration history on the prevalence of betel nut and smokeless tobacco use in both UK- and Bangladeshi born migrant women resident in London. No significant difference in betel nut use prevalence was found among women of different generations. However, in all groups betel nut users were significantly older and less educated than non-users. Among first generation women there was no effect of either length of time living in the UK or age at migration on use of betel nut, even after controlling for current age. No significant differences in prevalence use due to language spoken, occupation, marital status or borough of residence in London were found. We conclude that, although there are some indications of a change in behavior among younger individuals, betel nut chewing is a practice very much present among Bangladeshi women born and brought up in a bicultural context.
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Liu SY, Liu YC, Huang WT, Huang GC, Chen TC, Lin MH. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-8 by betel quid extract and arecoline and its role in 2D motility. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:1026-33. [PMID: 17306610 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) play roles in oral diseases. Here, we analyzed the regulation of MMP-8 by BQ and its effect on cell migration. We found that BQ extract (BQE) increased the secretion of an 85kDa caseinolytic proteinase, specifically precipitated by an anti-MMP-8 antibody, in the culture medium of OECM-1, an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line. BQE also stimulated MMP-8 secretion in an esophageal carcinoma cell line, CE81T/VGH, in a dose-dependent manner, and MMP-8 protein was maximally expressed at 24h after BQE treatment in OECM-1. The BQE-induced MMP-8 expression was dose-dependently inhibited by PD98059. Arecoline, the major alkaloid of areca nut, was tested to dose-dependently up-regulate MMP-8 protein level. Moreover, both arecoline- (4.7-fold) and BQE-selected (5.5-fold) CE81T/VGH cells expressed higher MMP-8 protein level and exhibited enhanced two-dimensional (2D) motility (p=0.009 in both cells) than parental cells. The enhanced motility of arecoline- (p=0.006) and BQE-selected (p=0.002) cells was both specifically blocked by an anti-MMP-8 antibody. We conclude that BQ may accelerate tumor migration by stimulating MMP-8 expression through MEK pathway in at least some carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Furthermore, arecoline may be one of the positive MMP-8 regulators among BQ ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyun-Yeu Liu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Lai YL, Lin JC, Yang SF, Liu TY, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species and release of myeloperoxidase by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:69-76. [PMID: 17214642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) represent the first line of host defense. Areca nut extract inhibits the bactericidal activity of, and the release of superoxide anion (O2- ) by, PMN. This study investigated the effects of areca nut extract on the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and on the extracellular release of lysosomal enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), by PMN. The effects of arecoline, a principal component of areca nut, were also examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human PMN were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extract or arecoline followed by treatment with Hanks' balanced salt solution, with or without cytochalasin B and fMet-Leu-Phe (CB/fMLP). The viability of PMN was determined using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. The presence of intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and fluorometry. MPO release was determined using a substrate assay. RESULTS Areca nut extract (25 and 50 microg/ml) significantly decreased the viability of PMN. The intracellular levels of ROS and the extracellular release of MPO were induced in PMN by CB/fMLP. Exposure of PMN to areca nut extract (up to 25 microg/ml) or to arecoline (up to 2 mg/ml) did not directly affect the levels of ROS and MPO activity. However, under conditions that did not affect the viability of PMN, the ability of CB/fMLP to trigger production of intracellular ROS and release of MPO in human PMN was significantly suppressed by areca nut extract and arecoline. CONCLUSION Areca nut impaired the activation of PMN by CB/fMLP that might decrease the effectiveness of PMN in the host defense. Alternatively, exposure of PMN to areca nut extract could decrease the capacity of PMN to damage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Lai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Liu TY, Hung SL. Enhancing Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on the Production of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1969-77. [PMID: 17209780 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.060039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The habit of chewing areca quid (AQ) has been implicated in oral pathogenesis, including periodontal disease. Little is understood about the roles of AQ in the cytokine secretion by immune cells. The study examined the effects of areca nut, the major ingredient of AQ, on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the immunocompetent cells. The possible role of oxidative stress of areca nut was also examined. METHODS Extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) were examined for their cytotoxic effects on human PBMC using the trypan blue exclusion test. The production of IL-6 and IL-8 by ANE-treated PBMC was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Effects of an antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on ANE-induced cytokine secretion were also studied. RESULTS At the experimental conditions, 20 micro g/ml rANE decreased cell viability significantly, whereas no significant effect of tANE (< or =80 micro g/ml) was observed. Both rANE (< or =20 micro g/ml) and tANE (< or =160 micro g/ml) significantly increased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by PBMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The altered mRNA expression of IL-6 by rANE and tANE was also observed. Moreover, the stimulating effects of rANE on cytokine expression in PBMC could be attenuated by PDTC, suggesting that the oxidative stress of rANE may play a role. CONCLUSIONS Markedly enhancing effects of ANE on PBMC-released inflammatory cytokines might cause a sustained cytokine-rich inflammatory milieu in oral cavity of AQ chewers. These excessive cytokines from ANE-treated immune cells may impair periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Yu Chang
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hung SL, Lee YY, Liu TY, Peng JL, Cheng YY, Chen YT. Modulation of Phagocytosis, Chemotaxis, and Adhesion of Neutrophils by Areca Nut Extracts. J Periodontol 2006; 77:579-85. [PMID: 16584337 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher prevalence of periodontal diseases among areca chewers than non-areca chewers has been demonstrated. Neutrophils, representing the first line of the host defense mechanism against microbial infection, play important roles in maintaining periodontal health. This study determined the possible effects of areca nut on phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and adhesion of human neutrophils. METHODS Aqueous extracts of ripe areca nut without husk (rANE) and fresh and tender areca nut with husk (tANE) were examined for their effects on neutrophil phagocytosis using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of rANE and tANE on chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils to human aortic endothelial cells were examined using fluorescence-labeled neutrophils. RESULTS Both rANE and tANE inhibited the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of internalized fluorescent bacteria in neutrophils decreased after ANE treatment. However, exposure of neutrophils to rANE and tANE stimulated the chemotaxis activity of neutrophils to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and enhanced adhesion of neutrophils to human aortic endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of neutrophils with rANE was more effective than incubation with tANE. CONCLUSIONS Components of areca nut inhibited phagocytosis activity of neutrophils but enhanced chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils. Alterations in functions of neutrophils may lead to signs of clinical diseases associated with areca chewing. The components in ANEs that are responsible for these observations remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Effect of khat chewing on 14 selected periodontal bacteria in sub- and supragingival plaque of a young male population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 20:141-6. [PMID: 15836514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The habit of chewing khat (Catha edulis) for its amphetamine-like effects is highly prevalent in Yemen and east Africa, and has expanded to Western countries. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the prevalence and levels of 14 periodontal bacteria in gingival plaque of khat chewers and khat nonchewers, as well as of khat chewing sides and khat nonchewing sides. METHODS A total of 408 sub- and supragingival plaque samples were collected from 51 young males (29 khat chewers and 22 khat nonchewers; age range 19-28 years) and analyzed using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Clinical parameters were recorded for all teeth at six sites per tooth. RESULTS Streptococcus intermedius and Veillonella parvula were significantly more prevalent in the subgingival plaque of chewers, which also showed significantly higher levels of V. parvula and Eikenella corrodens. Similar results were found for the subgingival plaque of the chewing sides compared to the nonchewing sides. However, there was a significantly higher prevalence and higher levels of Tannerella forsythia in the subgingival plaque of the nonchewing sides. No significant differences were observed for the supragingival plaque between the two study groups. There was a significantly lower prevalence of Capnocytophaga gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in the khat chewing sides, and higher levels of V. parvula and Actinomyces israelii. CONCLUSION The data suggest that khat chewing induces a microbial profile that is not incompatible with gingival health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Al-Hebshi
- Department of Odontology-Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Ling LJ, Ho FC, Chen YT, Holborow DW, Liu TY, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts modulated expression of alkaline phosphatase and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand in osteoblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32:353-9. [PMID: 15811051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Areca chewers have a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases than non-chewers. This study was to determine the possible effects of ripe areca nut extracts (rANE) on viability and gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in human osteoblasts. METHODS The effects of rANE on cell viability of osteoblast-like MG63 cells were determined using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) that measures metabolic activity. Gene expression of ALP, RANKL and OPG was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. ALP activity and RANKL protein were further examined using substrate assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Relative viability was reduced to approximately 50% when 25 microg/ml of rANE was used. The expression of OPG mRNA in MG63 cells was not altered by rANE. However, decreased levels of mRNA and enzyme activity of ALP were observed. Moreover, the expressions of mRNA and protein of RANKL were stimulated by rANE in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The rANE affected morphology and viability of osteoblasts. We also present novel evidence demonstrating that areca nut may compromise the periodontal health of areca chewers by suppression of ALP gene expression and elevation of RANKL gene expression in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jane Ling
- Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hung SL, Cheng YY, Peng JL, Chang LY, Liu TY, Chen YT. Inhibitory Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Phagocytosis ofActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansATCC 33384 by Neutrophils. J Periodontol 2005; 76:373-9. [PMID: 15857070 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca quid chewers have a higher prevalence of periodontal disease than non-chewers. Little is known about the influence of areca quid on the immune system. This study was to determine the possible effects of the areca nut on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. METHODS Aqueous extracts of ripe areca nut without husk (rANE), fresh and tender areca nut with husk (tANE), a major alkaloid (arecoline), and a phenolic component ([+]-catechin) of areca nut were examined for their effects on cellular viability using trypan blue exclusion assay. The possible effects on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils against a periodontal pathogen, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384, were determined using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS At the concentrations tested, rANE, tANE, arecoline, and (+)-catechin did not significantly affect viability of neutrophils. However, rANE, tANE, arecoline, and (+)-catechin inhibited the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. Approximately 50% of the relative phagocytic activity of neutrophils was affected when 50 microg/ml of rANE, 400 microg/ml of tANE, 20,000 microg/ml of arecoline, or 2,500 microg/ml of (+)- catechin was used. Decreased levels of internalized fluorescent bacteria were also demonstrated. However, arecoline or (+)-catechin alone could not be used to explain the inhibitory effects observed for rANE and tANE. CONCLUSIONS Components of areca nut reduced the uptake of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384 by human neutrophils. The inhibition of areca nut on phagocytosis of neutrophils may be one possible mechanism by which the areca nut compromises the periodontal health of areca quid chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Teng HC, Lee CH, Hung HC, Tsai CC, Chang YY, Yang YHC, Lu CT, Yen YY, Wu YM. Lifestyle and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Chronic Periodontitis in Taiwanese Adults. J Periodontol 2003; 74:1169-75. [PMID: 14514230 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.8.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial process and variation in severity cannot be explained by just a few risk factors. The aims of this study were: 1) to explore the lifestyle and psychosocial factors of CP patients and 2) to estimate the proportion of total CP cases attributable to one or more risk factors considered. METHODS A case-control study of 250 cases of CP patients and 250 controls were matched by age (within 3 years) and gender. Complete dental examinations were performed based on the clinical criteria for CP for both groups. Structured questionnaires were conducted to collect lifestyle and psychosocial factors. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the association between risk factors and chronic periodontitis. RESULTS Conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that toothbrushing frequency (odds ratio [OR]: 5.77, if rarely; OR: 3.50, if once a day), mental illness (OR: 5.32, if Chinese Health Questionnaire scores were > or = 6), and smoking (OR: 3.93, if pack years smoked was > 21) are significantly and independently associated with chronic periodontitis. In addition, all these variables reflected a dose-response effect (P trend = <0.001, 0.004, and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS For Taiwanese adults, 36.10% of CP cases were presumably attributable to toothbrushing frequency, mental illness, and smoking. These three factors should be the first priorities in establishing a preventive program to improve the periodontal health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chen Teng
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Management, Fooyin University, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
The effects of safrole on the defensive functions of human neutrophils were examined. At the concentrations employed in this study, safrole did not significantly affect the viability of peripheral blood neutrophils as verified by their ability to exclude trypan blue dye. However, exposure of neutrophils to safrole inhibited their bactericidal activity against oral pathogens, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans, in a dose dependent manner. In addition, safrole inhibited the production of bactericidal superoxide anion by neutrophils as measured by cytochrome c reduction. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that safrole reduced the antibacterial activity and the superoxide anion production of neutrophils. Inhibition of the defensive functions of neutrophils may be one possible mechanism by which safrole compromises the oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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