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Frauhammer LT, Neubaum G. Metacognitive effects of attitudinal (in)congruence on social media: relating processing fluency, subjective knowledge, and political participation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1146674. [PMID: 37529306 PMCID: PMC10390028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Encountering political disagreements in our daily lives can discourage us from participating in democratic processes. To date, research has mainly focused on social motives or attitudinal mechanisms to explain this phenomenon. In the present study, we adopt a different approach and highlight metacognitive effects of attitudinal (in)congruence on processing fluency (i.e., perceived ease of processing) and subjective knowledge as well as their relationship with behavioral outcomes such as the intention to politically participate. Methods In a pre-registered online experiment (N = 1,258), participants saw a political social media post with six opinionated user-generated comments. These comments either all matched (congruent condition) or contradicted (incongruent condition) participants' personal opinions. Processing fluency, issue specific subjective knowledge, and intention to politically participate were then measured using established self-report scales. Results In line with our hypotheses, the congruent stimuli evoked a higher feeling of processing fluency than the incongruent ones (d = 0.21). Furthermore, participants in the congruent condition indicated a higher intention to politically participate (d = 0.23) and rated their own knowledge on the topic as higher (d = 0.22) than participants in the incongruent condition-even though the factual knowledge gain should be equal in both conditions. Finally, we observed positive relationships between processing fluency and subjective issue knowledge (β = 0.11) as well as between subjective issue knowledge and issue-specific political participation (β = 0.43). Discussion Our findings highlight the importance of considering metacognitive constructs such as subjective knowledge to explain political behaviors and suggest that attitudinal congruence influences the way we perceive our own knowledge and information processing.
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Blankenship KL, Kane KA, Machacek MG. Values and attitude certainty: The case for attitude clarity and correctness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:975864. [PMID: 36438412 PMCID: PMC9691376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.975864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three studies examined how the perception that one's attitudes are based in values affects attitude clarity and correctness. Specifically, perceiving that one's attitude is based in important values increases attitude clarity (the subjective sense that one knows one's attitude) but not attitude correctness (the subjective sense that the attitude is correct). To test this, participants read a counterattitudinal message and were given feedback about the basis of their attitude. Relative to participants who learned that their attitudes were weakly based in values, participants who were told that their attitudes were strongly based in values reported greater attitude clarity than correctness (Study 1). Similarly, increases in attitude clarity from having an attitude based in values increased the perception that participants effortfully processed the message (Studies 2 and 3), the belief that participants more successfully resisted the message, and participants' intentions to act on the attitude.
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Maier KJ, Whitehead GI, Lahay AR. The “modest majority and big minority” of climate change: Believers and nonbelievers are inaccurate about the extent that others agree. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Maier
- Department of Psychology Salisbury University Salisbury Maryland USA
| | | | - Amber R. Lahay
- Department of Psychology Salisbury University Salisbury Maryland USA
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Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility. NATURE REVIEWS PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 1:524-536. [PMID: 35789951 PMCID: PMC9244574 DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a time of societal acrimony, psychological scientists have turned to a possible antidote — intellectual humility. Interest in intellectual humility comes from diverse research areas, including researchers studying leadership and organizational behaviour, personality science, positive psychology, judgement and decision-making, education, culture, and intergroup and interpersonal relationships. In this Review, we synthesize empirical approaches to the study of intellectual humility. We critically examine diverse approaches to defining and measuring intellectual humility and identify the common element: a meta-cognitive ability to recognize the limitations of one’s beliefs and knowledge. After reviewing the validity of different measurement approaches, we highlight factors that influence intellectual humility, from relationship security to social coordination. Furthermore, we review empirical evidence concerning the benefits and drawbacks of intellectual humility for personal decision-making, interpersonal relationships, scientific enterprise and society writ large. We conclude by outlining initial attempts to boost intellectual humility, foreshadowing possible scalable interventions that can turn intellectual humility into a core interpersonal, institutional and cultural value. Intellectual humility involves acknowledging the limitations of one’s knowledge and that one’s beliefs might be incorrect. In this Review, Porter and colleagues synthesize concepts of intellectual humility across fields and describe the complex interplay between intellectual humility and related individual and societal factors.
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Wang T, Yu W. Alternative sources use and misinformation exposure and susceptibility: The curvilinear moderation effects of socioeconomic status. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Röchert D, Cargnino M, Neubaum G. Two sides of the same leader: an agent-based model to analyze the effect of ambivalent opinion leaders in social networks. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE 2022; 5:1159-1205. [PMID: 35492375 PMCID: PMC9039611 DOI: 10.1007/s42001-022-00161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Opinion leaders (OLs) are becoming increasingly relevant on social networking sites as their visibility can help to shape their followers' attitudes toward a variety of issues. While earlier research provided initial evidence on the effect of OLs using agent-based modeling, it remains unclear how OLs affect their network environment and, therefore, the opinion climate when: (a) they publicly hold ambivalent attitudes, and (b) they not only express support for their own stance but also discredit or 'debunk' the opposing side. This paper presents an agent-based model that determines the influence of OLs in social networks in relation to ambivalence and discreditation. The model draws on theoretical foundations of OLs as well as attitudinal ambivalence and was implemented using two network topologies. Results indicate that OLs have significant influence on the opinion climate and that an unequal number of OLs of different opinion camps lead to an imbalance in the opinion climate only in certain situations. Furthermore, OLs can dominate the opinion climate and turn their stance into a majority opinion more effectively when discrediting the opposing side. Ambivalent OLs, on the other hand, can contribute to greater balance in the opinion climate. These findings provide a more nuanced analysis of OLs in social networks by pointing to potential amplifications as well as boundaries of their influence. Implications are discussed with a focus on human and artificial key actors in online networks and their efficacy therein. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42001-022-00161-z.
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Maciuszek J, Polak M, Stasiuk K, Doliński D. Active pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups: Their group identities and attitudes toward science. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261648. [PMID: 34969055 PMCID: PMC8717991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine rejection is a problem severely impacting the global society, especially considering the COVID-19 outbreak. The need to understand the psychological mechanisms underlying the active involvement of the pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine movements is therefore very important both from a theoretical and practical perspective. This paper investigates the group identities of people with positive and negative attitudes towards vaccination, and their attitudes toward general science. A targeted sample study of 192 pro-vaccine and 156 anti-vaccine group members showed that the group identity of pro-vaccine individuals is higher than of anti-vaccine individuals. and that both pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine individuals had a positive attitude toward science. Results are discussed in context of the heterogeneity of motivations causing vaccine rejection and the relation between active involvement in online discussion and group identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józef Maciuszek
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Polak
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stasiuk
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Doliński
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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Luttrell A, Petty RE, Chang JH, Togans LJ. The role of dialecticism in objective and subjective attitudinal ambivalence. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:826-841. [PMID: 34724231 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although attitudes are often considered positive or negative evaluations, people often have both positive and negative associations with a target object or issue, and when people are ambivalent, they are typically presumed to find the experience aversive because they are motivated to hold clear, univalent attitudes. Cross-cultural research, however, has shown cultural variation in the propensity for dialectical thinking, which is characterized by a tolerance for contradiction. Two studies examined the role of dialectical thinking tendencies in the occurrence of attitudinal ambivalence and how much people subjectively experience their state of ambivalence. Study 1 measured individual differences in dialectical thinking within a culture, and Study 2 compared participants across two cultures (United States and Taiwan) that differ in dialecticism. Across studies, greater dialectical thinking was associated with holding both positive and negative evaluations of the same topic (objective ambivalence) and weaker correlations between objective ambivalence and subjective reports of being conflicted (subjective ambivalence).
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Barrutia JM, Echebarria C. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on public managers' attitudes toward digital transformation. TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY 2021; 67:101776. [PMID: 34642513 PMCID: PMC8496943 DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a process of digital acceleration and has likely changed the attitudes of local public managers toward information and communication technology (ICT). While this attitude change has been reasonably argued, it has not been systematically measured. This study narrows this gap by measuring the attitudes of public managers before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, this study finds that the pandemic has led public managers to be more confident in the capacity of ICT to help cities achieve their economic, social, and environmental goals and respond to challenges. Both explicit and implicit measures confirmed attitude changes. The explicit measures also indicated that the change in public managers' attitude toward ICT was similar to their change in attitude toward scientific progress and greater than their change in attitude toward other issues that have played a major role during the pandemic, namely, climate change, citizen participation, and privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Barrutia
- Institute of Applied Bussiness Economics, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Carmen Echebarria
- Institute of Applied Bussiness Economics, University of the Basque Country, Spain
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Tsai CI, Zhao M, Soman D. Salient knowledge that others are also evaluating reduces judgment extremity. JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF MARKETING SCIENCE 2021; 50:366-387. [PMID: 34608343 PMCID: PMC8480460 DOI: 10.1007/s11747-021-00807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As companies increasingly conduct marketing research online (e.g., through social networking sites or their brand community platforms), the knowledge that others are also filling out the same surveys becomes increasingly salient to respondents. This research examines how the salience of this knowledge influences consumer judgments. Two important characteristics of our research paradigm are especially relevant to digital contexts: (1) judgements made by the consumers are neither observable nor subject to others' disapproval; and (2) consensus is not observable or verifiable. Nevertheless, in six main studies and one auxiliary study (Web Appendix), we found that high knowledge salience of others also evaluating reduced judgment extremity. Judgment extremity is quantified by the degree or strength of an evaluation or numeric estimate about a judgment target. This effect was driven by consumers' tendency to predict a moderate consensus and to conform to this perception. Implications for marketing research and crowdsourcing are discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11747-021-00807-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire I. Tsai
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6 Canada
| | - Min Zhao
- Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA
| | - Dilip Soman
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6 Canada
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Ahmed S, Hsueh-Hua VC, Chib AI. Xenophobia in the Time of a Pandemic: Social Media Use, Stereotypes, and Prejudice against Immigrants during the COVID-19 Crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH 2021; 33:edab014. [PMCID: PMC8135645 DOI: 10.1093/ijpor/edab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between social media use, disease risk perception, social and political trust, and out-group stereotyping and prejudice during a social upheaval. Analyses of primary data collected during the COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore found that disease risk perception is positively related to stereotyping and prejudice against Chinese immigrants. Individuals who used social media for news were more likely to stereotype and express prejudice. However, those who engaged in frequent heterogenous discussions, and had more extensive social networks, were less likely to stereotype and express prejudice. Higher social and political trust was also associated with lower stereotyping and prejudice. Finally, moderation effects of network characteristics on the relationship between risk perception, social trust, and prejudice were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifuddin Ahmed
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, 31 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637718
| | - Vivian Chen Hsueh-Hua
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, 31 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637718
| | - Arul Indrasen Chib
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, 31 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637718
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Brandt MJ, Sleegers WWA. Evaluating Belief System Networks as a Theory of Political Belief System Dynamics. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2021; 25:159-185. [PMID: 33655780 DOI: 10.1177/1088868321993751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A theory of political belief system dynamics should incorporate causal connections between elements of the belief system and the possibility that belief systems are influenced by exogenous factors. These necessary components can be satisfied by conceptualizing an individual's belief system as a network of causally connected attitudes and identities which, via the interactions between the elements and the push of exogenous influences, produces the disparate phenomena in the belief systems literature. We implement this belief systems as networks theory in a dynamic Ising model and demonstrate that the theory can integrate at least six otherwise unrelated phenomenon in the political belief systems literature, including work on attitude consistency, cross-pressures, spillover effects, partisan cues, and ideological differences in attitude consensus. Our findings suggest that belief systems are not just one thing, but emerge from the interactions between the attitudes and identities in the belief system. All code is available: https://osf.io/aswy8/?view_only=99aff77909094bddabb5d382f6db2622.
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Drescher F, Ziegler R. The interactive role of subjective attitudinal ambivalence, knowledge, and certainty for attitude stability: The case of driving electric vehicles. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Ziegler
- Fachbereich Psychologie Eberhard‐Karls‐Universität Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
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14
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Roth ZC, Rios K. Feeling correct is feeling prejudiced: The differential effects of attitude correctness and attitude clarity on evaluations of outgroups. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220972756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Global attitude certainty consists of two subconstructs: attitude clarity—certainty that one is aware of one’s true attitudes—and attitude correctness, certainty that one’s attitudes are morally correct and valid. Attitude correctness is more often associated with group-related psychological and behavioral outcomes than attitude clarity. As such, we expected that attitude correctness, but not attitude clarity, would be associated with more negative attitudes toward outgroups when group boundaries are defined by attitudes. Across four studies, greater attitude correctness related to more negative attitudes toward attitudinal outgroups regardless of context (e.g., political, religious); attitude clarity’s relationship to prejudice was inconsistent (Studies 1a and 2: positive or no relationship; Study 3: negative; Studies 1b and 4: no relationship). In Studies 2 and 3, mediational analyses showed that greater attitude correctness was associated with stronger beliefs that group boundaries are sharp and distinct (i.e., discreteness beliefs), which in turn was associated with greater prejudice. Finally, Study 4 demonstrated that the attitude correctness–prejudice link was associated with greater intention to engage in competitive behaviors in a conflict resolution scenario with an outgroup member.
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15
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Joo WT, Fletcher J. Out of Sync, Out of Society: Political Beliefs and Social Networks. NETWORK SCIENCE (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS) 2020; 8:445-468. [PMID: 33163185 PMCID: PMC7646439 DOI: 10.1017/nws.2020.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Who is more likely to be isolated from society in terms of political beliefs? To answer this question, we measure whether individuals' beliefs are "out of sync" - the extent to which their views differ with their contemporaries - and examine how the level of synchronization is associated with the size of important-matter and political-matter discussion networks. The results show that people with weaker belief synchronization are more likely to have smaller important-matter discussion networks. However, additional analyses of political-matter discussion networks show that weaker belief synchronization is associated with smaller networks only among those without a high school diploma and even provides some advantage in maintaining larger networks for the college-educated. Overall, the results imply that political beliefs that are "out of sync" correspond to the individual being "out of society," whereas the aspects of "out of society" are quite different among educational groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Joo
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jason Fletcher
- La Follette School of Public Affairs and Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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de Groot JIM, Schweiger E, Schubert I. Social Influence, Risk and Benefit Perceptions, and the Acceptability of Risky Energy Technologies: An Explanatory Model of Nuclear Power Versus Shale Gas. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:1226-1243. [PMID: 32056242 PMCID: PMC7317191 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Risky energy technologies are often controversial and debates around them are polarized; in such debates public acceptability is key. Research on public acceptability has emphasized the importance of intrapersonal factors but has largely neglected the influence of interpersonal factors. In an online survey (N = 948) with a representative sample of the United Kingdom, we therefore integrate interpersonal factors (i.e., social influence as measured by social networks) with two risky energy technologies that differ in familiarity (nuclear power vs. shale gas) to examine how these factors explain risk and benefit perceptions and public acceptability. Findings show that benefit perceptions are key in explaining acceptability judgments. However, risk perceptions are more important when people are less familiar with the energy technology. Social network factors affect perceived risks and benefits associated with risky energy technology, hereby indirectly helping to form one's acceptability judgment toward the technology. This effect seems to be present regardless of the perceived familiarity with the energy technology. By integrating interpersonal with intrapersonal factors in an explanatory model, we show how the current "risk-benefit acceptability" model used in risk research can be further developed to advance the current understanding of acceptability formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith I. M. de Groot
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of MarketingUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Light AE, Goldberg MH. Failure to Share Reality and its Consequences for Self-Concept Clarity. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jung J, Hogg MA, Livingstone AG, Choi H. From uncertain boundaries to uncertain identity: Effects of entitativity threat on identity–uncertainty and emigration. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Jung
- Department of Psychology Claremont Graduate University Claremont California
| | - Michael A. Hogg
- Department of Psychology Claremont Graduate University Claremont California
| | | | - Hoon‐Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology Sungkyunkwan University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Hamid N, Pretus C, Atran S, Crockett MJ, Ginges J, Sheikh H, Tobeña A, Carmona S, Gómez A, Davis R, Vilarroya O. Neuroimaging 'will to fight' for sacred values: an empirical case study with supporters of an Al Qaeda associate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181585. [PMID: 31312469 PMCID: PMC6599782 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Violent intergroup conflicts are often motivated by commitments to abstract ideals such as god or nation, so-called 'sacred' values that are insensitive to material trade-offs. There is scant knowledge of how the brain processes costly sacrifices for such cherished causes. We studied willingness to fight and die for sacred values using fMRI in Barcelona, Spain, among supporters of a radical Islamist group. We measured brain activity in radicalized individuals as they indicated their willingness to fight and die for sacred and non-sacred values, and as they reacted to peers' ratings for the same values. We observed diminished activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), inferior frontal gyrus, and parietal cortex while conveying willingness to fight and die for sacred relative to non-sacred values-regions that have previously been implicated in calculating costs and consequences. An overlapping region of the dlPFC was active when viewing conflicting ratings of sacred values from peers, to the extent participants were sensitive to peer influence, suggesting that it is possible to induce flexibility in the way people defend sacred values. Our results cohere with a view that 'devoted actors' motivated by an extreme commitment towards sacred values rely on distinctive neurocognitve processes that can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Hamid
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Sq., Kings Cross, London WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Clara Pretus
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Scott Atran
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- The Changing Character of War Centre, Pembroke College, University of Oxford, St. Aldates, Oxford OX1 1DW, UK
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jean Nicod – Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
- Gerald Ford School of Public Policy and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Molly J. Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jeremy Ginges
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, 80 5th Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA
| | - Hammad Sheikh
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, 80 5th Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA
| | - Adolf Tobeña
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gómez
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, C/Juan del Rosal, No. 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Davis
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- The Changing Character of War Centre, Pembroke College, University of Oxford, St. Aldates, Oxford OX1 1DW, UK
- School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, Coor Hall, 975 S. Myrtle Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Oscar Vilarroya
- Artis International, 6424 E. Greenway Parkway, Suite 100-498, Scottsdale, AZ 85254, USA
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Passeig Marítim 25-29, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, Lunansky G, van der Maas HLJ. The Attitudinal Entropy (AE) Framework: Clarifications, Extensions, and Future Directions. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1542235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Lunansky
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rios K, Roth ZC. Extending the Attitudinal Entropy Framework to Interpersonal Phenomena. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1537331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Rios
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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22
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van de Calseyde PP, Zeelenberg M, Evers ER. The impact of doubt on the experience of regret. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Itzchakov G, DeMarree KG, Kluger AN, Turjeman-Levi Y. The Listener Sets the Tone: High-Quality Listening Increases Attitude Clarity and Behavior-Intention Consequences. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:762-778. [PMID: 29347879 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217747874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined how merely sharing attitudes with a good listener shapes speakers' attitudes. We predicted that high-quality (i.e., empathic, attentive, and nonjudgmental) listening reduces speakers' social anxiety and leads them to delve deeper into their attitude-relevant knowledge (greater self-awareness). This, subsequently, differentially affects two components of speaker's attitude certainty by increasing attitude clarity, but not attitude correctness. In addition, we predicted that this increased clarity is followed by increased attitude- expression intentions, but not attitude- persuasion intentions. We obtained consistent support for our hypotheses across five experiments (including one preregistered study), manipulating listening behavior in a variety of ways. This is the first evidence that an interpersonal variable, unrelated to the attitude itself, can affect attitude clarity and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- 1 Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel.,2 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Koriat A, Adiv-Mashinsky S, Undorf M, Schwarz N. The Prototypical Majority Effect Under Social Influence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:670-683. [PMID: 29332487 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217744527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Majority views are reported with greater confidence and fluency than minority views, with the difference increasing with majority size. This Prototypical Majority Effect (PME) was attributed generally to conformity pressure, but Koriat et al. showed that it can arise from the processes underlying decision and confidence independent of social influence. Here we examined the PME under conditions that differ in social influence. In Experiment 1, a robust PME emerged in the absence of information about the majority views, but the provision sof that information increased the choice of the majority view and magnified the PME. In Experiment 2, a PME emerged in a minority-biased condition that misled participants to believe that the majority view was the minority view, but the PME was stronger in a majority-biased condition. The results were discussed in terms of a dual-process view: The PME observed under social influence may contain externally driven and internally driven components.
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25
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Tormala ZL, Rucker DD. Attitude certainty: Antecedents, consequences, and new directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/arcp.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Kokkonen A, Karlsson D. That's what friends are for: how intergroup friendships promote historically disadvantaged groups' substantive political representation. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2017; 68:693-717. [PMID: 28510354 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interests of historically disadvantaged groups risk being overlooked if they are not present in the decision-making process. However, a mere presence in politics does not guarantee political success. Often groups need allies to promote their interests successfully. We argue that one way to identify such allies is to judge politicians by whether they have friends in historically disadvantaged groups, as intergroup friendships have been shown to make people understand and feel empathy for outgroups. In other words, intergroup friendships may function as an important complement to descriptive representation. We test our argument with a unique survey that asks all elected political representatives in Sweden's 290 municipalities (response rate 79 per cent) about their friendship ties to, and their representation of, five historically disadvantaged groups: women, immigrants, youths, pensioners and blue-collar workers. We find a strong correlation between representatives' friendship ties to these groups and their commitment to represent them. The correlation is especially strong for youths and blue-collar workers, which likely can be explained by the fact that these groups usually lack crucial political resources (such as experience and education). We conclude that friendship ties function as an important complement to descriptive representation for achieving substantive representation.
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Petrocelli JV, Whitmire MB. Emotion Decoding and Incidental Processing Fluency as Antecedents of Attitude Certainty. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:924-939. [PMID: 28903704 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217700606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that attitude certainty influences the degree to which an attitude changes in response to persuasive appeals. In the current research, decoding emotions from facial expressions and incidental processing fluency, during attitude formation, are examined as antecedents of both attitude certainty and attitude change. In Experiment 1, participants who decoded anger or happiness during attitude formation expressed their greater attitude certainty, and showed more resistance to persuasion than participants who decoded sadness. By manipulating the emotion decoded, the diagnosticity of processing fluency experienced during emotion decoding, and the gaze direction of the social targets, Experiment 2 suggests that the link between emotion decoding and attitude certainty results from incidental processing fluency. Experiment 3 demonstrated that fluency in processing irrelevant stimuli influences attitude certainty, which in turn influences resistance to persuasion. Implications for appraisal-based accounts of attitude formation and attitude change are discussed.
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28
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Experiencing motivational conflict on social media in a crisis situation: The case of the Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Clarkson J, Smith E, Tormala Z, Dugan R. Group identification as a means of attitude restoration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Gerhart N, Sidorova A. The Effect of Network Characteristics on Online Identity Management Practices. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08874417.2016.1184007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Attitude strength has been the focus of a huge volume of research in psychology and related sciences for decades. The insights offered by this literature have tremendous value for understanding attitude functioning and structure and for the effective application of the attitude concept in applied settings. This is the first Annual Review of Psychology article on the topic, and it offers a review of theory and evidence regarding one of the most researched strength-related attitude features: attitude importance. Personal importance is attached to an attitude when the attitude is perceived to be relevant to self-interest, social identification with reference groups or reference individuals, and values. Attaching personal importance to an attitude causes crystallizing of attitudes (via enhanced resistance to change), effortful gathering and processing of relevant information, accumulation of a large store of well-organized relevant information in long-term memory, enhanced attitude extremity and accessibility, enhanced attitude impact on the regulation of interpersonal attraction, energizing of emotional reactions, and enhanced impact of attitudes on behavioral intentions and action. Thus, important attitudes are real and consequential psychological forces, and their study offers opportunities for addressing behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Howe
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Jon A Krosnick
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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32
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Lheureux F, Auzoult L. When the social discourse on violation behaviours is challenged by the perception of everyday life experiences: Effects of non-accident experiences on offending attitudes and habits. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 94:89-96. [PMID: 27269997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to introduce the concept of the Non-Accident Experience (NAE) with regard to violations of traffic safety regulations. An NAE refers to the fact of not having been involved in an accident following the adoption of a behaviour socially recognised as promoting its occurrence. We hypothesise that this type of experiences has a strong effect on attitudes (valence and strength) and habits with regard to traffic offences such as speeding and drink-drive. An empirical study was conducted to test the relevance of this set of hypotheses. 543 French drivers participated to a survey designed to measure all these theoretical constructs. As expected, the results showed that the more frequently NAEs were experienced the more individuals had a favourable and weak (less certain, less important, more ambivalent) attitude towards violations, as well as strong habits. In addition, the more numerous NAEs experienced by others were perceived to be, the more ambivalent was the attitude. The discussion firstly concerns the methodological limitations of this study (e.g. use of cross-sectional design) as well as the integration of this concept into current research, especially in relation to the attitude strength concept and the theory of planned behaviour. Then, we discuss its practical implications (use of the experience based analysis technique, with consideration of both accident and non-accident experiences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lheureux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA3188), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Laurent Auzoult
- Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA3188), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
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Cheung EO, Gardner WL. With a little help from my friends: Understanding how social networks influence the pursuit of the ideal self. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1194314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Schwab NG, Cullum JC, Harton HC. Clustering of worry appraisals among college students. The Journal of Social Psychology 2015; 156:413-21. [PMID: 26541710 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2015.1115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential clustering of worry appraisals within college social networks. Participants living in campus residence buildings responded to online surveys across the course of several months. Worry appraisals were measured 10 weeks into the fall semester and again approximately 6 months later. Analysis of sociometric data suggests that the majority of participants' social interactions occurred within their respective residence building floors, indicating that proximity strongly influenced the development of social network ties and sources of social influence. Further, significant clustering of worry appraisals occurred across time, and more importantly, within residence building floors. The present findings compliment previous work suggesting that several physical and psychological states appear to spread and cluster within social networks. Implications for the study of emotional appraisals and future research are discussed.
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36
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Views That Are Shared With Others Are Expressed With Greater Confidence and Greater Fluency Independent of Any Social Influence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015; 20:176-93. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315585269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on group influence has yielded a prototypical majority effect (PME): Majority views are endorsed faster and with greater confidence than minority views, with the difference increasing with majority size. The PME was attributed to conformity pressure enhancing confidence in consensual views and causing inhibition in venturing deviant opinions. Our results, however, indicate that PME for binary choices can arise from the process underlying confidence and latency independent of social influence. PME was demonstrated for tasks and conditions that are stripped of social relevance; it was observed in within-individual analyses in contrasting the individual’s more frequent and less frequent responses to the same item, and was found for the predictions of others’ responses. A self-consistency model, which assumes that choice and confidence are based on the sampling of representations from a commonly shared pool of representations, yielded a PME for confidence and latency. Behavioral implications of the results are discussed.
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37
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Petrocelli JV, Williams SA, Clarkson JJ. The bigger they come, the harder they fall: The paradoxical effect of regulatory depletion on attitude change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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The role of social context in shaping student-athlete opinions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115159. [PMID: 25522052 PMCID: PMC4270728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do student-athletes form opinions? This is a particularly important question given ongoing debates about whether student-athletes should be paid and/or allowed to unionize. These debates concern the rights and benefits accrued directly to student-athletes, and thus, understanding their attitudes is of obvious import. Yet, virtually no recent work has delved into how student-athletes form opinions on these issues. We fill this gap with a theoretical framework that predicts changes in social context alter opinions. This leads to the hypothesis that opinions will change once a student-athlete completes his/her career and finds him/herself in a distinct social network. We test the prediction with a survey, implemented in 2012, of one of the most notable athletic conferences in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA): the Big Ten. We find that post-career student-athletes demonstrate higher levels of support for pay for play and unionization. Our results suggest that student-athletes' opinions seem to depend on their extant social contexts. While our data, from 2012, neither speak to current opinions – given the quickly evolving landscape of college athletics – nor demonstrate what reforms may be “best,” they do accentuate the power of social context in shaping student-athletes' attitudes.
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39
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Hoffarth MR, Hodson G. Is subjective ambivalence toward gays a modern form of bias? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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DiFonzo N, Suls J, Beckstead JW, Bourgeois MJ, Homan CM, Brougher S, Younge AJ, Terpstra-Schwab N. Network Structure Moderates Intergroup Differentiation of Stereotyped Rumors. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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41
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Mereish E, Poteat VP. Effects of heterosexuals' direct and extended friendships with sexual minorities on their attitudes and behaviors: intergroup anxiety and attitude strength as mediators and moderators. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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A multi-dimensional model of the origins of attitude certainty: teachers’ attitudes toward attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-013-9235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Clarkson JJ, Tormala ZL, Rucker DD, Dugan RG. The malleable influence of social consensus on attitude certainty. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Merino SM. Contact with gays and lesbians and same-sex marriage support: The moderating role of social context. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013; 42:1156-1166. [PMID: 23721680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Empirical research on the contact hypothesis has paid inadequate attention to the broader social and normative context in which contact occurs. Using data from the nationally representative Portraits of American Life Study, I test whether individuals' core networks moderate the effect of personal contact with gays and lesbians on same-sex marriage attitudes. OLS regression results demonstrate that, though contact is strongly associated with greater support for same-sex marriage, the effect is attenuated for individuals with a higher proportion of religious conservatives in their core network. This moderating effect holds even after controlling for respondents' religiosity and when the sample is limited to self-identified religious liberals and moderates. Future research on intergroup contact should be attentive to other influences within individuals' social contexts and examine how the outcomes of contact across a variety of social boundaries are moderated by these social influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Merino
- The University of Texas-Pan American, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1201 W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, United States.
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45
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DiFonzo N, Bourgeois MJ, Suls J, Homan C, Stupak N, Brooks BP, Ross DS, Bordia P. Rumor clustering, consensus, and polarization: Dynamic social impact and self-organization of hearsay. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Gebauer JE, Maio GR, Pakizeh A. Feeling Torn When Everything Seems Right. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:777-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167213481679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of positive and negative attributes of an attitude object typically accounts for less than a quarter of the variance in felt ambivalence toward these objects, rendering this evaluative incongruence insufficient for explaining felt ambivalence. The present research tested whether another type of incongruence, semantic incongruence, also causes felt ambivalence. Semantic incongruence arises from inconsistencies in the descriptive content of attitude objects’ attributes (e.g., attributes that are not mutually supportive), independent of these attributes’ valences. Experiment 1 manipulated evaluative and semantic incongruence using valence norms and semantic norms. Both of these norm-based manipulations independently predicted felt ambivalence, and, in Experiment 2, they even did so over and above self-based incongruence (i.e., participants’ idiosyncratic perceptions of evaluative and semantic incongruence). Experiments 3a and 3b revealed that aversive dissonant feelings play a role in the effects of evaluative incongruence, but not semantic incongruence, on felt ambivalence.
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Abstract
Three studies were designed to extend a combination of vested interest theory (VI) and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals (EPPM) to provide formative research for creating more effective disaster preparedness social action campaigns. The aim was to develop an effective VI scale for assessing individual awareness and 'vestedness' relevant to disaster preparedness. Typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis on earthquakes and tornados in particular. Brief overviews of VI and the EPPM are offered, and findings are presented from three studies (one dealing with earthquakes, and two with tornados) conducted to determine the factor structure of the key VI components involved, and to develop and test subscales derived from the two theories. The paper finishes with a discussion of future research needs and suggestions on how the new subscales may be applied in the design and execution of more effective disaster preparedness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude H Miller
- Department of Communication, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, United States
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48
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Abstract
Intuition suggests that a distanced or abstract thinker should be immune to social influence, and on its surface, the current literature could seem to support this view. The present research builds on recent theorizing to suggest a different possibility. Drawing on the notion that psychological distance regulates the extent to which evaluations incorporate context-specific or context-independent information, we suggest that psychological distance should actually increase susceptibility to sources of social influence that tend to be consistently encountered across contexts, such as group norms. Consistent with this hypothesis, two studies showed that psychological distance and abstraction increased conformity to group opinion and that this effect persisted in a novel voting-booth paradigm in which participants believed their voting behavior was both anonymous and consequential. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding the social side of abstraction as well as the conditions under which different types of social influence are likely to be most influential.
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Prislin R, Shaffer E, Crowder M. Populism vs. elitism: social consensus and social status as bases of attitude certainty. The Journal of Social Psychology 2012; 152:327-39. [PMID: 22558827 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2011.610390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of social consensus and social status on attitude certainty that is conceptualized multi-dimensionally as perceived clarity and correctness of one's attitude. In a mock opinion exchange about a social issue, participants were either supported (high consensus) or opposed (low consensus) by most of the confederates. They were informed that their opinion (high status) or their opponents' opinion (low status) had the alleged psychological significance indicative of future success. Post-experimental attitude clarity was significantly greater when attitudinal position was associated with high rather than low status. Attitude correctness was interactively affected by social status and social consensus. Supporting the compensatory effect hypothesis, attitude correctness was comparable across the levels of social consensus as long as they were associated with high status, and across the levels of social status as long as they were associated with high social consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Prislin
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA.
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50
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Poteat VP, Mereish EH. (Dis)similarity Between Liberals and Conservatives: Predicting Variability in Group Differences on Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Rights Attitudes. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2011.637852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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