1
|
Kim JH, Choi E, Kim N, Choi I. Older people are not always happier than younger people: The moderating role of personality. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:275-292. [PMID: 35665604 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present research explored whether the well-established U-shaped relationship between age and happiness varied with personality. Individuals ranging from 15 to 75 years of age (N = 10,456, 84.9% female) completed online surveys of subjective well-being (i.e. life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) and the Big Five personality traits (International Personality Item Pool [IPIP]). The results of hierarchical multiple regression using the PROCESS macro not only supported the prediction of a U-shaped relationship between age and well-being but also revealed that the quadratic relationship is moderated by agreeableness and neuroticism. Specifically, well-being did not bounce back in later adulthood on the well-being curve across different age groups with low agreeableness and high neuroticism. Moreover, positive affect did not increase and even decreased in later adulthood among those with low agreeableness. This study discusses the potential mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunsoo Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Incheol Choi
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin RS, Yu DS, Chau PH, Li PW, Ismail Z. Reliability and Validity of the Traditional Chinese Version of the Mild Behavioral Impairment - Checklist Among Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment - A Validation Study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2023; 36:26-38. [PMID: 35430911 DOI: 10.1177/08919887221093363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability and validity of the traditional Chinese version of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C) among Hong Kong Chinese with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS A total of 172 participants were recruited from 2 community facilities. Cronbach's alpha (α) was calculated to evaluate internal consistency. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure 2-week test-retest reliability. Construct validity was evaluated by conducting exploratory factor analysis to identify the internal structure of MBI-C, and assessing the correlation between theoretically related constructs, including objective and subjective cognitive impairment, neurotic personality, social supports, and maladaptive coping. Concurrent validity was assessed by its correlation with Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q). RESULTS The results revealed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the MBI-C. Item analysis identified 4 items with low item-to-total correlations. The EFA identified a seven-factor structure. Hypothesis testing identified its significant correlations with subjective cognitive impairment, neurotic personality, social supports, and maladaptive coping. Concurrent validity was supported by its significant correlation with the NPI-Q. CONCLUSIONS The traditional Chinese version of MBI-C is a valid and reliable outcome measure to assess the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms of the MCI population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Sy Lin
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 71020University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Doris Sf Yu
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 71020University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pui H Chau
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 71020University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Polly Wc Li
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 71020University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, 2129University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taconnat L, Pinard F, Vanneste S, Bouazzaoui B, Fay S, Martinez L, Alibran E, Geraci L. Personality traits affect older adults' memory differently depending on the environmental support provided at encoding. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Age and socioeconomic differences in coping with home stressors: A daily diary study of mindfulness and anticipatory coping. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
5
|
Mogle J, Turner JR, Rabin LA, Sliwinski MJ, Zhaoyang R, Hill NL. Measuring Memory Lapses and Their Impact on Daily Life: Results From Two Daily Diary Studies. Assessment 2022:10731911221077962. [PMID: 35189724 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221077962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Memory lapses (e.g., forgetting a medication) are common for most people, yet past methods of assessment relied upon retrospective reports from long recall windows. Recently, researchers have incorporated daily diary methods to capture memory lapse frequency closer to the experience in real-world environments. This study describes the utility of the Daily Memory Lapses Checklist using data from two 14-day diary studies (Combined Sample = 467; 66% women). Frequency and impact (i.e., irritation and interference) of prospective and retrospective memory lapses were assessed at both individual- and daily levels. Across studies, memory lapses occurred on more than one-third of assessment days. Retrospective lapses were reported more frequently than prospective; however, both lapses had a similar impact. The Daily Memory Lapses Checklist represents a flexible measure that separates the occurrence of a memory lapse from its impact on daily life: metrics that will enhance our understanding of daily experiences of cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikki L Hill
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neupert SD. Anticipatory Coping Diversity: Implications for Emotional, Physical, and Cognitive Reactivity to Daily Stressors. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:721-732. [PMID: 34543393 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the concept of anticipatory coping diversity, reflected in the evenness and richness of anticipatory coping strategies. The overarching goal of the present study is to show how individual differences in anticipatory coping diversity are associated with emotional, physical, and cognitive reactivity to daily stressors, and to examine whether these dynamic characteristics might differ between younger and older adults. METHOD 107 younger (M age = 19.44, range 18-36) and 116 older (M age = 64.71, range 60-90) participants reported on 1627 total days via an online daily diary study. Participants reported baseline demographic information (Day 1) and anticipatory coping, stressor exposure, negative affect, physical symptoms, and memory failures (Days 2-9). Anticipatory coping diversity was indexed at the person level using Shannon's entropy to capture the evenness and richness of anticipatory coping strategies across stressors. RESULTS People with more anticipatory coping diversity were less emotionally reactive, but more physically and cognitively reactive to daily stressors. Older adults exhibited less anticipatory coping diversity than younger adults, but the patterns of anticipatory coping diversity differences in reactivity appeared to be consistent across younger and older adults. DISCUSSION Anticipatory coping diversity reflects a useful index within the stress process that is associated with benefits as well as costs. These findings bridge dispositional and contextual approaches to coping and highlight the importance of understanding how deployment of coping strategies are related to well-being across the adult lifespan.
Collapse
|
7
|
Capuano AW, Wilson RS, Leurgans SE, Sampaio C, Barnes LL, Farfel JM, Bennett DA. Neuroticism, negative life events, and dementia in older White and Black Brazilians. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:901-908. [PMID: 33377540 PMCID: PMC8384138 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to negative life events (NLEs) and neuroticism are associated with dementia. It is unknown whether neuroticism explains or modifies the association of NLEs with dementia in older Black and White Brazilians. METHODS A total of 1747 decedents 65 years and older White and Black (11% Black and 23% Mixed) Brazilians, 53% women, were included in the analyses. Data were obtained in a face-to-face interview with an informant (71% their children) who knew the decedents for 47 years on average. Dementia was classified using the Clinical Dementia Rating. NLEs were assessed with a 10-item scale involving common problems (e.g., death, illness, alcoholism, and financial). Neuroticism was assessed with a 6-item neuroticism scale adapted from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Models adjusted for age, sex, and education. Black and mixed-race were combined in the analyses. RESULTS NLEs (median of 2) were more common in Blacks than Whites (2.04 vs. 1.82, p = 0.007). More NLEs increased the odds of dementia (OR = 1.112, β = 0.106, p = 0.002), similarly in Blacks and Whites (β interaction = 0.046, p = 0.526). More NLEs were also associated with higher neuroticism (β = 0.071, p < 0.0001), in Whites but not in Blacks (β interaction = -0.048, p = 0.006). Neuroticism was associated with higher odds of dementia (OR = 1.658, β = 0.506, p=<0.001), in Whites but not in Blacks (β interaction = -0.420, p = 0.040). Overall, 34% of the effect of NLEs on dementia was associated with the underlying neuroticism trait in Whites (65%, Indirect OR = 1.060, p < 0.001) but no association was evident in Blacks (6%, Indirect OR = 1.008, p = 0.326). Neuroticism did not moderate the association of NLEs with dementia (OR = 0.979, β = -0.021, p = 0.717). CONCLUSION The association of NLEs and dementia is partially explained by neuroticism in older White but not in Blacks Brazilians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana W. Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Instituto de Assistência Médica Ao Servidor Público Estadual (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sue E. Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carolina Sampaio
- Instituto de Assistência Médica Ao Servidor Público Estadual (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Instituto de Assistência Médica Ao Servidor Público Estadual (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Instituto de Assistência Médica Ao Servidor Público Estadual (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bell T, Hill N, Mogle J, Sweeder L, Bhargava S. Longitudinal evaluation of perceived stress and memory complaints in the Einstein Aging Study. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2021; 34:37-50. [PMID: 33108888 PMCID: PMC7769894 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1836621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stress decreases memory performance and escalates the risk of developing cognitive impairment. Despite these concerning cognitive outcomes, longitudinal assessment of the relationship between perceived stress and memory complaints within a racially diverse sample remains scant. METHOD 391 cognitively intact older adults (M = 77.31, SD = 4.75) from the Einstein Aging Study were measured annually for up to nine years. Memory complaint items included self-reported frequency of forgetfulness, one-year memory decline, and 10-year memory decline. Multilevel models examined between-person and within-person associations between perceived stress and memory complaints while controlling for demographic differences and neuroticism. RESULTS Strong between-person associations emerged such that older adults with generally higher perceived stress were more likely to report memory complaints, and vice versa. No significant concurrent within-person associations emerged. One lagged association emerged showing that within-person increases in perceived stress translated to a higher likelihood of reporting 10-year memory decline at the next annual screening. CONCLUSION Older adults with higher perceived stress are at risk for memory complaints over time. Further research into the relationship between perceived stress and memory complaints is necessary to augment our understanding of how risk factors of cognitive decline present throughout the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bell
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Nikki Hill
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- Edna Bennet Peirce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Logan Sweeder
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Sakshi Bhargava
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Graham EK, James BD, Jackson KL, Willroth EC, Boyle P, Wilson R, Bennett DA, Mroczek DK. Associations Between Personality Traits and Cognitive Resilience in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:6-19. [PMID: 32969474 PMCID: PMC8574296 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this paper was to examine associations between personality traits and resilience to neuropathologic burden. METHOD Using data from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project, we identified a total of 1,375 participants with personality, cognitive, and post-mortem neuropathology data. We regressed cognition onto pathology and extracted the residuals as an indicator of cognitive resilience. We then modeled the effect of Big Five personality traits on cognitive resilience, adjusting for demographics, APOE status, medical comorbidities, and cognitive activity. The analytic plan was preregistered prior to data access or analysis, and all scripts and outputs are available online. RESULTS Higher neuroticism was associated with greater vulnerability to pathology. Results from exploratory analyses suggest that higher conscientiousness was associated with less cognitive decline relative to the amount of pathology, or greater resilience. Education and cognitive activity did not moderate these associations. DISCUSSION Personality may have a pathoplastic effect on neuropathology, as low neuroticism and high conscientiousness are associated with better function despite neuropathologic burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bryan D James
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn L Jackson
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily C Willroth
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Objectives: Problems in subjective executive function, the perceived cognitive control of mental processes for goal-directed behavior, may indicate cognitive impairment in older adulthood. Although, previous studies highlight the importance of personality on objective cognitive performance, no studies clarify their role with subjective executive function. To inform methods of early identification of cognitive impairment, this study explored how temperament and personality traits account for problems in subjective executive function.Method: The current project examined the associations between temperament and personality on subjective executive function across two samples of community-dwelling older adults (65+ years, n1 = 25, n2 = 50). Both studies measured subjective executive function (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult) and separately administered scales on temperament (Adult Temperament Questionnaire) and personality (Big Five Inventory).Results: Concerning temperament, older adults higher in negative affect endorsed greater difficulty in subjective executive function. Regarding personality traits, older adults with higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness reported higher difficulty in subjective executive function.Conclusion: Findings enhance our understanding of subtle cognitive changes and may aid in early detection. In particular, distressful inclinations were associated with more reported problems in executive function whereas problem-solving tendencies were inversely related. Future work should examine if enhanced negativity coupled with analytical disengagement predicts problems in subjective executive function over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bell
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Nikki Hill
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Despina Stavrinos
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Corresponding author: Physical address: 916 Building, 916 19th Street South, Birmingham AL, 35294-2100, , Phone: 205.934.7891, Fax: 205.934.2295
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aschwanden D, Sutin AR, Luchetti M, Allemand M, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Personality and Cognitive Failures / Complaints. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020; 14:e12565. [PMID: 34326894 PMCID: PMC8317966 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the associations of personality traits with cognitive failures and cognitive complaints across the adult lifespan. We first present three conceptual models (cognitive abilities, mental processes, and reporting bias) that could explain why personality is related to such behaviors. We then conducted five separate meta-analyses with 10-17 cross-sectional samples (N = 7,642 - 10,564) that were identified through a systematic literature search following the MOOSE guidelines. Higher neuroticism (r = .39, 95% CI [0.32, 0.45]) and lower conscientiousness (r = -.36, 95% CI [-.42, -.29]) were related to more cognitive failures and complaints. Lower scores on the remaining traits were also associated with more cognitive failures and complaints, yet to a weaker extent (extraversion: r = -.14, 95% CI [-.20, -.08]; openness: r = -.07, 95% CI [-.11, -.03]; agreeableness: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.21, -.05]). With the current empirical evidence, it is not possible to tell which of the three conceptual models explains how much of the associations. For neuroticism, there is more support for the mental processes than the reporting bias model, but more research is needed to fully test mechanistic models. We provide several suggestions for future research to address existing limitations of the literature on personality and cognitive failures and complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathias Allemand
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Melinder A, Brennen T, Husby MF, Vassend O. Personality, confirmation bias, and forensic interviewing performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Melinder
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Tim Brennen
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Olav Vassend
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koller OM, Hill NL, Mogle J, Bhang I. Relationships Between Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Personality Traits: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol Nurs 2019; 45:27-34. [PMID: 30690651 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20190111-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the relationships between personality traits and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) in older adults without dementia. A comprehensive literature search conducted according to PRISMA guidelines identified empirical investigations of SCI and at least one of the big five personality traits among adults age 60 or older. All articles were critically appraised using the weight of evidence framework and findings were compared, contrasted, and synthesized across studies. Sixteen of the 797 studies initially identified met eligibility criteria. A higher level of SCI was associated with higher neuroticism in 88% of the studies reviewed. In addition, a consistent negative association was identified between conscientiousness and SCI (57% of studies). No consistent relationships between openness, extraversion, or agreeableness and SCI were identified. Overall, this review supports the oft-cited association between higher neuroticism and greater self-reports of cognitive problems; however, the complexity of the relationship between SCI and personality is not yet fully understood. Future research should examine the extent to which different personality traits predispose individuals to report symptoms versus those traits that are associated with increased sensitivity to early indicators of pathological change. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 45(2), 27-34.].
Collapse
|
14
|
Mogle J, Muñoz E, Hill NL, Smyth JM, Sliwinski MJ. Daily Memory Lapses in Adults: Characterization and Influence on Affect. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:59-68. [PMID: 28329832 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current analyses examined the impact of daily memory lapses on daily affect and whether this impact varied across age. Method One hundred sixty-six adults (ages 20-79) completed assessments of memory lapses and affect each day for 7 consecutive days. Assessments included retrospective and prospective memory lapses as well as the impact of these lapses (how irritating, interfering, and consequential). Affect was assessed using ratings of daily positive and negative affect. Results Participants reported memory lapses on 33.3% of days. Prospective lapses were consistently rated as more consequential. Regardless of age, participants had significantly lower in positive affect and significantly higher in negative affect on days with a prospective lapse. Effects of retrospective lapses depended on age: compared to older adults, younger adults reported lower positive affect on days with a retrospective lapse. Discussion Previous work on daily memory lapses has focused on prospective lapses. Although retrospective lapses occurred more frequently in this sample, prospective lapses appeared to have a greater impact on daily experiences regardless of age. By measuring daily memory lapses and affect over consecutive days, we can begin to understand how the experience of forgetting impacts individuals at a micro-level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mogle
- Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing, University Park
| | - Elizabeth Muñoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside
| | - Nikki L Hill
- Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing, University Park
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Pennsylvania State University Biobehavioral Health, University Park
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Pennsylvania State University Human Development and Family Studies, University Park
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bellingtier JA, Neupert SD. Negative Aging Attitudes Predict Greater Reactivity to Daily Stressors in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:1155-1159. [PMID: 27489092 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In order to understand conflicting findings regarding the emotional reactions of older adults to daily stressors, we examined the possibility that negative aging attitudes could function as an important individual differences factor related to stressor reactivity. Method Using a daily dairy design, we examined the aging attitudes of 43 older adults reporting on 380 total days. Participants reported their aging attitudes on Day 1, followed by their stressor exposure and negative affect on Days 2-9. Covariates included age, gender, education, and personality. Results Using multilevel modeling, our results suggest that individuals with more positive aging attitudes report consistent levels of affect across study days regardless of stressors, whereas those with more negative aging attitudes reported increased emotional reactivity to daily stressors. Discussion Positive aging attitudes may serve as a resource that helps buffer reactions to daily stressors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Haavisto W, Blaskewicz Boron J. Contributions of Personality and Depressive Symptoms on Subjective and Objective Memory. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2019; 90:6-27. [PMID: 30612443 DOI: 10.1177/0091415018822082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether individual differences in personality and multifaceted depression explain discrepancies between subjective memory (SM) and objective memory (OM), and whether these relationships varied as a function of gender. Structural equation modeling was used to test these relationships in a group of older adults (65–98 years, N = 606) from the 2000 Wave Panel 3 of the Long Beach Longitudinal Study. Women outperformed men on OM, reporting less frequent memory failures. Dysphoria and openness predicted OM, yet not SM. Cognitive concerns, neuroticism, and conscientiousness predicted SM but not OM. The personality and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) factors relevant for SM differed from those for OM, with the GDS factors showing a stronger impact. Overall, discrepancies between SM and OM may be partially explained by the varying impact of the GDS and personality factors, as both provide differential utility in understanding SM and OM differences in older adulthood.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to clarify the nature of self-reported cognitive function among healthy older adults by considering the short-term, within-person association (coupling) of subjective cognitive function with objective cognitive performance. We expected this within-person coupling to differ between persons as a function of self-perceived global cognitive decline and depression, anxiety, or neuroticism. METHODS This was an intensive measurement (short-term longitudinal) study of 29 older adult volunteers between the ages of 65 and 80 years without an existing diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Baseline assessment included neuropsychological testing and self-reported depression, anxiety, and neuroticism, as well as self- and informant-reported cognitive decline (relative to 10 years previously). Intensive within-person measurement occasions included subjective ratings of cognitive function paired with performance on a computerized working memory (n-back) task; each participant attended four or five assessments separated by intervals of at least one day. Statistical analysis was comprised of multilevel linear regression. RESULTS Comparison of models suggested that both neuroticism and self-rated cognitive decline explained unique variance in the within-person, across-occasion coupling of subjective cognitive function with objective working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS Self-ratings of cognition may accurately reflect day-to-day variations in objective cognitive performance among older adults, especially for individuals lower in neuroticism and higher in self-reported cognitive decline. Clinicians should consider these individual differences when determining the validity of complaints about perceived cognitive declines in the context of otherwise healthy aging. (JINS, 2018, 24, 57-66).
Collapse
|
18
|
Bellingtier JA, Neupert SD, Kotter-Grühn D. The Combined Effects of Daily Stressors and Major Life Events on Daily Subjective Ages. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 72:613-621. [PMID: 26582213 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Stressors may be a contributing factor in determining how old an individual feels, looks, or would like to be. Currently, little research has been devoted to understanding the relationship between stressors and subjective age in older adults. We focus on the combined impact of major life-event stressors and daily stressors on multiple indicators of subjective age: felt age, ideal age, and look age. Furthermore, we examine the process by which daily stressors relate to subjective ages by testing whether positive affect, control, and negative affect mediate this relationship. Method Using a daily-diary design, the current study measured older adults' (60-96 years old) stressors, subjective ages, personal control, and affect. Results Felt, ideal, and look ages each demonstrated a unique pattern of interactions between daily stressors and major life-event stressors. Furthermore, our findings suggest that on the daily level, the relationship between stressors and felt age is mediated by negative affect but not by control and positive affect. Discussion Findings indicate the need to consider the broader contextual picture of stressors, as well as their differential impact on multiple indicators of subjective age.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wettstein M, Tauber B, Wahl HW, Frankenberg C. 12-Year Associations of Health with Personality in the Second Half of Life. GEROPSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We examined longitudinal associations between personality, objective (physician-rated) and self-rated health over 12 years in two German cohorts (midlife cohort, born 1950/52, nT0 = 502; late-life cohort, born 1930/32, nT0 = 500) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE). Based on cross-lagged panel design analyses controlling for sex, education, depression, and cognitive abilities, we found that after 12 years better baseline objective health predicted lower Neuroticism and higher Agreeableness, whereas baseline Extraversion and Conscientiousness were positive predictors of later self-rated health. Our findings thus illustrate that the direction of longitudinal personality-health associations is dependent on whether objective or self-rated health is considered, whereas relations do not seem to be considerably different in midlife vs. in old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Benjamin Tauber
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carrigan N, Barkus E. A systematic review of the relationship between psychological disorders or substance use and self-reported cognitive failures. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21:539-564. [PMID: 27809671 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2016.1250620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive failures are errors in normal everyday functioning. Individuals with psychological disorders may possess heightened vulnerability. We sought to review the literature on cognitive failures in psychological disorders to determine the nature of this association, and whether failures relate to neuropsychological performance. We also examine the relationship between cognitive failures and substance use since it is relevant to everyday cognition and co-occurs in many psychological disorders. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of self-reported cognitive failures in psychological disorders and substance use, identifying 21 papers in total. RESULTS Papers identified studied trauma, mood, and anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Substance use papers included nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and ecstasy use. Cognitive failures were increased in some but not all papers; the most consistent findings were for depression, PTSD, and daily smokers of nicotine. Subjective failures did not correlate closely with neuropsychological outcomes in any disorders. We were unable to discern distinct profiles of failures for each disorder; rather they may reflect emotional dysregulation more broadly. CONCLUSIONS The real world cognitive experiences of people with psychological disorders may differ to their performance in the clinic or lab. It is important that self-reports of minor cognitive issues are considered as both a potential risk and a maintaining factor of illness. Substance use also needs to be considered in assessing cognitive failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Carrigan
- a School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW , Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- a School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence exploring the beneficial effects of mindfulness on stress, sleep quality, and memory, though the mechanisms involved are less certain. The present study explored the roles of perceived stress and sleep quality as potential mediators between dispositional mindfulness and subjective memory problems. Data were from a Boston area subsample of the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS-II) assessed in 2004-2006, and again approximately one year later (N=299). As expected, higher dispositional mindfulness was associated with lower perceived stress and better sleep quality. There was no direct association found between mindfulness and subjective memory problems, however, there was a significant indirect effect through perceived stress, although not with sleep quality. The present findings suggest that perceived stress may play a mediating role between dispositional mindfulness and subjective memory problems, in that those with higher mindfulness generally report experiencing less stress than those with lower mindfulness, which may be protective of memory problems in everyday life.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wettstein M, Kuźma E, Wahl HW, Heyl V. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between neuroticism and cognitive ability in advanced old age: the moderating role of severe sensory impairment. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:918-29. [PMID: 26035238 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1049119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gaining a comprehensive picture of the network of constructs in which cognitive functioning is embedded is crucial across the full lifespan. With respect to personality, previous findings support a relationship between neuroticism and cognitive abilities. However, findings regarding old age are inconsistent. In particular, little is known about potentially moderating variables which might explain some of the inconsistency. Our aim was to examine the moderating effect of severe sensory impairment on cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neuroticism and cognitive functioning. METHOD The study sample consisted of 121 visually impaired (VI), 116 hearing impaired (HI), and 150 sensory unimpaired older adults (UI). Mean age was 82.50 years (SD = 4.71 years). Neuroticism was assessed by the NEO Five Factor Inventory, and multiple established tests were used for the assessment of cognitive performance (e.g., subtests of the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). RESULTS Bivariate correlations and multi-group structural equation models indicated stronger relationships between cognitive abilities and neuroticism in both sensory impaired groups (VI and HI) compared to UI older individuals. This relationship was attenuated but still significant in both sensory impaired groups when controlling for age, education and health (number of chronic conditions). In cross-lagged panel models, higher baseline neuroticism was significantly associated with lower cognitive performance four years later in VI and HI individuals. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that sensory impairment moderates both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neuroticism and cognitive function in advanced old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- a Department of Psychological Aging Research, Institute of Psychology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany , and Network Aging Research (NAR) , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Elżbieta Kuźma
- b Institute of Health Research , University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- a Department of Psychological Aging Research, Institute of Psychology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany , and Network Aging Research (NAR) , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Vera Heyl
- c Institute of Special Education , University of Education , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dedert EA, Hicks TA, Dennis PA, Calhoun PS, Beckham JC. Roles of inter-individual differences and intra-individual acute elevations in early smoking lapse in people with posttraumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav 2016; 60:171-6. [PMID: 27155244 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Existing models of the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and smoking have almost exclusively examined mean symptom levels, rather than the acute elevations that might trigger smoking lapse immediately or increase risk of a smoking lapse in the next few hours. We examined ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of PTSD symptom clusters and smoking in the first week of a quit attempt in 52 people with PTSD. In multilevel models including PTSD symptom means, acute elevations, and lagged acute elevations together as simultaneous predictors of odds of smoking in the same models, pre-quit smoking occasions were significantly related to acute elevations in symptoms, including PTSD totals (OR=1.20; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.31), PTSD re-experiencing symptoms (OR=1.16; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.27), PTSD avoidance symptoms (OR=1.20; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.31), PTSD numbing symptoms (OR=1.14; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.24), and PTSD hyperarousal symptoms (OR=1.20; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.31). In contrast, post-quit smoking was related to lagged acute elevations in PTSD re-experiencing (OR=1.24, 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.50) avoidance (OR=1.27, 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.53), and numbing symptoms (OR=1.24, 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.51). During a quit attempt, individuals with PTSD delayed smoking in response to acute elevations in PTSD re-experiencing and Avoidance. This period presents an opportunity to use mobile health interventions to prevent smoking lapse and to use coping skills acquired in trauma-focused therapy to respond to acute PTSD symptom elevation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
With the growing amount of stress among individuals, a need was felt to investigate Personality types in relation to Resilience and Stress. The sample comprised of 100 college students (50 males and 50 females) in the age range of 18-23 years. For this purpose, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-R Short Form (Francis et al., 1992), Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983), The 14 item Resilience Scale (RS-14; Wagnild & Young, 1993) and Stress Symptom Rating Scale (Heilbrun & Pepe, 1985) were administered. Data was analyzed using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and t-ratio. Among females the results showed significant positive relationship between Stress (symptoms and perceived stress) with both Neuroticism and Psychoticism. Positive associations were also seen in perceived stress and stress symptoms among females. Among males positive correlations were observed between Neuroticism and Stress (symptoms and perceived stress) and between Perceived Stress and Stress Symptoms. For the total sample, positive associations were observed between Stress Symptoms, Perceived Stress and Neuroticism. Also there was a positive relationship between Stress Symptoms and Psychoticism in the total sample. No significant gender differences were observed on dimensions of Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Resilience, Perceived Stress, however significant gender differences were observed on the dimension of Stress Symptoms. The results thus revealed stress proneness in individuals high on Neuroticism and Psychoticism. Further it was also observed that people high on Neuroticism and Psychoticism dimensions exhibit a decreased amount of resilience. The study invites interventional researches in order to inculcate resilience and reduce neuroticism to deal with stress successfully.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramsey JL, Neupert SD, Mroczek DK, Spiro A. The effects of daily co-occurrence of affect on older adults' reactivity to health stressors. Psychol Health 2015; 31:364-78. [PMID: 26518259 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examined age differences among older adults in the daily co-occurrence of affect and its potential role in buffering the negative effects of health stressors. DESIGN Participants were from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study and included 249 young-old adults (age = 60-79 years, M = 71.6) and 64 old-old adults (age = 80-89, M = 82.9) who completed questionnaires assessing stressors, physical health symptoms, and positive and negative affect for eight consecutive days. RESULTS An independent samples t-test showed young-old and old-old adults did not significantly differ in their mean levels of daily co-occurrence of affect. The between-person relationships among stressors, health and daily co-occurrence of affect revealed that neither stressors nor health were significantly related to daily co-occurrence of affect. However, results from a multilevel model revealed a three-way cross-level interaction (health stressor × age group × co-occurrence of affect) where old-old adults with higher levels of co-occurrence of affect were less emotionally reactive to health stressors than young-old adults. CONCLUSION These findings provide support for the assertion that co-occurrence of affect functions in an adaptive capacity and highlight the importance of examining domain-specific stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ramsey
- a Department of Psychology , North Carolina State University Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Shevaun D Neupert
- a Department of Psychology , North Carolina State University Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- b Department of Psychology Nortwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Avron Spiro
- c Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System; Department of Epidemiology , Boston University School of Public Health ; and Department of Psychiatry , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
LeMonda BC, Mahoney JR, Verghese J, Holtzer R. The Association between High Neuroticism-Low Extraversion and Dual-Task Performance during Walking While Talking in Non-demented Older Adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:519-30. [PMID: 26527241 PMCID: PMC4867496 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Walking While Talking (WWT) dual-task paradigm is a mobility stress test that predicts major outcomes, including falls, frailty, disability, and mortality in aging. Certain personality traits, such as neuroticism, extraversion, and their combination, have been linked to both cognitive and motor outcomes. We examined whether individual differences in personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion predicted dual-task performance decrements (both motor and cognitive) on a WWT task in non-demented older adults. We hypothesized that the combined effect of high neuroticism-low extraversion would be related to greater dual-task costs in gait velocity and cognitive performance in non-demented older adults. Participants (N=295; age range,=65-95 years; female=164) completed the Big Five Inventory and WWT task involving concurrent gait and a serial 7's subtraction task. Gait velocity was obtained using an instrumented walkway. The high neuroticism-low extraversion group incurred greater dual-task costs (i.e., worse performance) in both gait velocity {95% confidence interval (CI) [-17.68 to -3.07]} and cognitive performance (95% CI [-19.34 to -2.44]) compared to the low neuroticism-high extraversion group, suggesting that high neuroticism-low extraversion interferes with the allocation of attentional resources to competing task demands during the WWT task. Older individuals with high neuroticism-low extraversion may be at higher risk for falls, mobility decline and other adverse outcomes in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannette R. Mahoney
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stephanie R, Margie L, Elizabeth R. Self-Regulatory Strategies in Daily Life: Selection, Optimization, and Compensation and Everyday Memory Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 40:126-136. [PMID: 26997686 DOI: 10.1177/0165025415592187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effective use of self-regulatory strategies, such as selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) requires resources. However, it is theorized that SOC use is most advantageous for those experiencing losses and diminishing resources. The present study explored this seeming paradox within the context of limitations or constraints due to aging, low cognitive resources, and daily stress in relation to everyday memory problems. We examined whether SOC usage varied by age and level of constraints, and if the relationship between resources and memory problems was mitigated by SOC usage. A daily diary paradigm was used to explore day-to-day fluctuations in these relationships. Participants (n=145, ages 22 to 94) completed a baseline interview and a daily diary for seven consecutive days. Multilevel models examined between- and within-person relationships between daily SOC use, daily stressors, cognitive resources, and everyday memory problems. Middle-aged adults had the highest SOC usage, although older adults also showed high SOC use if they had high cognitive resources. More SOC strategies were used on high stress compared to low stress days. Moreover, the relationship between daily stress and memory problems was buffered by daily SOC use, such that on high-stress days, those who used more SOC strategies reported fewer memory problems than participants who used fewer SOC strategies. The paradox of resources and SOC use can be qualified by the type of resource-limitation. Deficits in global resources were not tied to SOC usage or benefits. Conversely, under daily constraints tied to stress, the use of SOC increased and led to fewer memory problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lachman Margie
- Brandeis University - psychology, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Neupert SD, Ennis GE, Ramsey JL, Gall AA. Solving Tomorrow's Problems Today? Daily Anticipatory Coping and Reactivity to Daily Stressors. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2015; 71:650-60. [PMID: 25681090 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examined the day-to-day fluctuation of state-like anticipatory coping (coping employed prior to stressors) and how these coping processes relate to important outcomes for older adults (i.e., physical health, affect, memory failures). METHOD Forty-three older adults aged 60-96 (M = 74.65, SD = 8.19) participated in an 8-day daily diary study of anticipatory coping, stressors, health, affect, and memory failures. Participants reported anticipatory coping behaviors on one day with respect to 6 distinct stressor domains that could occur the following day. RESULTS Multilevel models indicated that anticipatory coping changes from day to day and within stressor domains. Lagged associations suggested that yesterday's anticipatory coping for potential upcoming arguments is related to today's physical health and affect. Increased stagnant deliberation is associated with reduced cognitive reactivity (i.e., fewer memory failures) to arguments the next day. DISCUSSION Taken together, these findings suggest that anticipatory coping is dynamic and associated with important daily outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilda E Ennis
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | | | - Agnes A Gall
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rickenbach EH, Almeida DM, Seeman TE, Lachman ME. Daily stress magnifies the association between cognitive decline and everyday memory problems: an integration of longitudinal and diary methods. Psychol Aging 2014; 29:852-62. [PMID: 25365691 DOI: 10.1037/a0038072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether long-term fluid cognitive decline was associated with memory problems in everyday life, and whether stress plays a moderating role. We expected that the association between cognitive decline and everyday memory problems would be magnified in the context of self-reported and physiological stress. Data are from the Boston Longitudinal Study, a subsample of the Midlife in the United States study. Participants in the current study (n = 112) completed a battery of tests measuring fluid cognitive functioning at Time 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) over 10 years. At T2, participants completed weekly diaries of self-reported daily stressors and everyday memory problems for 12 consecutive weeks. Also at T2, participants provided 4 saliva samples over the course of 1 day to assess physiological stress using diurnal cortisol profiles [cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS)]. Self-reported daily stressors and a less healthy DCS were associated with more everyday memory problems, and participants with greater cognitive decline reported more memory problems compared to those with less or no decline. Self-reported daily stressors and CAR moderated the relationship of cognitive decline and memory problems. As expected, more cognitive decline was associated with greater increases in memory problems on weeks when individuals reported more daily stressors and for individuals with a less healthy CAR. The current findings can inform interventions aimed to identify factors, such as daily stress, that contribute to daily functioning in the context of cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Almeida
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- Department of Medicine/ Geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dedert EA, Dennis PA, Swinkels CM, Calhoun PS, Dennis MF, Beckham JC. Ecological momentary assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during a smoking quit attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:430-6. [PMID: 24191981 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tend to lapse more quickly following a quit attempt, which might be explained by changes in PTSD symptoms during a quit attempt. The present study examines changes in PTSD symptoms, negative affect, and craving before and during a quit attempt. METHODS Participants in this study were 52 smokers with PTSD who completed random-alarm ecological momentary assessments of PTSD symptoms, negative affect, cigarette craving, and smoking behavior throughout a prequit phase of ad hoc smoking, a phase of abstinence from smoking, and a postlapse phase. RESULTS Relative to the prequit phase, the abstinent phase was marked by decreases in PTSD reexperiencing, avoidance, and numbing clusters (ps ≤ .01). The odds of PTSD symptom or negative affect variability from one reading in the ecological momentary assessment (EMA)to the next reading was decreased in PTSD reexperiencing, avoidance, and numbing clusters (ps ≤ .02). Smoking cravings were also mildly decreased in the abstinent and postlapse phases (ps < .01), although some cravings in both phases were rated at the maximum intensity. Increased craving was predicted by the previous EMA reading of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that smoking abstinence is not associated with exacerbation of PTSD symptoms, but PTSD symptoms during abstinence were related to craving levels during the quit attempt.
Collapse
|
31
|
Agrigoroaei S, Neupert SD, Lachman ME. Maintaining a Sense of Control in the Context of Cognitive Challenge: Greater Stability in Control Beliefs Benefits Working Memory. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2013; 26:45-49. [PMID: 23745114 DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We considered the functional role of control beliefs for cognitive performance by focusing on patterns of stability across multiple trials increasing in level of difficulty. We assessed 56 adults aged 18-88 on working memory tasks. We examined stability vs. lability (intraindividual variability, IIV) in control beliefs and the relationships with anxiety, distraction, and performance. Age was positively associated with IIV in control and performance, and IIV increased with task difficulty. Those maintaining stable control beliefs had better performance, and showed less anxiety and distraction. Those with lower stability and less control showed steeper declines in performance and increases in distraction. The findings suggest that stability of control beliefs may serve a protective function in the context of cognitively challenging tasks.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that psychosocial stress is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Perceived discrimination is a persistent stressor in African Americans that has been associated with several adverse mental and physical health outcomes. To our knowledge, the association of discrimination with cognition in older African Americans has not been examined. In a cohort of 407 older African Americans without dementia (mean age = 72.9; SD = 6.4), we found that a higher level of perceived discrimination was related to poorer cognitive test performance, particularly episodic memory (estimate = -0.03; SE = .013; p < .05) and perceptual speed tests (estimate = -0.04; SE = .015; p < .05). The associations were unchanged after adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors, but were attenuated after adjustment for depressive symptoms (Episodic memory estimate = -0.02; SE = 0.01; Perceptual speed estimate = -0.03; SE = 0.02; both p's = .06). The association between discrimination and several cognitive domains was modified by level of neuroticism. The results suggest that perceived discrimination may be associated with poorer cognitive function, but does not appear to be independent of depressive symptoms. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1-10).
Collapse
|
33
|
Ossher L, Flegal KE, Lustig C. Everyday memory errors in older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2012; 20:220-42. [PMID: 22694275 PMCID: PMC3443516 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2012.690365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite concern about cognitive decline in old age, few studies document the types and frequency of memory errors older adults make in everyday life. In the present study, 105 healthy older adults completed the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ; Sunderland, Harris, & Baddeley, 1983 , Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 341), indicating what memory errors they had experienced in the last 24 hours, the Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (MSEQ; West, Thorn, & Bagwell, 2003 , Psychology and Aging, 18, 111), and other neuropsychological and cognitive tasks. EMQ and MSEQ scores were unrelated and made separate contributions to variance on the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975 , Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189), suggesting separate constructs. Tip-of-the-tongue errors were the most commonly reported, and the EMQ Faces/Places and New Things subscales were most strongly related to MMSE. These findings may help training programs target memory errors commonly experienced by older adults, and suggest which types of memory errors could indicate cognitive declines of clinical concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ossher
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Diehl M, Hay EL, Chui H. Personal Risk and Resilience Factors in the Context of Daily Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:251-274. [PMID: 23049156 DOI: 10.1891/0198-8794.32.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role that personal risk and resilience factors play as adults of all ages cope with the stressors encountered in everyday life. Theorists have suggested that researchers should focus on the effects of daily stress and coping rather than focusing exclusively on major life events and chronic stress and have proposed that understanding how adults cope with daily stress is a key aspect of understanding long-term well-being and adaptation in adulthood. After presenting a conceptual model outlining the major components of the daily stress process, the chapter reviews the existing empirical literature on personal risk and resilience factors in the context of daily stress. This research clearly suggests that there is no universal generalization that can be made regarding whether chronological age, in and of itself, confers greater vulnerability or resilience onto adults. Instead, we argue that researchers should ask when and under what conditions is age associated with greater vulnerability to daily stress and when and under what conditions is age associated with greater resilience to daily stress. Age differences in reactivity to daily stress are clearly embedded within a complex system of factors-structural, individual, and situational-that influence stress reactivity and stress recovery in several ways. This complexity should not be taken to mean that stress reactivity and recovery cannot be charted or understood. Researchers, however, will need to approach this complexity with a great deal of theoretical, methodological, and statistical rigor to move our understanding of the importance of age in shaping risk and resilience to daily stress forward. The final section of the chapter outlines several directions for future research in the area of aging and resilience. In particular, we argue that a focus on personal risk and resilience factors in the context of daily stress, in combination with the application of sophisticated statistical methods (e.g., dynamic systems modeling), will contribute to a more dynamic and person-centered understanding of processes of resilience.
Collapse
|
35
|
Coen SJ, Kano M, Farmer AD, Kumari V, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SCR, Aziz Q. Neuroticism influences brain activity during the experience of visceral pain. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:909-917.e1. [PMID: 21699797 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS One particularly important individual dynamic known to influence the experience of pain is neuroticism, of which little is known about in visceral pain research. Our aim was to study the relationship between neuroticism, psychophysiologic response, and brain processing of visceral pain. METHODS Thirty-one healthy volunteers (15 male; age range, 22-38 years) participated in the study. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to assess neuroticism. Skin conductance level, pain ratings, and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired during anticipation of pain and painful esophageal distention. The effect of neuroticism was assessed using correlation analysis. RESULTS There was a wide spread of neuroticism scores (range, 0-22) but no influence of neuroticism on skin conductance level and pain tolerance or pain ratings. However, a positive correlation between brain activity and neuroticism during anticipation was found in regions associated with emotional and cognitive pain processing, including the parahippocampus, insula, thalamus, and anterior cingulate cortex. These regions showed a negative correlation with neuroticism during pain (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel data suggesting higher neuroticism is associated with engagement of brain regions responsible for emotional and cognitive appraisal during anticipation of pain but reduced activity in these regions during pain. This may reflect a maladaptive mechanism in those with higher neuroticism that promotes overarousal during anticipation and avoidance coping during pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coen
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gamaldo AA, Allaire JC, Whitfield KE. Exploring the within-person coupling of sleep and cognition in older African Americans. Psychol Aging 2011; 25:851-7. [PMID: 21058868 DOI: 10.1037/a0021378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the within-person relationship between sleep and cognitive functioning. Fifty community-dwelling African Americans (age range = 50-80 years) were asked to report their sleep duration and quality the previous evening and to complete cognitive measures over 8 occasions within a 2-3 week period. A within-person daily change in sleep duration was significantly associated with worse global cognitive performance. The greater an individual deviated away from his or her average sleep duration on a particular day, the more likely his or her performance would decline. These results demonstrate that the sleep-cognition relationship can be observed at a within-person level of analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Gamaldo
- National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stelter RL, Halberstadt AG. The Interplay Between Parental Beliefs about Children's Emotions and Parental Stress Impacts Children's Attachment Security. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2011; 20:272-287. [PMID: 21731472 PMCID: PMC3124851 DOI: 10.1002/icd.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how parental beliefs about children's emotions and parental stress relate to children's feelings of security in the parent-child relationship. Models predicting direct effects of parental beliefs and parental stress, and moderating effects of parental stress on the relationship between parental beliefs and children's feelings of security were tested. Participants were 85 African American, European American, and Lumbee American Indian 4(th) and 5(th) grade children and one of their parents. Children reported their feelings of security in the parent-child relationship; parents independently reported on their beliefs and their stress. Parental stress moderated relationships between three of the four parental beliefs about the value of children's emotions and children's attachment security. When parent stress was low, parental beliefs accepting and valuing children's emotions were not related to children's feelings of security; when parent stress was high, however, parental beliefs accepting and valuing children's emotions were related to children's feelings of security. These findings highlight the importance of examining parental beliefs and stress together for children's attachment security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stelter
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Personality traits can be employed to guide understanding of trajectories to health and longevity, but long-term longitudinal study and multifaceted assessment of healthy aging are crucial. Following up on the life span study initiated by Lewis Terman, we assessed 4 validated factors of personality in young adulthood in 1940, constructed a multifactor measure of participants' healthy aging in 1986, and collected death certificates through 2007 (to determine longevity) on a sample of 1,312 Terman participants (732 men). Neuroticism predicted worse physical health and subjective well-being in old age and, for women, higher mortality risk, but for men, neuroticism predicted decreased mortality risk. For both sexes, extraversion predicted old-age social competence, whereas conscientiousness predicted men's old-age productivity. Differential patterns of association between personality traits and healthy aging components are informative about individual personality characteristics and long-term health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mather M. Aging and cognition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2010; 1:346-362. [PMID: 26271375 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As we grow older, we gain knowledge and experience greater emotional balance, but we also experience memory loss and difficulties in learning new associations. Which cognitive abilities decline, remain stable or improve with age depends on the health of the brain and body as well as on what skills are practiced or challenged in everyday life. Recent research provides a growing understanding of the relationship between physical and cognitive changes across the life span and reveals ways to increase mental sharpness and avoid cognitive decline. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Harro J. Inter-individual differences in neurobiology as vulnerability factors for affective disorders: implications for psychopharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:402-22. [PMID: 20005252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to affective disorders is individually different, and determined both by genetic variance and life events that cause significant differences in the CNS structure and function between individual subjects. Therefore it is plausible that search for the inter-individual differences in endophenotypes that mediate the effects of causal factors, both genetic and environmental, will reveal the substrates for vulnerability, help to clarify pathogenetic mechanisms, and possibly aid in developing strategies to discover better, more personalized treatments. This review first examines comparatively a number of animal models of human affect and affect-related disorders that rely on persistent inter-individual differences, and then highlights some of the neurobiological findings in these models that are compatible with much of research in human behavioural and personality traits. Many behaviours occur in specific combinations in several models, but often remarkable dissociations are observed, providing a variety of constellations of traits. It is concluded that more systematic comparative experimentation on behaviour and neurobiology in different models is warranted to reveal possible "building blocks" of affect-related personality common in animals and humans. Looking into the perspectives in psychopharmacology the focus is placed on probable associations of inter-individual differences with brain structure and function, personality and coping strategies, and psychiatric vulnerability, highlighting some unexpected interactions between vulnerability endophenotypes, adverse life events, and behavioural traits. It is argued that further studies on inter-individual differences in affect and underlying neurobiology should include formal modeling of their epistatic, hierarchical and dynamic nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tiigi 78, 50410 Tartu, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abdel-Khalek AM. Construction and Validation of the Factorial Arabic Neuroticism Scale. Psychol Rep 2009; 105:437-46. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.105.2.437-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present aim was to construct and validate the Factorial Arabic Neuroticism Scale. Based on the scales developed by Eysenck, Cattell, and Guilford, the item pool consisted of 226 nonrepeated items. Five Ph.D. referees shortened the pool to 84 items. Then, the item-remainder correlation, the exclusion of the items with significant correlation with scores on Extraversion, and several cycles of factor analyses yielded 20 items representing the final version. The principal components analysis yielded two high-loaded factors of General Neuroticism and Sleep problems and tension. Reliability coefficients alpha ranged from .89 to .94 and between .81 and .91 for test-retest, indicating good internal consistency and temporal stability, respectively. Criterion-related validity ranged between .75 and .79 against scores on the Neuroticism subscale of the NEO-PI–R. Females obtained significantly higher mean scores than males for three of six comparisons (by age) among school and university students ( N = 2,783). An English version is available. The scale may be recommended for use in research, especially on cross-cultural comparisons and for assessing the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy.
Collapse
|