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Hu Z, Xia J, Wu J, Zhao H, Ji P, Gu L, Gu W, Chen Z, Xu J, Huang X, Ma J, Chen A, Li J, Shu T, Fan XY. A multistage Sendai virus vaccine incorporating latency-associated antigens induces protection against acute and latent tuberculosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2300463. [PMID: 38164736 PMCID: PMC10769537 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2300463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
One-quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). After initial exposure, more immune-competent persons develop asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) but not active diseases, creates an extensive reservoir at risk of developing active tuberculosis. Previously, we constructed a novel recombinant Sendai virus (SeV)-vectored vaccine encoding two dominant antigens of Mtb, which elicited immune protection against acute Mtb infection. In this study, nine Mtb latency-associated antigens were screened as potential supplementary vaccine candidate antigens, and three antigens (Rv2029c, Rv2028c, and Rv3126c) were selected based on their immune-therapeutic effect in mice, and their elevated immune responses in LTBI human populations. Then, a recombinant SeV-vectored vaccine, termed SeV986A, that expresses three latency-associated antigens and Ag85A was constructed. In murine models, the doses, titers, and inoculation sites of SeV986A were optimized, and its immunogenicity in BCG-primed and BCG-naive mice were determined. Enhanced immune protection against the Mtb challenge was shown in both acute-infection and latent-infection murine models. The expression levels of several T-cell exhaustion markers were significantly lower in the SeV986A-vaccinated group, suggesting that the expression of latency-associated antigens inhibited the T-cell exhaustion process in LTBI infection. Hence, the multistage quarter-antigenic SeV986A vaccine holds considerable promise as a novel post-exposure prophylaxis vaccine against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinchuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Anke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Liang Y, Li X, Yang Y, Xiao L, Liang Y, Mi J, Xue Y, Gong W, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Peng B, Chen X, Zhao W, Wu X. Preventive effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA vaccines on the mouse model with latent tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110843. [PMID: 36860878 PMCID: PMC9968874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About a quarter of the world's population with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) are the main source of active tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) cannot effectively control LTBI individuals from developing diseases. Latency-related antigens can induce T lymphocytes of LTBI individuals to produce higher IFN-γ levels than tuberculosis patients and normal subjects. Herein, we firstly compared the effects of M. tuberculosis (MTB) ag85ab and 7 latent DNA vaccines on clearing latent MTB and preventing its activation in the mouse LTBI model. Methods A mouse LTBI model was established, and then immunized respectively with PBS, pVAX1 vector, Vaccae vaccine, ag85ab DNA and 7 kinds of latent DNAs (including rv1733c, rv2660c, rv1813c, rv2029c, rv2628, rv2659c and rv3407) for three times. The mice with LTBI were injected with hydroprednisone to activate the latent MTB. Then, the mice were sacrificed for the bacterial count, histopathological examination, and immunological evaluation. Results Using chemotherapy made the MTB latent in the infected mice, and then using hormone treatment reactivated the latent MTB, indicating that the mouse LTBI model was successfully established. After the mouse LTBI model was immunized with the vaccines, the lung colony-forming units (CFUs) and lesion degree of mice in all vaccines group were significantly decreased than those in the PBS group and vector group (P<0.0001, P<0.05). These vaccines could induce antigen-specific cellular immune responses. The number of IFN-γ effector T cells spots secreted by spleen lymphocytes in the ag85ab DNA group was significantly increased than those in the control groups (P<0.05). In the splenocyte culture supernatant, IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the ag85ab, rv2029c, and rv2659c DNA groups significantly increased (P<0.05), and IL-17A levels in ag85ab and rv2659c DNA groups also significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the PBS and vector groups, the proportion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in spleen lymphocytes of ag85ab, rv2660c, rv2029c, and rv3407 DNA groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusions MTB ag85ab and 7 kinds of latent DNA vaccines showed immune preventive efficacies on a mouse model of LTBI, especially the rv2659c, and rv1733c DNA. Our findings will provide candidates for the development of new multi-stage vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Respiration, Hengdong People’s Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Respiration, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Pathology, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchang Shi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bizhen Peng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Respiration, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Xueqiong Wu,
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Xueqiong Wu,
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang G, Arnaout T, Cheng W. The pathogenic mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: implication for new drug development. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:48. [PMID: 36547804 PMCID: PMC9780415 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a tenacious pathogen that has latently infected one third of the world's population. However, conventional TB treatment regimens are no longer sufficient to tackle the growing threat of drug resistance, stimulating the development of innovative anti-tuberculosis agents, with special emphasis on new protein targets. The Mtb genome encodes ~4000 predicted proteins, among which many enzymes participate in various cellular metabolisms. For example, more than 200 proteins are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, which assists in the construction of the cell envelope, and is closely related to the pathogenesis and resistance of mycobacteria. Here we review several essential enzymes responsible for fatty acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, cellular metabolism of lipids or amino acids, energy utilization, and metal uptake. These include InhA, MmpL3, MmaA4, PcaA, CmaA1, CmaA2, isocitrate lyases (ICLs), pantothenate synthase (PS), Lysine-ε amino transferase (LAT), LeuD, IdeR, KatG, Rv1098c, and PyrG. In addition, we summarize the role of the transcriptional regulator PhoP which may regulate the expression of more than 110 genes, and the essential biosynthesis enzyme glutamine synthetase (GlnA1). All these enzymes are either validated drug targets or promising target candidates, with drugs targeting ICLs and LAT expected to solve the problem of persistent TB infection. To better understand how anti-tuberculosis drugs act on these proteins, their structures and the structure-based drug/inhibitor designs are discussed. Overall, this investigation should provide guidance and support for current and future pharmaceutical development efforts against mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chao Dou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Gastric Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37. Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Toufic Arnaout
- Kappa Crystals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland ,MSD Dunboyne BioNX, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Wei Cheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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Liang Y, Cui L, Xiao L, Liu X, Yang Y, Ling Y, Wang T, Wang L, Wang J, Wu X. Immunotherapeutic Effects of Different Doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ag85a/b DNA Vaccine Delivered by Electroporation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876579. [PMID: 35603155 PMCID: PMC9114437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. New treatment methods on TB are urgently demanded. Methods Ninety-six female BALB/c mice were challenged with 2×104 colony-forming units (CFUs) of MTB H37Rv through tail vein injection, then was treated with 10μg, 50μg, 100μg, and 200μg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) ag85a/b chimeric DNA vaccine delivered by intramuscular injection (IM) and electroporation (EP), respectively. The immunotherapeutic effects were evaluated immunologically, bacteriologically, and pathologically. Results Compared with the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, the CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells% in whole blood from 200 µg DNA IM group and four DNA EP groups increased significantly (P<0.05), CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells% (in 200 μg DNA EP group), CD4+IL-4+ T cells% (50 μg DNA IM group) and CD8+IL-4+ T cells% (50 μg and 100 μg DNA IM group, 100 μg and 200 μg DNA EP group) increased significantly only in a few DNA groups (P< 0.05). The CD4+CD25+ Treg cells% decreased significantly in all DNA vaccine groups (P<0.01). Except for the 10 μg DNA IM group, the lung and spleen colony-forming units (CFUs) of the other seven DNA immunization groups decreased significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01), especially the 100 μg DNA IM group and 50 μg DNA EP group significantly reduced the pulmonary bacterial loads and lung lesions than the other DNA groups. Conclusions An MTB ag85a/b chimeric DNA vaccine could induce Th1-type cellular immune reactions. DNA immunization by EP could improve the immunogenicity of the low-dose DNA vaccine, reduce DNA dose, and produce good immunotherapeutic effects on the mouse TB model, to provide the basis for the future human clinical trial of MTB ag85a/b chimeric DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Ling
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Therapeutic Effect of Subunit Vaccine AEC/BC02 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Post-Chemotherapy Relapse Using a Latent Infection Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050825. [PMID: 35632581 PMCID: PMC9145927 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infectious disease that presents a major threat to human health. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against latent TB infection, necessitating the development of further TB drugs or therapeutic vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a novel subunit vaccine AEC/BC02 after chemotherapy in a spontaneous Mtb relapse model. Immunotherapy followed 4 weeks of treatment with isoniazid and rifapentine, and bacterial loads in organs, pathological changes, and adaptive immune characteristics were investigated. The results showed slowly increased bacterial loads in the spleen and lungs of mice inoculated with AEC/BC02 with significantly lower loads than those of the control groups. Pathological scores for the liver, spleen, and lungs decreased accordingly. Moreover, AEC/BC02 induced antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting or IL-2-secreting cellular immune responses, which decreased with the number of immunizations and times. Obvious Ag85b- and EC-specific IgG were observed in mice following the treatment with AEC/BC02, indicating a significant Th1-biased response. Taken together, these data suggest that AEC/BC02 immunotherapy post-chemotherapy may shorten future TB treatment.
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Fan XY, Lowrie DB. Where are the RNA vaccines for TB? Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1217-1218. [PMID: 34036874 PMCID: PMC8216257 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1935328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple mRNA vaccine was shown to protect mice against tuberculosis more than 15 years ago. Like COVID-19, tuberculosis is a respiratory infection killing over a million people per year. It too presents a global emergency. Can the stunning success of RNA vaccination against COVID-19 be replicated for TB?
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Fan
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Douglas Bruce Lowrie
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Silva CL, Malardo T, Tahyra ASC. Immunotherapeutic Activities of a DNA Plasmid Carrying the Mycobacterial hsp65 Gene (DNAhsp65). FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:603690. [PMID: 35047886 PMCID: PMC8757890 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.603690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have become relevant subject matter, and efforts for their development have been increasing due to their potential as technology platforms applicable for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for infectious diseases and for cancer treatment, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. This review aimed to summarize current knowledge about the plasmid DNA vaccine carrying the mycobacterial hsp65 gene (DNAhsp65), which demonstrates immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory properties of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The possible mechanisms associated with the modulation and regulatory role of DNAhsp65 in the control of various conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Farmacore Biotecnologia Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Celio Lopes Silva
| | | | - Aline Seiko Carvalho Tahyra
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Arnal A, Villanueva‐Lizama L, Teh‐Poot C, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Extent of polymorphism and selection pressure on the Trypanosoma cruzi vaccine candidate antigen Tc24. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2663-2672. [PMID: 33294015 PMCID: PMC7691455 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem in the Americas, and existing drugs have severe limitations. In this context, a vaccine would be an attractive alternative for disease control. One of the difficulties in developing an effective vaccine lies in the high genetic diversity of T. cruzi. In this study, we evaluated the level of sequence diversity of the leading vaccine candidate Tc24 in multiple parasite strains. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified its level of polymorphism within and between T. cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) and how this potential polymorphism is structured by different selective pressures. We observed a low level of polymorphism of Tc24 protein, weakly associated with parasite DTUs, but not with the geographic origin of the strains. In particular, Tc24 was under strong purifying selection pressure and predicted CD8+ T-cell epitopes were mostly conserved. Tc24 strong conservation may be associated with structural/functional constrains to preserve EF hand domains and their calcium-binding loops, and Tc24 is likely important for the parasite fitness. DISCUSSION Together, these results show that a vaccine based on Tc24 is likely to be effective against a wide diversity of parasite strains across the American continent, and further development of this vaccine candidate should be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Arnal
- Laboratorio de ParasitologíaCentro de Investigaciones Regionales “DrHideyo Noguchi”Universidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMexico
- Departamento de Ecología de la BiodiversidadInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Liliana Villanueva‐Lizama
- Laboratorio de ParasitologíaCentro de Investigaciones Regionales “DrHideyo Noguchi”Universidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMexico
| | - Christian Teh‐Poot
- Laboratorio de ParasitologíaCentro de Investigaciones Regionales “DrHideyo Noguchi”Universidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMexico
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
- Vector‐Borne and Infectious Disease Research CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
- Vector‐Borne and Infectious Disease Research CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
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Pooran A, Davids M, Nel A, Shoko A, Blackburn J, Dheda K. IL-4 subverts mycobacterial containment in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02242-2018. [PMID: 31097521 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02242-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is poorly understood. The role of interleukin (IL)-4, the archetypal T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine, in the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis remains unclear.Blood and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were obtained from participants with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) (n=23) and presumed latent TB infection (LTBI) (n=22). Messenger RNA expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and its splice variant IL-4δ2 were determined by real-time PCR. The effect of human recombinant (hr)IL-4 on mycobacterial survival/containment (CFU·mL-1) was evaluated in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages co-cultured with mycobacterial antigen-primed effector T-cells. Regulatory T-cell (Treg) and Th1 cytokine levels were evaluated using flow cytometry.In blood, but not BAL, IL-4 mRNA levels (p=0.02) and the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.01) was higher in TB versus LTBI. hrIL-4 reduced mycobacterial containment in infected macrophages (p<0.008) in a dose-dependent manner and was associated with an increase in Tregs (p<0.001), but decreased CD4+Th1 cytokine levels (CD4+IFN-γ+ p<0.001; CD4+TNFα+ p=0.01). Blocking IL-4 significantly neutralised mycobacterial containment (p=0.03), CD4+IFNγ+ levels (p=0.03) and Treg expression (p=0.03).IL-4 can subvert mycobacterial containment in human macrophages, probably via perturbations in Treg and Th1-linked pathways. These data may have implications for the design of effective TB vaccines and host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Pooran
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Nel
- Dept of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aubrey Shoko
- Centre for Proteomics and Genomics Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Blackburn
- Dept of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Dept of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Garnica O, Das K, Devasundaram S, Dhandayuthapani S. Enhanced delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to antigen presenting cells using RVG peptide. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S34-S41. [PMID: 31064713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the various strategies to improve vaccines against infectious diseases, targeting of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), has received increased attention in recent years. Here, we investigated whether a synthetic peptide region named RVG, originated from Rabies Virus Glycoprotein that binds to the α-7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AchR-α7) of APCs, could be used for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptide antigens to DCs and macrophages. Mouse bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) and human THP-1 macrophages stimulated with RVG fused peptide epitopes 85B241 and 85B96 (represent Ag85B241-256 and Ag85B96-111, respectively) from antigen 85B (Ag85B) of Mtb showed enhanced antigen presentation as compared to unfused peptide epitopes and BCG. Further, BMDCs stimulated with RVG fused 85B241 showed higher levels of IL-12 positive cells. Consistent with in vitro data, splenocytes of mice immunized with RVG-85B241 showed increased number of antigen specific IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α producing cells in relation to splenocytes from mice immunized with 85B241 alone. These results suggest that RVG may be a promising tool to develop effective alternate vaccines against tuberculosis (TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Santhi Devasundaram
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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11
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Montoya DJ, Andrade P, Silva BJA, Teles RMB, Ma F, Bryson B, Sadanand S, Noel T, Lu J, Sarno E, Arnvig KB, Young D, Lahiri R, Williams DL, Fortune S, Bloom BR, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Dual RNA-Seq of Human Leprosy Lesions Identifies Bacterial Determinants Linked to Host Immune Response. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3574-3585.e3. [PMID: 30917313 PMCID: PMC6508871 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how the interaction between an intracellular bacterium and the host immune system contributes to outcome at the site of infection, we studied leprosy, a disease that forms a clinical spectrum, in which progressive infection by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium leprae is characterized by the production of type I IFNs and antibody production. Dual RNA-seq on patient lesions identifies two independent molecular measures of M. leprae, each of which correlates with distinct aspects of the host immune response. The fraction of bacterial transcripts, reflecting bacterial burden, correlates with a host type I IFN gene signature, known to inhibit antimicrobial responses. Second, the bacterial mRNA:rRNA ratio, reflecting bacterial viability, links bacterial heat shock proteins with the BAFF-BCMA host antibody response pathway. Our findings provide a platform for the interrogation of host and pathogen transcriptomes at the site of infection, allowing insight into mechanisms of inflammation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Montoya
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscila Andrade
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno J A Silva
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosane M B Teles
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Bryson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Teia Noel
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Euzenir Sarno
- Department of Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kristine B Arnvig
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Douglas Young
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mycobacterial Research Division, London NW7 1AA, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), National Hansen's Disease Program (NHDP), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Diana L Williams
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), National Hansen's Disease Program (NHDP), Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Liang Y, Zhao Y, Bai X, Xiao L, Yang Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Cui L, Wang T, Shi Y, Zhao W, Wu X. Immunotherapeutic effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3407 DNA vaccine in mice. Autoimmunity 2019; 51:417-422. [PMID: 30632804 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1546291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. Latent TB infection (LTBI) is a major source of active TB. New vaccines to treat LTBI are urgently demanded. In this study, the gene encoding latency-associated antigen Rv3407 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) rv3407 DNA vaccine was used to prepare and the immunogenicity and therapeutic effects were evaluated. Normal mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals with sterile water for injection, plasmid vector pVAX1, M. vaccae vaccine, ag85a DNA or rv3407 DNA. TB-infected mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and rv3407 DNA. The normal mice immunized with rv3407 DNA or ag85a DNA showed higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in stimulated spleen lymphocyte culture supernatants, and had more Th1 cells and an elevated ratio of Th1/Th2 immune cells in whole blood, indicating that a Th1-type immune response was predominant. The levels of anti-Ag85A or anti-Rv3407 IgG antibody were significantly increased in the ag85a DNA and rv3407 DNA groups compared to the sterile water for injection, vector, and M. vaccae groups (p < .0001). Compared with the PBS group, the rv3407 DNA group had pulmonary bacterial loads that were lower by 0.56 log10 (p < .01). The mice vaccinated with rv3407 DNA developed antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses. The rv3407 DNA is a potential DNA vaccine candidate against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Respiratory Department , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xuejuan Bai
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yourong Yang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yingchang Shi
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- c Respiratory Department , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
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13
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Tian M, Zhou Z, Tan S, Fan X, Li L, Ullah N. Formulation in DDA-MPLA-TDB Liposome Enhances the Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535714 PMCID: PMC5835323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin is used worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) remains the first killer among infectious diseases. An effective vaccine is urgently required. DNA vaccine has shown prophylactic as well as therapeutic effects against TB, while its weak immunogenicity hinders the application. As a strong inducer of Th1-biased immune response, DMT, consisting of dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) and two pattern recognition receptor agonists monophosphoryl lipid A and trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate (TDB), was a newly developed liposomal adjuvant. To elucidate the action mechanism of DMT and improve immunological effects induced by DNA vaccine, a new recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pCMFO that secretes the fusion of four multistage antigens (Rv2875, Rv3044, Rv2073c, and Rv0577) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed. pCMFO/DDA and pCMFO/DMT complexes were then prepared and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. The immunogenicity and protection against M. tuberculosis infection in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice were compared. Formulation of DNA and two agonists into the DDA liposome decreased zeta potential but increased the stability of storage, which resulted in a slower and longer-lasting release of DNA from the DNA–DMT complex than the DNA–DDA liposome. Besides Th1-biased responses, pCMFO/DMT vaccinated mice elicited more significantly CFMO-specific IL2+ TCM cell responses in the spleen and provided an enhanced and persistent protection against M. tuberculosis aerosol infection, compared to pCMFO/DDA and pCMFO groups. Therefore, the adjuvant DMT can release DNA and agonists slowly, which might attribute to the improved protection of DMT adjuvanted vaccines. pCMFO/DMT, a very promising TB vaccine, warrants for further preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maopeng Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songwei Tan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Longmeng Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadeem Ullah
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Zhu B, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff THM, Evans TG, Zhang Y. Tuberculosis vaccines: Opportunities and challenges. Respirology 2018; 23:359-368. [PMID: 29341430 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease around the world. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only TB vaccine licensed for use in human beings, and is effective in protecting infants and children against severe miliary and meningeal TB. However, BCG's protective efficacy is variable in adults. Novel TB vaccine candidates being developed include whole-cell vaccines (recombinant BCG (rBCG), attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, killed M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium vaccae), adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines, viral vector-delivered subunit vaccines, plasmid DNA vaccines, RNA-based vaccines etc. At least 12 novel TB vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, including killed M. vaccae, rBCG ΔureC::hly, adjuvanted fusion proteins M72 and H56 and viral vectored MVA85A. Unfortunately, in TB, there are no correlates of vaccine-induced protection, although cell-mediated immune responses such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production are widely used to assess vaccine's immunogenicity. Recent studies suggested that central memory T cells and local secreted IgA correlated with protection against TB disease. Clinical TB vaccine efficacy trials should invest in identifying correlates of protection, and evaluate new TB biomarkers emerging from human and animal studies. Accumulating new knowledge on M. tuberculosis antigens and immune profiles correlating with protection or disease risk will be of great help in designing next generation of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingdong Zhu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection and Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Lima D, ZÁrate-Bladés C, Souza P, Trombone A, Santos-Junior R, Brandão L, Masson A, Bonato V, Coelho-Castelo A, Sartori A, Vendramini M, Soares E, Benvenutti L, Silva C, Coelho V. No Evidence of Pathological Autoimmunity following Mycobacterium Leprae Heat-Shock Protein 65-Dna Vaccination in Mice. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0900700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are currently one of the most promising targets for the development of immunotherapy against tumours and autoimmune disorders. This protein family has the capacity to activate or modulate the function of different immune system cells. They induce the activation of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, and contribute to cross-priming, an important mechanism of presentation of exogenous antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules. These various immunological properties of HSP have encouraged their use in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, an important issue regarding these proteins is whether the high homology among HSPs across different species may trigger the breakdown of immune tolerance and induce autoimmune diseases. We have developed a DNA vaccine codifying the Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 (DNAhsp65), which showed to be highly immunogenic and protective against experimental tuberculosis. Here, we address the question of whether DNAhsp65 immunization could induce pathological autoimmunity in mice. Our results show that DNAhsp65 vaccination induced antibodies that can recognize the human Hsp60 but did not induce harmful effects in 16 different organs analysed by histopathology up to 210 days after vaccination. We also showed that anti-DNA antibodies were not elicited after DNA vaccination. The results are important for the development of both HSP and DNA-based immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.S. Lima
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - C.R. ZÁrate-Bladés
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - P.R.M. Souza
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - A.P. Trombone
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - R.R. Santos-Junior
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo
| | - Lt. Brandão
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - A.P. Masson
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - V.L. Bonato
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - A.A.M. Coelho-Castelo
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - A. Sartori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo
| | - M. Vendramini
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo
| | - E.G. Soares
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo
| | - L.A. Benvenutti
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo
| | - C.L. Silva
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - V. Coelho
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology -INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Li F, Kang H, Li J, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Dannenberg AM, Liu X, Niu H, Ma L, Tang R, Han X, Gan C, Ma X, Tan J, Zhu B. Subunit Vaccines Consisting of Antigens from Dormant and Replicating Bacteria Show Promising Therapeutic Effect against Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Latent Infection. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:425-432. [PMID: 28426145 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To screen effective antigens as therapeutic subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium latent infection, we did bioinformatics analysis and literature review to identify effective antigens and evaluated the immunogenicity of five antigens highly expressed in dormant bacteria, which included Rv2031c (HspX), Rv2626c (Hrp1), Rv2007c (FdxA), Rv1738 and Rv3130c. Then, several fusion proteins such as Rv2007c-Rv2626c (F6), Rv2031c-Rv1738-Rv1733c (H83), ESAT6-Rv1738-Rv2626c (LT40), ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190-198> -Mtb8.4 (EAMM), and EAMM-Rv2626c (LT70) were constructed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) - latently infected rabbit or mouse models. The results showed that EAMM and F6 plus H83 had therapeutic effect against BCG latent infection in the rabbit model, respectively, and that the combination of EAMM with F6 plus H83 significantly reduced the bacterial load. In addition, the fusion proteins LT40 and LT70 consisting of multistage antigens showed promising therapeutic effects in the mouse model. We conclude that subunit vaccines consisting of both latency and replicating-associated antigens show promising therapeutic effects in BCG latent infection animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Kang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Dannenberg
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunologyand Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Liu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Niu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - L Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - R Tang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Han
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - C Gan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Tan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - B Zhu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Ma J, Teng X, Wang X, Fan X, Wu Y, Tian M, Zhou Z, Li L. A Multistage Subunit Vaccine Effectively Protects Mice Against Primary Progressive Tuberculosis, Latency and Reactivation. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:143-154. [PMID: 28711483 PMCID: PMC5552207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult tuberculosis (TB) is the main cause of TB epidemic and death. The infection results mainly by endogenous reactivation of latent TB infection and secondarily transmitted by exogenous infection. There is no vaccine for adult TB. To this end, we first chose antigens from a potential antigenic reservoir. The antigens strongly recognized T cells from latent and active TB infections that responded to antigens expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultured under different metabolic states. Fusions of single-stage polyprotein CTT3H, two-stage polyprotein A1D4, and multistage CMFO were constructed. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with DMT adjuvant ed CMFO (CMFO-DMT) were protected more significantly than by CTT3H-DMT, and efficacy was similar to that of the only licensed vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and A1D4-DMT in the M. tuberculosis primary infection model. In the setting of BCG priming and latent TB infection, M. tuberculosis in the lung and spleen was eliminated more effectively in mice boosted with CMFO-DMT rather than with BCG, A1D4-DMT, or CTT3H-DMT. In particular, sterile immunity was only conferred by CMFO-DMT, which was associated with expedited homing of interferon-gamma+ CD4+ TEM and interleukin-2+ TCM cells from the spleen to the infected lung. CMFO-DMT represents a promising candidate to prevent the occurrence of adult TB through both prophylactic and therapeutic methods, and warrants assessment in preclinical and clinical trials. CMFO-DMT provides the comparable protection against primary infection with M. tuberculosis as BCG vaccine does. CMFO-DMT boosts an effective protection of BCG primed mice to eliminate latent infection and thwart reactivation. CMFO-DMT is a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of adult TB disease.
Adult pulmonary TB is the main clinical form of the disease and the main component of TB epidemics. There is no effective vaccine to protect adults from primary and secondary TB. Vaccine candidates were constructed using combinations of one-, two- or multi-stage antigens of M. tuberculosis representing different stages of the infection. The antigen combinations directed at different stages of TB may help control adult TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xindong Teng
- Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao 266001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China..
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Maopeng Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Longmeng Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Recombinant BCG Expressing LTAK63 Adjuvant induces Superior Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2109. [PMID: 28522873 PMCID: PMC5437048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop an improved BCG vaccine against tuberculosis we have taken advantage of the adjuvant properties of a non-toxic derivative of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), LTAK63. We have constructed rBCG strains expressing LTAK63 at different expression levels. Mice immunized with BCG expressing low levels of LTAK63 (rBCG-LTAK63lo) showed higher Th1 cytokines and IL-17 in the lungs, and when challenged intratracheally with Mycobacterium tuberculosis displayed a 2.0–3.0 log reduction in CFU as compared to wild type BCG. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues from protected mice revealed a reduced inflammatory response. Immunization with rBCG-LTAK63lo also protected against a 100-fold higher challenge dose. Mice immunized with rBCG-LTAK63lo produced an increase in TGF-β as compared with BCG after challenge, with a corresponding reduction in Th1 and Th17 cytokines, as determined by Real Time RT-PCR. Furthermore, rBCG-LTAK63lo also displays protection against challenge with a highly virulent Beijing isolate. Our findings suggest that BCG with low-level expression of the LTAK63 adjuvant induces a stronger immune response in the lungs conferring higher levels of protection, and a novel mechanism subsequently triggers a regulatory immune response, which then limits the pathology. The rBCG-LTAK63lo strain can be the basis of an improved vaccine against tuberculosis.
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Liang Y, Zhang X, Bai X, Xiao L, Wang X, Zhang J, Yang Y, Song J, Wang L, Wu X. Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv2190c DNA vaccine in mice. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28241799 PMCID: PMC5327546 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. New treatment methods on TB are urgently demanded. In this study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) rv2190c DNA vaccine was prepared and its immunogenicity and therapeutic effects were evaluated. Results Non-infected mice immunized with rv2190c DNA or ag85a DNA showed higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in stimulated spleen lymphocyte culture supernatants, and had more Th1 cells and an elevatory ratio of Th1/Th2 immune cells in whole blood, indicating that Th1-type immune response was predominant. Compared with the saline group, ag85a DNA group and rv2190c DNA group in the infected mice decreased the lung colony-forming units (CFUs) by 0.533 and 0.283 log10, and spleen CFUs by 0.425 and 0.321 log10 respectively, and pathological lesion. Conclusions The rv2190c DNA had some immunotherapeutic effect on TB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-017-0196-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.,Zhengzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejuan Bai
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xiao
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Song
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
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Wowk PF, Franco LH, Fonseca DMD, Paula MO, Vianna ÉDSO, Wendling AP, Augusto VM, Elói-Santos SM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Silva FDC, Vinhas SA, Martins-Filho OA, Palaci M, Silva CL, Bonato VLD. Mycobacterial Hsp65 antigen upregulates the cellular immune response of healthy individuals compared with tuberculosis patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1040-1050. [PMID: 28059670 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1264547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that 65-kDa Mycobacterium leprae heat shock protein (Hsp65) is a target for the development of a tuberculosis vaccine. Here we evaluated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients stimulated with two forms of Hsp65 antigen, recombinant DNA that encodes Hsp65 (DNA-HSP65) or recombinant Hsp65 protein (rHsp65) in attempting to mimic a prophylactic or therapeutic study in vitro, respectively. Proliferation and cytokine-producing CD4+ or CD8+ cell were assessed by flow cytometry. The CD4+ cell proliferation from healthy individuals was stimulated by DNA-HSP65 and rHsp65, while CD8+ cell proliferation from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients was stimulated by rHSP65. DNA-HSP65 did not improve the frequency of IFN-gamma+ cells from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients. Furthermore, we found an increase in the frequency of IL-10-producing cells in both groups. These findings show that Hsp65 antigen activates human lymphocytes and plays an immune regulatory role that should be addressed as an additional antigen for the development of antigen-combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Franco
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Marina Oliveira Paula
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Wendling
- c Laboratory of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Monitoring , René Rachou Research Center , Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | | | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- c Laboratory of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Monitoring , René Rachou Research Center , Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Flávia Dias Coelho Silva
- e Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Nucleus of Infectious Diseases , Federal University of Espírito Santo , Vitória , Espírito Santos , Brazil
| | - Solange Alves Vinhas
- e Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Nucleus of Infectious Diseases , Federal University of Espírito Santo , Vitória , Espírito Santos , Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- c Laboratory of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Monitoring , René Rachou Research Center , Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Moisés Palaci
- e Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Nucleus of Infectious Diseases , Federal University of Espírito Santo , Vitória , Espírito Santos , Brazil
| | - Célio Lopes Silva
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- a Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Liang Y, Wang X, Song J, Wang L, Chen D, Yang Y, Bai X, Wang J, Shi Y, Chen S, Liu J, Yang C, Luo H, Liu G, Wu X. Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine Niubeixiaohe in mouse tuberculosis models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:318-323. [PMID: 27884716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine Niubeixiaohe (NBXH) is an effective anti-tuberculosis prescription, which is made up of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Rhizoma Bletillae, Radix Platycodonis, Fructus Arctii, Herba Houttuyniae and Glutinous rice. In this study, NBXH powder (I) and three kinds of NBXH extracts (II, III, and IV) were prepared. The water decoction of NBXH had been used to treat TB in clinic sixteen years suggested that it was effective to treat TB. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the effects of different processing products of NBXH on mouse TB model in vivo and provide a new Chinese medicine for the clinical treatment of TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 120 female BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, were treated with distilled water, M. vaccae vaccine, the low, middle and high doses of NBXH I, the low, middle and high doses of NBXH II, the low, middle and high doses of NBXH III, the low, middle and high doses of NBXH IV for 12 weeks, respectively. RESULTS The body weights of mice in all NBXH groups were higher than that in the water group. The weight indexes of the spleens in M. vaccae group, the middle dose of NBXH II group, the low dose of NBXH IV group and in the high dose of NBXH IV group were significantly lower than that in the water group(P<0.05). Compared with the water group, the spleen colony counts in the low dose of NBXH I group, the high dose of NBXH II group, the low dose of NBXH III group and the high dose of NBXH IV group reduced by 0.43, 0.46, 0.73, 0.58 logs (P<0.05), respectively. But the lung colony counts had no significant difference between each group. Pulmonary general pathology and histopathology displayed that the lung lesions in treatment groups were improved at certain degree, especially in the low dose of NBXH IIIand IV groups, in which their areas of the lesions were less than 50%, and the half normal lung structure in half of the mice could be observed. CONCLUSION Powder and three extracts of traditional Chinese medicine NBXH all had anti-tuberculosis therapeutic effects on mouse tuberculosis model, and this study provided a base for the further development of Chinese patent medicine NBXH. Also, this is the first report on comprehensive experimental research of NBXH extracts coming from six kinds of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Jinying Song
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Dan Chen
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yourong Yang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xuejuan Bai
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yingchang Shi
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Shibing Chen
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Qifang Pharmaceutical co., LTD, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Cunwei Yang
- Guangdong Qifang Pharmaceutical co., LTD, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Huafeng Luo
- Guangdong Qifang Pharmaceutical co., LTD, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Guangling Liu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
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Gupta A, Gupta A, Kumar A, Arora S. Immunotherapy for non-responders among patients of spinal tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2016; 63:79-85. [PMID: 27451815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined chemo- and immunotherapy are the major advancement in the treatment of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy supposedly increases cure rate while reducing the duration of treatment and tissue damage. Non-responders are those patients of tuberculosis who do not respond to anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) in the desired manner despite the mycobacteria showing sensitivity to the given drugs. The role of immunotherapy in the treatment of this particular subset of patients has been investigated scarcely. METHODS The present study included a retrospective review of prospectively collected clinico-radiological data of 14 non-responder patients who were taking ATT for spinal tuberculosis for a mean duration of 10.3 months. An immunotherapeutic regime comprising of single intramuscular injection of vitamin D 600,000IU, 3 days course of oral albendazole 200mg daily, salmonella vaccine 0.5ml intramuscular and influenza vaccine 0.5ml intramuscular were added to ATT. The vaccines and the course of oral albendazole were repeated after a month. RESULTS Before immunotherapy, seven patients were partially dependent while other seven were completely dependent on others for activities of daily living. All except one patient after treatment became independent till last follow-up (p value <0.01). Post immunotherapy, ATT was continued for mean duration of 4.9 months with mean follow-up of 22.4 months. All patients showed good clinical response within 2-6 weeks after the initiation of immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The crux to success of the immunotherapy regime is its potential to restore the existing Th1 Th2 imbalance and to provide substitute to the anergic and dysfunctional immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Gupta
- Department of Medicine, L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India.
| | - Awkash Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
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Liang Y, Bai X, Zhang J, Song J, Yang Y, Yu Q, Li N, Wu X. Ag85A/ESAT-6 chimeric DNA vaccine induces an adverse response in tuberculosis-infected mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1146-52. [PMID: 27279275 PMCID: PMC4940052 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) antigens encoded by the 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target (esat-6) and antigen 85A (ag85a) genes are known to exert protective effects against tuberculosis in animal models. In addition, these antigens represent vaccine components that were tested in early human clinical trials. In the present study, a chimeric DNA vaccine was constructed that contained two copies of the esat-6 gene inserted into the ag85a gene from M. tb. BALB/c mice were treated with this chimeric vaccine following infection with either M. tb H37Rv or a clinical multi drug resistant tuberculosis isolate. Treatment of both groups of mice with the chimeric vaccine resulted in accelerated mortality. These findings are in contrast with previous results, which indicated that DNA vaccines expressing the individual antigens were either beneficial or at least not harmful. The results of the present study suggested that the ESAT-6 antigen is not suitable for inclusion in therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuang Bai
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Song
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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Pileggi GS, Clemencio AD, Malardo T, Antonini SR, Bonato VLD, Rios WM, Silva CL. New strategy for testing efficacy of immunotherapeutic compounds for diabetes in vitro. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 27165305 PMCID: PMC4862051 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The valuable role of immunotherapy in treating autoimmune diseases is increasingly recognized by those involved in the research and clinical application of new biopharmaceuticals products. However, many aspects related to the mechanisms of immune-modulated therapies remain to be elucidated in order to explore fully the emerging opportunities. The non-obese diabetic NOD mouse develops insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus spontaneously as a consequence of an autoimmune process in the presence of pathogenic CD4+ T cells that typically exhibit Th17 cell phenotypes. The change of a Th17 phenotype into a pattern of regulatory T cells (Treg) is extremely important in controlling autoimmune diseases. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress-induced proteins with immunoregulatory properties. In the current study, the capacity of Hsp65 and Hsp70 mycobacterial HSPs and a constructed DNA encoded Hsp65 (DNAhsp65) to transform the pattern of the immune response from Th17 into Treg cells has been studied in vitro using co-cultures of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells in NOD mice. Results Cells harvested from NOD mice and cultured for 48 h (without immunoregulatory compounds) presented with Th1/Th17 patterns and secretions of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 cytokines. The cultured cells from the non-diabetic BALB/C mice exhibited a Th1 pattern and the production of IL 6 and IFN-γ secretions. An up-regulation was observed in the supernatants from the co-cultures of NOD cells that were stimulated with DNAhsp65, Hsp65 or Hsp70 through increased levels of IL-10 secretion and the suppression of IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 production. In addition, immunoregulation was demonstrated through IL-17 suppression in the co-culture stimulated by the specific insulin antigen. Moreover, an increase of immunoregulatory compounds were observed in the co-culture through the expression of CD11b+CD86+ activation markers on APCs, as well as the frequency of Treg cells expressing CD4+CD3+ and CD4+CD25hi. Conclusions The in vitro observation of Th17 cells differentiating into Tregs in NOD mice could raise the hypothesis that the immune regulatory activity of HSPs could be an efficient strategy for diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gecilmara Salviato Pileggi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 7 Floor, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline Dayana Clemencio
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 7 Floor, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Malardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonir R Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 7 Floor, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vania Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wendy Martin Rios
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Celio L Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Chatrath S, Gupta VK, Dixit A, Garg LC. PE_PGRS30 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates suppression of proinflammatory immune response in macrophages through its PGRS and PE domains. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:536-42. [PMID: 27129781 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen relies on its ability to survive inside macrophages and evade host immune mechanisms. M. tuberculosis employs multiple strategies to confer resistance against immune system including inhibition of phago-lysosomal fusion, modulation of cytokine responses and granuloma formation. PE_PGRS proteins, uniquely present in pathogenic mycobacteria, are cell surface molecules that are suggested to interact with host cells. PE_PGRS proteins have also been implicated in its pathogenesis. In the present study, immuno-regulatory property of Rv1651c-encoded PE_PGRS30 protein was explored. Infection of PMA-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages with Mycobacterium smegmatis harbouring pVV(1651c) resulted in reduced production of IL-12, TNF-α and IL-6, as compared to infection with M. smegmatis harbouring the control plasmid pVV16. No differential effect was observed on bacterial persistence inside macrophages or on macrophage mortality upon infection with the two recombinant strains. Infection of THP-1 macrophages with recombinant M. smegmatis expressing deletion variants of PE_PGRS30 indicated that anti-inflammatory function of the protein is possessed by its PGRS and PE domains while the C-terminal domain, when expressed alone, displayed antagonistic effect in terms of TNF-α secretion. These results suggest that PE_PGRS30 interferes with macrophage immune functions important for activation of adaptive T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chatrath
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Gupta
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Rajabnezhad S, Casettari L, Lam JK, Nomani A, Torkamani MR, Palmieri GF, Rajabnejad MR, Darbandi MA. Pulmonary delivery of rifampicin microspheres using lower generation polyamidoamine dendrimers as a carrier. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tuberculosis vaccines--state of the art, and novel approaches to vaccine development. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 32:5-12. [PMID: 25809749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for a vaccine that could have a major impact in reducing the current global burden of TB disease in humans continues to be extremely challenging. Significant gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis and immunology of tuberculosis continue to undermine efforts to break new ground, and traditional approaches to vaccine development have thus far met with limited success. Existing and novel candidate vaccines are being assessed in the context of their ability to impact the various stages that culminate in disease transmission and an increase in the global burden of disease. Innovative methods of vaccine administration and delivery have provided a fresh stimulus to the search for the elusive vaccine. Here we discuss the current status of preclinical vaccine development, providing insights into alternative approaches to vaccine delivery and promising candidate vaccines. The state of the art of clinical development also is reviewed.
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Evangelopoulos D, da Fonseca JD, Waddell SJ. Understanding anti-tuberculosis drug efficacy: rethinking bacterial populations and how we model them. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 32:76-80. [PMID: 25809760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains a global health emergency, claiming 1.5 million lives in 2013. The bacterium responsible for this disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), has successfully survived within hostile host environments, adapting to immune defence mechanisms, for centuries. This has resulted in a disease that is challenging to treat, requiring lengthy chemotherapy with multi-drug regimens. One explanation for this difficulty in eliminating M.tb bacilli in vivo is the disparate action of antimicrobials on heterogeneous populations of M.tb, where mycobacterial physiological state may influence drug efficacy. In order to develop improved drug combinations that effectively target diverse mycobacterial phenotypes, it is important to understand how such subpopulations of M.tb are formed during human infection. We review here the in vitro and in vivo systems used to model M.tb subpopulations that may persist during drug therapy, and offer aspirations for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon J Waddell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
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Fontoura IC, Trombone A, Almeida LP, Lorenzi JCC, Rossetti RAM, Malardo T, Padilha E, Schluchting W, Silva RLL, Gembre AF, Fiuza JEC, Silva CL, Panunto-Castelo A, Coelho-Castelo AAM. B cells expressing IL-10 mRNA modulate memory T cells after DNA-Hsp65 immunization. Braz J Med Biol Res 2015; 48:1095-100. [PMID: 26397973 PMCID: PMC4661025 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In DNA vaccines, the gene of interest is cloned into a bacterial plasmid that is engineered to induce protein production for long periods in eukaryotic cells. Previous research has shown that the intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with a naked plasmid DNA fragment encoding the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat-shock protein (pcDNA3-Hsp65) induces protection against M. tuberculosis challenge. A key stage in the protective immune response after immunization is the generation of memory T cells. Previously, we have shown that B cells capture plasmid DNA-Hsp65 and thereby modulate the formation of CD8+ memory T cells after M. tuberculosis challenge in mice. Therefore, clarifying how B cells act as part of the protective immune response after DNA immunization is important for the development of more-effective vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which B cells modulate memory T cells after DNA-Hsp65 immunization. C57BL/6 and BKO mice were injected three times, at 15-day intervals, with 100 µg naked pcDNA-Hsp65 per mouse. Thirty days after immunization, the percentages of effector memory T (TEM) cells (CD4+ and CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow) and memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow/CD127+) were measured with flow cytometry. Interferon γ, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-10 mRNAs were also quantified in whole spleen cells and purified B cells (CD43-) with real-time qPCR. Our data suggest that a B-cell subpopulation expressing IL-10 downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen, increasing the survival of CD4+ TEM cells and CD8+ TEM/CD127+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. C. Fontoura
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - L. P. Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J. C. C. Lorenzi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - R. A. M. Rossetti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T. Malardo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - E. Padilha
- Universidade Paranaense, Cascavel, PR,
Brasil
| | - W. Schluchting
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - R. L. L. Silva
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe,
Lagarto, SE, Brasil
| | - A. F. Gembre
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J. E. C. Fiuza
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C. L. Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A. Panunto-Castelo
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A. A. M. Coelho-Castelo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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30
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A novel role of Yin-Yang-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis through the regulation of the chemokine CCL4. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:87-95. [PMID: 26786659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the etiological agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB); this disease remains a worldwide health problem. Yin-Yang-1 (YY1) plays a major role in the maintenance and progression of some pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of YY1 in TB remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of YY1 in the regulation of CCL4 and its implication in TB. We determined whether YY1 regulates CCL4 using reporter plasmids, ChIP and siRNA assays. Immunohistochemistry and digital pathology were used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 in a mouse model of TB. A retrospective comparison of patients with TB and control subjects was used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 using tissue microarrays. Our results showed that YY1 regulates the transcription of CCL4; moreover, YY1, CCL4 and TGF-β were overexpressed in the lung tissues of mice with TB during the late stages of the disease and the tissues of TB patients. The expression of CCL4 and TGF-β correlated with YY1 expression. In conclusion, YY1 regulates CCL4 transcription; moreover, YY1 is overexpressed in experimental and human TB and is positively correlated with CCL4 and TGF-β expression. Therefore, treatments that decrease YY1 expression may be a new therapeutic strategy against TB.
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Mascart F, Locht C. Integrating knowledge ofMycobacterium tuberculosispathogenesis for the design of better vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1573-85. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Complexity and Controversies over the Cytokine Profiles of T Helper Cell Subpopulations in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:639107. [PMID: 26495323 PMCID: PMC4606092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the TB-causing bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is considered a public health problem with enormous social impact. Disease progression is determined mainly by the balance between the microorganism and the host defense systems. Although the immune system controls the infection, this control does not necessarily lead to sterilization. Over recent decades, the patterns of CD4+ T cell responses have been studied with a goal of complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of latent or active tuberculosis infection and of the clinical cure after treatment. Conflicting results have been suggested over the years, particularly in studies comparing experimental models and human disease. In recent years, in addition to Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles, new standards of cellular immune responses, such as Th9, Th22, and IFN-γ-IL-10 double-producing Th cells, discussed here, have also been described. Additionally, many new roles and cellular sources have been described for IL-10, demonstrating a critical role for this cytokine as regulatory, rather than merely pathogenic cytokine, involved in the establishment of chronic latent infection, in the clinical cure after treatment and in keeping antibacillary effector mechanisms active to prevent immune-mediated damage.
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Yang E, Wang F, Xu Y, Wang H, Hu Y, Shen H, Chen ZW. A lentiviral vector-based therapeutic vaccine encoding Ag85B-Rv3425 potently increases resistance to acute tuberculosis infection in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:588-96. [PMID: 26112017 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few treatment options for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB call attention to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for TB. Therapeutic vaccines are promising candidates because they can induce antigen-specific cellular immune responses, which play an important role in the elimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In this study, a novel lentiviral vector therapeutic vaccine for delivering MTB-specific fusion protein Ag85B-Rv3425 was constructed. Results showed that one single-injection of this recombinant lentivirus vaccine could trigger antigen-specific Th1-type immune responses in mice. More importantly, mice with acute infection benefited a lot from a single-dose administration of this vaccine by markedly reduced MTB burdens in lungs and spleens as well as attenuated lesions in lungs compared with untreated mice. These results displayed good prospects of this novel vaccine for the immunotherapy of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzhuo Yang
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Synthetic Long Peptide Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Latency Antigen Rv1733c Protects against Tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015. [PMID: 26202436 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00271-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Responsible for 9 million new cases of active disease and nearly 2 million deaths each year, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of overwhelming dimensions. Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only licensed vaccine available, fails to confer lifelong protection and to prevent reactivation of latent infection. Although 15 new vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, an effective vaccine against TB remains elusive, and new strategies for vaccination are vital. BCG vaccination fails to induce immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigens. Synthetic long peptides (SLPs) combined with adjuvants have been studied mostly for therapeutic cancer vaccines, yet not for TB, and proved to induce efficient antitumor immunity. This study investigated an SLP derived from Rv1733c, a major M. tuberculosis latency antigen which is highly expressed by "dormant" M. tuberculosis and well recognized by T cells from latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. In order to assess its in vivo immunogenicity and protective capacity, Rv1733c SLP in CpG was administered to HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Immunization with Rv1733c SLP elicited gamma interferon-positive/tumor necrosis factor-positive (IFN-γ(+)/TNF(+)) and IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells and Rv1733c-specific antibodies and led to a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-challenged mice. This was observed both in a pre- and in a post-M. tuberculosis challenge setting. Moreover, Rv1733c SLP immunization significantly boosted the protective efficacy of BCG, demonstrating the potential of M. tuberculosis latency antigens to improve BCG efficacy. These data suggest a promising role for M. tuberculosis latency antigen Rv1733c-derived SLPs as a novel TB vaccine approach, both in a prophylactic and in a postinfection setting.
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Boubaker G, Hemphill A, Huber CO, Spiliotis M, Babba H, Gottstein B. Prevention and Immunotherapy of Secondary Murine Alveolar Echinococcosis Employing Recombinant EmP29 Antigen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003795. [PMID: 26053794 PMCID: PMC4460070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by infection with the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. An increasing understanding of immunological events that account for the metacestode survival in human and murine AE infection prompted us to undertake explorative experiments tackling the potential of novel preventive and/or immunotherapeutic measures. In this study, the immunoprotective and immunotherapeutic ability of recombinant EmP29 antigen (rEmP29) was assessed in mice that were intraperitoneally infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. For vaccination, three intraperitoneal injections with 20μg rEmP29 emulsified in saponin adjuvants were applied over 6 weeks. 2 weeks after the last boost, mice were infected, and at 90 days post-infection, rEmP29-vaccinated mice exhibited a median parasite weight that was reduced by 75% and 59% when compared to NaCl- or saponin–treated control mice, respectively. For immunotherapeutical application, the rEmP29 (20μg) vaccine was administered to experimentally infected mice, starting at 1 month post-infection, three times with 2 weeks intervals. Mice undergoing rEmP29 immunotherapy exhibited a median parasite load that was reduced by 53% and 49% when compared to NaCl- and saponin–treated control mice, respectively. Upon analysis of spleen cells, both, vaccination and treatment with rEmP29, resulted in low ratios of Th2/Th1 (IL-4/IFN-γ) cytokine mRNA and low levels of mRNA coding for IL-10 and IL-2. These results suggest that reduction of the immunosuppressive environment takes place in vaccinated as well as immunotreated mice, and a shift towards a Th1 type of immune response may be responsible for the observed increased restriction of parasite growth. The present study provides the first evidence that active immunotherapy may present a sustainable route for the control of AE. Current medical management of AE that relies on surgery and continuous benzimidazole administration is of limited effectiveness. Therefore, alternative preventive and therapeutic tools need to be explored. Here, we demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant antigen EmP29 (rEmP29), prior or after secondary infection of BALB/c mice, resulted in a significant reduction of the median parasite weight when compared to different control groups. We then characterized the transcription level of splenic IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines as hallmarks for AE-anti-protective humoral immune reaction (Th2) and for AE-effective (restrictive) cellular response (Th1), respectively. Results revealed that vaccinated mice in pre- or post-infection situation exhibited the lowest IL-4/IFN-γ mRNA ratios. In addition, those groups showed also significantly low levels of IL-10-encoding mRNA coding (immunosuppressive cytokine), as well as IL-2. These findings suggest that reduction of parasite load in rEmP29-vaccinated mice (in pre- or post-infection status) might be triggered by a decline of the immunosuppressive environment and a change of the host immune reaction towards a Th1-re-oriented cell-mediated immune defense. A similar non-specific effect appears also to be yielded by the immunostimulating adjuvants. This study provides the first insight into the potential benefits of antigen-specific immunotherapy as new treatment option of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology–Mycology (LR12ES08), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Spiliotis
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology–Mycology (LR12ES08), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues RF, Zárate-Bladés CR, Rios WM, Soares LS, Souza PRM, Brandão IT, Masson AP, Arnoldi FGC, Ramos SG, Letourneur F, Jacques S, Cagnard N, Chiocchia G, Silva CL. Synergy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy revealed by a genome-scale analysis of murine tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1774-83. [PMID: 25687643 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although TB immunotherapy improves the results of conventional drug treatment, the effects of combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy have never been systematically evaluated. We used a comprehensive lung transcriptome analysis to directly compare the activity of combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy with that of single treatments in a mouse model of TB. METHODS Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice in the chronic phase of the disease (day 30) received: (i) isoniazid and rifampicin (drugs) daily for 30 days; (ii) DNA immunotherapy (DNA), consisting of four 100 μg injections at 10 day intervals; (iii) both therapies (DNA + drugs); or (iv) saline. The effects were evaluated 10 days after the end of treatment (day 70 post-infection). RESULTS In all groups a systemic reduction in the load of bacilli was observed, bacilli became undetectable in the drugs and DNA + drugs groups, but the whole lung transcriptome analysis showed 867 genes exclusively modulated by the DNA + drugs combination. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that DNA + drugs treatment provided synergistic effects, including the down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators of fibrosis, as confirmed by real-time PCR, ELISA, histopathology and hydroxyproline assay. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a molecular basis for the advantages of TB treatment using combined chemotherapy and DNA immunotherapy and demonstrate the synergistic effects obtained with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Rodrigues
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Wendy M Rios
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Souza
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Izaíra T Brandão
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ana P Masson
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Frederico G C Arnoldi
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sébastien Jacques
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France Hôpital Necker, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Gilles Chiocchia
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Celio L Silva
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
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Li F, Li H, Zuo WZ, Mi L, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang H, Shen A, Cao S, Yuan L. The viability and protein expression of Beijing/W lineage Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Xinjiang, China. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:735-44. [PMID: 25656263 PMCID: PMC4377140 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beijing/W lineage strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread faster than other strains, tend to be more virulent and frequently associated with drug resistance. In this study, to distinguish the characteristics of Beijing/W lineage and non-Beijing/W lineage M. tuberculosis, we assessed the growth between the two groups under conditions of hypoxia, nutrient starvation, and intracellular growth in murine macrophages. We also examined the DNA, RNA, and protein levels of 5 major M. tuberculosis proteins, including HspX, Hsp65, 38 kDa, Ag85B, and MPT64 of the different types of strains by sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting. The results showed that Beijing/W and non-Beijing/W lineage strains of M. tuberculosis have similar viability in ex vivo culture but differ in their ability to survive within macrophages, and the intracellular viability of the Beijing/W lineage strains was significantly more than the viability of the non-Beijing/W lineage strains at 2, 3, and 5 days after infection (P < 0.05). Psts1 and fbpB were expressed at statistically lower levels in Beijing/W lineage strains in their mRNA expression levels (P < 0.05). The expression of their corresponding 38 kDa and Ag85B was lower in the Beijing/W lineage strains than the non-Beijing/W lineage strains (P < 0.05). The expression of HspX and Hsp65 was higher in the Beijing/W lineage strains in their protein expression levels at 24 h after infection of RAW264.7 macrophages (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the increased viability of the Beijing/W lineage strains might be related to the expression levels of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xinjiang Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Disease, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China,
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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between biomedical policies and entrepreneurial R&D strategies. Public health programs have been unable to provide effective and affordable treatment of infectious diseases for the poor. While governments have become more open to private sector contributions to policy objectives, it is rare to find new ventures commercializing healthcare innovations for neglected diseases. Two case studies of entrepreneurial ventures, in the UK and China, provide evidence on how resource-constrained firms mobilize participants in policy-specific ecosystems to achieve their goals of new vaccine development for tuberculosis. Ecosystem analysis reveals how the innovators’ business models can align their strategies with national policy objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fan Li
- Centre for Technology Management—University of Cambridge, Institute for Manufacturing, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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Adjunctive immunotherapy with α-crystallin based DNA vaccination reduces Tuberculosis chemotherapy period in chronically infected mice. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1821. [PMID: 23660989 PMCID: PMC3650662 DOI: 10.1038/srep01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing modified Cornell model, we have evaluated the potential of adjunctive immunotherapy with DNA vaccines to shorten the tuberculosis chemotherapy period and reduce disease reactivation. We demonstrate that α-crystallin based DNA vaccine (DNAacr) significantly reduced the chemotherapy period from 12 weeks to 8 weeks when compared with the chemotherapy alone. Immunotherapy with SodA based DNA vaccine (DNAsod) reduced the pulmonary bacilli only as much as DNAvec. Both DNAacr and DNAsod, although significantly delayed the reactivation in comparison to the chemotherapy alone, this delay was associated with the immunostimulatory sequences present in the vector backbone and was not antigen specific. Both DNA vaccines resulted in the production of significantly higher number of TEM cells than the chemotherapy alone, however, only in the case of DNAsod, this enhancement was significant over the DNAvec treatment. Overall, our findings emphasize the immunotherapeutic potential of DNAacr in shortening the duration of TB chemotherapy.
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40
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Gröschel MI, Prabowo SA, Cardona PJ, Stanford JL, Werf TSVD. Therapeutic vaccines for tuberculosis—A systematic review. Vaccine 2014; 32:3162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Jain-Gupta N, Contreras-Rodriguez A, Smith G, Garg V, Witonsky S, Isloor S, Vemulapalli R, Boyle S, Sriranganathan N. Immunotherapeutics to prevent the replication of Brucella in a treatment failure mouse model. Vaccine 2014; 32:918-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wu K, Zhao XJ, Wong KW, Fan XY. Comparison of plasmid DNA versus PCR amplified gene of insert DNA for nucleofection in Kasumi-1 cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:275-83. [PMID: 24468832 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid electroporation, or its optimized version nucleofection, is an important technique for gene transfection of cells in suspension. However, substantial cell death and/or low transfection efficiency are still common for some cell lines. By using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter, we compared the use of PCR amplified EGFP (PaEGFP) and its parental plasmid (pEGFP-N2) for nucleofection in Kasumi-1 cells. We found that PaEGFP induced significantly lower cell death but had similar transfection efficiency compared to its parent plasmid (pEGFP-N2). Most importantly, contrary to the pEGFP-N2-nucleofected cells, the PaEGFP-nucleofected cells subsequently grew properly. Tests in other cell lines also implied that PaEGFP indeed induced consistently less cell death, but transfection efficiencies varied, being good in suspension cell lines but lower in adhesive cell lines. We suggest that direct transfection with PCR amplified genes can be a simple and useful approach for optimization of electropulse-based transfection not only of Kasumi-1 cells, but also may be useful for other cell lines that are difficult to transfect in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, China
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Rivas-Santiago B, Cervantes-Villagrana AR. Novel approaches to tuberculosis prevention: DNA vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:161-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.871645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Silva CL, Bonato VLD, dos Santos-Júnior RR, Zárate-Bladés CR, Sartori A. Recent advances in DNA vaccines for autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:239-52. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Persisters, persistent infections and the Yin-Yang model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e3. [PMID: 26038493 PMCID: PMC3913823 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persisters are a small fraction of quiescent bacterial cells that survive lethal antibiotics or stresses but can regrow under appropriate conditions. Persisters underlie persistent and latent infections and post-treatment relapse, posing significant challenges for the treatment of many bacterial infections. The current definition of persisters has drawbacks, and a Yin–Yang model is proposed to describe the heterogeneous nature of persisters that have to be defined in highly specific conditions. Despite their discovery more than 70 years ago, the mechanisms of persisters are poorly understood. Recent studies have identified a number of genes and pathways that shed light on the mechanisms of persister formation or survival. These include toxin–antitoxin modules, stringent response, DNA repair or protection, phosphate metabolism, alternative energy production, efflux, anti-oxidative defense and macromolecule degradation. More sensitive single-cell techniques are required for a better understanding of persister mechanisms. Studies of bacterial persisters have parallels in other microbes (fungi, parasites, viruses) and cancer stem cells in terms of mechanisms and treatment approaches. New drugs and vaccines targeting persisters are critical for improved treatment of persistent infections and perhaps cancers. Novel treatment strategies for persisters and persistent infections are discussed.
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Mir SA, Verma I, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of recombinant ESAT-6 protein in mouse model of experimental tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2013; 158:88-94. [PMID: 24345702 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis allows the possible application of immunotherapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. Therapies that would upregulate the host antimycobacterial immune response and/or attenuate T-cell suppressive and macrophage-deactivating cytokines may prove to be useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. ESAT6, 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target, is a potent protective antigen and is considered as major target for long-lived memory cells. In the present study the immunotherapeutic potential of ESAT-6 has been evaluated in mouse model of experimental tuberculosis. In the present study the ESAT-6 protein was cloned in Escherichia coli using pET23a(+) plasmid and purified by Ni(2+)-NTA chromatography. Further, the immunotherapeutic potential of the recombinant ESAT-6 (in terms of CFU enumeration in the target organs and histopathological analysis of lungs) was evaluated against experimental tuberculosis. The recombinant ESAT-6 with C-terminal histidine-tag and free N-terminus mimics the natural form of ESAT-6 has been successfully cloned and purified. The recombinant ESAT-6 protein adjuvanted with dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) moderately reduced the bacterial load in the target organs of infected mice. Further, the formulation (ESAT-6-DDA) was able to act synergistically when given in combination with antituberculosis drugs. This recombinant ESAT-6 showed good immunotherapeutic potential against experimental tuberculosis and can be used as an adjunct to the conventional antituberculosis chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Liang Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Xiao L, Yang Y, Bai X, Yu Q, Li Z, Bi L, Li N, Wu X. Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of Ag85A/B chimeric DNA vaccine in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:419-26. [PMID: 23163873 DOI: 10.1111/1574-695x.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The situation of tuberculosis (TB) is very severe in China. New therapeutic agents or regimens to treat TB are urgently needed. In this study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice were given immunotherapy intramuscularly with Ag85A/B chimeric DNA or saline, plasmid vector pVAX1, or Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine. The mice treated with Ag85A/B chimeric DNA showed significantly higher numbers of T cells secreting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), more IFN-γ in splenocyte culture supernatant, more Th1 and Tc1 cells, and higher ratios of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 cells in whole blood, indicating a predominant Th1 immune response to treatment. Infected mice treated with doses of 100 μg Ag85A/B chimeric DNA had an extended time until death of 50% of the animals that was markedly longer than the saline and vector control groups, and the death rate at 1 month after the last dose was lower than that in the other groups. Compared with the saline group, 100 μg Ag85A/B chimeric DNA and 100 μg Ag85A DNA reduced the pulmonary bacterial loads by 0.79 and 0.45 logs, and the liver bacterial loads by 0.52 and 0.50 logs, respectively. Pathological changes in the lungs were less, and the lesions were more limited. These results show that Ag85A/B chimeric DNA was effective for the treatment of TB, significantly increasing the cellular immune response and inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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Colaco CA, Bailey CR, Walker KB, Keeble J. Heat shock proteins: stimulators of innate and acquired immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:461230. [PMID: 23762847 PMCID: PMC3677648 DOI: 10.1155/2013/461230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants were reintroduced into modern immunology as the dirty little secret of immunologists by Janeway and thus began the molecular definition of innate immunity. It is now clear that the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates the innate immune response and provides the host with a rapid mechanism for detecting infection by pathogens and initiates adaptive immunity. Ironically, in addition to advancing the basic science of immunology, Janeway's revelation on induction of the adaptive system has also spurred an era of rational vaccine design that exploits PRRs. Thus, defined PAMPs that bind to known PRRs are being specifically coupled to antigens to improve their immunogenicity. However, while PAMPs efficiently activate the innate immune response, they do not mediate the capture of antigen that is required to elicit the specific responses of the acquired immune system. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are found complexed to client polypeptides and have been studied as potential cancer vaccines. In addition to binding PRRs and activating the innate immune response, HSPs have been shown to both induce the maturation of APCs and provide chaperoned polypeptides for specific triggering of the acquired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A. Colaco
- ImmunoBiology Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - James Keeble
- NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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Kidane YH, Lawrence C, Murali TM. The landscape of host transcriptional response programs commonly perturbed by bacterial pathogens: towards host-oriented broad-spectrum drug targets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58553. [PMID: 23516507 PMCID: PMC3596304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of drug-resistant pathogen strains and new infectious agents pose major challenges to public health. A promising approach to combat these problems is to target the host's genes or proteins, especially to discover targets that are effective against multiple pathogens, i.e., host-oriented broad-spectrum (HOBS) drug targets. An important first step in the discovery of such drug targets is the identification of host responses that are commonly perturbed by multiple pathogens. RESULTS In this paper, we present a methodology to identify common host responses elicited by multiple pathogens. First, we identified host responses perturbed by each pathogen using a gene set enrichment analysis of publicly available genome-wide transcriptional datasets. Then, we used biclustering to identify groups of host pathways and biological processes that were perturbed only by a subset of the analyzed pathogens. Finally, we tested the enrichment of each bicluster in human genes that are known drug targets, on the basis of which we elicited putative HOBS targets for specific groups of bacterial pathogens. We identified 84 up-regulated and three down-regulated statistically significant biclusters. Each bicluster contained a group of pathogens that commonly dysregulated a group of biological processes. We validated our approach by checking whether these biclusters correspond to known hallmarks of bacterial infection. Indeed, these biclusters contained biological process such as inflammation, activation of dendritic cells, pro- and anti- apoptotic responses and other innate immune responses. Next, we identified biclusters containing pathogens that infected the same tissue. After a literature-based analysis of the drug targets contained in these biclusters, we suggested new uses of the drugs Anakinra, Etanercept, and Infliximab for gastrointestinal pathogens Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori kx2 strain, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and the drug Simvastatin for hematopoietic pathogen Ehrlichia chaffeensis. CONCLUSIONS Using a combination of automated analysis of host-response gene expression data and manual study of the literature, we have been able to suggest host-oriented treatments for specific bacterial infections. The analyses and suggestions made in this study may be utilized to generate concrete hypothesis on which gene sets to probe further in the quest for HOBS drug targets for bacterial infections. All our results are available at the following supplementary website: http://bioinformatics.cs.vt.edu/ murali/supplements/2013-kidane-plos-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared H. Kidane
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology PhD Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Lawrence
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - T. M. Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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