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Malik EM, Müller CE. Anthraquinones As Pharmacological Tools and Drugs. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:705-48. [PMID: 27111664 DOI: 10.1002/med.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoanthracenes) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications. Besides their utilization as colorants, anthraquinone derivatives have been used since centuries for medical applications, for example, as laxatives and antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. Current therapeutic indications include constipation, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, biologically active anthraquinones derived from Reactive Blue 2 have been utilized as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological studies. They may serve as lead structures for the development of future drugs. However, the presence of the quinone moiety in the structure of anthraquinones raises safety concerns, and anthraquinone laxatives have therefore been under critical reassessment. This review article provides an overview of the chemistry, biology, and toxicology of anthraquinones focusing on their application as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Tejwani GA. Regulation of fructose-bisphosphatase activity. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 54:121-94. [PMID: 6303063 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122990.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Vereb G, Balla A, Gergely P, Wymann MP, Gülkan H, Suer S, Heilmeyer LM. The ATP-binding site of brain phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase PI4K230 as revealed by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33:249-59. [PMID: 11311856 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding site of purified bovine brain phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 230 (PI4K230) was studied by its reaction with 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA), an ATP-like alkylating reagent. Four hundred to eight hundred micromolar FSBA inactivated PI4K230 specifically with apparently first-order kinetics and resulted in 50% loss of enzyme activity in 36--130 min. The specificity of the reaction with FSBA was demonstrated by the lack of inactivation with 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl chloride and by protection with ATP and ATP analogues against inactivation. Most ATP analogues competed with FSBA inactivation in order of their increasing hydrophobicity, parallel to their inhibitory potency in activity measurements. The specific binding of FSBA to PI4K230 was demonstrated also by Western-blot experiments. These results suggest that FSBA-reactive group(s) involved in the enzyme activity are located near to the ATP-binding site in a hydrophobic region of native PI4K230. Experiments with site-directed mutagenesis indicate that the conserved Lys-1792 plays essential role in the enzyme activity and serves as one target of affinity labelling by FSBA. Prevention of both Lys-1792-directed and Lys-1792-independent binding of FSBA by Cibacron Blue 3GA suggest that these sites are located spatially close to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vereb
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/B, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
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5
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Lin DQ, Zhu ZQ, Mei LH. Process Design for Purification of Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase by Affinity Partitioning Using Free Reactive Dyes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/01496399808545038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kopperschläger G, Kirchberger J. Methods for the separation of lactate dehydrogenases and clinical significance of the enzyme. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 684:25-49. [PMID: 8906464 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an ubiquitous enzyme among vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and microbes was discovered in the early period of enzymology. The enzyme has been dissolved in several distinguishable molecular forms. In mammals, three types of subunits encoded by the genes Ldh-A, Ldh-B and Ldh-C give rise to a selected number of tetrameric isoenzymes. LDH-A4, LDH-B4 and the mixed hybrid forms of the A- and B-subunits are present in many tissues but with certain distribution patterns. LDH-C4 is confined in mammals to testes and sperm. Numerous techniques have been employed to purify, characterize and separate the different forms of the enzyme. This report deals with the main protocols and procedures of purification of LDH and its isoenzymes including chromatographic and electrophoretic methods, partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems and precipitation approaches. In particular, affinity separation techniques based on natural and pseudo-biospecific ligands are described in detail. In addition, basic physico-chemical and kinetic properties of the enzyme from different sources are summarized in a second part, the clinical significance of the determination of LDH in diverse body fluids in respect to the total activity and the isoenzyme distribution in different organs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kopperschläger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Germany
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Provost JJ, Ray PD, Lambeth DO. Concomitant purification and characterization of malate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase and enolase from rabbit liver cytosol. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 26:121-33. [PMID: 8784922 DOI: 10.1080/10826069608000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A procedure was developed for purifying the cytosolic isoforms of malate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, enolase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase from a single preparation of rabbit liver. The procedure includes chromatography on reactive-dye, radial-flow columns, and elution of enzymes from columns by substrates, to obtain high yields in a minimal amount of time. The scheme avoids steps used in previous methods that are either difficult to execute in large-scale preparations, or alter the native forms of the enzymes. Examination of the purified enzymes by SDS-PAGE indicated that nearly homogeneous preparations had been obtained. The native molecular weight, subunit molecular weight, and isoelectric point(s) were determined for each enzyme. Although preparations of nucleoside diphosphate kinase purified from cytosol showed only a single band on SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing revealed the presence of multiple isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Provost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks 58202, USA
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8
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Wang K, Früh K, Peterson PA, Yang Y. Nucleotide binding of the C-terminal domains of the major histocompatibility complex-encoded transporter expressed in Drosophila melanogaster cells. FEBS Lett 1994; 350:337-41. [PMID: 8070589 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminal domains of the mouse transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) were expressed as soluble proteins in Drosophila melanogaster cells and labeled by [alpha-32P]8-azido-ATP after UV-irradiation. The relative potencies of the nucleotides in preventing azido-ATP labeling were in the order of ATP > GTP > CTP > ITP > UTP for both the TAP1 and TAP2 C-terminal domains, suggesting ATP to be the natural substrate of the transporter. Our data provide the first evidence that the individual C-terminal domain of either TAP1 or TAP2 can be expressed as a functional ATP-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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9
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Puri RN, Roskoski R. Inactivation of yeast hexokinase by Cibacron Blue 3G-A: spectral, kinetic and structural investigations. Biochem J 1994; 300 ( Pt 1):91-7. [PMID: 8198558 PMCID: PMC1138128 DOI: 10.1042/bj3000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Yeast hexokinase, a homodimer (100 kDa), is an important enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Although Cibacron Blue 3G-A (Reactive Blue 2) has been previously shown to inactivate yeast hexokinase, no comprehensive study exists concerning the nature of interaction(s) between hexokinase and the blue dye. A comparison of the computer-generated three-dimensional (3D) representations showed considerable overlap of the purine ring of ATP, a nucleotide substrate of hexokinase, with the hydrophobic anthraquinone moiety of the blue dye. The visible spectrum of the blue dye showed a characteristic absorption band centred at 628 nm. The visible difference spectrum of increasing concentration of the dye and the same concentrations of the dye plus a fixed concentration of hexokinase exhibited a maximum, a minimum and an isobestic point at 683, 585, and 655 nm respectively. The visible difference spectrum of the blue dye and the dye in 50% ethylene glycol showed a maximum and a minimum at 660 and 570 nm respectively. The visible difference spectrum of the blue dye in the presence of the dye and hexokinase modified at the active site by pyridoxal phosphate, iodoacetamide and o-phthalaldehyde was devoid of bands characteristic of the hexokinase-blue dye complex. Size-exclusion-chromatographic studies in the absence or presence of guanidinium chloride showed that the enzyme inactivated by the blue dye was co-eluted with the unmodified enzyme. The dialysis residue obtained after extensive dialysis of the gel-filtered complex, against a buffer of high ionic strength, showed an absorption maximum at 655 nm characteristic of the dye-enzyme complex. Inactivation data when analysed by 'Kitz-Wilson'-type kinetics for an irreversible inhibitor, yielded values of 0.05 min-1 and 92 microM for maximum rate of inactivation (k3) and dissociation constant (Kd) for the enzyme-dye complex respectively. Sugar and nucleotide substrates protected hexokinase against inactivation by the blue dye. About 2 mol of the blue dye bound per mol of hexokinase after complete inactivation. The inactivated enzyme could not be re-activated in the presence of 1 M NaCl. These results suggest that Cibacron Blue 3G-A inactivated hexokinase by an irreversible adduct formation at or near the active-site. Spectral and kinetic studies coupled with an analysis of the 3D representations of model compounds corresponding to the substructures of the blue dye suggest that 1-amino-4-(N-phenylamino)anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid part of the blue dye may represent the minimum structure of Cibacron Blue 3G-A necessary to bind hexokinase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Puri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70119
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10
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Effect of synthetic polymers, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), on elution of lactate dehydrogenase bound to Blue Sepharose. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Electrosorption of amphiphilic affinity dyes at liquid/liquid interfaces for biosensor applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(90)87042-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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van Tonder A, Naude RJ, Oelofsen W. Ostrich fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase: distribution of activity and purification of the liver isoenzyme. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 21:695-700. [PMID: 2551754 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase was assayed in crude extracts of physiologically important organs and tissues in the ostrich. 2. Highest activity was found in liver and lowest in brain tissue. 3. No activity was detected in the heart, gizzard or adrenals. 4. The enzyme was purified in homogeneous, apparently undegraded form from liver utilizing Blue dextran-Sepharose affinity chromatography. 5. The enzyme is similar to mammalian fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in many respects including its indispensability of Mg2+ for catalytic activity. 6. Relative molecular weight of the native enzyme and its subunit is about 150,000 and 35,000 respectively. 7. The amino acid composition of ostrich liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is distinctly different from that of the chicken muscle enzyme, but compares favourably with the composition of the rabbit liver enzyme. 8. The purified enzyme is devoid of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van Tonder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa
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13
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Gautam N, Gautan N. Mutated forms of phosphoglycerate mutase in yeast affect reversal of metabolic flux. Effect of reversible and irreversible function of an enzyme on pathway reversal. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Datta DB, Changchien LM, Craven GR. Isolation of kinetic intermediates in in vitro assembly of the Escherichia coli ribosome using cibacron blue F3GA. Methods Enzymol 1988; 164:270-7. [PMID: 3071667 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(88)64048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Reiss NA, Schwartz RJ. High performance purification of glycolytic enzymes and creatine kinase from chicken breast muscle and preparation of their specific immunological probes. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 17:157-72. [PMID: 3037510 DOI: 10.1080/00327488708062486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel procedure for isolation of the muscle isozymes of aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), enolase, pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and also creatine kinase (CK), at high purity, specific activity and yield. Protein was extracted from chicken breast muscle and glycolytic enzymes were purified by a three step procedure consisting of: Ammonium sulfate combined with pH fractionation. Phosphocellulose chromatography with performance of high pressure liquid chromatography, exploiting a pH gradient formed by a gradient of the buffering ion for protein elution. Affinity chromatography causing elution by substrate or pH. The enzymes, obtained at over 95% purity as judged by specific activity and silver stained electropherograms, were injected into sheep. Antibody for each enzyme was purified on specific immunosorbant and its specificity was verified by immunotransfer analysis.
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16
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Chattoraj S, Majumder AL. Modification of brain fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity by chelators: "induction" of 5'-AMP sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 139:571-80. [PMID: 3021133 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) from various sources are ordinarily insensitive to 5'-AMP. In addition to stimulation and conferring a "neutral" behaviour, prior treatment with histidine, EDTA or imidazole renders the brain enzyme sensitive to 5'-AMP. The histidine treated enzyme(s) bind to Blue-Sepharose CL-6B column and are specifically eluted by 5'-AMP in contrast to the untreated enzyme(s) which do not bind to the affinity column at all. The histidine effect in inducing 5'-AMP sensitivity was abolished by treatment of the native enzyme by subtilisin or by a number of divalent cations including Zn++.
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17
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Datta D, Changchien LM, Craven GR. Studies on the kinetic sequence of in vitro ribosome assembly using cibacron blue F3GA as a general assembly inhibitor. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:4095-111. [PMID: 3520481 PMCID: PMC339848 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.10.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have found that all E. coli ribosomal proteins strongly bind to an agarose affinity column derivatized with the dye Cibacron Blue F3GA. We have also shown that the capacity to bind the dye is lost when the proteins are organized within the structure of the ribosome or are members of pre-formed protein-RNA complexes. We conclude that the binding of ribosomal proteins to this dye involves specific protein-RNA recognition sites. These observations led us to discover that Cibacron Blue can be used to inhibit in vitro ribosome assembly at any stage of the assembly process. This has allowed us to determine a kinetic order of ribosome assembly.
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18
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sn-1,2-Diacylglycerol kinase of Escherichia coli. Purification, reconstitution, and partial amino- and carboxyl-terminal analysis. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Bruneau S, Guinet R. Characterization ofCandidaantigens by crossed-immunoaffinoelectrophoresis. Med Mycol 1985. [DOI: 10.1080/00362178585380181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Butler PE, Fairhurst D, Beynon RJ. Purification of glycogen phosphorylase from small quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. Anal Biochem 1984; 141:494-8. [PMID: 6496952 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to the purification of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase is described. The purification scheme is particularly suited to preparation of the enzyme from small amounts of tissue. A combination of dye-ligand chromatography and hydrophobic chromatography yields homogenous enzyme with good recoveries. The purification is rapid and may be completed in a working day.
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22
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Radika K, Northrop DB. Purification of two forms of kanamycin acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 233:272-85. [PMID: 6380414 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kanamycin acetyltransferase acylates aminoglycoside antibiotics using acetyl-CoA, and thereby conveys bacterial resistance to several clinically important antibiotics, notably amikacin. The enzyme was quantitatively and reproducibly released from Escherichia coli W677 harboring plasmid pMH67 by a modified osmotic shock procedure (bacterial cells are incubated overnight in sucrose and again without sucrose before onset of osmotic shock). The enzyme was purified by dye-ligand chromatography on Affi-Gel Blue in addition to antibiotic affinity chromatography on neomycin-Sepharose-4B. The activity did not increase with subsequent chromatography on ion-exchange, hydrophobic, or molecular-exclusion gels. However, both dye-ligand and molecular-exclusion chromatography, as well as disc-gel electrophoresis, separated the purified enzyme equally into two active protein fractions. Based on the more active of the two forms, the purification was 112-fold with a specific activity of 1.9 IU/mg. The less-active form has an unusual absorbance spectrum, with a maximum near 255 nm, which cannot be explained by the amino acid composition. Chromatography of this form alone regenerated both forms, suggesting that the enzyme is noncovalently conjugated to an uncharged chromophore, such as a lipid. The purified enzyme has a very sharp pH optimum at 5.5 with a plateau on the alkaline side, but is most stable between pH 8.5 and 9.5. Data from electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and gel-filtration on Ultrogel AcA 44 are consistent with a tetrameric protein of 60-70,000 Da.
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23
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Ashkar S, Muniyappa K, Leibach F, Mendicino J. Evidence for a specific phosphoryl binding site in swine kidney phosphofructokinase. Mol Cell Biochem 1984; 62:77-92. [PMID: 6234453 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) from swine kidney was purified by a procedure which included affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue F3GA-Sepharose 4B and ATP-Sepharose 4B columns in order to examine its binding properties. The homogeneous enzyme was purified more than 3000-fold with a yield of 30% and it had a specific activity of 39.8 mumol/min/mg of protein at 25 degrees C. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 360 000 and it contained 4 identical subunits of molecular weight 88 000. The principal catalytically reacting form of the enzyme had a S20,w of 13.7 S which corresponds to a molecular weight of 360 000 +/- 6 000. The initial velocity patterns in the forward and reverse directions suggested a sequential mechanism for the reaction. The Km values for fructose 6-phosphate, ATP, fructose, 1,6-bisP and ADP were 33 microM, 8.3 microM, 460 microM and 110 microM, respectively. The homogeneous native enzyme binds specifically to phosphoryl groups immobilized in cellulose phosphate columns. ATP and fructose 6-phosphate interacted with the enzyme and decreased its affinity for phosphoryl binding sites. Other metabolites including fructose 1,6-bisP, glucose 6-phosphate and various nucleotides, alone or in various combinations, were ineffective in promoting the dissociation of the enzyme. Allosteric effectors of the enzyme, such as citrate and AMP were also inactive. However, the cooperatively altered the concentration of ATP required to dissociate the enzyme from phosphoryl groups. The bound enzyme was enzymatically inactive. The enzyme was also inactivated when it was treated with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and reduced with sodium borohydride and the inactive enzyme no longer bound to cellulose phosphate. These effects were not observed when treatment with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was carried out in the presence of fructose 6-phosphate. These observations and the results of similar studies with swine kidney fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) show that both enzymes share the unique property of binding specifically to phosphoryl groups. FBPase interacts through its allosteric AMP binding site and PFK binds through its fructose 6-P binding site. This specific binding of both enzymes through these sites result in the inactivation of PFK and the desensitization of FBPase to allosteric inhibition by AMP. In the unbound state PFK may be active and FBPase can be inhibited by AMP. Taken collectively, these binding effects could play a role in the reciprocal regulation of these enzymes during gluconeogenesis in kidney.
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Subramanian S. Dye-ligand affinity chromatography: the interaction of Cibacron Blue F3GA with proteins and enzymes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:169-205. [PMID: 6203683 DOI: 10.3109/10409238409102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dye Cibacron Blue F3GA has a high affinity for many proteins and enzymes. It has therefore been attached to various solid supports such as Sephadex, Sepharose, polyacrylamide, and the like. In the immobilized form the dye has rapidly been exploited as an affinity chromatographic medium to separate and purify a variety of proteins including dehydrogenases, kinases, serum albumin, interferons, several plasma proteins, and a host of other proteins. Such a diversity shown by the blue dye in binding several unrelated classes of proteins has generated considerable work in terms of studies of the chromophore itself and also the immobilized ligand. As a prelude to realizing the full potential of the immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA, an understanding of the basic interactions of the dye with its surroundings must be gained. It has been recognized that the dye is capable of hydrophobic and/or electrostatic interactions at the instance of the ambient conditions. The study of interactions of the dye with salts, solvents, and other small molecules indicates the nature of the interactions of the dye with different kinds of groups at the interacting sites of proteins. The review will cover such interactions of the dye with the proteins, the interactions of the proteins with the immobilized ligand, and the media used to elute the bound protein in several cases, and thus consolidate the available information on such studies into a cogent and comprehensive explanation.
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Neslund GG, Miara JE, Kang JJ, Dahms AS. Specific interactions of xanthene dyes with nucleotide-binding sites of membrane energy-transducing enzymes and carriers. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1984; 24:447-69. [PMID: 6094113 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152824-9.50046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Price NC, Stevens E. Distinction between cofactor-dependent and -independent phosphoglycerate mutases by chromatography on Cibacron Blue-Sepharose. Biosci Rep 1983; 3:857-61. [PMID: 6315103 DOI: 10.1007/bf01133784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of phosphoglycerate mutases from a variety of sources to Cibacron Blue-Sepharose has been examined. Those enzymes which are dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) for activity bind to the immobilized dye and can be eluted by BPG. Those enzymes which are independent of BPG do not bind to the immobilized dye. The possible structural significance of this distinction is discussed.
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Birkenmeier G, Usbeck E, Saro L, Kopperschläger G. Triazine dye binding of human alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. J Chromatogr A 1983; 265:27-35. [PMID: 6194171 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Column chromatography was used to investigate the interaction of human alpha-fetoprotein and albumin with different immobilized dyes. Binding of alpha-fetoprotein to the dye conjugates was studied at pH 7.0. Between 56 and 93% of the total alpha-fetoprotein applied to the column was recovered in the break-through fractions of the respective runs. Of all the dyes, Cibacron Blue F3G-A adsorbs alpha-fetoprotein most strongly. This interaction clearly depends on the degree of dye substitution of the gel. A relatively weak interaction exists between alpha-fetoprotein and immobilized Procion Red HE-3B. This is used in the purification of alpha-fetoprotein by negative chromatography resulting in a 16.6-fold enrichment of this protein. Human albumin binds tightly to immobilized Cibacron Blue F3G-A as well as to Cibacron Brilliant Blue FBR-P and shows a lower affinity to Procion Blue MX-R. Procion Red dyes, which are structurally different from Cibacron Blue F3G-A are also capable of interacting with serum albumin. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the present theoretical conceptions about dye-protein interactions.
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Ramadoss CS, Steczko J, Uhlig JW, Axelrod B. Effect of albumin on binding and recovery of enzymes in affinity chromatography on Cibacron Blue. Anal Biochem 1983; 130:481-4. [PMID: 6683473 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin appears to improve the specificity of Cibacron Blue F3GA in affinity chromatography of enzymes which interact with nucleotides. The action of bovine serum albumin may rest in its ability to selectively mask affinity sites in the dye, which are not specific for the nucleotide-binding region of the enzyme, while not seriously impairing binding nor its elution by nucleotides. Thus, the elution of Chlorella nitrate reductase from a Blue Sepharose chromatographic column by its coenzyme, NADH, fails, unless the column is first treated with bovine serum albumin. Such treatment also improves the recovery of some other nucleotide-binding enzymes tested.
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29
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Kopperschläger G, Lorenz G, Usbeck E. Application of affinity partitioning in an aqueous two-phase system to the investigation of triazine dye enzyme interactions. J Chromatogr A 1983; 259:97-105. [PMID: 6304130 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Affinity partitioning in an aqueous two-phase system by using triazine dye-substituted polyethylene glycol and dextran was applied in the investigation of the affinity of kinases, dehydrogenases and aminotransferases to twelve triazine dyes. From the alteration of the partition coefficient (K) of the enzymes in the two-phase system in the presence or absence of dye-liganded polyethylene glycol, expressed as delta log K, quantitative data for the affinity of the enzymes to various triazine dyes were obtained. Optimal conditions for the purification of enzymes by applying dye-protein interaction were derived.
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30
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Schering B, Eigenbrodt E, Linder D, Schoner W. Purification and properties of pyruvate kinase type M2 from rat lung. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 717:337-47. [PMID: 7115773 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
(1) Pyruvate kinase type M2 from rat lung has been purified 840-fold with an overall yield of 20%. The enzyme gave a single band upon SDS-electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing and had a specific activity of 1340 U/mg protein. The homotetramer of Mr = 224000 and an isoelectric point of pH 5.8 had an amino acid composition closely resembling that of other pyruvate kinase isoenzymes type M2, except that of the chicken liver. The enzyme was crystallized. (2) The enzyme has its pH optimum at pH 6.5. The K0.5 value for phosphoenolpyruvate is 0.26 mM (nH = 1.81) which decreases in the presence of 0.2 mM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 0.056 mM (nH = 1.06). 1 microM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activates the enzyme at 0.1 mM phosphoenolpyruvate half-maximally. The Km value for ADP at 1 mM phosphoenolpyruvate is 0.4 mM. The Km value for other nucleoside diphosphates increases in the order ADP less than GDP less than IDP less than UDP. (3) No evidence for an interconversion of pyruvate kinase type M2 from rat or chicken lung was found. The enzyme was neither a substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rabbit muscle nor for the cAMP-independent protein kinase from chicken liver. Since pyruvate kinase type M2 from chicken liver is inactivated by phosphorylation catalyzed by a cAMP-independent protein kinase (Eigenbrodt, E., Abdel-Fattah Mostafa, M. and Schoner, W. (1977) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 358, 1047-1055) we suggest that the interconvertible form of pyruvate kinase type M2 may represent a separate form of the pyruvate kinase type M2 family.
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31
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Kálmán M, Boross L. Characterization of enzyme-enzyme interaction using an affinity batch system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 704:272-7. [PMID: 7104369 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NAD-Sepharose 4B gel was used to study the complexation between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.12) and aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13). An affinity sorbent specific for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was utilised in a batch system. The dissociation constant of the enzyme complex was calculated. The method elaborated in our laboratory was used to investigate the effects of temperature and pH on the complex formation.
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32
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Imanishi K, Suzuki I. Blue dextran-mediated hemagglutination. J Immunol Methods 1982; 48:287-91. [PMID: 6174635 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(82)90329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Blue dextran at low concentrations (0.1-1 ng/ml) agglutinated human, mouse, rabbit and rat erythrocytes. This agglutination was inhibited by 10% calf serum, 0.5 mg/ml bovine albumin and 0.2 M sodium thiocyanate, and less effectively by 1.5 M potassium chloride, but not by 30-50 mM magnesium sulfate.
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33
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Birkenmeier G, Kopperschläger G. Application of dye-ligant chromatography to the isolation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. J Chromatogr A 1982; 235:237-48. [PMID: 6976977 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various Cibacron blue F3G-A substituted Sephadex G-100 gels which differ in the density of the bound dye were investigated for their applicability in the affinity chromatography of human serum proteins. Protein adsorption was found to depend strongly on the density of the covalently attached dye and on the pH of the applied buffer. A high degree of dye substitution of the gel caused binding of most of the serum proteins. Only a small number of proteins were found to appear in the breakthrough fraction. On this basis a simple and relatively mild procedure for the isolation of homogeneous alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein from human serum was developed. Isolation of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein succeeded in only a single step, whereas that of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor required two additional steps: a prior ammonium sulphate precipitation and a chromatographic step on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.5.
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34
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Xu GJ, Datta AG, Singh VN, Suda H, Pontremoli S, Horecker BL. Rabbit liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase: labeling of the active and allosteric sites with pyridoxal 5-phosphate and sequence of a nonapeptide from the active site. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 210:98-103. [PMID: 6271075 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Reiss N, Kaye A. Identification of the major component of the estrogen-induced protein of rat uterus as the BB isozyme of creatine kinase. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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Lowe CR, Small DA, Atkinson A. Some preparative and analytical applications of triazine dyes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 13:33-40. [PMID: 7009251 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(81)90133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Dombrádi V. Structural aspects of the catalytic and regulatory function of glycogen phosphorylase. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 13:125-39. [PMID: 7009252 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(81)90147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Pompon D, Guiard B, Lederer F. Binding of Cibacron blue F3GA to the flavin and NADH sites in cytochrome b5 reductase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 110:565-70. [PMID: 7439174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of cytochrome b5 reductase holoenzyme and apoenzyme toward blue-dextran--Sepharose has been studied. Holoenzyme was adsorbed at low ionic strength and could be eluted with 100 microM NADH or NAD+. Flavin-free enzyme was even more strongly bound and could be eluted with 1 M NaCl, or 100 microM NADH + 10 microM FAD. Separately the cofactors were without effect. FMN was less effective than FAD. ADP and AMP eluted nothing. Cibacron blue F3GA was found to exert a mixed inhibition on NADH oxidation. Dye binding to holoenzyme elicited a characteristic red shift in its spectrum. Comparison of the difference spectrum amplitude at 680 and 585 nm showed the presence of a second binding mode at higher dye concentrations. These results point to the existence for cytochrome b5 reductase of two binding sites with high affinity for blue-dextran--Sepharose: the NADH binding site and flavin binding site. For the latter it is clear that isoalloxazine pocket must play a role in dye binding. Cytochrome b5 reductase is the second flavoenzyme which has been shown to have affinity for immobilized dye at the flavin site, the first one being flavocytochrome b2, and FMN-dependent enzyme [D. Pompon and F. Lederer (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 90, 563--569].
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39
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Kido H, Vita A, Horecker BL. A one-step procedure for the isolation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit liver. Anal Biochem 1980; 106:450-4. [PMID: 6255821 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Tichá M, Barthová J, Labský J, Semanský M. Determination of the interaction of lactate dehydrogenase with high-molecular-weight derivatives of AMP by affinity electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1980; 194:183-9. [PMID: 7410505 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)87294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of lactate dehydrogenase with high-molecular-weight derivatives of AMP was studied by affinity electrophoresis in an alkaline buffer system and by means of kinetic measurements. AMP was coupled to synthetic hydroxypropylmethacrylamide copolymers through glycine, 6-aminohexanoic and 12-aminododecanoic spacer arms. The values of the dissociation constants (K) of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes--immobilized AMP complexes determined by affinity electrophoresis decreased with increasing length of the spacer arm. Lactate dehydrogenase was competitively inhibited by high-molecular-weight derivatives of AMP; values of the inhibition constants (Ki) also depended on the spacer arm: the longer the spacer arm the stronger was the interaction between the enzyme and the inhibitor. Ki values for high-molecular weight derivatives of AMP were lower than those obtained for free AMP.
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41
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Leyton JF, Chinelatto AM, El-Dorry HA, Bacila M. Correlation of inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase by AMP and the presence of the nucleotide-binding domain. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 202:168-71. [PMID: 6249215 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Olsen KW. Internal residue criteria for predicting three-dimensional protein structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 622:259-67. [PMID: 7378453 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(80)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The internal amino acid residues of proteins are almost always non-polar since the hydrophobic effect is very important in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure. This fact suggests several new criteria for judging the correctness of structures predicted from sequence data. The dinucleotide binding domain has been used as a test structure for these criteria. The percentage of ionic residues, mutation data, hydrophobicity, dipole moments, and internal preferences of the residues on the interiors of the known dinucleotide binding folds are consistent with expectations. On the other hand, the values of these parameters for predicted domains in glutamate dehydrogenase (Wootton, J.C. (1974) Nature 252, 542--546) and aldolase (Stellwagen, E. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 106, 903--911) differ significantly from the expected values indicating that these predictions are not entirely correct. The internal residue criteria can then be used to test modifications of the predictions for a better correlation with the internal residue pattern of the domain.
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43
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Kasprzak AA, Kochman M. Binding of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide to rabbit muscle aldolase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 612:455-9. [PMID: 7370281 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A direct interaction of rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase with NAD+, NADH, and NAD-agarose was demonstrated. The electrostatic forces are primary involved in this interaction. Two specific binding sites for the dinucleotide were observed. One of them is located at the active site of the enzyme, the second is in a region of weak binding site for ATP and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
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44
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Mendel RR. Comparative Affinity Chromatography of Nitrate Reductase from Wild-Type and Molybdenum Cofactor-Defective Cell Cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Cruz ZM, Tanizaki MM, El-Dorry HA, Bacila M. On the nucleotide binding domain of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 198:424-33. [PMID: 229770 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Beissner RS, Quiocho FA, Rudolph FB. Dinucleotide fold proteins. Interaction of arabinose binding protein with Cibacron Blue 3G-A. J Mol Biol 1979; 134:847-50. [PMID: 395320 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Stuart DI, Levine M, Muirhead H, Stammers DK. Crystal structure of cat muscle pyruvate kinase at a resolution of 2.6 A. J Mol Biol 1979; 134:109-42. [PMID: 537059 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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48
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Abstract
This review attempts to identify proteins which selectively interact with immobilised triazine dyes such as Cibacron blue F3GA and Procion red HE 3B. Different support matrices are compared by examining the capacities of these dyes for proteins. Various approaches to the immobilisation of triazine dyes are considered together with the use of spacers. Some theories of the mechanism of protein retardation by immobilised dyes are discussed. A number of methods are suggested for the measurement of dye concentrations and for the modification of the binding of proteins to dye columns. The variety of elution methods is compared with a view to optimizing purifications. The scope of applications is reviewed as well as the choice of dye. Some advantages of triazine dyes over other affinity ligands are given. It is concluded that although no satisfactory mechanism for the binding of triazine dyes to proteins has yet been proposed, these dyes possess considerable potential for protein purification, particularly when applied on the large scale.
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49
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Beissner RS, Rudolph FB. Effect of anthraquinone dyes and evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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50
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Davidson WS, Flynn TG. A functional arginine residue in NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase from pig kidney. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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