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Early onset of autoimmune disease by the retroviral integrase inhibitor raltegravir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20865-70. [PMID: 19923437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908074106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir is a recently, Food and Drug Administration-approved, small-molecule drug that inhibits retroviral integrase, thereby preventing HIV DNA from inserting itself into the human genome. We report here that the activity profile of raltegravir on the replication of murine leukemia virus is similar to that for HIV, and that the drug specifically affects autoimmune disease in mice, in which endogenous retroelements are suspected to play a role. While NZW and BALB/c mice, which do not succumb to autoimmune disease, are not affected by raltegravir, lupus-prone (NZBxNZW) F(1) mice die of glomerulonephritis more than a month earlier than untreated mice. Raltegravir-treated NZB mice, which share the H-2 haplotype with BALB/c mice, but which are predisposed to autoimmune hemolytic anemia, develop auto-antibodies to their red blood cells >3 months earlier than untreated mice of the same strain. Because nonautoimmune mice are not affected by raltegravir, we consider off-target effects unlikely and attribute the exacerbation of autoimmunity to the inhibition of retroviral integrase.
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Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Fleck M, Kern ER, Zhou T, Podlech J, Wintersberger W, Edwards CK, Mountz JD. Apoptosis mediated by Fas but not tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 prevents chronic disease in mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1431-43. [PMID: 9769336 PMCID: PMC508991 DOI: 10.1172/jci3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Fas- and TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1)-mediated apoptosis in the clearance of virally infected cells and in the regulation of the immune response was analyzed after murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of C57BL/6 (B6)-+/+ mice, Fas-mutant B6-lpr/lpr mice, TNF-R1 knockout B6-tnfr0/0 mice, and double-deficient B6-tnfr0/0 lpr/lpr mice. There was approximately equivalent clearance of MCMV in B6-+/+, B6-tnfr0/0, and B6-lpr/lpr mice, and by day 28 no infectious virus could be detected in the liver, kidney, lung, or peritoneal exudate. However, delayed virus clearance was observed in B6-tnfr0/0 lpr/lpr mice. An acute inflammatory response occurred in the liver, lung, and kidney of all mice, which was most severe 7 d after MCMV infection, but resolved by day 28 in B6-+/+ and B6-tnfr0/0 mice, but not in B6-lpr/lpr or B6-tnfr0/0 lpr/lpr mice. These results indicate that apoptosis mediated by either Fas or TNF-R1 is sufficient for rapid clearance of the virus. However, apoptosis induced by Fas, but not TNF-R1, is required for the downmodulation of the immune response to the virus and prevention of a chronic inflammatory reaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/pathology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods
- Kidney/pathology
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fleck
- The University of Regensburg, Department of Medicine I, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
One of the most promising lines of research on the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is its association with the genetically determined MHC class II antigens. The function of these macromolecules, presentation of antigens to the T-helper cells, supports the possibility that external antigens influence RA. We review available literature concerning the relationship between RA and food. Circumstantial evidence suggests that some foods or food components might influence subgroups of RA patients, although many of the publications on this subset do not meet acceptable standards of modern medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van de Laar
- Department of Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Keen CL, German BJ, Mareschi JP, Gershwin ME. Nutritional Modulation of Murine Models of Autoimmunity. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Keen
- Departments of Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Mawson AR. Systemic lupus erythematosus, renal disease, hemodialysis and vitamin A. Med Hypotheses 1985; 18:387-98. [PMID: 3854166 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(85)90106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that clinically-active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is uncommon in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that the dialysis procedure itself may be responsible for inducing remission; that SLE could reflect a toxicity reaction to excessive tissue levels of vitamin A; and that remission associated with dialysis may be due to a gradual reduction in vitamin A levels at the sites of SLE activity.
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Corman LC. The role of diet in animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus: possible implications for human lupus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1985; 15:61-9. [PMID: 3898377 DOI: 10.1016/0049-0172(85)90010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies of diet in the mouse model of SLE have established the beneficial effects of a low calorie, low fat diet in these animals as well as the importance of the specific source of dietary fat. The role of zinc in murine and human SLE is less clear. The reported improvement of patients with SLE and other related diseases on a low phenylalanine and tyrosine diet high in fish content, and the lupus inducing capacity of a nonphysiologic amino acid present in alfalfa are also reviewed. The need for carefully controlled prospective studies of diet in patients with SLE is noted, and a diet of potential therapeutic benefit is described.
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Fernandes G, Good RA. Inhibition by restricted-calorie diet of lymphoproliferative disease and renal damage in MRL/lpr mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6144-8. [PMID: 6592606 PMCID: PMC391876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.19.6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction of calorie intake from the time of weaning greatly prolongs life, and it inhibits development and expression of the lymphoproliferative syndrome, renal disease, and decline of certain immunologic functions with age in MRL/lpr mice. This dramatic influence of diet on mice of this short-lived autoimmunity-prone strain, while associated with decreased rate of growth, is not associated with debilitation or apparent disease in the MRL/lpr mice. The massive lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly that developed in the putatively well-fed animals was prevented by dietary restriction, as were histopathologic abnormalities of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys.
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Veninga T, Morse H, Fidler V. Influence of low protein diet on the life span of male and female C57B1 mice. Nutr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(84)80045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morrow W, Levy J. Dietary regulation of the autoimmune process in murine lupus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983; 4:249-50. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(83)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morrow WJ, Youinou P, Isenberg DA, Snaith ML. Systemic lupus erythematosus: 25 years of treatment related to immunopathology. Lancet 1983; 2:206-10. [PMID: 6135039 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fernandes G, Alonso DR, Tanaka T, Thaler HT, Yunis EJ, Good RA. Influence of diet on vascular lesions in autoimmune-prone B/W mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:874-7. [PMID: 6572374 PMCID: PMC393483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune-prone B/W mice, which are known to develop severe glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, also are found to develop arteritis and proliferative and fatty-proliferative lesions of the aorta and its branches as well as renal inflammatory lesions. High intake of saturated fat in the diet enhances the development of these atherosclerotic and autoimmune lesions significantly in female mice, whereas restriction of dietary calories and fat inhibits their development. Ad lib feeding of laboratory chow, high in fiber and low in fat, does not foster development of vascular lesions but does permit the development of autoimmune renal disease.
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Ibrahim AB, Stobo JD, Levy JA. Unusual characteristics of peritoneal macrophages from aged autoimmune-prone mice. Cell Immunol 1982; 72:28-39. [PMID: 6983388 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Levy JA, Ibrahim AB, Shirai T, Ohta K, Nagasawa R, Yoshida H, Estes J, Gardner M. Dietary fat affects immune response, production of antiviral factors, and immune complex disease in NZB/NZW mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1974-8. [PMID: 6979045 PMCID: PMC346104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.6.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W) mice fed three nearly isocaloric diets with varied fat content showed a marked difference in their spontaneous development of immune complex disease and their immune response. Those animals received the diets high in either unsaturated or saturated fats had more severe immune complex nephritis and died earlier than mice on the low-fat diet. Endogenous production of the mouse xenotropic virus was unaffected by dietary fats, but the serum lipoproteins associated with antiviral activity were increased to levels as high as 1:600,000 in the B/W mice on the high-fat diets. These lipoproteins may be partially responsible for the decreased mitogenic response of spleen cells from mice fed the two high-fat diets. The mice receiving a diet high in saturated fats produced substantially higher titers of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody, an IgM class of antibody, than did the mice maintained either on the high-unsaturated-fat or low-fat diet. In contrast, the mice receiving the diet high in unsaturated fats made significantly greater levels of antibodies to double-stranded DNA, an IgG, than did the mice kept on the two other diets. These results suggest that the type of fat in the diet could affect the serum level of different immunoglobulin classes. The data provide further evidence that the amount of dietary lipids alone can influence cellular and humoral immune responses and the spontaneous development of immune complex disease.
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Izui S, Fernandes G, Hara I, McConahey PJ, Jensen FC, Dixon FJ, Good RA. Low-calorie diet selectively reduces expression of retroviral envelope glycoprotein gp70 in sera of NZB x NZW F1 hybrid mice. J Exp Med 1981; 154:1116-24. [PMID: 7288364 PMCID: PMC2186485 DOI: 10.1084/jem.154.4.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary restriction on the expression of retroviral envelope glycoprotein, gp70, and the formation of gp70-anti gp70 immune complexes was investigated in lupus-prone NZB x NZW F1 hybrid mice. Restricting total calorie intake from the usual 20 to only 10 calories per day after weaning markedly reduced serum levels of both free and antibody-complexed gp70, prevented renal disease, and increased the life spans of these mice. The reduction in serum gp70 was evident after only 2 wk of feeding these animals the low-calorie diet, and the concentration remained virtually unchanged throughout the course of 10 mon experimentation. However, serum concentrations of the major structural protein, p30, of endogenous retroviruses were not altered by restricting calories. Amounts of the serum glycoprotein, haptoglobin, decreased parallel to those of gp70 but amounts of albumin did not. These results suggest that the expression of gp70 in serum is controlled independently of the production of complete viral particles, and regulated by a mechanism similar to that for other serum glycoproteins, such as haptoglobin.
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Safai-Kutti S, Fernandes G, Wang Y, Safai B, Good RA, Day NK. Reduction of circulating immune complexes by calorie restriction in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 15:293-300. [PMID: 6445247 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gardner MB. Type C viruses of wild mice: characterization and natural history of amphotropic, ecotropic, and xenotropic MuLv. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1978; 79:215-59. [PMID: 206407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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