1
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Karalis V, Wood D, Teaney NA, Sahin M. The role of TSC1 and TSC2 proteins in neuronal axons. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1165-1178. [PMID: 38212374 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 and 2 proteins, TSC1 and TSC2 respectively, participate in a multiprotein complex with a crucial role for the proper development and function of the nervous system. This complex primarily acts as an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, and mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 cause a neurodevelopmental disorder called Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Neurological manifestations of TSC include brain lesions, epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. On the cellular level, the TSC/mTOR signaling axis regulates multiple anabolic and catabolic processes, but it is not clear how these processes contribute to specific neurologic phenotypes. Hence, several studies have aimed to elucidate the role of this signaling pathway in neurons. Of particular interest are axons, as axonal defects are associated with severe neurocognitive impairments. Here, we review findings regarding the role of the TSC1/2 protein complex in axons. Specifically, we will discuss how TSC1/2 canonical and non-canonical functions contribute to the formation and integrity of axonal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karalis
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Delaney Wood
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Human Neuron Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole A Teaney
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Human Neuron Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Buenaventura RGM, Merlino G, Yu Y. Ez-Metastasizing: The Crucial Roles of Ezrin in Metastasis. Cells 2023; 12:1620. [PMID: 37371090 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is the cytoskeletal organizer and functions in the modulation of membrane-cytoskeleton interaction, maintenance of cell shape and structure, and regulation of cell-cell adhesion and movement, as well as cell survival. Ezrin plays a critical role in regulating tumor metastasis through interaction with other binding proteins. Notably, Ezrin has been reported to interact with immune cells, allowing tumor cells to escape immune attack in metastasis. Here, we review the main functions of Ezrin, the mechanisms through which it acts, its role in tumor metastasis, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Gabriel M Buenaventura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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3
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Danielson LS, Guijarro MV, Menendez S, Higgins B, Sun Q, Mittal K, Popiolek DA, Overholtzer M, Palmer GD, Hernando E. MiR-130b modulates the invasive, migratory, and metastatic behavior of leiomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278844. [PMID: 36701370 PMCID: PMC9879492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive, often poorly differentiated cancer of the smooth muscle (SM) lineage for which the molecular drivers of transformation and progression are poorly understood. In microRNA (miRNA) profiling studies, miR-130b was previously found to be upregulated in LMS vs. normal SM, and down-regulated during the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into SM, suggesting a role in LMS tumor progression. In the present study, the effects of miR-130b on human LMS tumorigenesis were investigated. Stable miR-130b overexpression enhanced invasion of LMS cells in vitro, and led to the formation of undifferentiated, pleomorphic tumors in vivo, with increased growth and metastatic potential compared to control LMS cells. TSC1 was identified as a direct miR-130b target in luciferase-3'UTR assays, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of TSC1 replicated miR-130b effects. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies showed that miR-130b levels regulate cell morphology and motility. Following miR-130b suppression, LMS cells adopted a rounded morphology, amoeboid mode of cell movement and enhanced invasive capacity that was Rho/ROCK dependent. Conversely, miR-130b-overexpressing LMS cells exhibited Rho-independent invasion, accompanied by down-regulation of Rho-pathway effectors. In mesenchymal stem cells, both miR-130b overexpression and TSC1 silencing independently impaired SM differentiation in vitro. Together, the data reveal miR-130b as a pro-oncogenic miRNA in LMS and support a miR-130b-TSC1 regulatory network that enhances tumor progression via inhibition of SM differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Danielson
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria V. Guijarro
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Silvia Menendez
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Brett Higgins
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Qiang Sun
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Khushbakhat Mittal
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dorota A. Popiolek
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Glyn D. Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY, United States of America
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4
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RHOA signaling defects result in impaired axon guidance in iPSC-derived neurons from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2589. [PMID: 33972524 PMCID: PMC8110792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) show aberrant wiring of neuronal connections formed during development which may contribute to symptoms of TSC, such as intellectual disabilities, autism, and epilepsy. Yet models examining the molecular basis for axonal guidance defects in developing human neurons have not been developed. Here, we generate human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from a patient with TSC and genetically engineer counterparts and isogenic controls. By differentiating hiPSCs, we show that control neurons respond to canonical guidance cues as predicted. Conversely, neurons with heterozygous loss of TSC2 exhibit reduced responses to several repulsive cues and defective axon guidance. While TSC2 is a known key negative regulator of MTOR-dependent protein synthesis, we find that TSC2 signaled through MTOR-independent RHOA in growth cones. Our results suggest that neural network connectivity defects in patients with TSC may result from defects in RHOA-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics during neuronal development. Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) show aberrant wiring of neuronal connections. Here, the authors generate iPSC-derived neurons from patients with TSC. TSC2 +/− neurons show impaired mTOR-independent RhoA signaling-mediated axon guidance.
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5
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Mallela K, Shivananda S, Gopinath KS, Kumar A. Oncogenic role of MiR-130a in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7787. [PMID: 33833339 PMCID: PMC8032739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is attributed to the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In recent years, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in oral carcinogenesis by acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. TSC1, as a component of the above pathway, regulates several cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Downregulation of TSC1 is reported in oral as well as several other cancers and is associated with an unfavourable clinical outcome in patients. Here we show that oncogenic miR-130a binds to the 3′UTR of TSC1 and represses its expression. MiR-130a-mediated repression of TSC1 increases cell proliferation, anchorage independent growth and invasion of OSCC cells, which is dependent on the presence of the 3′UTR in TSC1. We observe an inverse correlation between the expression levels of miR-130a and TSC1 in OSCC samples, suggesting that their interaction is physiologically relevant. Delivery of antagomiR-130a to OSCC cells results in a significant decrease in xenograft size. Taken together, the findings of the study indicate that miR-130a-mediated TSC1 downregulation is not only a novel mechanism in OSCC, but also the restoration of TSC1 levels by antagomiR-130a may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Mallela
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | | | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Kútna V, O'Leary VB, Newman E, Hoschl C, Ovsepian SV. Revisiting Brain Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in Rat and Human: Shared Molecular and Cellular Pathology Leads to Distinct Neurophysiological and Behavioral Phenotypes. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:845-858. [PMID: 33398801 PMCID: PMC8423952 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-01000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a dominant autosomal genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in TSC1 and TSC2, which lead to constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTORC1) with its decoupling from regulatory inputs. Because mTORC1 integrates an array of molecular signals controlling protein synthesis and energy metabolism, its unrestrained activation inflates cell growth and division, resulting in the development of benign tumors in the brain and other organs. In humans, brain malformations typically manifest through a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, among which mental retardation, intellectual disabilities with signs of autism, and refractory seizures, which are the most prominent. TSC in the rat brain presents the first-rate approximation of cellular and molecular pathology of the human brain, showing many instructive characteristics. Nevertheless, the developmental profile and distribution of lesions in the rat brain, with neurophysiological and behavioral manifestation, deviate considerably from humans, raising numerous research and translational questions. In this study, we revisit brain TSC in human and Eker rats to relate their histopathological, electrophysiological, and neurobehavioral characteristics. We discuss shared and distinct aspects of the pathology and consider factors contributing to phenotypic discrepancies. Given the shared genetic cause and molecular pathology, phenotypic deviations suggest an incomplete understanding of the disease. Narrowing the knowledge gap in the future should not only improve the characterization of the TSC rat model but also explain considerable variability in the clinical manifestation of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Kútna
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ehren Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Mallela K, Kumar A. Role of TSC1 in physiology and diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2269-2282. [PMID: 33575875 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery as the gene altered in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant disorder, the interest in TSC1 (Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1) has steadily risen. TSC1, an essential component of the pro-survival PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway, plays an important role in processes like development, cell growth and proliferation, survival, autophagy and cilia development by co-operating with a variety of regulatory molecules. Recent studies have emphasized the tumor suppressive role of TSC1 in several human cancers including liver, lung, bladder, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. TSC1 perceives inputs from various signaling pathways, including TNF-α/IKK-β, TGF-β-Smad2/3, AKT/Foxo/Bim, Wnt/β-catenin/Notch, and MTOR/Mdm2/p53 axis, thereby regulating cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, invasion, and immune regulation. This review provides a first comprehensive evaluation of TSC1 and illuminates its diverse functions apart from its involvement in TSC genetic disorder. Further, we have summarized the physiological functions of TSC1 in various cellular events and conditions whose dysregulation may lead to several pathological manifestations including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Mallela
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that commonly leads to drug-resistant epilepsy in affected patients. This study aimed to determine whether the underlying genetic mutation (TSC1 vs. TSC2) predicts seizure outcomes following surgical treatments for epilepsy. METHODS We retrospectively assessed TSC patients using the TSC Natural History Database core registry. Data review focused on outcomes in patients treated with surgical resection or vagus nerve stimulation. RESULTS A total of 42 patients with a TSC1 mutation, and 145 patients with a TSC2 mutation, were identified. We observed a distinct clinical phenotype: children with TSC2 mutations tended to be diagnosed with TSC at a younger age than those with a TSC1 mutation (p < 0.001), were more likely to have infantile spasms (p < 0.001), and to get to surgery at a later age (p = 0.003). Among this TSC2 cohort, seizure control following resective epilepsy surgery was achieved in less than half (47%) the study sample. In contrast, patients with TSC1 mutations tended to have more favorable postsurgical outcomes; seizure control was achieved in 66% of this group. CONCLUSION TSC2 mutations result in a more severe epilepsy phenotype that is also less responsive to resective surgery. It is important to consider this distinct clinical disposition when counseling families preoperatively with respect to seizure freedom. Larger samples are required to better characterize the independent effects of genetic mutation, infantile spasms, and duration of epilepsy as they relate to seizure control following resective or neuromodulatory epilepsy surgery.
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9
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Natarajan N, Thiruvenkatam V. An Insight of Scientific Developments in TSC for Better Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2080-2093. [PMID: 32842942 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200825170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease, which is characterized by noncancerous tumors in multi-organ systems in the body. Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes are known to cause the disease. The resultant mutant proteins TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin) complex evade its normal tumor suppressor function, which leads to abnormal cell growth and proliferation. Both TSC1 and TSC2 are involved in several protein-protein interactions, which play a significant role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The recent biochemical, genetic, structural biology, clinical and drug discovery advancements on TSC give a useful insight into the disease as well as the molecular aspects of TSC1 and TSC2. The complex nature of TSC disease, a wide range of manifestations, mosaicism and several other factors limits the treatment choices. This review is a compilation of the course of TSC, starting from its discovery to the current findings that would take us a step ahead in finding a cure for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Natarajan
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Vijay Thiruvenkatam
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
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10
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Bonucci M, Kuperwasser N, Barbe S, Koka V, de Villeneuve D, Zhang C, Srivastava N, Jia X, Stokes MP, Bienaimé F, Verkarre V, Lopez JB, Jaulin F, Pontoglio M, Terzi F, Delaval B, Piel M, Pende M. mTOR and S6K1 drive polycystic kidney by the control of Afadin-dependent oriented cell division. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3200. [PMID: 32581239 PMCID: PMC7314806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR activation is essential and sufficient to cause polycystic kidneys in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and other genetic disorders. In disease models, a sharp increase of proliferation and cyst formation correlates with a dramatic loss of oriented cell division (OCD). We find that OCD distortion is intrinsically due to S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activation. The concomitant loss of S6K1 in Tsc1-mutant mice restores OCD but does not decrease hyperproliferation, leading to non-cystic harmonious hyper growth of kidneys. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics for S6K1 substrates revealed Afadin, a known component of cell-cell junctions required to couple intercellular adhesions and cortical cues to spindle orientation. Afadin is directly phosphorylated by S6K1 and abnormally decorates the apical surface of Tsc1-mutant cells with E-cadherin and α-catenin. Our data reveal that S6K1 hyperactivity alters centrosome positioning in mitotic cells, affecting oriented cell division and promoting kidney cysts in conditions of mTOR hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonucci
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kuperwasser
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Serena Barbe
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vonda Koka
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine de Villeneuve
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- Cell Signaling Technology INC, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA, 01923, USA
| | - Matthew P Stokes
- Cell Signaling Technology INC, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA, 01923, USA
| | - Frank Bienaimé
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP centre), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département d'anatomo-pathologie, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marco Pontoglio
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Delaval
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, cilia and pathologies Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mario Pende
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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11
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Hanz SZ, Adeuyan O, Lieberman G, Hennika T. Clinical trials using molecular stratification of pediatric brain tumors. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:144-156. [PMID: 32477915 PMCID: PMC7237976 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2020.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is now the leading cause of cancer death in children and adolescents, surpassing leukemia. The heterogeneity and invasiveness of pediatric brain tumors have historically made them difficult to treat. Although surgical intervention and standard of care therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy have improved the outlook for those affected, results are often transient and lend themselves to tumor recurrence or resistance. There also still exists a subset of brain tumors which remain unresponsive to treatment altogether. Therefore, there is great need for new therapeutic approaches. With the recent advent of molecularly-driven technologies, many of these complex tumors can now be classified by integrating molecular profiling data with clinical information such as demographics and outcomes. This new knowledge has allowed for the molecular stratification of pediatric brain tumors into distinct subgroups and the identification of molecular targets, which is changing how these children are treated, namely in the setting of clinical trials. Notable examples include reduced doses of radiation and chemotherapy in the wingless-activated subgroup of medulloblastoma, which has a favorable prognosis, and novel experimental drugs targeting BRAF alterations in low-grade gliomas and dopamine receptors in high-grade gliomas. In this review, we highlight several key previous and ongoing clinical trials that utilize molecular stratifications and targets for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Z Hanz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Child Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oluwaseyi Adeuyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Child Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Lieberman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tammy Hennika
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Abstract
Phakomatoses present with characteristic findings on the skin, central or peripheral nervous system, and tumors. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common syndrome and is characterized by Café-au-lait macules, intertriginous freckling, Lisch nodules, and tumors including neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and gliomas. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is characterized by benign hamartomas presenting with hypomelanotic macules, shagreen patches, angiofibromas, confetti lesions and tumors including cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and tumors of the kidney, lung, and heart. Managing these disorders requires disease specific supportive care, tumor monitoring, surveillance for selected cancers, and treatment of comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Becker
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Roy E Strowd
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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13
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Wei J, Leung K, Truillet C, Ruggero D, Wells JA, Evans MJ. Profiling the Surfaceome Identifies Therapeutic Targets for Cells with Hyperactive mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:294-307. [PMID: 31792071 PMCID: PMC7000124 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly high mTORC1 signaling is a known driver of many cancers and human disorders, yet pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 rarely confers durable clinical responses. To explore alternative therapeutic strategies, herein we conducted a proteomics survey to identify cell surface proteins upregulated by mTORC1. A comparison of the surfaceome from Tsc1-/-versus Tsc1+/+ mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed 59 proteins predicted to be significantly overexpressed in Tsc1-/- cells. Further validation of the data in multiple mouse and human cell lines showed that mTORC1 signaling most dramatically induced the expression of the proteases neprilysin (NEP/CD10) and aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13). Functional studies showed that constitutive mTORC1 signaling sensitized cells to genetic ablation of NEP and APN, as well as the biochemical inhibition of APN. In summary, these data show that mTORC1 signaling plays a significant role in the constitution of the surfaceome, which in turn may present novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143
| | - Kevin Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143
| | - Charles Truillet
- Imagerie Moleculaire In Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, Orsay France, 94100
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143.
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco California 94143.
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Investigation of the novel mTOR inhibitor AZD2014 in neuronal ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:223-230. [PMID: 31100427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hamartin, a component of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) that actively inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), may mediate the endogenous resistance of Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3) hippocampal neurons following global cerebral ischemia. Pharmacological compounds that selectively inhibit mTOR may afford neuroprotection following ischemic stroke. We hypothesize that AZD2014, a novel mTORC1/2 inhibitor, may protect neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). METHODS Primary neuronal cultures from E18 Wistar rat embryos were exposed to 2 h OGD or normoxia. AZD2014 was administered either during OGD, 24 h prior to OGD or for 24 h following OGD. Cell death was quantified by lactate dehydrogenase assay. We characterized the expression of mTOR pathway proteins following exposure to AZD2014 using western blotting. RESULTS Following 2 h OGD +24 h recovery, AZD2014 increased neuronal death when present during OGD. Rapamycin, the archetypal mTOR inhibitor, had no effect on cell death. Treatment with AZD2014 24 h prior to OGD and 24 h after OGD also enhanced cell death. While Western blotting showed a trend towards decreased expression levels of phospho-Akt relative to total Akt with increasing AZD2014 concentration, hamartin expression was also significantly decreased leading to activation of mTOR. CONCLUSION AZD2014 was detrimental to neurons that underwent ischemia. AZD2014 appeared to reduce hamartin, a known neuroprotective mediator, thereby preventing any beneficial effects of mTOR inhibition. Further characterization of the role of individual mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) and their upstream and downstream regulators are necessary to reveal whether these pathways are neuroprotective targets for stroke.
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15
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Sarff B, Floyd R, Bildner A, Stormo J, Fisher K. Fetal Echocardiographic Detection of Cardiac Tumors: A Case Report of Multiple Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479319847641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac rhabdomyomas are the most common fetal cardiac tumor. They can be detected in the second and third trimesters. Rhabdomyomas are most commonly associated with the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex. When associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, cardiac rhabdomyomas usually regress within the first few years of life, without complications. Symptoms depend on the size, number, and location of the rhabdomyomas. A case report of multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas that was found at 35 weeks’ gestation and is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Sarff
- Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall Floyd
- Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Amy Bildner
- Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Janell Stormo
- Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kelsy Fisher
- Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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16
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Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important signaling hub that integrates environmental information regarding energy availability and stimulates anabolic molecular processes and cell growth. Abnormalities in this pathway have been identified in several syndromes in which autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly prevalent. Several studies have investigated mTOR signaling in developmental and neuronal processes that, when dysregulated, could contribute to the development of ASD. Although many potential mechanisms still remain to be fully understood, these associations are of great interest because of the clinical availability of mTOR inhibitors. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen D. Winden
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Sakamoto H, Yamasaki T, Sumiyoshi T, Utsunomiya N, Takeda M, Kamba T, Nakamura E, Ogawa O. A family case with germline TSC1 and mtDNA mutations developing bilateral eosinophilic chromophobe renal cell carcinomas without other typical phenotype of tuberous sclerosis. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:936-943. [PMID: 29960980 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM We examined the genetic alterations in a mother and son with multiple eosinophilic chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (chRCCs) showing no other features. METHODS Germline DNA and bilateral renal cell carcinoma DNA were genetically analysed by whole-exome sequencing. Candidate gene alterations in the first patient's germline were investigated in her child's germline and the chRCCs. RESULTS We detected several germline gene alterations in the mother. Among the identified alterations, TSC1 and mitochondrial DNA mutations were also confirmed in her son. Regarding somatic alterations in bilateral chRCCs, no common candidate gene alteration was found. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of whole-exome sequencing revealing bilateral eosinophilic chRCCs associated with tuberous sclerosis complex in a family case without classical phenotype. These results suggest that germline TSC1 and mitochondrial DNA gene mutations may be involved in the development of chRCCs in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinari Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Utsunomiya
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Takeda
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Department of Urology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eijiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory for Malignancy Control Research/Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Glushkova M, Bojinova V, Koleva M, Dimova P, Bojidarova M, Litvinenko I, Todorov T, Iluca E, Calusaru C, Neagu E, Craiu D, Mitev V, Todorova A. Molecular genetic diagnostics of tuberous sclerosis complex in Bulgaria: six novel mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, low-grade, metastasizing neoplasm that arises from an unknown source, spreads via the lymphatics, and targets the lungs. All pulmonary structures become infiltrated with benign-appearing spindle and epithelioid cells (LAM cells) that express smooth-muscle and melanocyte-lineage markers, harbor mTOR-activating mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes, and recruit abundant stromal cells. Elaboration of lymphangiogenic growth factors and matrix remodeling enzymes by LAM cells enables their access to lymphatic channels and likely drives the cystic lung remodeling that often culminates in respiratory failure. Dysregulated cellular signaling results in a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis as the preferred mode of energy generation, to allow for the accumulation of biomass required for cell growth and tolerance of nutrient-poor, anaerobic environments. Symptomatic LAM occurs almost exclusively in females after menarche, highlighting the central but as yet poorly understood role for sex-restricted anatomical structures and/or hormones in disease pathogenesis. LAM is an elegant model of malignancy because biallelic mutations at a single genetic locus confer all features that define cancer upon the LAM cell-metabolic reprogramming and proliferative signals that drive uncontrolled growth and inappropriate migration and invasion, the capacity to exploit the lymphatic circulation as a vehicle for metastasis and access to the lungs, and destruction of remote tissues. The direct benefit of the study of this rare disease has been the rapid identification of an effective FDA-approved therapy, and the collateral benefits have included elucidation of the pivotal roles of mTOR signaling in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera P Krymskaya
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
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20
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Torre O, Elia D, Caminati A, Harari S. New insights in lymphangioleiomyomatosis and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/145/170042. [PMID: 28954765 PMCID: PMC9488980 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0042-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) are rare diseases that lead to progressive cystic destruction of the lungs. Despite their distinctive characteristics, these diseases share several features. Patients affected by LAM or PLCH have similar radiological cystic patterns, a similar age of onset, and the possibility of extrapulmonary involvement. In this review, the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, as well as the current and most promising biomarkers and therapeutic approaches, are described. Understanding of LAM/PLCH pathogenesis has improved over the past years, leading to new therapeutic approacheshttp://ow.ly/7wjR30erSJY
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Torre
- U.O. di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Elia
- U.O. di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Caminati
- U.O. di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- U.O. di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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21
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Ni M, Cao H, Signer RA, Li D, Li M, Gu Z, Hu Z, Dickerson KE, Weinberg SE, Chandel NS, DeBerardinis RJ, Zhou F, Shao Z, Xu J. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in erythropoiesis by mTORC1-mediated protein translation. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:626-638. [PMID: 28504707 PMCID: PMC5771482 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic profiling present new challenges of explaining how changes in DNA and RNA are translated into proteins linking genotype to phenotype. Here we compare the genome-scale proteomic and transcriptomic changes in human primary haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and erythroid progenitors, and uncover pathways related to mitochondrial biogenesis enhanced through post-transcriptional regulation. Mitochondrial factors including TFAM and PHB2 are selectively regulated through protein translation during erythroid specification. Depletion of TFAM in erythroid cells alters intracellular metabolism, leading to elevated histone acetylation, deregulated gene expression, and defective mitochondria and erythropoiesis. Mechanistically, mTORC1 signalling is enhanced to promote translation of mitochondria-associated transcripts through TOP-like motifs. Genetic and pharmacological perturbation of mitochondria or mTORC1 specifically impairs erythropoiesis in vitro and in vivo. Our studies support a mechanism for post-transcriptional control of erythroid mitochondria and may have direct relevance to haematologic defects associated with mitochondrial diseases and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hui Cao
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert A.J. Signer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mushan Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Dickerson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel E. Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Feng Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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22
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Vijapura C, Saad Aldin E, Capizzano AA, Policeni B, Sato Y, Moritani T. Genetic Syndromes Associated with Central Nervous System Tumors. Radiographics 2017; 37:258-280. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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23
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Bonsib SM, Boils C, Gokden N, Grignon D, Gu X, Higgins JPT, Leroy X, McKenney JK, Nasr SH, Phillips C, Sangoi AR, Wilson J, Zhang PL. Tuberous sclerosis complex: Hamartin and tuberin expression in renal cysts and its discordant expression in renal neoplasms. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:972-979. [PMID: 27640314 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) results from mutation of TSC1 or TSC2 that encode for hamartin and tuberin. It affects the kidneys often in advance of extra-renal stigmata. We studied 14 TSC cases, and 4 possible TSC cases with multiple angiomyolipomas (AMLs) for hamartin and tuberin protein expression to determine if the staining profile could predict mutation status or likelihood of TSC with renal-limited disease. The 18 cases included 15 nephrectomies and 1 section of 6 TSC-associated renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Controls included the non-neoplastic kidney in 5 tumor nephrectomies, 4 sporadic cases of AML and 6 clear cell RCCs. In the 14 TSC cases, 9 had AMLs, 9 had RCCs, 5 had polycystic kidney disease and 8 had eosinophilic cysts (EC) lined by large eosinophilic cells. The controls and study cases showed luminal staining of proximal tubules (PT) and peripheral membrane staining in distal tubules/collecting ducts for hamartin and cytoplasmic staining for tuberin. Eosinophilic cysts had a luminal PT-like stain with hamartin and a cytoplasmic reaction for tuberin. Hamartin stained myoid cells in all AMLs. Tuberin was negative in all but 1AML, an epithelioid AML. All but 1 RCC were positive for tuberin; 13 RCCs (7 TSC/6 non-TSC) were negative for hamartin and 4 showed a weak reaction. We conclude that the ECs of TSC are proximal tubule-derived. The hamartin and tuberin staining profiles of AMLs and most RCCs are reciprocal precluding prediction of the mutation in TSC, and fail to predict if a patient with multifocal AML has TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bonsib
- Nephropath, 10810 Executive Center Drive, Suite 100, Little Rock, AR, 72211, United States.
| | - Christie Boils
- Nephropath, 10810 Executive Center Drive, Suite 100, Little Rock, AR, 72211, United States.
| | - Neriman Gokden
- University of Arkansas, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - David Grignon
- Indiana University, 350 West 11th Street (Room 6014 Grignon, and Room 4090 phillips) Indianapolis, IN, 46202-4108, United States.
| | - Xin Gu
- Louisiana State University, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA, 71103, United States.
| | - John P T Higgins
- Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, H2110 MC 5324, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Lille University Hospitals, Department of Pathology, CHRU, Parc Eurasante, Nord, Lille, 59037, France.
| | - Jesse K McKenney
- Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., LL2-1, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street South West, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
| | - Carrie Phillips
- Indiana University, 350 West 11th Street (Room 6014 Grignon, and Room 4090 phillips) Indianapolis, IN, 46202-4108, United States.
| | - Ankur R Sangoi
- El Camino Hospital, 2500 Grant Rd., St. GC33, Mountain View, CA, 94040, United States.
| | - Jon Wilson
- Nephropath, 10810 Executive Center Drive, Suite 100, Little Rock, AR, 72211, United States.
| | - Ping L Zhang
- William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 West 13 Mile Road Royal Oak, MI, 48073, United States.
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24
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Tuberous sclerosis--A model for tumour growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:3-11. [PMID: 26816112 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder where patients develop benign tumours in several organ systems. Central to TSC pathology is hyper-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway, which is a key controller of cell growth. As a result, TSC model systems are a valuable tool for examining mTORC1-driven cellular processes. The immunosuppressant, rapamycin, is a specific inhibitor of mTORC1 and has shown promise as a therapeutic agent in TSC as well as in malignancy. This review will focus on the cellular processes controlled by mTORC1 and how TSC-deficient cell lines and mouse models have broadened our understanding of the mTORC1 signalling network. It will also discuss how our knowledge of TSC signalling can help us understand sporadic conditions where mTORC1 activity is implicated in disease onset or progression, and the possibility of using rapamycin to treat sporadic disease.
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25
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Jones I, Hägglund AC, Törnqvist G, Nord C, Ahlgren U, Carlsson L. A novel mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): eye-specific Tsc1-ablation disrupts visual-pathway development. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1517-29. [PMID: 26449264 PMCID: PMC4728318 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is best characterised by neurodevelopmental deficits and the presence of benign tumours (called hamartomas) in affected organs. This multi-organ disorder results from inactivating point mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 genes and consequent activation of the canonical mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling (mTORC1) pathway. Because lesions to the eye are central to TSC diagnosis, we report here the generation and characterisation of the first eye-specific TSC mouse model. We demonstrate that conditional ablation of Tsc1 in eye-committed progenitor cells leads to the accelerated differentiation and subsequent ectopic radial migration of retinal ganglion cells. This results in an increase in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and consequent regionalised axonal loss within the optic nerve and topographical changes to the contra- and ipsilateral input within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Eyes from adult mice exhibit aberrant retinal architecture and display all the classic neuropathological hallmarks of TSC, including an increase in organ and cell size, ring heterotopias, hamartomas with retinal detachment, and lamination defects. Our results provide the first major insight into the molecular etiology of TSC within the developing eye and demonstrate a pivotal role for Tsc1 in regulating various aspects of visual-pathway development. Our novel mouse model therefore provides a valuable resource for future studies concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying TSC and also as a platform to evaluate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this multi-organ disorder. Editors' choice: Conditional deletion of Tsc1 in the eye results in hamartoma formation and defects in retinal ganglion cell development – a novel mouse model providing insights into visual pathway involvement in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Hägglund
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Törnqvist
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Nord
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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26
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Wong HT, McCartney DL, Lewis JC, Sampson JR, Howe CJ, de Vries PJ. Intellectual ability in tuberous sclerosis complex correlates with predicted effects of mutations on TSC1 and TSC2 proteins. J Med Genet 2015; 52:815-22. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Harari S, Torre O, Cassandro R, Moss J. The changing face of a rare disease: lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1471-85. [PMID: 26405290 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00412-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease characterised by cystic destruction of the lung, lymphatic abnormalities and abdominal tumours. It affects almost exclusively females and can occur sporadically or in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. In the past decade remarkable progress has been made in understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease leading to a new therapeutic approach. This review summarises recent advances regarding pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations, and highlights the current and the most promising future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Harari
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy Both authors contributed equally
| | - Olga Torre
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy Both authors contributed equally
| | - Roberto Cassandro
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
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Rust MB. ADF/cofilin: a crucial regulator of synapse physiology and behavior. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3521-9. [PMID: 26037722 PMCID: PMC11113150 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments (F-actin) are the major structural component of excitatory synapses, being present in presynaptic terminals and in postsynaptic dendritic spines. In the last decade, it has been appreciated that actin dynamics, the assembly and disassembly of F-actin, is crucial not only for the structure of excitatory synapses, but also for pre- and postsynaptic physiology. Hence, regulators of actin dynamics take a central role in mediating neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and ultimately behavior. Actin depolymerizing proteins of the ADF/cofilin family are essential regulators of actin dynamics, and a number of recent studies highlighted their crucial functions in excitatory synapses. In dendritic spines, ADF/cofilin activity is required for spine enlargement during initial long-term potentiation (LTP), but needs to be switched off during spine stabilization and LTP consolidation. Conversely, active ADF/cofilin is needed for spine pruning during long-term depression (LTD). Moreover, ADF/cofilin controls activity-induced synaptic availability of glutamate receptors, and exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. These data show that the activity of ADF/cofilin in synapses needs to be spatially and temporally tightly controlled through several upstream regulatory pathways, which have been identified recently. Hence, ADF/cofilin-controlled actin dynamics emerged as a critical and central regulator of synapse physiology. In this review, I will summarize and discuss our current knowledge on the roles of ADF/cofilin in synapse physiology and behavior, by focusing on excitatory synapses of the mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany,
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Parkhitko AA, Favorova OO, Khabibullin DI, Anisimov VN, Henske EP. Kinase mTOR: regulation and role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis, tumor development, and aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:88-101. [PMID: 24794724 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein kinase mTOR regulates the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by coordinating transcription, translation, metabolism, and autophagy with availability of amino acids, growth factors, ATP, and oxygen. The mTOR kinase is a component of two protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are different in their composition and regulate different cellular processes. An uncontrolled activation of the mTOR kinase is observed in cells of the majority of tumors, as well as in diabetes and neurodegenerative and some other diseases. At present, inhibitors of the kinase complex mTORC1 are undergoing clinical trials. This review focuses on different aspects of the regulation of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, on their role in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, and autophagy, as well as on using mTOR inhibitors for treatment of tumors and slowing of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Parkhitko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02155, USA.
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Ng HY, Oliver BGG, Burgess JK, Krymskaya VP, Black JL, Moir LM. Doxycycline reduces the migration of tuberous sclerosis complex-2 null cells - effects on RhoA-GTPase and focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2633-46. [PMID: 26282580 PMCID: PMC4627568 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is associated with dysfunction of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) leading to enhanced cell proliferation and migration. This study aims to examine whether doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, can inhibit the enhanced migration of TSC2-deficient cells, identify signalling pathways through which doxycycline works and to assess the effectiveness of combining doxycycline with rapamycin (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibitor) in controlling cell migration, proliferation and wound closure. TSC2-positive and TSC2-negative mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), 323-TSC2-positive and 323-TSC2-null MEF and Eker rat uterine leiomyoma (ELT3) cells were treated with doxycycline or rapamycin alone, or in combination. Migration, wound closure and proliferation were assessed using a transwell migration assay, time-lapse microscopy and manual cell counts respectively. RhoA-GTPase activity, phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in TSC2-negative MEF treated with doxycycline were examined using ELISA and immunoblotting techniques. The enhanced migration of TSC2-null cells was reduced by doxycycline at concentrations as low as 20 pM, while the rate of wound closure was reduced at 2–59 μM. Doxycycline decreased RhoA-GTPase activity and phosphorylation of FAK in these cells but had no effect on the phosphorylation of p70S6K, ERK1/2 or AKT. Combining doxycycline with rapamycin significantly reduced the rate of wound closure at lower concentrations than achieved with either drug alone. This study shows that doxycycline inhibits TSC2-null cell migration. Thus doxycycline has potential as an anti-migratory agent in the treatment of diseases with TSC2 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Ng
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Gregory George Oliver
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette Kay Burgess
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vera P Krymskaya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith Lee Black
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyn M Moir
- Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cell Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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A piRNA-like small RNA interacts with and modulates p-ERM proteins in human somatic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7316. [PMID: 26095918 PMCID: PMC4557300 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are thought to silence transposon and gene expression during development. However, the roles of piRNAs in somatic tissues are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of 555 piRNAs in human lung bronchial epithelial (HBE) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, including 295 that do not exist in databases termed as piRNA-like sncRNAs or piRNA-Ls. Distinctive piRNA/piRNA-L expression patterns are observed between HBE and NSCLC cells. piRNA-like-163 (piR-L-163), the top downregulated piRNA-L in NSCLC cells, binds directly to phosphorylated ERM proteins (p-ERM), which is dependent on the central part of UUNNUUUNNUU motif in piR-L-163 and the RRRKPDT element in ERM. The piR-L-163/p-ERM interaction is critical for p-ERM's binding capability to filamentous actin (F-actin) and ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50). Thus, piRNA/piRNA-L may play a regulatory role through direct interaction with proteins in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) suppress transposon and gene expression during development. Here, the authors identify many piRNAs and piRNA-like small RNAs in 11 human cell lines, and show that one piRNA-like small RNA binds to phosphorylated ERM proteins to regulate cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Delaney SP, Julian LM, Stanford WL. The neural crest lineage as a driver of disease heterogeneity in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:69. [PMID: 25505789 PMCID: PMC4243694 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease, best characterized by the formation of proliferative nodules that express smooth muscle and melanocytic antigens within the lung parenchyma, leading to progressive destruction of lung tissue and function. The pathological basis of LAM is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a multi-system disorder marked by low-grade tumors in the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lung and skin, arising from inherited or spontaneous germ-line mutations in either of the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. LAM can develop either in a patient with TSC (TSC-LAM) or spontaneously (S-LAM), and it is clear that the majority of LAM lesions of both forms are characterized by an inactivating mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2, as in TSC. Despite this genetic commonality, there is considerable heterogeneity in the tumor spectrum of TSC and LAM patients, the basis for which is currently unknown. There is extensive clinical evidence to suggest that the cell of origin for LAM, as well as many of the TSC-associated tumors, is a neural crest cell, a highly migratory cell type with extensive multi-lineage potential. Here we explore the hypothesis that the types of tumors that develop and the tissues that are affected in TSC and LAM are dictated by the developmental timing of TSC gene mutations, which determines the identities of the affected cell types and the size of downstream populations that acquire a mutation. We further discuss the evidence to support a neural crest origin for LAM and TSC tumors, and propose approaches for generating humanized models of TSC and LAM that will allow cell of origin theories to be experimentally tested. Identifying the cell of origin and developing appropriate humanized models is necessary to truly understand LAM and TSC pathology and to establish effective and long-lasting therapeutic approaches for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Delaney
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Widespread genetic epistasis among cancer genes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4828. [PMID: 25407795 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative genetic epistasis has been hypothesized to be an important factor in the development and progression of complex diseases. Cancers in particular are driven by the accumulation of mutations that may act epistatically during the course of the disease. However, as cancer mutations are uncovered at an unprecedented rate, determining which combinations of genetic alterations interact to produce cancer phenotypes remains a challenge. Here we show that by using combinatorial RNAi screening in cell culture, dense and often previously undetermined interactions among cancer genes were revealed by assessing gene pairs that are frequently co-altered in primary breast cancers. These interacting gene pairs are significantly associated with survival time when co-altered in patients, indicating that genetic interaction mapping may be leveraged to improve risk assessment. As many of these interacting gene pairs involve known drug targets, personalized treatment regimens may be improved by overlaying genetic interactions with mutational profiling.
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Goncharova EA, James ML, Kudryashova TV, Goncharov DA, Krymskaya VP. Tumor suppressors TSC1 and TSC2 differentially modulate actin cytoskeleton and motility of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111476. [PMID: 25360538 PMCID: PMC4216017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TSC1 and TSC2 mutations cause neoplasms in rare disease pulmonary LAM and neuronal pathfinding in hamartoma syndrome TSC. The specific roles of TSC1 and TSC2 in actin remodeling and the modulation of cell motility, however, are not well understood. Previously, we demonstrated that TSC1 and TSC2 regulate the activity of small GTPases RhoA and Rac1, stress fiber formation and cell adhesion in a reciprocal manner. Here, we show that Tsc1−/− MEFs have decreased migration compared to littermate-derived Tsc1+/+ MEFs. Migration of Tsc1−/− MEFs with re-expressed TSC1 was comparable to Tsc1+/+ MEF migration. In contrast, Tsc2−/− MEFs showed an increased migration compared to Tsc2+/+ MEFs that were abrogated by TSC2 re-expression. Depletion of TSC1 and TSC2 using specific siRNAs in wild type MEFs and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts also showed that TSC1 loss attenuates cell migration while TSC2 loss promotes cell migration. Morphological and immunochemical analysis demonstrated that Tsc1−/− MEFs have a thin protracted shape with a few stress fibers; in contrast, Tsc2−/− MEFs showed a rounded morphology and abundant stress fibers. Expression of TSC1 in either Tsc1−/− or Tsc2−/− MEFs promoted stress fiber formation, while TSC2 re-expression induced stress fiber disassembly and the formation of cortical actin. To assess the mechanism(s) by which TSC2 loss promotes actin re-arrangement and cell migration, we explored the role of known downstream effectors of TSC2, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Increased migration of Tsc2−/− MEFs is inhibited by siRNA mTOR and siRNA Rictor, but not siRNA Raptor. siRNA mTOR or siRNA Rictor promoted stress fiber disassembly in TSC2-null cells, while siRNA Raptor had little effect. Overexpression of kinase-dead mTOR induced actin stress fiber disassembly and suppressed TSC2-deficient cell migration. Our data demonstrate that TSC1 and TSC2 differentially regulate actin stress fiber formation and cell migration, and that only TSC2 loss promotes mTOR- and mTORC2-dependent pro-migratory cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Goncharova
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Melane L. James
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Tatiana V. Kudryashova
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dmitry A. Goncharov
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Vera P. Krymskaya
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaneko-Tarui T, Commandeur AE, Patterson AL, DeKuiper JL, Petillo D, Styer AK, Teixeira JM. Hyperplasia and fibrosis in mice with conditional loss of the TSC2 tumor suppressor in Müllerian duct mesenchyme-derived myometria. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:1126-34. [PMID: 25189766 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata are the most common tumors found in the female reproductive tract. Despite the high prevalence and associated morbidities of these benign tumors, little is known about the molecular basis of uterine leiomyoma development and progression. Loss of the Tuberous Sclerosis 2 (TSC2) tumor suppressor has been proposed as a mechanism important for the etiology of uterine leiomyomata based on the Eker rat model. However, conflicting evidence showing increased TSC2 expression has been reported in human uterine leiomyomata, suggesting that TSC2 might not be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We have produced mice with conditional deletion of the Tsc2 gene in the myometria to determine whether loss of TSC2 leads to leiomyoma development in murine uteri. Myometrial hyperplasia and increased collagen deposition was observed in Tsc2(cKO) mice compared with control mice, but no leiomyomata were detected by post-natal week 24. Increased signaling activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, which is normally repressed by TSC2, was also detected in the myometria of Tsc2(cKO) mice. Treatment of the mutant mice with rapamycin significantly inhibited myometrial expansion, but treatment with the progesterone receptor modulator, mifepristone, did not. The ovaries of the Tsc2(cKO) mice appeared normal, but half the mice were infertile and most of the other half became infertile after a single litter, which was likely due to oviductal blockage. Our study shows that although TSC2 loss alone does not lead to leiomyoma development, it does lead to myometrial hyperplasia and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kaneko-Tarui
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arno E Commandeur
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Patterson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Justin L DeKuiper
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Aaron K Styer
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose M Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Li DJ, Zhang GY, Jie ZG, Li ZR. MicroRNAs related to invasiveness and metastasis of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3219-3224. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i22.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis plays an important role in the prognosis of patients with cancer. It is known that several steps are necessary for clonal cells to disseminate from their primary tumor site and colonize distant tissues. It will provide useful insights for effective treatment of cancer to investigate the molecular actors regulating this process. MicroRNAs, 19-25 nt in length, are a class of non-coding RNA, and they can result in degradation of specific mRNAs or inhibit their translation. They have been known as negative regulators of gene expression and are involved in many biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The relationship between the abnormal expression of microRNAs and tumors has been widely studied. Some recent research has clarified the role of microRNAs in tumor invasion and metastases. This paper reviews the recent progress in research of microRNAs related to invasiveness and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Pivotal role of augmented αB-crystallin in tumor development induced by deficient TSC1/2 complex. Oncogene 2013; 33:4352-8. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shim B, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Kato J, Darling TN, Vaughan M, Moss J. Sex-specific lung diseases: effect of oestrogen on cultured cells and in animal models. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22:302-11. [PMID: 23997058 PMCID: PMC4241263 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex prevalence in lung disease suggests that sex-specific hormones may contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of at least some lung diseases, such as lung adenocarcinoma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and benign metastasising leiomyoma (BML). Oestrogen is an important hormone in normal lung development and in the pathogenesis of female predominant pulmonary diseases. In vivo and in vitro studies have facilitated our understanding of disease pathogenesis and discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Oestrogen promoted disease progression in cell and animal models of lung adenocarcinoma, LAM and BML. Specifically, oestrogen enhanced tumour growth and metastasis in animal models of these diseases. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol (E2), the most abundant form of oestrogen in humans, increased the size and proliferation of cultured cells of lung adenocarcinoma and LAM. Coupled with the known mechanisms of oestrogen metabolism and signalling, these model systems may provide insights into the diverse effects of oestrogen and other hormones on lung diseases. Anti-oestrogen treatments that target key events of oestrogen synthesis or signalling, such as aromatase activity, oestrogen receptors and signalling pathways, may offer additional opportunities for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosung Shim
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Kato
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha Vaughan
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ehninger D. From genes to cognition in tuberous sclerosis: Implications for mTOR inhibitor-based treatment approaches. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Crino PB. Evolving neurobiology of tuberous sclerosis complex. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:317-32. [PMID: 23386324 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there have been numerous advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Following the identification of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, a link to regulatory control of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has paved the way for new therapeutic interventions, and now even approved therapies for TSC. Gene identification has permitted establishment of cell lines and conditional knockout mouse strains to assay how abnormalities in brain structure lead to enhanced excitability, seizures, cognitive disabilities, and other neuropsychological disorders in TSC. Furthermore, work in in vitro systems and analysis of rodent models and human tissue has allowed investigators to study how brain lesions form in TSC. Evolving questions over the next decade include understanding the high clinical variability of TSC, defining why there is a lack of clear genotype-phenotype correlations, and identifying biomarkers for prognosis and stratification. The study of TSC has in many ways reflected a paradigm "bench-to-bedside" success story that serves as a model of many other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 6th Floor Medical Education and Research Building, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-4106, USA.
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Chromatin remodeling by rosuvastatin normalizes TSC2-/meth cell phenotype through the expression of tuberin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:180-8. [PMID: 23426956 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-systemic syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 gene. In TSC2-null cells, Rheb, a member of the Ras family of GTPases, is constitutively activated. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and block the synthesis of isoprenoid lipids with inhibition of Rheb farnesylation and RhoA geranylgeranylation. The effects of rosuvastatin on the function of human TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) α-actin smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been investigated. The TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, previously isolated in our laboratory from the renal angiomyolipoma of two TSC patients, do not express tuberin and bear loss of heterozigosity caused by a double hit on TSC2 and methylation of TSC2 promoter, respectively. Exposure to rosuvastatin affected TSC2(-/meth) ASM cell growth and promoted tuberin expression by acting as a demethylating agent. This occurred without changes in interleukin release. Rosuvastatin also reduced RhoA activation in TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, and it required coadministration with the specific mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin to be effective in TSC2(-/-) ASM cells. Rapamycin enhanced rosuvastatin effect in inhibiting cell proliferation in TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells. Rosuvastatin alone did not alter phosphorylation of S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and at the higher concentration, rosuvastatin and rapamycin slightly decreased ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest that rosuvastatin may potentially represent a treatment adjunct to the therapy with mTOR inhibitors now in clinical development for TSC. In particular, rosuvastatin appears useful when the disease is originated by epigenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via di Rudini', 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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Ohsawa M, Kobayashi T, Okura H, Igarashi T, Mizuguchi M, Hino O. TSC1 controls distribution of actin fibers through its effect on function of Rho family of small GTPases and regulates cell migration and polarity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54503. [PMID: 23355874 PMCID: PMC3552859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2 are mutated in tuberous sclerosis, an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder. The gene products of TSC1 and TSC2 form a protein complex that inhibits the signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1) pathway. mTORC1 is a crucial molecule in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and survival. When the TSC1/TSC2 complex is not functional, uncontrolled mTORC1 activity accelerates the cell cycle and triggers tumorigenesis. Recent studies have suggested that TSC1 and TSC2 also regulate the activities of Rac1 and Rho, members of the Rho family of small GTPases, and thereby influence the ensuing actin cytoskeletal organization at focal adhesions. However, how TSC1 contributes to the establishment of cell polarity is not well understood. Here, the relationship between TSC1 and the formation of the actin cytoskeleton was analyzed in stable TSC1-expressing cell lines originally established from a Tsc1-deficient mouse renal tumor cell line. Our analyses showed that cell proliferation and migration were suppressed when TSC1 was expressed. Rac1 activity in these cells was also decreased as was formation of lamellipodia and filopodia. Furthermore, the number of basal actin stress fibers was reduced; by contrast, apical actin fibers, originating at the level of the tight junction formed a network in TSC1-expressing cells. Treatment with Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor diminished the number of apical actin fibers, but rapamycin had no effect. Thus, the actin fibers were regulated by the Rho-ROCK pathway independently of mTOR. In addition, apical actin fibers appeared in TSC1-deficient cells after inhibition of Rac1 activity. These results suggest that TSC1 regulates cell polarity-associated formation of actin fibers through the spatial regulation of Rho family of small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohsawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (OH); (TK)
| | - Hidehiro Okura
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (OH); (TK)
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Glasgow CG, El-Chemaly S, Moss J. Lymphatics in lymphangioleiomyomatosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 21:196-206. [PMID: 22941884 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the lymphatic system is absorbing and transporting macromolecules and immune cells to the general circulation, thereby regulating fluid, nutrient absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in tissue inflammation and tumour cell dissemination. Lymphatic involvement is seen in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). LAM, a disease primarily affecting females, involves the lung (cystic destruction), kidney (angiomyolipoma) and axial lymphatics (adenopathy and lymphangioleiomyoma). LAM occurs sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Cystic lung destruction results from proliferation of LAM cells, which are abnormal smooth muscle-like cells with mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Lymphatic abnormalities arise from infiltration of LAM cells into the lymphatic wall, leading to damage or obstruction of lymphatic vessels. Benign appearing LAM cells possess metastatic properties and are found in the blood and other body fluids. IPF is a progressive lung disease resulting from fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with pulmonary destruction and disease severity. A macrophage subset isolated from IPF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) express lymphatic endothelial cell markers in vitro, in contrast to the same macrophage subset from normal BALF. Herein, we review lymphatic involvement in LAM and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie G Glasgow
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
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Hammes SR, Krymskaya VP. Targeted approaches toward understanding and treating pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Discov Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23184699 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease found almost exclusively in women that is characterized by neoplastic growth of atypical smooth muscle-like cells in the lung, destruction of lung parenchyma, and obstruction of lymphatics. These processes lead to the formation of lung cysts, rupture of which results in spontaneous pneumothorax. Progression of LAM often results in loss of pulmonary function and death. LAM affects predominantly women of childbearing age and is exacerbated by pregnancy. The only proven treatment for LAM is lung transplantation, and even then LAM cells will often return to the transplanted lung. However, methodical and targeted approaches toward understanding LAM pathophysiology have led to the discovery of new potential therapeutic avenues. For example, the mutational inactivation of tumor suppressor complex genes tuberous sclerosis complex 1 or tuberous sclerosis complex 2 has been shown to be present in lung LAM cells. These mutations occur sporadically or in association with inherited hamartoma syndrome tuberous sclerosis (TSC). Since TSC genes function as negative regulators of the mammalian target of rapamycin, a major controller of cell growth, metabolism, and survival, rapamycin analogs have recently been used to treat LAM patients with promising results. Similarly, studies focusing on the importance of estrogen in LAM progression have suggested that anti-estrogen therapy might prove to be an alternative means of treating LAM. This minireview summarizes recent progress in understanding LAM pathophysiology, including the latest preclinical and clinical studies, and insights regarding the role of hormones in LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hammes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Henske EP, McCormack FX. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis - a wolf in sheep's clothing. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3807-16. [PMID: 23114603 DOI: 10.1172/jci58709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive lung disease of women. LAM is caused by mutations in the tuberous sclerosis genes, resulting in activation of the mTOR complex 1 signaling network. Over the past 11 years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding of LAM and rapid translation of this knowledge to an effective therapy. LAM pathogenic mechanisms mirror those of many forms of human cancer, including mutation, metabolic reprogramming, inappropriate growth and survival, metastasis via blood and lymphatic circulation, infiltration/invasion, sex steroid sensitivity, and local and remote tissue destruction. However, the smooth muscle cell that metastasizes, infiltrates, and destroys the lung in LAM arises from an unknown source and has an innocent histological appearance, with little evidence of proliferation. Thus, LAM is as an elegant, monogenic model of neoplasia, defying categorization as either benign or malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a multisystem disease predominantly affecting premenopausal women, is associated with cystic lung destruction and lymphatic and kidney tumors. LAM results from the proliferation of a neoplastic cell that has mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 or 2 genes, leading to activation of a critical regulatory protein, mammalian target of rapamycin. In this report, we discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating LAM cell growth and report the results of therapeutic trials employing new targeted agents. At present, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin such as sirolimus appear to be the most promising therapeutic agents, although drug toxicity and development of resistance are potential problems. As the pathogenesis of LAM is being further recognized, other therapeutic agents such as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, statins, interferon, VEGF inhibitors, chloroquine analogs and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, along with sirolimus or a combination of several of these agents, may offer the best hope for effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo M Taveira-DaSilva
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6D05, MSC 1590, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6D05, MSC 1590, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
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Guo G, Gui Y, Gao S, Tang A, Hu X, Huang Y, Jia W, Li Z, He M, Sun L, Song P, Sun X, Zhao X, Yang S, Liang C, Wan S, Zhou F, Chen C, Zhu J, Li X, Jian M, Zhou L, Ye R, Huang P, Chen J, Jiang T, Liu X, Wang Y, Zou J, Jiang Z, Wu R, Wu S, Fan F, Zhang Z, Liu L, Yang R, Liu X, Wu H, Yin W, Zhao X, Liu Y, Peng H, Jiang B, Feng Q, Li C, Xie J, Lu J, Kristiansen K, Li Y, Zhang X, Li S, Wang J, Yang H, Cai Z, Wang J. Frequent mutations of genes encoding ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway components in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2011; 44:17-9. [PMID: 22138691 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced whole exomes of ten clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) and performed a screen of ∼1,100 genes in 88 additional ccRCCs, from which we discovered 12 previously unidentified genes mutated at elevated frequencies in ccRCC. Notably, we detected frequent mutations in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway (UMPP), and alterations in the UMPP were significantly associated with overexpression of HIF1α and HIF2α in the tumors (P = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). Our findings highlight the potential contribution of UMPP to ccRCC tumorigenesis through the activation of the hypoxia regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Crino PB. mTOR: A pathogenic signaling pathway in developmental brain malformations. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:734-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carson RP, Van Nielen DL, Winzenburger PA, Ess KC. Neuronal and glia abnormalities in Tsc1-deficient forebrain and partial rescue by rapamycin. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:369-80. [PMID: 21907282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic disease that prominently features brain malformations (tubers) with many patients suffering from epilepsy and autism. These malformations typically exhibit neuronal as well as glial cell abnormalities and likely underlie much of the neurological morbidity seen in TSC. Tuber pathogenesis remains poorly understood though upregulation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in TSC has been consistently demonstrated. Here we address abnormal brain development in TSC by inactivating the mouse Tsc1 gene in embryonic neural progenitor cells. This strategy permits evaluation of the role of the Tsc1 gene in both neuronal as well as glial cell lineages. Tsc1(Emx1-Cre) conditional knockout (CKO) animals die by 25 days of life. Their brains have increased size and contain prominent large cells within the cerebral cortex that have greatly increased mTORC1 signaling and decreased mTORC2 signaling. Severe defects of cortical lamination, enlarged dysmorphic astrocytes and decreased myelination were also found. Tsc1(Emx1-Cre) CKO mice were then treated with rapamycin to see if the premature death and brain abnormalities can be rescued. Postnatal rapamycin treatment completely prevented premature death and largely reversed the glia pathology but not abnormal neuronal lamination. These findings support a model that loss of function of the TSC genes in embryonic neural progenitor cells causes cortical malformations in patients with TSC. The dramatic effect of rapamycin suggests that even with extensive multi-lineage abnormalities, a postnatal therapeutic window may exist for patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Carson
- Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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