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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka K. Cross talk between neurometals and amyloidogenic proteins at the synapse and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2018; 9:619-633. [PMID: 28516990 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that disruption of metal homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Lewy body diseases, and vascular dementia. Conformational changes of disease-related proteins (amyloidogenic proteins), such as β-amyloid protein, prion proteins, and α-synuclein, are well-established contributors to neurotoxicity and to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that these amyloidogenic proteins are metalloproteins that bind trace elements, including zinc, iron, copper, and manganese, and play significant roles in the maintenance of metal homeostasis. We present a current review of the role of trace elements in the functions and toxicity of amyloidogenic proteins, and propose a hypothesis integrating metal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases that is focused on the interactions among metals and between metals and amyloidogenic proteins at the synapse, considering that these amyloidogenic proteins and metals are co-localized at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawahara
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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Prion Protein Devoid of the Octapeptide Repeat Region Delays Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Pathogenesis in Mice. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01368-17. [PMID: 29046443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01368-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational conversion of the cellular isoform of prion protein, PrPC, into the abnormally folded, amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc, is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals. We previously reported that the octapeptide repeat (OR) region could be dispensable for converting PrPC into PrPSc after infection with RML prions. We demonstrated that mice transgenically expressing mouse PrP with deletion of the OR region on the PrP knockout background, designated Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice, did not show reduced susceptibility to RML scrapie prions, with abundant accumulation of PrPScΔOR in their brains. We show here that Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice were highly resistant to BSE prions, developing the disease with markedly elongated incubation times after infection with BSE prions. The conversion of PrPΔOR into PrPScΔOR was markedly delayed in their brains. These results suggest that the OR region may have a crucial role in the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc after infection with BSE prions. However, Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice remained susceptible to RML and 22L scrapie prions, developing the disease without elongated incubation times after infection with RML and 22L prions. PrPScΔOR accumulated only slightly less in the brains of RML- or 22L-infected Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice than PrPSc in control wild-type mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the OR region of PrPC could play a differential role in the pathogenesis of BSE prions and RML or 22L scrapie prions.IMPORTANCE Structure-function relationship studies of PrPC conformational conversion into PrPSc are worthwhile to understand the mechanism of the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc We show here that, by inoculating Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice with the three different strains of RML, 22L, and BSE prions, the OR region could play a differential role in the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc after infection with RML or 22L scrapie prions and BSE prions. PrPΔOR was efficiently converted into PrPScΔOR after infection with RML and 22L prions. However, the conversion of PrPΔOR into PrPScΔOR was markedly delayed after infection with BSE prions. Further investigation into the role of the OR region in the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc after infection with BSE prions might be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of BSE prions.
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Electrochemical and optical study of metallothionein interactions with prion proteins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:355-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Castle AR, Gill AC. Physiological Functions of the Cellular Prion Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:19. [PMID: 28428956 PMCID: PMC5382174 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein, PrPC, is a small, cell-surface glycoprotein notable primarily for its critical role in pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders known as prion diseases. A hallmark of prion diseases is the conversion of PrPC into an abnormally folded isoform, which provides a template for further pathogenic conversion of PrPC, allowing disease to spread from cell to cell and, in some circumstances, to transfer to a new host. In addition to the putative neurotoxicity caused by the misfolded form(s), loss of normal PrPC function could be an integral part of the neurodegenerative processes and, consequently, significant research efforts have been directed toward determining the physiological functions of PrPC. In this review, we first summarise important aspects of the biochemistry of PrPC before moving on to address the current understanding of the various proposed functions of the protein, including details of the underlying molecular mechanisms potentially involved in these functions. Over years of study, PrPC has been associated with a wide array of different cellular processes and many interacting partners have been suggested. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the previously well-established links between PrPC and processes such as stress-protection, copper homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Instead, the functions best-supported by the current literature include regulation of myelin maintenance and of processes linked to cellular differentiation, including proliferation, adhesion, and control of cell morphology. Intriguing connections have also been made between PrPC and the modulation of circadian rhythm, glucose homeostasis, immune function and cellular iron uptake, all of which warrant further investigation.
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Mizuno D, Kawahara M. Link Between Metal Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Crosstalk of Metals and Amyloidogenic Proteins at the Synapse. Metallomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56463-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Wild K, August A, Pietrzik CU, Kins S. Structure and Synaptic Function of Metal Binding to the Amyloid Precursor Protein and its Proteolytic Fragments. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:21. [PMID: 28197076 PMCID: PMC5281630 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is ultimately linked to the amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, current research reveals an important synaptic function of APP and APP-like proteins (APLP1 and 2). In this context various neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions have been reported for the APP proteolytic fragments sAPPα, sAPPβ and the monomeric amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ). APP is a metalloprotein and binds copper and zinc ions. Synaptic activity correlates with a release of these ions into the synaptic cleft and dysregulation of their homeostasis is linked to different neurodegenerative diseases. Metal binding to APP or its fragments affects its structure and its proteolytic cleavage and therefore its physiological function at the synapse. Here, we summarize the current data supporting this hypothesis and provide a model of how these different mechanisms might be intertwined with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Wild
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander August
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Toni M, Massimino ML, De Mario A, Angiulli E, Spisni E. Metal Dyshomeostasis and Their Pathological Role in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases: The Basis for a Nutritional Approach. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:3. [PMID: 28154522 PMCID: PMC5243831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are key elements in organisms' life acting like cofactors of many enzymes but they can also be potentially dangerous for the cell participating in redox reactions that lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Any factor inducing or limiting a metal dyshomeostasis, ROS production and cell injury may contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases or play a neuroprotective action. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of human and other mammalian species. The causative agent of TSEs is believed to be the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, the β sheet-rich pathogenic isoform produced by the conformational conversion of the α-helix-rich physiological isoform PrPC. The peculiarity of PrPSc is its ability to self-propagate in exponential fashion in cells and its tendency to precipitate in insoluble and protease-resistance amyloid aggregates leading to neuronal cell death. The expression “prion-like diseases” refers to a group of neurodegenerative diseases that share some neuropathological features with prion diseases such as the involvement of proteins (α-synuclein, amyloid β, and tau) able to precipitate producing amyloid deposits following conformational change. High social impact diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's belong to prion-like diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the exposure to environmental metals is a risk factor for the development of prion and prion-like diseases and that metal ions can directly bind to prion and prion-like proteins affecting the amount of amyloid aggregates. The diet, source of metal ions but also of natural antioxidant and chelating agents such as polyphenols, is an aspect to take into account in addressing the issue of neurodegeneration. Epidemiological data suggest that the Mediterranean diet, based on the abundant consumption of fresh vegetables and on low intake of meat, could play a preventive or delaying role in prion and prion-like neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, metal role in the onset of prion and prion-like diseases is dealt with from a nutritional, cellular, and molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Massimino
- National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Agnese De Mario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Angiulli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
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Mattei V, Martellucci S, Santilli F, Manganelli V, Garofalo T, Candelise N, Caruso A, Sorice M, Scaccianoce S, Misasi R. Morphine Withdrawal Modifies Prion Protein Expression in Rat Hippocampus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169571. [PMID: 28081197 PMCID: PMC5231345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a vulnerable brain structure susceptible to damage during aging and chronic stress. Repeated exposure to opioids may alter the brain so that it functions normally when the drugs are present, thus, a prolonged withdrawal might lead to homeostatic changes headed for the restoration of the physiological state. Abuse of morphine may lead to Reacting Oxygen Species-induced neurodegeneration and apoptosis. It has been proposed that during morphine withdrawal, stress responses might be responsible, at least in part, for long-term changes of hippocampal plasticity. Since prion protein is involved in both, Reacting Oxygen Species mediated stress responses and synaptic plasticity, in this work we investigate the effect of opiate withdrawal in rats after morphine treatment. We hypothesize that stressful stimuli induced by opiate withdrawal, and the subsequent long-term homeostatic changes in hippocampal plasticity, might modulate the Prion protein expression. Our results indicate that abstinence from the opiate induced a time-dependent and region-specific modification in Prion protein content, indeed during morphine withdrawal a selective unbalance of hippocampal Prion Protein is observable. Moreover, Prion protein overexpression in hippocampal tissue seems to generate a dimeric structure of Prion protein and α-cleavage at the hydrophobic domain. Stress factors or toxic insults can induce cytosolic dimerization of Prion Protein through the hydrophobic domain, which in turn, it stimulates the α-cleavage and the production of neuroprotective Prion protein fragments. We speculate that this might be the mechanism by which stressful stimuli induced by opiate withdrawal and the subsequent long-term homeostatic changes in hippocampal plasticity, modulate the expression and the dynamics of Prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Valeria Manganelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Niccolò Candelise
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Alessandra Caruso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer”, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Sergio Scaccianoce
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer”, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Since its discovery the cellular prion protein (encoded by the Prnp gene) has been associated with a large number of functions. The proposed functions rank from basic cellular processes such as cell cycle and survival to neural functions such as behavior and neuroprotection, following a pattern similar to that of Moore's law for electronics. In addition, particular interest is increasing in the participation of Prnp in neurodegeneration. However, in recent years a redefinition of these functions has begun, since examples of previously attributed functions were increasingly re-associated with other proteins. Most of these functions are linked to so-called "Prnp-flanking genes" that are close to the genomic locus of Prnp and which are present in the genome of some Prnp mouse models. In addition, their role in neuroprotection against convulsive insults has been confirmed in recent studies. Lastly, in recent years a large number of models indicating the participation of different domains of the protein in apoptosis have been uncovered. However, after more than 10 years of molecular dissection our view is that the simplest mechanistic model in PrP(C)-mediated cell death should be considered, as Ockham's razor theory suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A del Río
- a Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona , Spain.,b Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Inmunology , Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- a Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona , Spain.,b Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Inmunology , Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Barcelona , Spain
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Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of invariably fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with the misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein, with the misfolded conformers constituting an infectious unit referred to as a "prion". Prions can spread within an affected organism by directly propagating this misfolding within and between cells and can transmit disease between animals of the same and different species. Prion diseases have a range of clinical phenotypes in humans and animals, with a principle determinant of this attributed to different conformations of the misfolded protein, referred to as prion strains. This chapter will describe the different clinical manifestations of prion diseases, the evidence that these diseases can be transmitted by an infectious protein and how the misfolding of this protein causes disease.
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies of Humans and Animals. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Cellular Prion Protein Combined with Galectin-3 and -6 Affects the Infectivity Titer of an Endogenous Retrovirus Assayed in Hippocampal Neuronal Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167293. [PMID: 27936017 PMCID: PMC5147886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases which require the cellular prion protein, PrPC, for development of diseases. The current study shows that the PrPC augments infectivity and plaque formation of a mouse endogenous retrovirus, MuLV. We have established four neuronal cell lines expressing mouse PrPC, PrP+/+; two express wild type PrPC (MoPrPwild) and the other two express mutant PrPC (MoPrPmut). Infection of neuronal cells from various PrP+/+ and PrP-/- (MoPrPKO) lines with MuLV yielded at least three times as many plaques in PrP+/+ than in PrP-/-. Furthermore, among the four PrP+/+ lines, one mutant line, P101L, had at least 2.5 times as many plaques as the other three PrP+/+ lines. Plaques in P101L were four times larger than those in other PrP+/+ lines. Colocalization of PrP and CAgag was seen in MuLV-infected PrP+/+ cells. In the PrP-MuLV interaction, the involvement of galectin-3 and -6 was observed by immunoprecipitation with antibody to PrPC. These results suggest that PrPC combined with galectin-3 and -6 can act as a receptor for MuLV. P101L, the disease form of mutant PrPC results suggest the genetic mutant form of PrPC may be more susceptible to viral infection.
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Ranasinghe K, Handunnetti S, Perera IC, Perera T. Synthesis and characterization of novel rhenium(I) complexes towards potential biological imaging applications. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:71. [PMID: 27942267 PMCID: PMC5123207 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes exhibit immense potential as fluorescence imaging agents. However, only a handful of rhenium complexes have been utilized in biological imaging. The present study describes the synthesis of four novel rhenium complexes, their characterization and preliminary biological studies to assess their potential as biological imaging agents. RESULTS Four facial rhenium tricarbonyl complexes containing a pyridyl triazine core, (L1 = 5,5'(3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diyl)-bis-2-furansulfonic acid disodium salt and L2 = (3-(2- pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4',4''-disulfonic acid sodium salt) have been synthesized by utililzing two different Re metal precursors, Re(CO)5Br and [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]OTf in an organic solvent mixture and water, respectively. The rhenium complexes [Re(CO)3(H2O)L1]+ (1), Re(CO)3L1Br (2), [Re(CO)3(H2O)L2]+ (3), and Re(CO)3L2Br (4), were obtained in 70-85% yield and characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV, and luminescence spectroscopy. In both H2O and acetonitrile, complexes display a weak absorption band in the visible region which can be assigned to a metal to ligand charge transfer excitation and fluorescent emission lying in the 650-710 nm range. Cytotoxicity assays of complexes 1, 3, and 4 were carried out for rat peritoneal cells. Both plant cells (Allium cepa bulb cells) and rat peritoneal cells were stained using the maximum non-toxic concentration levels of the compounds, 20.00 mg ml-1 for 1 and 3 and 5.00 mg ml-1 for 4 to observe under the epifluorescence microscope. In both cell lines, compound concentrated specifically in the nuclei region. Hence, nuclei showed red fluorescence upon excitation at 550 nm. CONCLUSIONS Four novel rhenium complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Remarkable enhancement of fluorescence upon binding with cells and visible range excitability demonstrates the possibility of using the new complexes in biological applications.Graphical abstractMicrograph of rat peritoneal cells incubated with novel rhenium complex under epifluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokila Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiroma Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka C. Perera
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Theshini Perera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Zhu D, Luo Y, Shuai L, Xie W, Yan X, Duan Z, Cai W. A hemicyanine-based selective and sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent turn-on probe for Cu2+. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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MacLea KS. What Makes a Prion: Infectious Proteins From Animals to Yeast. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 329:227-276. [PMID: 28109329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While philosophers in ancient times had many ideas for the cause of contagion, the modern study of infective agents began with Fracastoro's 1546 proposal that invisible "spores" spread infectious disease. However, firm categorization of the pathogens of the natural world would need to await a mature germ theory that would not arise for 300 years. In the 19th century, the earliest pathogens described were bacteria and other cellular microbes. By the close of that century, the work of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck introduced the concept of a virus, an infective particle smaller than any known cell. Extending into the early-mid-20th century there was an explosive growth in pathogenic microbiology, with a cellular or viral cause identified for nearly every transmissible disease. A few occult pathogens remained to be discovered, including the infectious proteins (prions) proposed by Prusiner in 1982. This review discusses the prions identified in mammals, yeasts, and other organisms, focusing on the amyloid-based prions. I discuss the essential biochemical properties of these agents and the application of this knowledge to diseases of protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as the utility of yeast as a model organism to study prion and amyloid proteins that affect human and animal health. Further, I summarize the ideas emerging out of these studies that the prion concept may go beyond proteinaceous infectious particles and that prions may be a subset of proteins having general nucleating or seeding functions involved in noninfectious as well as infectious pathogenic protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S MacLea
- University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH, United States.
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Gasperini L, Meneghetti E, Legname G, Benetti F. In Absence of the Cellular Prion Protein, Alterations in Copper Metabolism and Copper-Dependent Oxidase Activity Affect Iron Distribution. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:437. [PMID: 27729845 PMCID: PMC5037227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential elements as copper and iron modulate a wide range of physiological functions. Their metabolism is strictly regulated by cellular pathways, since dysregulation of metal homeostasis is responsible for many detrimental effects. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and prion diseases are characterized by alterations of metal ions. These neurodegenerative maladies involve proteins that bind metals and mediate their metabolism through not well-defined mechanisms. Prion protein, for instance, interacts with divalent cations via multiple metal-binding sites and it modulates several metal-dependent physiological functions, such as S-nitrosylation of NMDA receptors. In this work we focused on the effect of prion protein absence on copper and iron metabolism during development and adulthood. In particular, we investigated copper and iron functional values in serum and several organs such as liver, spleen, total brain and isolated hippocampus. Our results show that iron content is diminished in prion protein-null mouse serum, while it accumulates in liver and spleen. Our data suggest that these alterations can be due to impairments in copper-dependent cerulopalsmin activity which is known to affect iron mobilization. In prion protein-null mouse total brain and hippocampus, metal ion content shows a fluctuating trend, suggesting the presence of homeostatic compensatory mechanisms. However, copper and iron functional values are likely altered also in these two organs, as indicated by the modulation of metal-binding protein expression levels. Altogether, these results reveal that the absence of the cellular prion protein impairs copper metabolism and copper-dependent oxidase activity, with ensuing alteration of iron mobilization from cellular storage compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gasperini
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Meneghetti
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Benetti
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
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Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC. Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1148-1155. [PMID: 27581199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prions are one of the few pathogens whose name is renowned at all population levels, after the dramatic years pervaded by the fear of eating prion-infected food. If now this, somehow irrational, scare of bovine meat inexorably transmitting devastating brain disorders is largely subdued, several prion-related issues are still unsolved, precluding the design of therapeutic approaches that could slow, if not halt, prion diseases. One unsolved issue is, for example, the role of the prion protein (PrPC), whole conformational misfolding originates the prion but whose physiologic reason d'etre in neurons, and in cells at large, remains enigmatic. Preceded by a historical outline, the present review will discuss the functional pleiotropicity ascribed to PrPC, and whether this aspect could fall, at least in part, into a more concise framework. It will also be devoted to radically different perspectives for PrPC, which have been recently brought to the attention of the scientific world with unexpected force. Finally, it will discuss the possible reasons allowing an evolutionary conserved and benign protein, as PrPC is, to turn into a high affinity receptor for pathologic misfolded oligomers, and to transmit their toxic message into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Greenough MA, Ramírez Munoz A, Bush AI, Opazo CM. Metallo-pathways to Alzheimer's disease: lessons from genetic disorders of copper trafficking. Metallomics 2016; 8:831-9. [PMID: 27397642 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential metal ion that provides catalytic function to numerous enzymes and also regulates neurotransmission and intracellular signaling. Conversely, a deficiency or excess of copper can cause chronic disease in humans. Menkes and Wilson disease are two rare heritable disorders of copper transport that are characterized by copper deficiency and copper overload, respectively. Changes to copper status are also a common feature of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the case of AD, which is characterized by brain copper depletion, changes in the distribution of copper has been linked with various aspects of the disease process; protein aggregation, defective protein degradation, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although AD is a multifactorial disease that is likely caused by a breakdown in multiple cellular pathways, copper and other metal ions such as iron and zinc play a central role in many of these cellular processes. Pioneering work by researchers who have studied relatively rare copper transport diseases has shed light on potential metal ion related disease mechanisms in other forms of neurodegeneration such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Greenough
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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20
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Strup-Perrot C, Vozenin MC, Monceau V, Pouzoulet F, Petit B, Holler V, Perrot S, Desquibert L, Fouquet S, Souquere S, Pierron G, Rousset M, Thenet S, Cardot P, Benderitter M, Deutsch E, Aigueperse J. PrP(c) deficiency and dasatinib protect mouse intestines against radiation injury by inhibiting of c-Src. Radiother Oncol 2016; 120:175-83. [PMID: 27406443 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Despite extensive study of the contribution of cell death and apoptosis to radiation-induced acute intestinal injury, our knowledge of the signaling mechanisms involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction remains inadequate. Because PrP(c) plays a key role in intestinal homeostasis by renewing epithelia, we sought to study its role in epithelial barrier function after irradiation. DESIGN Histology, morphometry and plasma FD-4 levels were used to examine ileal architecture, wound healing, and intestinal leakage in PrP(c)-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice after total-body irradiation. Impairment of the PrP(c) Src pathway after irradiation was explored by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, with Caco-2/Tc7 cells. Lastly, dasatinib treatment was used to switch off the Src pathway in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The decrease in radiation-induced lethality, improved intestinal wound healing, and reduced intestinal leakage promoted by PrP(c) deficiency demonstrate its involvement in acute intestinal damage. Irradiation of Cacao2/Tc7 cells induced PrP(c) to target the nuclei associated with Src activation. Finally, the protective effect triggered by dasatinib confirmed Src involvement in radiation-induced acute intestinal toxicity. CONCLUSION Our data are the first to show a role for the PrP(c)-Src pathway in acute intestinal response to radiation injury and offer a novel therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Strup-Perrot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Monceau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frederic Pouzoulet
- Institut Curie, Translational Research Department, Hopital St Louis, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service Commun d'Expérimentation Animale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Holler
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Perrot
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Desquibert
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Stéphane FOUQUET, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR_S968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | | | - Gérard Pierron
- CNRS, UMR-8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Monique Rousset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Cardot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jocelyne Aigueperse
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN. Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 29:825-42. [PMID: 22208282 DOI: 10.1080/073911012010525023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals have been implicated as the causative agents for the pathogenesis of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the toxic effects of metals ranging from metal-induced oxidation of protein to metal-induced changes in the protein conformation. Aggregation of a-synuclein is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), and various metals, including copper, constitute a prominent group of alpha-synuclein aggregation enhancers. In this study, we have systematically characterized the a-synuclein-Cu21 binding sites and analyzed the possible role of metal binding in a-synuclein fibrillation using a set of biophysical techniques, such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), circular dichroism (CD), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Our analyses indicated that a-synuclein possesses at least two binding sites for Cu21. We have been able to locate one of the binding sites in the N-terminal region. Furthermore, based on the EPR studies of model peptides and Beta-synuclein, we concluded that the suspected His residue did not appear to participate in strong Cu21 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), termed PrP(TSE), are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
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23
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Besaury L, Pawlak B, Quillet L. Expression of copper-resistance genes in microbial communities under copper stress and oxic/anoxic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4013-4023. [PMID: 25009094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have developed copper-resistance mechanisms in order to survive in contaminated environments. The abundance and expression of the copper-resistance genes cusA and copA, encoding respectively for a Resistance Cell Nodulation protein and for a P-type ATP-ase pump, was assessed along a gradient of copper concentration in microcosms prepared from Seine estuary mudflat sediment. We demonstrated that the abundance of copA and cusA genes decreased with the increase of copper concentration and that cusA gene was up to ten times higher than the copA gene. Only the copA gene was expressed in both oxic and anoxic conditions. The abundance and activity of the microbial community remained constant whatever the concentrations of copper along the gradient. The molecular phylogeny of the two copper-resistance genes was studied and revealed that the increase of copper increased the diversity of copA and cusA gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Besaury
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2ème étage, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Barbara Pawlak
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2ème étage, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Laurent Quillet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2ème étage, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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24
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Synthetic fluorescent probes to map metallostasis and intracellular fate of zinc and copper. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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McDowall JS, Brown DR. Alpha-synuclein: relating metals to structure, function and inhibition. Metallomics 2016; 8:385-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Milisav I, Šuput D, Ribarič S. Unfolded Protein Response and Macroautophagy in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Prion Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:22718-56. [PMID: 26694349 PMCID: PMC6332363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis are integrated biological pathways within cells that control synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins. The absence of cell division makes brain proteostasis susceptible to age-related changes and neurodegeneration. Two key processes involved in sustaining normal brain proteostasis are the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases (PrDs) have different clinical manifestations of neurodegeneration, however, all share an accumulation of misfolded pathological proteins associated with perturbations in unfolded protein response and macroautophagy. While both the unfolded protein response and macroautophagy play an important role in the prevention and attenuation of AD and PD progression, only macroautophagy seems to play an important role in the development of PrDs. Macroautophagy and unfolded protein response can be modulated by pharmacological interventions. However, further research is necessary to better understand the regulatory pathways of both processes in health and neurodegeneration to be able to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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28
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Mammalian prion protein (PrP) forms conformationally different amyloid intracellular aggregates in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:174. [PMID: 26536866 PMCID: PMC4634817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of proteins are being shown to assemble into amyloid structures that lead to pathological states. Among them, mammalian prions outstand due to their ability to transmit the pathogenic conformation, becoming thus infectious. The structural conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), into its misfolded pathogenic form (PrPSc) is the central event of prion-driven pathologies. The study of the structural properties of intracellular amyloid aggregates in general and of prion-like ones in particular is a challenging task. In this context, the evidence that the inclusion bodies formed by amyloid proteins in bacteria display amyloid-like structural and functional properties make them a privileged system to model intracellular amyloid aggregation. Results Here we provide the first demonstration that recombinant murine PrP and its C-terminal domain (90–231) attain amyloid conformations inside bacteria. Moreover, the inclusions formed by these two PrP proteins display conformational diversity, since they differ in fibril morphology, binding affinity to amyloid dyes, stability, resistance to proteinase K digestion and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that modelling PrP amyloid formation in microbial cell factories might open an avenue for a better understanding of the structural features modulating the pathogenic impact of this intriguing protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0361-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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29
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Lin K, Yu Z, Yu Y, Liao X, Huang P, Guo C, Lin D. Distinct effects of Cu2+-binding on oligomerization of human and rabbit prion proteins. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:842-50. [PMID: 26350098 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a kind of cell-surface Cu(2+)-binding glycoprotein. The oligomerization of PrP(C) is highly related to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Cu(2+) plays a vital role in the oligomerization of PrP(C), and participates in the pathogenic process of TSE diseases. It is expected that Cu(2+)-binding has different effects on the oligomerization of TSE-sensitive human PrP(C) (HuPrP(C)) and TSE-resistant rabbit PrP(C) (RaPrP(C)). However, the details of the distinct effects remain unclear. In the present study, we measured the interactions of Cu(2+) with HuPrP(C) (91-230) and RaPrP(C) (91-228) by isothermal titration calorimetry, and compared the effects of Cu(2+)-binding on the oligomerization of both PrPs. The measured dissociation constants (Kd) of Cu(2+) were 11.1 ± 2.1 μM for HuPrP(C) and 21.1 ± 3.1 μM for RaPrP(C). Cu(2+)-binding promoted the oligomerization of HuPrP(C) more significantly than that of RaPrP(C). The far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy experiments showed that Cu(2+)-binding induced more significant secondary structure change and increased more β-sheet content for HuPrP(C) compared with RaPrP(C). Moreover, the urea-induced unfolding transition experiments indicated that Cu(2+)-binding decreased the conformational stability of HuPrP(C) more distinctly than that of RaPrP(C). These results suggest that RaPrP(C) possesses a low susceptibility to Cu(2+), potentially weakening the risk of Cu(2+)-induced TSE diseases. Our work sheds light on the Cu(2+)-promoted oligomerization of PrP(C), and may be helpful for further understanding the TSE-resistance of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejiang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Ziyao Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Yuanhui Yu
- High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinli Liao
- High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Pei Huang
- High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyun Guo
- High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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30
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Pérez-Henarejos SA, Alcaraz LA, Donaire A. Blue Copper Proteins: A rigid machine for efficient electron transfer, a flexible device for metal uptake. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 584:134-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Cingaram PKR, Nyeste A, Dondapati DT, Fodor E, Welker E. Prion Protein Does Not Confer Resistance to Hippocampus-Derived Zpl Cells against the Toxic Effects of Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ Not Supporting a General Protective Role for PrP in Transition Metal Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139219. [PMID: 26426582 PMCID: PMC4591282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of transition metals with the prion protein (PrP) are well-documented and characterized, however, there is no consensus on their role in either the physiology of PrP or PrP-related neurodegenerative disorders. PrP has been reported to protect cells from the toxic stimuli of metals. By employing a cell viability assay, we examined the effects of various concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ on Zpl (Prnp-/-) and ZW (Prnp+/+) hippocampus-derived mouse neuronal cells. Prnp-/- Zpl cells were more sensitive to all four metals than PrP-expressing Zw cells. However, when we introduced PrP or only the empty vector into Zpl cells, we could not discern any protective effect associated with the presence of PrP. This observation was further corroborated when assessing the toxic effect of metals by propidium-iodide staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Thus, our results on this mouse cell culture model do not seem to support a strong protective role for PrP against transition metal toxicity and also emphasize the necessity of extreme care when comparing cells derived from PrP knock-out and wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antal Nyeste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Divya Teja Dondapati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elfrieda Fodor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ervin Welker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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32
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu R, Sun H, Zhao Y, Chai Z, Hu Y. A thiol fluorescent probe reveals the intricate modulation of cysteine's reactivity by Cu(II). Talanta 2015; 146:477-82. [PMID: 26695293 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Cu(II)-mediated differential alteration of cysteine (Cys) reactivity is reported by using a Cys-specific fluorescent probe. The probe could react with Cys to give out strong fluorescence. When Cys was preincubated with Cu(II), the fluorescence of the probe was decreased due to the inhibition of Cys's reactivity by Cu(II). Remarkably, experimental results reveal that the probe could detect Cu(II) at subnanomolar concentrations. In contrast, Cu(II) could only partially inhibit the reaction between Cys and Ellman's reagent (DTNB). Furthermore, selectivity experiments show that Cu(II) is a much more potent inhibitor for Cys compared to other metal ions. Cell imaging experiments also confirm the inhibitory effects of Cu(II) on Cys's reactivity in living cells. We envision that the probe could add a useful tool for sensitive and selective detection of Cu(II) for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Huatang Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China.
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China.
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Pass R, Frudd K, Barnett JP, Blindauer CA, Brown DR. Prion infection in cells is abolished by a mutated manganese transporter but shows no relation to zinc. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:186-93. [PMID: 26253862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein has been identified as a metalloprotein that binds copper. There have been some suggestions that prion protein also influences zinc and manganese homeostasis. In this study we used a series of cell lines to study the levels of zinc and manganese under different conditions. We overexpressed either the prion protein or known transporters for zinc and manganese to determine relations between the prion protein and both manganese and zinc homeostasis. Our observations supported neither a link between the prion protein and zinc metabolism nor any effect of altered zinc levels on prion protein expression or cellular infection with prions. In contrast we found that a gain of function mutant of a manganese transporter caused reduction of manganese levels in prion infected cells, loss of observable PrP(Sc) in cells and resistance to prion infection. These studies strengthen the link between manganese and prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pass
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Karen Frudd
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James P Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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In Vivo Longitudinal (1)H MRS Study of Transgenic Mouse Models of Prion Disease in the Hippocampus and Cerebellum at 14.1 T. Neurochem Res 2015. [PMID: 26202424 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vivo (1)H MR spectroscopy allows the non invasive characterization of brain metabolites and it has been used for studying brain metabolic changes in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. The prion diseases form a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, also described as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The mechanism by which prions elicit brain damage remains unclear and therefore different transgenic mouse models of prion disease were created. We performed an in vivo longitudinal (1)H MR spectroscopy study at 14.1 T with the aim to measure the neurochemical profile of Prnp -/- and PrPΔ32-121 mice in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Using high-field MR spectroscopy we were able to analyze in details the in vivo brain metabolites in Prnp -/- and PrPΔ32-121 mice. An increase of myo-inositol, glutamate and lactate concentrations with a decrease of N-acetylaspartate concentrations were observed providing additional information to the previous measurements.
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35
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D'Ambrosi N, Rossi L. Copper at synapse: Release, binding and modulation of neurotransmission. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:36-45. [PMID: 26187063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a piece of the research studying copper role in biological systems was devoted to unravelling a still elusive, but extremely intriguing, aspect that is the involvement of copper in synaptic function. These studies were prompted to provide a rationale to the finding that copper is released in the synaptic cleft upon depolarization. The copper pump ATP7A, which mutations are responsible for diseases with a prominent neurodegenerative component, seems to play a pivotal role in the release of copper at synapses. Furthermore, it was found that, when in the synaptic cleft, copper can control, directly or indirectly, the activity of the neurotransmitter receptors (NMDA, AMPA, GABA, P2X receptors), thus affecting excitability. In turn, neurotransmission can affect copper trafficking and delivery in neuronal cells. Furthermore, it was reported that copper can also modulate synaptic vesicles trafficking and the interaction between proteins of the secretory pathways. Interestingly, proteins with a still unclear role in neuronal system though associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (the amyloid precursor protein, APP, the prion protein, PrP, α-synuclein, α-syn) show copper-binding domains. They may act as copper buffer at synapses and participate in the interplay between copper and the neurotransmitters receptors. Given that copper dysmetabolism occurs in several diseases affecting central and peripheral nervous system, the findings on the contribution of copper in synaptic transmission, beside its more consolidate role as a neuronal enzymes cofactor, may open new insights for therapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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36
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Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Tiwari V, Solanki V, Tiwari M. In-vivoandin-vitrotechniques used to investigate Alzheimer's disease. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1044129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yuan C, Chen J, Yu S, Chang Y, Mao J, Xu Y, Luo W, Zeng B, Dai L. Protein-responsive assemblies from catechol-metal ion supramolecular coordination. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2243-2250. [PMID: 25648855 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly driven by catechol-metal ion coordination has gained great success in the fabrication of functional materials including adhesives, capsules, coatings and hydrogels. However, this route has encountered a great challenge in the construction of nanoarchitectures in the absence of removable templates, because of the uncontrollable crosslinking of catechol-metal ion coordination. Herein, we show that a supramolecular approach, combining both catechol-metal ion coordination and polymer self-assembly together, can organize polymers into hybrid nanoassemblies ranging from solid particles, homogeneous vesicles to Janus vesicles. Without the introduction of a specific binding ligand or complicated molecular design, these assemblies can totally disassemble in response to proteins. UV/vis absorption, fluorescence quenching and recovery investigations have confirmed that proteins can seize metal ions from the hybrid nanoassemblies, thus causing the degradation of catechol-metal ion coordination networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yuan
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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39
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Gasperini L, Meneghetti E, Pastore B, Benetti F, Legname G. Prion protein and copper cooperatively protect neurons by modulating NMDA receptor through S-nitrosylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:772-84. [PMID: 25490055 PMCID: PMC4361008 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several neurodegenerative disorders show alterations in glutamatergic synapses and increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity. Mounting evidence suggests a central role for the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in neuroprotection. Therefore, the loss of PrP(C) function occurring in prion disorders may contribute to the disease progression and neurodegeneration. Indeed, PrP(C) modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), thus preventing cell death. In this study, we show that PrP(C) and copper cooperatively inhibit NMDAR through S-nitrosylation, a post-translational modification resulting from the chemical reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with cysteines. RESULTS Comparing wild-type Prnp (Prnp(+/+)) and PrP(C) knockout (Prnp(0/0)) mouse hippocampi, we found that GluN1 and GluN2A S-nitrosylation decrease in Prnp(0/0). Using organotypic hippocampal cultures, we found that copper chelation decreases NMDAR S-nitrosylation in Prnp(+/+) but not in Prnp(0/0). This suggests that PrP(C) requires copper to support the chemical reaction between NO and thiols. We explored PrP(C)-Cu neuroprotective role by evaluating neuron susceptibility to excitotoxicity in Prnp(+/+) and Prnp(0/0) cultures. We found that (i) PrP(C)-Cu modulates GluN2A-containing NMDAR, those inhibited by S-nitrosylation; (ii) PrP(C) and copper are interdependent to protect neurons from insults; (iii) neuronal NO synthase inhibition affects susceptibility in wild-type but not in Prnp(0/0), while (iv) the addition of a NO donor enhances Prnp(0/0) neurons survival. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that PrP(C) and copper support NMDAR S-nitrosylation and cooperatively exert neuroprotection. In addition to NMDAR, PrP(C) may also favor the S-nitrosylation of other proteins. Therefore, this mechanism may be investigated in the context of the different cellular processes in which PrP(C) is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gasperini
- 1 Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste, Italy
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Didonna A, Venturini AC, Hartman K, Vranac T, Čurin Šerbec V, Legname G. Characterization of four new monoclonal antibodies against the distal N-terminal region of PrP(c). PeerJ 2015; 3:e811. [PMID: 25802800 PMCID: PMC4369333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals. They are characterized by the accumulation in the central nervous system of a pathological form of the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC). The prion protein is a membrane glycoprotein that consists of two domains: a globular, structured C-terminus and an unstructured N-terminus. The N-terminal part of the protein is involved in different functions in both health and disease. In the present work we discuss the production and biochemical characterization of a panel of four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the distal N-terminus of PrPC using a well-established methodology based on the immunization of Prnp0/0 mice. Additionally, we show their ability to block prion (PrPSc) replication at nanomolar concentrations in a cell culture model of prion infection. These mAbs represent a promising tool for prion diagnostics and for studying the physiological role of the N-terminal domain of PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Anja Colja Venturini
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katrina Hartman
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Vranac
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.,ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Trieste, Italy
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Subcellular distribution of the prion protein in sickness and in health. Virus Res 2015; 207:136-45. [PMID: 25683509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein that is most abundant in the central nervous system. It is thought to play a role in many cellular processes, including neuroprotection, but may also contribute to Alzheimer's disease and some cancers. However, it is best known for its central role in the prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and scrapie. These protein misfolding diseases can be sporadic, acquired, or genetic and are caused by refolding of endogenous PrP(C) into a beta sheet-rich, pathogenic form, PrP(Sc). Once prions are present in the central nervous system, they increase and spread during a long incubation period that is followed by a relatively short clinical disease phase, ending in death. PrP molecules can be broadly categorized as either 'good' (cellular) PrP(C) or 'bad' (scrapie prion-type) PrP(Sc), but both populations are heterogeneous and different forms of PrP(C) may influence various cellular activities. Both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) are localized predominantly at the cell surface, with the C-terminus attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and both can exist in cleaved forms. PrP(C) also has cytosolic and transmembrane forms, and PrP(Sc) is known to exist in a variety of conformations and aggregation states. Here, we discuss the roles of different PrP isoforms in sickness and in health, and show the subcellular distributions of several forms of PrP that are particularly relevant for PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) conversion and prion-induced pathology in the hippocampus.
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Di Natale G, Turi I, Pappalardo G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarelli E. Cross-Talk Between the Octarepeat Domain and the Fifth Binding Site of Prion Protein Driven by the Interaction of Copper(II) with the N-terminus. Chemistry 2015; 21:4071-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sakudo A, Onodera T. Prion protein (PrP) gene-knockout cell lines: insight into functions of the PrP. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2:75. [PMID: 25642423 PMCID: PMC4295555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of prion protein (PrP) functions is crucial to fully understand prion diseases. A major approach to studying PrP functions is the use of PrP gene-knockout (Prnp (-/-)) mice. So far, six types of Prnp (-/-) mice have been generated, demonstrating the promiscuous functions of PrP. Recently, other PrP family members, such as Doppel and Shadoo, have been found. However, information obtained from comparative studies of structural and functional analyses of these PrP family proteins do not fully reveal PrP functions. Recently, varieties of Prnp (-/-) cell lines established from Prnp (-/-) mice have contributed to the analysis of PrP functions. In this mini-review, we focus on Prnp (-/-) cell lines and summarize currently available Prnp (-/-) cell lines and their characterizations. In addition, we introduce the recent advances in the methodology of cell line generation with knockout or knockdown of the PrP gene. We also discuss how these cell lines have provided valuable insights into PrP functions and show future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Pham N, Sawyer TW, Wang Y, Jazii FR, Vair C, Taghibiglou C. Primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats leads to increased prion protein in plasma: a potential biomarker for blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:58-65. [PMID: 25058115 PMCID: PMC4273182 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is deemed the "signature injury" of recent military conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, largely because of increased blast exposure. Injuries to the brain can often be misdiagnosed, leading to further complications in the future. Therefore, the use of protein biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of TBI is urgently needed. In the present study, we have investigated the plasma levels of soluble cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of primary blast-induced TBI (bTBI). We hypothesize that the primary blast wave can disrupt the brain and dislodge extracellular localized PrPC, leading to a rise in concentration within the systemic circulation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to single pulse shockwave overpressures of varying intensities (15-30 psi or 103.4-206.8 kPa] using an advanced blast simulator. Blood plasma was collected 24 h after insult, and PrPC concentration was determined with a modified commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for PrPC. We provide the first report that mean PrPC concentration in primary blast exposed rats (3.97 ng/mL ± 0.13 SE) is significantly increased compared with controls (2.46 ng/mL ± 0.14 SE; two tailed test p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we report a mild positive rank correlation between PrPC concentration and increasing blast intensity (psi) reflecting a plateaued response at higher pressure magnitudes, which may have implications for all military service members exposed to blast events. In conclusion, it appears that plasma levels of PrPC may be a novel biomarker for the detection of primary bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yushan Wang
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ferdous Rastgar Jazii
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cory Vair
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Kawahara M, Mizuno D. Crosstalk between metals and neurodegenerative diseases. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:155-65. [PMID: 25253517 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements including iron, zinc, copper, and manganese play essential roles in the maintenance of brain functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that dyshomeostasis of trace elements is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, vascular type of dementia, prion diseases, and dementia with Lewy bodies. These diseases share similarity in the formation of β-sheets containing amyloid fibrils from disease-associated proteins, including the β-amyloid protein (AβP), the prion protein, α-synuclein, and polyglutamine, and the introduction of apoptotic degeneration. Trace elements can bind to these proteins and cause their conformational changes. Furthermore, these proteins reportedly play crucial roles in the regulation of trace elements. Considering that these proteins colocalize in synapses, it is possible that the interactions between the disease-associated proteins and trace elements are based on the physiological roles of these proteins. We review here the current understanding of the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases based on metal binding to disease-associated proteins and on the disruption of metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
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46
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Cichon AC, Brown DR. Nrf-2 regulation of prion protein expression is independent of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 63:31-7. [PMID: 25242137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular expression of host prion protein (PrP) is essential to infection with prion disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate prion protein expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels is therefore an important goal. The cellular prion protein has been associated with resistance to oxidative, and its expression is also increased by oxidative stress. The transcription factor Nrf-2 is associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress and is known to induce upregulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. We have identified an Nrf-2 binding site in the prion protein promoter (Prnp) and shown that Nrf-2 downregulated PrP expression. However, this effect is independent of oxidative stress as oxidative stress can up-regulate PrP expression regardless of the level of Nrf-2 expression. Furthermore, Nrf-2 has no impact on PrP expression when cells are infected with scrapie. These findings highlight that Nrf-2 can regulate PrP expression, but that this regulation becomes uncoupled during cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Pushie MJ, Nienaber KH, McDonald A, Millhauser GL, George GN. Combined EXAFS and DFT structure calculations provide structural insights into the 1:1 multi-histidine complexes of Cu(II) , Cu(I) , and Zn(II) with the tandem octarepeats of the mammalian prion protein. Chemistry 2014; 20:9770-83. [PMID: 25042361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The metal-coordinating properties of the prion protein (PrP) have been the subject of intense focus and debate since the first reports of its interaction with copper just before the turn of the century. The picture of metal coordination to PrP has been improved and refined over the past decade, but structural details of the various metal coordination modes have not been fully elucidated in some cases. In the present study, we have employed X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy as well as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to structurally characterize the dominant 1:1 coordination modes for Cu(II) , Cu(I) , and Zn(II) with an N-terminal fragment of PrP. The PrP fragment corresponds to four tandem repeats representative of the mammalian octarepeat domain, designated as OR4 , which is also the most studied PrP fragment for metal interactions, making our findings applicable to a large body of previous work. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have provided additional structural and thermodynamic data, and candidate structures have been used to inform EXAFS data analysis. The optimized geometries from DFT calculations have been used to identify potential coordination complexes for multi-histidine coordination of Cu(II) , Cu(I) , and Zn(II) in an aqueous medium, modelled using 4-methylimidazole to represent the histidine side chain. Through a combination of in silico coordination chemistry as well as rigorous EXAFS curve-fitting, using full multiple scattering on candidate structures derived from DFT calculations, we have characterized the predominant coordination modes for the 1:1 complexes of Cu(II) , Cu(I) , and Zn(II) with the OR4 peptide at pH 7.4 at atomic resolution, which are best represented as square-planar [Cu(II) (His)4 ](2+) , digonal [Cu(I) (His)2 ](+) , and tetrahedral [Zn(II) (His)3 (OH2 )](2+) , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 306-966-8593.
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Petit CSV, Besnier L, Morel E, Rousset M, Thenet S. Roles of the cellular prion protein in the regulation of cell-cell junctions and barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24377. [PMID: 24665391 PMCID: PMC3887058 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein was historically characterized owing to its misfolding in prion disease. Although its physiological role remains incompletely understood, PrP(C) has emerged as an evolutionary conserved, multifaceted protein involved in a wide-range of biological processes. PrP(C) is a GPI-anchored protein targeted to the plasma membrane, in raft microdomains, where its interaction with a repertoire of binding partners, which differ depending on cell models, mediates its functions. Among identified PrP(C) partners are cell adhesion molecules. This review will focus on the multiple implications of PrP(C) in cell adhesion processes, mainly the regulation of cell-cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial cells and the consequences on barrier properties. We will show how recent findings argue for a role of PrP(C) in the recruitment of signaling molecules, which in turn control the targeting or the stability of adhesion complexes at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance S V Petit
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; INSERM; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Laura Besnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; INSERM; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; INSERM; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Monique Rousset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; INSERM; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; INSERM; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire ; Paris, France
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Rustamov IR, Dyatlov VA, Grebeneva TA, Dyatlov AV, Zaitsev VV, Maleev VI. Polycyanoacrylate porous material for bone tissue substitution. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4310-4317. [PMID: 32261569 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00554f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A proof of concept study has been conducted for the design of a porous biodegradable material containing nanocapsules and two actives with independent release-bimodal drug-eluting implants. Completely safe synthetic material free from risk of prion and virus contamination was tested in vivo, and a method for controlling the rate of biodegradation of poly-2-cyanoacrylic polymer was developed. Novel perfluorinated 2-cyanoacrylic esters have been applied for the chemical modification of polyethyl-2-cyanoacrlylate copolymers. Internal imide-cycle formation has been used to retard the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the 2-cyanoacrylic copolymer main chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Rustamov
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Russia
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50
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Deletion of the prion gene Prnp affects offensive aggression in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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