1
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Chen D, Wiggins D, Sevick EM, Davis MJ, King PD. An EPHB4-RASA1 signaling complex inhibits shear stress-induced Ras-MAPK activation in lymphatic endothelial cells to promote the development of lymphatic vessel valves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568378. [PMID: 38045382 PMCID: PMC10690291 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
EPHB4 is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is required for the development of lymphatic vessel (LV) valves. We show here that EPHB4 is necessary for the specification of LV valves, their continued development after specification, and the maintenance of LV valves in adult mice. EPHB4 promotes LV valve development by inhibiting the activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway in LV endothelial cells (LEC). For LV specification, this role for EPHB4 depends on its ability to interact physically with the p120 Ras-GTPase-activating protein (RASA1) that acts as a negative regulator of Ras. Through physical interaction, EPHB4 and RASA1 dampen oscillatory shear stress (OSS)-induced Ras-MAPK activation in LEC, which is required for LV specification. We identify the Piezo1 OSS sensor as a focus of EPHB4-RASA1 regulation of OSS-induced Ras-MAPK signaling mediated through physical interaction. These findings contribute to an understanding of the mechanism by which EPHB4, RASA1 and Ras regulate lymphatic valvulogenesis.
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2
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Shin M, Yin HM, Shih YH, Nozaki T, Portman D, Toles B, Kolb A, Luk K, Isogai S, Ishida K, Hanasaka T, Parsons MJ, Wolfe SA, Burns CE, Burns CG, Lawson ND. Generation and application of endogenously floxed alleles for cell-specific knockout in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2614-2626.e7. [PMID: 37633272 PMCID: PMC10840978 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is amenable to a variety of genetic approaches. However, lack of conditional deletion alleles limits stage- or cell-specific gene knockout. Here, we applied an existing protocol to establish a floxed allele for gata2a but failed to do so due to off-target integration and incomplete knockin. To address these problems, we applied simultaneous co-targeting with Cas12a to insert loxP sites in cis, together with transgenic counterscreening and comprehensive molecular analysis, to identify off-target insertions and confirm targeted knockins. We subsequently used our approach to establish endogenously floxed alleles of foxc1a, rasa1a, and ruvbl1, each in a single generation. We demonstrate the utility of these alleles by verifying Cre-dependent deletion, which yielded expected phenotypes in each case. Finally, we used the floxed gata2a allele to demonstrate an endothelial autonomous requirement in lymphatic valve development. Together, our results provide a framework for routine generation and application of endogenously floxed alleles in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hui-Min Yin
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Huan Shih
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Takayuki Nozaki
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Daneal Portman
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Benjamin Toles
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amy Kolb
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kevin Luk
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sumio Isogai
- Department of Medical Education, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kinji Ishida
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hanasaka
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Michael J Parsons
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scot A Wolfe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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3
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Greysson-Wong J, Rode R, Ryu JR, Chan JL, Davari P, Rinker KD, Childs SJ. rasa1-related arteriovenous malformation is driven by aberrant venous signalling. Development 2023; 150:dev201820. [PMID: 37708300 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) develop where abnormal endothelial signalling allows direct connections between arteries and veins. Mutations in RASA1, a Ras GTPase activating protein, lead to AVMs in humans and, as we show, in zebrafish rasa1 mutants. rasa1 mutants develop cavernous AVMs that subsume part of the dorsal aorta and multiple veins in the caudal venous plexus (CVP) - a venous vascular bed. The AVMs progressively enlarge and fill with slow-flowing blood. We show that the AVM results in both higher minimum and maximum flow velocities, resulting in increased pulsatility in the aorta and decreased pulsatility in the vein. These hemodynamic changes correlate with reduced expression of the flow-responsive transcription factor klf2a. Remodelling of the CVP is impaired with an excess of intraluminal pillars, which is a sign of incomplete intussusceptive angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we show that the AVM arises from ectopic activation of MEK/ERK in the vein of rasa1 mutants, and that cell size is also increased in the vein. Blocking MEK/ERK signalling prevents AVM initiation in mutants. Alterations in venous MEK/ERK therefore drive the initiation of rasa1 AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Greysson-Wong
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rachael Rode
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jae-Ryeon Ryu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jo Li Chan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paniz Davari
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kristina D Rinker
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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4
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Meng Y, Lv T, Zhang J, Shen W, Li L, Li Y, Liu X, Lei X, Lin X, Xu H, Meng A, Jia S. Temporospatial inhibition of Erk signaling is required for lymphatic valve formation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:342. [PMID: 37691058 PMCID: PMC10493226 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraluminal lymphatic valves (LVs) and lymphovenous valves (LVVs) are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid. Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux, and result in lymphedema. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of valve development remains poorly understood. We here report the implication of Efnb2-Ephb4-Rasa1 regulated Erk signaling axis in lymphatic valve development with identification of two new valve structures. Dynamic monitoring of phospho-Erk activity indicated that Erk signaling is spatiotemporally inhibited in some lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during the valve cell specification. Inhibition of Erk signaling via simultaneous depletion of zygotic erk1 and erk2 or treatment with MEK inhibitor selumetinib causes lymphatic vessel hypoplasia and lymphatic valve hyperplasia, suggesting opposite roles of Erk signaling during these two processes. ephb4b mutants, efnb2a;efnb2b or rasa1a;rasa1b double mutants all have defective LVs and LVVs and exhibit blood reflux into lymphatic vessels with an edema phenotype. Importantly, the valve defects in ephb4b or rasa1a;rasa1b mutants are mitigated with high-level gata2 expression in the presence of MEK inhibitors. Therefore, Efnb2-Ephb4 signaling acts to suppress Erk activation in valve-forming cells to promote valve specification upstream of Rasa1. Not only do our findings reveal a molecular mechanism of lymphatic valve formation, but also provide a basis for the treatment of lymphatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuguang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Anming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shunji Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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Vish KJ, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ. Diverse p120RasGAP interactions with doubly phosphorylated partners EphB4, p190RhoGAP, and Dok1. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105098. [PMID: 37507023 PMCID: PMC10470053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RasGAP (p120RasGAP), the founding member of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) family, is one of only nine human proteins to contain two SH2 domains and is essential for proper vascular development. Despite its importance, its interactions with key binding partners remains unclear. In this study we provide a detailed viewpoint of RasGAP recruitment to various binding partners and assess their impact on RasGAP activity. We reveal the RasGAP SH2 domains generate distinct binding interactions with three well-known doubly phosphorylated binding partners: p190RhoGAP, Dok1, and EphB4. Affinity measurements demonstrate a 100-fold weakened affinity for RasGAP-EphB4 binding compared to RasGAP-p190RhoGAP or RasGAP-Dok1 binding, possibly driven by single versus dual SH2 domain engagement with a dominant N-terminal SH2 interaction. Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals conformational differences between RasGAP-EphB4 binding and RasGAP-p190RhoGAP binding. Importantly, these interactions do not impact catalytic activity, implying RasGAP utilizes its SH2 domains to achieve diverse spatial-temporal regulation of Ras signaling in a previously unrecognized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Vish
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amy L Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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6
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Báez-Flores J, Rodríguez-Martín M, Lacal J. The therapeutic potential of neurofibromin signaling pathways and binding partners. Commun Biol 2023; 6:436. [PMID: 37081086 PMCID: PMC10119308 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin controls many cell processes, such as growth, learning, and memory. If neurofibromin is not working properly, it can lead to health problems, including issues with the nervous, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems and cancer. This review examines neurofibromin's binding partners, signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets. In addition, it summarizes the different post-translational modifications that can affect neurofibromin's interactions with other molecules. It is essential to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie neurofibromin variants in order to provide with functional connections between neurofibromin and its associated proteins for possible therapeutic targets based on its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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7
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Genetics of brain arteriovenous malformations and cerebral cavernous malformations. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:157-167. [PMID: 35831630 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular malformations comprise abnormal development of cerebral vasculature. They can result in hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of lesions as well as seizures and neurological defects. The most common forms of cerebrovascular malformations are brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). They occur in both sporadic and inherited forms. Rapidly evolving molecular genetic methodologies have helped to identify causative or associated genes involved in genesis of bAVMs and CCMs. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding the genetic basis of these malformations.
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8
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Coccia E, Valeri L, Zuntini R, Caraffi SG, Peluso F, Pagliai L, Vezzani A, Pietrangiolillo Z, Leo F, Melli N, Fiorini V, Greco A, Lepri FR, Pisaneschi E, Marozza A, Carli D, Mussa A, Radio FC, Conti B, Iascone M, Gargano G, Novelli A, Tartaglia M, Zuffardi O, Bedeschi MF, Garavelli L. Prenatal Clinical Findings in RASA1-Related Capillary Malformation-Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030549. [PMID: 36980822 PMCID: PMC10048332 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in RASA1 are typically associated with a clinical condition called “capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation” (CM-AVM) syndrome, an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by a broad phenotypic variability, even within families. In CM-AVM syndrome, multifocal capillary and arteriovenous malformations are mainly localized in the central nervous system, spine and skin. Although CM-AVM syndrome has been widely described in the literature, only 21 cases with prenatal onset of clinical features have been reported thus far. Here, we report four pediatric cases of molecularly confirmed CM-AVM syndrome which manifested during the prenatal period. Polyhydramnios, non-immune hydrops fetalis and chylothorax are only a few possible aspects of this condition, but a correct interpretation of these prenatal signs is essential due to the possible fatal consequences of unrecognized encephalic and thoracoabdominal deep vascular malformations in newborns and in family members carrying the same RASA1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Coccia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Postgraduate School of Medical Genetics, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lara Valeri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Paediatrics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zuntini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296158/+39-0522-296244
| | - Francesca Peluso
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Pagliai
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Vezzani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Zaira Pietrangiolillo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Leo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nives Melli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Postgraduate School of Paediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Lepri
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Pisaneschi
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Marozza
- Medical Genetics Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Conti
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Bedeschi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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9
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Chen D, Van der Ent MA, Lartey NL, King PD. EPHB4-RASA1-Mediated Negative Regulation of Ras-MAPK Signaling in the Vasculature: Implications for the Treatment of EPHB4- and RASA1-Related Vascular Anomalies in Humans. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:165. [PMID: 37259315 PMCID: PMC9959185 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephrin receptors constitute a large family of receptor tyrosine kinases in mammals that through interaction with cell surface-anchored ephrin ligands regulate multiple different cellular responses in numerous cell types and tissues. In the cardiovascular system, studies performed in vitro and in vivo have pointed to a critical role for Ephrin receptor B4 (EPHB4) as a regulator of blood and lymphatic vascular development and function. However, in this role, EPHB4 appears to act not as a classical growth factor receptor but instead functions to dampen the activation of the Ras-mitogen activated protein signaling (MAPK) pathway induced by other growth factor receptors in endothelial cells (EC). To inhibit the Ras-MAPK pathway, EPHB4 interacts functionally with Ras p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1) also known as p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein. Here, we review the evidence for an inhibitory role for an EPHB4-RASA1 interface in EC. We further discuss the mechanisms by which loss of EPHB4-RASA1 signaling in EC leads to blood and lymphatic vascular abnormalities in mice and the implications of these findings for an understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular anomalies in humans caused by mutations in EPHB4 and RASA1 genes. Last, we provide insights into possible means of drug therapy for EPHB4- and RASA1-related vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip D. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Nguyen HL, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Trametinib as a promising therapeutic option in alleviating vascular defects in an endothelial KRAS-induced mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:276-289. [PMID: 35972810 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic activating Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) mutations have been reported in patients with arteriovenous malformations. By producing LSL-Kras (G12D); Cdh5 (PAC)-CreERT2 [iEC-Kras (G12D*)] mice, we hoped to activate KRAS within vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to generate an arteriovenous malformation mouse model. Neonatal mice were treated daily with tamoxifen from postnatal (PN) days 1-3. Mortality and phenotypes varied amongst iEC-Kras (G12D*) pups, with only 31.5% surviving at PN14. Phenotypes (focal lesions, vessel dilations) developed in a consistent manner, although with unpredictable severity within multiple soft tissues (such as the brain, liver, heart and brain). Overall, iEC-Kras (G12D*) pups developed significantly larger vascular lumen areas compared with control littermates, beginning at PN8. We subsequently tested whether the MEK inhibitor trametinib could effectively alleviate lesion progression. At PN16, iEC-Kras (G12D*) pup survival improved to 76.9%, and average vessel sizes were closer to controls than in untreated and vehicle-treated mutants. In addition, trametinib treatment helped normalize iEC-Kras (G12D*) vessel morphology in PN14 brains. Thus, trametinib could act as an effective therapy for KRAS-induced vascular malformations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Long Nguyen
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Saint Luc University Hospital, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Saint Luc University Hospital, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Stiegler AL, Vish KJ, Boggon TJ. Tandem engagement of phosphotyrosines by the dual SH2 domains of p120RasGAP. Structure 2022; 30:1603-1614.e5. [PMID: 36417908 PMCID: PMC9722645 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
p120RasGAP is a multidomain GTPase-activating protein for Ras. The presence of two Src homology 2 domains in an SH2-SH3-SH2 module raises the possibility that p120RasGAP simultaneously binds dual phosphotyrosine residues in target proteins. One known binding partner with two proximal phosphotyrosines is p190RhoGAP, a GTPase-activating protein for Rho GTPases. Here, we present the crystal structure of the p120RasGAP SH2-SH3-SH2 module bound to a doubly tyrosine-phosphorylated p190RhoGAP peptide, revealing simultaneous phosphotyrosine recognition by the SH2 domains. The compact arrangement places the SH2 domains in close proximity resembling an SH2 domain tandem and exposed SH3 domain. Affinity measurements support synergistic binding, while solution scattering reveals that dual phosphotyrosine binding induces compaction of this region. Our studies reflect a binding mode that limits conformational flexibility within the SH2-SH3-SH2 cassette and relies on the spacing and sequence surrounding the two phosphotyrosines, potentially representing a selectivity mechanism for downstream signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimberly J Vish
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Drapé E, Anquetil T, Larrivée B, Dubrac A. Brain arteriovenous malformation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1006115. [PMID: 36504622 PMCID: PMC9729275 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by vessel dilatation, such as telangiectasia in skin and mucosa and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in internal organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and brain. AVMs are fragile and tortuous vascular anomalies that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing healthy capillaries. Mutations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway components, such as ENG (ENDOGLIN), ACVRL1 (ALK1), and SMAD4 (SMAD4) genes, account for most of HHT cases. 10-20% of HHT patients develop brain AVMs (bAVMs), which can lead to vessel wall rupture and intracranial hemorrhages. Though the main mutations are known, mechanisms leading to AVM formation are unclear, partially due to lack of animal models. Recent mouse models allowed significant advances in our understanding of AVMs. Endothelial-specific deletion of either Acvrl1, Eng or Smad4 is sufficient to induce AVMs, identifying endothelial cells (ECs) as primary targets of BMP signaling to promote vascular integrity. Loss of ALK1/ENG/SMAD4 signaling is associated with NOTCH signaling defects and abnormal arteriovenous EC differentiation. Moreover, cumulative evidence suggests that AVMs originate from venous ECs with defective flow-migration coupling and excessive proliferation. Mutant ECs show an increase of PI3K/AKT signaling and inhibitors of this signaling pathway rescue AVMs in HHT mouse models, revealing new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we will summarize recent advances and current knowledge of mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of bAVMs, and discuss unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Drapé
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département de Pharmacologie et de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Typhaine Anquetil
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Centre De Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Bruno Larrivée,
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Alexandre Dubrac,
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13
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Vetiska S, Wälchli T, Radovanovic I, Berhouma M. Molecular and genetic mechanisms in brain arteriovenous malformations: new insights and future perspectives. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:3573-3593. [PMID: 36219361 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are rare vascular lesions made of shunts between cerebral arteries and veins without the interposition of a capillary bed. The majority of bAVMs are asymptomatic, but some may be revealed by seizures and potentially life-threatening brain hemorrhage. The management of unruptured bAVMs remains a matter of debate. Significant progress in the understanding of their pathogenesis has been made during the last decade, particularly using genome sequencing and biomolecular analysis. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent molecular and genetic advances in the study of bAVMs that not only allow a better understanding of the genesis and growth of bAVMs, but also open new insights in medical treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vetiska
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Wälchli
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Radovanovic
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moncef Berhouma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France. .,CREATIS Lab, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1294, Lyon 1, University, Lyon, France.
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14
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Identification of Germinal Neurofibromin Hotspots. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082044. [PMID: 36009591 PMCID: PMC9405573 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin is engaged in many cellular processes and when the proper protein functioning is impaired, it causes neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), one of the most common inherited neurological disorders. Recent advances in sequencing and screening of the NF1 gene have increased the number of detected variants. However, the correlation of these variants with the clinic remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed 4610 germinal NF1 variants annotated in ClinVar and determined on exon level the mutational spectrum and potential pathogenic regions. Then, a binomial and sliding windows test using 783 benign and 938 pathogenic NF1 variants were analyzed against functional and structural regions of neurofibromin. The distribution of synonymous, missense, and frameshift variants are statistically significant in certain regions of neurofibromin suggesting that the type of variant and its associated phenotype may depend on protein disorder. Indeed, there is a negative correlation between the pathogenic fraction prediction and the disorder data, suggesting that the higher an intrinsically disordered region is, the lower the pathogenic fraction is and vice versa. Most pathogenic variants are associated to NF1 and our analysis suggests that GRD, CSRD, TBD, and Armadillo1 domains are hotspots in neurofibromin. Knowledge about NF1 genotype–phenotype correlations can provide prognostic guidance and aid in organ-specific surveillance.
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15
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Sanchez-Baltasar R, Garcia-Torralba A, Nieto-Romero V, Page A, Molinos-Vicente A, López-Manzaneda S, Ojeda-Pérez I, Ramirez A, Navarro M, Segovia JC, García-Bravo M. Efficient and Fast Generation of Relevant Disease Mouse Models by In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Editing of Zygotes. CRISPR J 2022; 5:422-434. [PMID: 35686982 PMCID: PMC9233508 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout mice for human disease-causing genes provide valuable models in which new therapeutic approaches can be tested. Electroporation of genome editing tools into zygotes, in vitro or within oviducts, allows for the generation of targeted mutations in a shorter time. We have generated mouse models deficient in genes involved in metabolic rare diseases (Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency) or in a tumor suppressor gene (Rasa1). Pairs of guide RNAs were designed to generate controlled deletions that led to the absence of protein. In vitro or in vivo ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation rendered more than 90% and 30% edited newborn animals, respectively. Mice lines with edited alleles were established and disease hallmarks have been verified in the three models that showed a high consistency of results and validating RNP electroporation into zygotes as an efficient technique for disease modeling without the need to outsource to external facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez-Baltasar
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Garcia-Torralba
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Nieto-Romero
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angustias Page
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIEMAT/CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Molinos-Vicente
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Manzaneda
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Ojeda-Pérez
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIEMAT/CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIEMAT/CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Segovia
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Bravo
- Cell Technology Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIEMAT/CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Bush JO. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of EPH/EPHRIN signaling in evolution and development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:153-201. [PMID: 35606056 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their signaling partners, the EPHRINS, comprise a large class of cell signaling molecules that plays diverse roles in development. As cell membrane-anchored signaling molecules, they regulate cellular organization by modulating the strength of cellular contacts, usually by impacting the actin cytoskeleton or cell adhesion programs. Through these cellular functions, EPH/EPHRIN signaling often regulates tissue shape. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that this signaling family is ancient and associated with the origin of multicellularity. Though extensively studied, our understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by this large family of signaling proteins remains patchwork, and a truly "canonical" EPH/EPHRIN signal transduction pathway is not known and may not exist. Instead, several foundational evolutionarily conserved mechanisms are overlaid by a myriad of tissue -specific functions, though common themes emerge from these as well. Here, I review recent advances and the related contexts that have provided new understanding of the conserved and varied molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by EPH/EPHRIN signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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17
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Kang E, Kim YM, Choi Y, Lee Y, Kim J, Choi IH, Yoo HW, Yoon HM, Lee BH. Whole-body MRI evaluation in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients younger than 3 years old and the genetic contribution to disease progression. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:24. [PMID: 35093157 PMCID: PMC8800361 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common human genetic disease with age-dependent phenotype progression. The overview of clinical and radiological findings evaluated by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) in NF1 patients < 3 years old assessed with a genetic contribution to disease progression is presented herein.
Methods This study included 70 clinically or genetically diagnosed NF1 patients who received WBMRI before 3 years old. Clinical, genetic, and radiologic features were collected by retrospective chart review. In NF1+, widely spread diffuse cutaneous neurofibromas, developmental delay, autism, seizure, cardiac abnormalities, hearing defect, optic pathway glioma, severe plexiform neurofibromas (> 3 cm in diameter, disfigurement, accompanying pain, bony destruction, or located para-aortic area), brain tumors, nerve root tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, moyamoya disease, and bony dysplasia were included. Results The age at WBMRI was 1.6 ± 0.7 years old, and NF1 mutations were found in 66 patients (94.3%). Focal areas of signal intensity (FASI) were the most common WBMRI finding (66.1%), followed by optic pathway glioma (15.7%), spine dural ectasia (12.9%), and plexiform neurofibromas (10.0%). Plexiform neurofibromas and NF1+ were more prevalent in familial case (28.7% vs 5.7%, p = 0.030; 71.4% vs 30.2%, p = 0.011). Follow-up WBMRI was conducted in 42 patients (23 girls and 19 boys) after 1.21 ± 0.50 years. FASI and radiologic progression were more frequent in patients with mutations involving GTPase activating protein-related domain (77.8% vs 52.4%, p = 0.047; 46.2% vs 7.7%, p = 0.029). Conclusions WBMRI provides important information for the clinical care for young pediatric NF1 patients. As NF1 progresses in even these young patients, and is related to family history and the affected NF1 domains, serial evaluation with WBMRI should be assessed based on the clinical and genetic features for the patients’ best care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02174-3.
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19
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Chen D, Hughes ED, Saunders TL, Wu J, Hernández Vásquez MN, Makinen T, King PD. Angiogenesis depends upon EPHB4-mediated export of collagen IV from vascular endothelial cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156928. [PMID: 35015735 PMCID: PMC8876457 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) is a blood vascular anomaly caused by inherited loss of function mutations in RASA1 or EPHB4 genes that encode p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein (p120 RasGAP/RASA1) and Ephrin receptor B4 (EPHB4) respectively. However, whether RASA1 and EPHB4 function in the same molecular signaling pathway to regulate the blood vasculature is uncertain. Here, we show that induced endothelial cell (EC)-specific disruption of Ephb4 in mice results in accumulation of collagen IV in the EC endoplasmic reticulum leading to EC apoptotic death and defective developmental, neonatal and pathological angiogenesis, as reported previously in induced EC-specific RASA1-deficient mice. Moreover, defects in angiogenic responses in EPHB4-deficient mice can be rescued by drugs that inhibit signaling through the Ras pathway and drugs that promote collagen IV export from the ER. However, EPHB4 mutant mice that express a form of EPHB4 that is unable to physically engage RASA1 but retains protein tyrosine kinase activity show normal angiogenic responses. These findings provide strong evidence that RASA1 and EPHB4 function in the same signaling pathway to protect against the development of CM-AVM independent of physical interaction and have important implications with regards possible means of treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D Hughes
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Taija Makinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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20
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Genetics and Vascular Biology of Brain Vascular Malformations. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Pan P, Weinsheimer S, Cooke D, Winkler E, Abla A, Kim H, Su H. Review of treatment and therapeutic targets in brain arteriovenous malformation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3141-3156. [PMID: 34162280 PMCID: PMC8669284 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211026771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are an important cause of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), especially in younger patients. The pathogenesis of bAVM are largely unknown. Current understanding of bAVM etiology is based on studying genetic syndromes, animal models, and surgically resected specimens from patients. The identification of activating somatic mutations in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) gene and other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway genes has opened up new avenues for bAVM study, leading to a paradigm shift to search for somatic, de novo mutations in sporadic bAVMs instead of focusing on inherited genetic mutations. Through the development of new models and understanding of pathways involved in maintaining normal vascular structure and functions, promising therapeutic targets have been identified and safety and efficacy studies are underway in animal models and in patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a thorough review or current diagnostic and treatment tools, known genes and key pathways involved in bAVM pathogenesis to summarize current treatment options and potential therapeutic targets uncovered by recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Shantel Weinsheimer
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel Cooke
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ethan Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Adib Abla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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22
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Rustenhoven J, Tanumihardja C, Kipnis J. Cerebrovascular Anomalies: Perspectives From Immunology and Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow. Circ Res 2021; 129:174-194. [PMID: 34166075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate vascular function is essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis and is achieved through virtue of the blood-brain barrier; a specialized structure consisting of endothelial, mural, and astrocytic interactions. While appropriate blood-brain barrier function is typically achieved, the central nervous system vasculature is not infallible and cerebrovascular anomalies, a collective terminology for diverse vascular lesions, are present in meningeal and cerebral vasculature supplying and draining the brain. These conditions, including aneurysmal formation and rupture, arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and cerebral cavernous malformations, and their associated neurological sequelae, are typically managed with neurosurgical or pharmacological approaches. However, increasing evidence implicates interacting roles for inflammatory responses and disrupted central nervous system fluid flow with respect to vascular perturbations. Here, we discuss cerebrovascular anomalies from an immunologic angle and fluid flow perspective. We describe immune contributions, both common and distinct, to the formation and progression of diverse cerebrovascular anomalies. Next, we summarize how cerebrovascular anomalies precipitate diverse neurological sequelae, including seizures, hydrocephalus, and cognitive effects and possible contributions through the recently identified lymphatic and glymphatic systems. Finally, we speculate on and provide testable hypotheses for novel nonsurgical therapeutic approaches for alleviating neurological impairments arising from cerebrovascular anomalies, with a particular emphasis on the normalization of fluid flow and alleviation of inflammation through manipulations of the lymphatic and glymphatic central nervous system clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of genetic models has facilitated the study of the origins and mechanisms of vascular disease. Mouse models have been developed to specifically target endothelial cell populations, with the goal of pinpointing when and where causative mutations wreck their devastating effects. Together, these approaches have propelled the development of therapies by providing an in-vivo platform to evaluate diagnoses and treatment options. This review summarizes the most widely used mouse models that have facilitated the study of vascular disease, with a focus on mouse models of vascular malformations and the road ahead. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past 3 decades, the vascular biology scientific community has been steadily generating a powerful toolkit of useful mouse lines that can be used to tightly regulate gene ablation, or to express transgenic genes, in the murine endothelium. Some of these models inducibly (constitutively) alter gene expression across all endothelial cells, or within distinct subsets, by expressing either Cre recombinase (or inducible versions such as CreERT), or the tetracycline controlled transactivator protein tTA (or rtTA). This now relatively standard technology has been used to gain cutting edge insights into vascular disorders, by allowing in-vivo modeling of key molecular pathways identified as dysregulated across the vast spectrum of vascular anomalies, malformations and dysplasias. However, as sequencing of human patient samples expands, the number of interesting candidate molecular culprits keeps increasing. Consequently, there is now a pressing need to create new genetic mouse models to test hypotheses and to query mechanisms underlying vascular disease. SUMMARY The current review assesses the collection of mouse driver lines that have been instrumental is identifying genes required for blood vessel formation, remodeling, maintenance/quiescence and disease. In addition, the usefulness of these driver lines is underscored here by cataloguing mouse lines developed to experimentally assess the role of key candidate genes in vascular malformations. Despite this solid and steady progress, numerous new candidate vascular malformation genes have recently been identified for which no mouse model yet exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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24
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Marziano C, Genet G, Hirschi KK. Vascular endothelial cell specification in health and disease. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:213-236. [PMID: 33844116 PMCID: PMC8205897 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are two vascular networks in mammals that coordinately function as the main supply and drainage systems of the body. The blood vasculature carries oxygen, nutrients, circulating cells, and soluble factors to and from every tissue. The lymphatic vasculature maintains interstitial fluid homeostasis, transports hematopoietic cells for immune surveillance, and absorbs fat from the gastrointestinal tract. These vascular systems consist of highly organized networks of specialized vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels that exhibit different structures and cellular composition enabling distinct functions. All vessels are composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells that are in direct contact with the circulating fluid; therefore, they are the first responders to circulating factors. However, endothelial cells are not homogenous; rather, they are a heterogenous population of specialized cells perfectly designed for the physiological demands of the vessel they constitute. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the specification of arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic endothelial cell identities during vascular development. We also discuss how the dysregulation of these processes can lead to vascular malformations, and therapeutic approaches that have been developed for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Marziano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gael Genet
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The complex development of the brain vascular system can be broken down by embryonic stages and anatomic locations, which are tightly regulated by different factors and pathways in time and spatially. The adult brain is relatively quiescent in angiogenesis. However, under disease conditions, such as trauma, stroke, or tumor, angiogenesis can be activated in the adult brain. Disruption of any of the factors or pathways may lead to malformed vessel development. In this chapter, we will discuss factors and pathways involved in normal brain vasculogenesis and vascular maturation, and the pathogenesis of several brain vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonali S Shaligram
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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26
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Eisa-Beygi S, Vo NJ, Link BA. RhoA activation-mediated vascular permeability in capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome: a hypothesis. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:1790-1793. [PMID: 33358701 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome is a class of capillary anomalies that are associated with arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas, which carry a risk of hemorrhages. There are no broadly effective pharmacological therapies currently available. Most CM-AVMs are associated with a loss of RASA1, resulting in constitutive activation of RAS signaling. However, protein interaction analysis revealed that RASA1 forms a complex with Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP), a negative regulator of RhoA signaling. Herein, we propose that loss of RASA1 function results in constitutive activation of RhoA signaling in endothelial cells, resulting in enhanced vascular permeability. Therefore, strategies aimed at curtailing RhoA activity should be tested as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in cell culture studies and animal models of RASA1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Nghia Jack Vo
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, Pediatric Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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27
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Chen D, Geng X, Lapinski PE, Davis MJ, Srinivasan RS, King PD. RASA1-driven cellular export of collagen IV is required for the development of lymphovenous and venous valves in mice. Development 2020; 147:dev192351. [PMID: 33144395 PMCID: PMC7746672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RASA1, a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK signaling, is essential for the development and maintenance of lymphatic vessel valves. However, whether RASA1 is required for the development and maintenance of lymphovenous valves (LVV) and venous valves (VV) is unknown. In this study, we show that induced disruption of Rasa1 in mouse embryos did not affect initial specification of LVV or central VV, but did affect their continued development. Similarly, a switch to expression of a catalytically inactive form of RASA1 resulted in impaired LVV and VV development. Blocked development of LVV was associated with accumulation of the basement membrane protein, collagen IV, in LVV-forming endothelial cells (EC), and could be partially or completely rescued by MAPK inhibitors and drugs that promote collagen IV folding. Disruption of Rasa1 in adult mice resulted in venous hypertension and impaired VV function that was associated with loss of EC from VV leaflets. In conclusion, RASA1 functions as a negative regulator of Ras signaling in EC that is necessary for EC export of collagen IV, thus permitting the development of LVV and the development and maintenance of VV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Philip E Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65102, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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28
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Bergoug M, Doudeau M, Godin F, Mosrin C, Vallée B, Bénédetti H. Neurofibromin Structure, Functions and Regulation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112365. [PMID: 33121128 PMCID: PMC7692384 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin is a large and multifunctional protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene NF1, mutations of which cause the tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Over the last three decades, studies of neurofibromin structure, interacting partners, and functions have shown that it is involved in several cell signaling pathways, including the Ras/MAPK, Akt/mTOR, ROCK/LIMK/cofilin, and cAMP/PKA pathways, and regulates many fundamental cellular processes, such as proliferation and migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, neurite outgrowth, dendritic-spine density, and dopamine levels. The crystallographic structure has been resolved for two of its functional domains, GRD (GAP-related (GTPase-activating protein) domain) and SecPH, and its post-translational modifications studied, showing it to be localized to several cell compartments. These findings have been of particular interest in the identification of many therapeutic targets and in the proposal of various therapeutic strategies to treat the symptoms of NF1. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature on neurofibromin structure, function, interactions, and regulation and highlight the relationships between them.
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29
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Bellazzo A, Collavin L. Cutting the Brakes on Ras-Cytoplasmic GAPs as Targets of Inactivation in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103066. [PMID: 33096593 PMCID: PMC7588890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary GTPase-Activating Proteins (RasGAPs) are a group of structurally related proteins with a fundamental role in controlling the activity of Ras in normal and cancer cells. In particular, loss of function of RasGAPs may contribute to aberrant Ras activation in cancer. Here we review the multiple molecular mechanisms and factors that are involved in downregulating RasGAPs expression and functions in cancer. Additionally, we discuss how extracellular stimuli from the tumor microenvironment can control RasGAPs expression and activity in cancer cells and stromal cells, indirectly affecting Ras activation, with implications for cancer development and progression. Abstract The Ras pathway is frequently deregulated in cancer, actively contributing to tumor development and progression. Oncogenic activation of the Ras pathway is commonly due to point mutation of one of the three Ras genes, which occurs in almost one third of human cancers. In the absence of Ras mutation, the pathway is frequently activated by alternative means, including the loss of function of Ras inhibitors. Among Ras inhibitors, the GTPase-Activating Proteins (RasGAPs) are major players, given their ability to modulate multiple cancer-related pathways. In fact, most RasGAPs also have a multi-domain structure that allows them to act as scaffold or adaptor proteins, affecting additional oncogenic cascades. In cancer cells, various mechanisms can cause the loss of function of Ras inhibitors; here, we review the available evidence of RasGAP inactivation in cancer, with a specific focus on the mechanisms. We also consider extracellular inputs that can affect RasGAP levels and functions, implicating that specific conditions in the tumor microenvironment can foster or counteract Ras signaling through negative or positive modulation of RasGAPs. A better understanding of these conditions might have relevant clinical repercussions, since treatments to restore or enhance the function of RasGAPs in cancer would help circumvent the intrinsic difficulty of directly targeting the Ras protein.
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30
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang Q, Su B, Xu H, Sun Y, Sun P, Li R, Peng X, Cai J. Role of RASA1 in cancer: A review and update (Review). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2386-2396. [PMID: 33125148 PMCID: PMC7610306 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1) is a regulator of Ras GDP and GTP and is involved in numerous physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. As a result, RASA1 also contributes to pathological processes in vascular diseases and tumour formation. This review focuses on the role of RASA1 in multiple tumours types in the lung, intestines, liver, and breast. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms of RASA1 and its downstream effects through Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK or Ras/PI3K/AKT signalling. Moreover, miRNAs are capable of regulating RASA1 and could be a novel targeted treatment strategy for tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Quanyue Wang
- Qinghai Institute of Health Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Su
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Pei Sun
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Rumeng Li
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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31
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Jaber Chehayeb R, Wang J, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ. The GTPase-activating protein p120RasGAP has an evolutionarily conserved "FLVR-unique" SH2 domain. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10511-10521. [PMID: 32540970 PMCID: PMC7397115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain has a highly conserved architecture that recognizes linear phosphotyrosine motifs and is present in a wide range of signaling pathways across different evolutionary taxa. A hallmark of SH2 domains is the arginine residue in the conserved FLVR motif that forms a direct salt bridge with bound phosphotyrosine. Here, we solve the X-ray crystal structures of the C-terminal SH2 domain of p120RasGAP (RASA1) in its apo and peptide-bound form. We find that the arginine residue in the FLVR motif does not directly contact pTyr1087 of a bound phosphopeptide derived from p190RhoGAP; rather, it makes an intramolecular salt bridge to an aspartic acid. Unexpectedly, coordination of phosphotyrosine is achieved by a modified binding pocket that appears early in evolution. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we find that substitution of the FLVR arginine R377A does not cause a significant loss of phosphopeptide binding, but rather a tandem substitution of R398A (SH2 position βD4) and K400A (SH2 position βD6) is required to disrupt the binding. These results indicate a hitherto unrecognized diversity in SH2 domain interactions with phosphotyrosine and classify the C-terminal SH2 domain of p120RasGAP as "FLVR-unique."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jaber Chehayeb
- Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica Wang
- Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amy L Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Zhang RL, Aimudula A, Dai JH, Bao YX. RASA1 inhibits the progression of renal cell carcinoma by decreasing the expression of miR-223-3p and promoting the expression of FBXW7. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20194143. [PMID: 32588875 PMCID: PMC7350892 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1), also known as p120-RasGAP, is a RasGAP protein that functions as a signaling scaffold protein, regulating pivotal signal cascades. However, its biological mechanism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unknown. In the present study, RASA1, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7), and miR-223-3p expression were assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Then, the targeted correlations of miR-223-3p with FBXW7 and RASA1 were verified via a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were implemented independently to explore the impact of RASA1 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle progression. Finally, the influence of RASA1 on tumor formation in RCC was assessed in vivo through the analysis of tumor growth in nude mice. Results showed that FBXW7 and RASA1 expression were decreased in RCC tissues and cell lines, while miR-223-3p was expressed at a higher level. Additionally, FBXW7 and RASA1 inhibited cell proliferation but facilitated the population of RCC cells in the G0/G1 phase. Altogether, RASA1 may play a key role in the progression of RCC by decreasing miR-223-3p and subsequently increasing FBXW7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Li Zhang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Changji Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Changji, China
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ainiwaer Aimudula
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Dai
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong-Xing Bao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Capillary malformations, the most common type of vascular malformation, are caused by a somatic mosaic mutation in GNAQ, which encodes the Gαq subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins. How the single amino acid change - predicted to activate Gαq - causes capillary malformations is not known but recent advances are helping to unravel the mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The GNAQ R183Q mutation is present not only in endothelial cells isolated from skin and brain capillary malformations but also in brain tissue underlying the capillary malformation, raising questions about the origin of capillary malformation-causing cells. Insights from computational analyses shed light on the mechanisms of constitutive activation and new basic science shows Gαq plays roles in sensing shear stress and in regulating cerebral blood flow. SUMMARY Several studies confirm the GNAQ R183Q mutation in 90% of nonsyndromic and Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) capillary malformations. The mutation is enriched in endothelial cells and blood vessels isolated from skin, brain, and choroidal capillary malformations, but whether the mutation resides in other cell types must be determined. Further, the mechanisms by which the R183Q mutation alters microvascular architecture and blood flow must be uncovered to develop new treatment strategies for SWS in particular, a devastating disease for which there is no cure.
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Pang C, Lim CS, Brookes J, Tsui J, Hamilton G. Emerging importance of molecular pathogenesis of vascular malformations in clinical practice and classifications. Vasc Med 2020; 25:364-377. [PMID: 32568624 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20918941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular malformations occur during early vascular development resulting in abnormally formed vessels that can manifest as arterial, venous, capillary or lymphatic lesions, or in combination, and include local tissue overdevelopment. Vascular malformations are largely caused by sporadic somatic gene mutations. This article aims to review and discuss current molecular signaling pathways and therapeutic targets for vascular malformations and to classify vascular malformations according to the molecular pathways involved. A literature review was performed using Embase and Medline. Different MeSH terms were combined for the search strategy, with the aim of encompassing all studies describing the classification, pathogenesis, and treatment of vascular malformations. Major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of vascular malformations are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, angiopoietin-TIE2, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. These pathways are involved in controlling cellular growth, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, and play a central role in endothelial cell signaling and angiogenesis. Many vascular malformations share similar aberrant molecular signaling pathways with cancers and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, selective anticancer agents and immunosuppressants may be beneficial in treating vascular malformations of specific mutations. The current classification systems of vascular malformations, including the International Society of the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification, are primarily observational and clinical, and are not based on the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the condition. Several molecular pathways with potential therapeutic targets have been demonstrated to contribute to the development of various vascular anomalies. Classifying vascular malformations based on their molecular pathogenesis may improve treatment by determining the underlying nature of the condition and their potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calver Pang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chung Sim Lim
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom.,NIHR, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Brookes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Interventional Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Tsui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom.,NIHR, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Hamilton
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
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Qiao C, Richter GT, Pan W, Jin Y, Lin X. Extracranial arteriovenous malformations: from bedside to bench. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:299-306. [PMID: 31613971 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as a fast-flow vascular anomaly that shunts blood from arteries directly to veins. This short circuit of blood flow contributes to progressive expansion of draining veins, resulting in ischaemia, tissue deformation and in some severe cases, congestive heart failure. Various medical interventions have been employed to treat AVM, however, management of which remains a huge challenge because of its high recurrence rate and lethal complications. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of AVM development and progression will help direct discovery and a potential cure. Here, we summarize current findings in the field of extracranial AVMs with the aim to provide insight into their aetiology and molecular influences, in the hope to pave the way for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhen Qiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gresham T Richter
- Center for Investigation of Congenital Anomalies of Vascular Development, Arkansas Vascular Biology Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Weijun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbo Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Fish JE, Flores Suarez CP, Boudreau E, Herman AM, Gutierrez MC, Gustafson D, DiStefano PV, Cui M, Chen Z, De Ruiz KB, Schexnayder TS, Ward CS, Radovanovic I, Wythe JD. Somatic Gain of KRAS Function in the Endothelium Is Sufficient to Cause Vascular Malformations That Require MEK but Not PI3K Signaling. Circ Res 2020; 127:727-743. [PMID: 32552404 PMCID: PMC7447191 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: We previously identified somatic activating mutations in the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue) gene in the endothelium of the majority of human sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations; a disorder characterized by direct connections between arteries and veins. However, whether this genetic abnormality alone is sufficient for lesion formation, as well as how active KRAS signaling contributes to arteriovenous malformations, remains unknown. Objective: To establish the first in vivo models of somatic KRAS gain of function in the endothelium in both mice and zebrafish to directly observe the phenotypic consequences of constitutive KRAS activity at a cellular level in vivo, and to test potential therapeutic interventions for arteriovenous malformations. Methods and Results: Using both postnatal and adult mice, as well as embryonic zebrafish, we demonstrate that endothelial-specific gain of function mutations in Kras (G12D or G12V) are sufficient to induce brain arteriovenous malformations. Active KRAS signaling leads to altered endothelial cell morphogenesis and increased cell size, ectopic sprouting, expanded vessel lumen diameter, and direct connections between arteries and veins. Furthermore, we show that these lesions are not associated with altered endothelial growth dynamics or a lack of proper arteriovenous identity but instead seem to feature exuberant angiogenic signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that KRAS-dependent arteriovenous malformations in zebrafish are refractory to inhibition of the downstream effector PI3K but instead require active MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1) signaling. Conclusions: We demonstrate that active KRAS expression in the endothelium is sufficient for brain arteriovenous malformations, even in the setting of uninjured adult vasculature. Furthermore, the finding that KRAS-dependent lesions are reversible in zebrafish suggests that MEK inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic treatment for arteriovenous malformation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (J.E.F., E.B., D.G., P.V.D., Z.C.), University Health Network, Canada.,Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (J.E.F.), University Health Network, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (J.E.F., D.G.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlos Perfecto Flores Suarez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emilie Boudreau
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (J.E.F., E.B., D.G., P.V.D., Z.C.), University Health Network, Canada
| | - Alexander M Herman
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Manuel Cantu Gutierrez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology (M.C.G., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dakota Gustafson
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (J.E.F., E.B., D.G., P.V.D., Z.C.), University Health Network, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (J.E.F., D.G.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter V DiStefano
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (J.E.F., E.B., D.G., P.V.D., Z.C.), University Health Network, Canada
| | - Meng Cui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (J.E.F., E.B., D.G., P.V.D., Z.C.), University Health Network, Canada
| | - Karen Berman De Ruiz
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Taylor S Schexnayder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,and Advanced Technology Cores (T.S.S., C.S.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher S Ward
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,and Advanced Technology Cores (T.S.S., C.S.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ivan Radovanovic
- Krembil Research Institute (I.R.), University Health Network, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Sprott Department of Surgery (I.R.), University Health Network, Canada.,Department of Surgery (I.R.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (C.P.F.S., A.M.H., M.C.G., M.C., K.B.D.R., T.S.S., C.S.W., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology (M.C.G., J.D.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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37
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Harrell Stewart DR, Clark GJ. Pumping the brakes on RAS - negative regulators and death effectors of RAS. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/3/jcs238865. [PMID: 32041893 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations that activate the RAS oncoproteins are common in cancer. However, aberrant upregulation of RAS activity often occurs in the absence of activating mutations in the RAS genes due to defects in RAS regulators. It is now clear that loss of function of Ras GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) is common in tumors, and germline mutations in certain RasGAP genes are responsible for some clinical syndromes. Although regulation of RAS is central to their activity, RasGAPs exhibit great diversity in their binding partners and therefore affect signaling by multiple mechanisms that are independent of RAS. The RASSF family of tumor suppressors are essential to RAS-induced apoptosis and senescence, and constitute a barrier to RAS-mediated transformation. Suppression of RASSF protein expression can also promote the development of excessive RAS signaling by uncoupling RAS from growth inhibitory pathways. Here, we will examine how these effectors of RAS contribute to tumor suppression, through both RAS-dependent and RAS-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond R Harrell Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40222, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40222, USA
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38
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Megquier K, Turner-Maier J, Swofford R, Kim JH, Sarver AL, Wang C, Sakthikumar S, Johnson J, Koltookian M, Lewellen M, Scott MC, Schulte AJ, Borst L, Tonomura N, Alfoldi J, Painter C, Thomas R, Karlsson EK, Breen M, Modiano JF, Elvers I, Lindblad-Toh K. Comparative Genomics Reveals Shared Mutational Landscape in Canine Hemangiosarcoma and Human Angiosarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2410-2421. [PMID: 31570656 PMCID: PMC7067513 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer of blood vessel-forming cells with few effective treatment options and high patient mortality. It is both rare and heterogenous, making large, well-powered genomic studies nearly impossible. Dogs commonly suffer from a similar cancer, called hemangiosarcoma, with breeds like the golden retriever carrying heritable genetic factors that put them at high risk. If the clinical similarity of canine hemangiosarcoma and human angiosarcoma reflects shared genomic etiology, dogs could be a critically needed model for advancing angiosarcoma research. We assessed the genomic landscape of canine hemangiosarcoma via whole-exome sequencing (47 golden retriever hemangiosarcomas) and RNA sequencing (74 hemangiosarcomas from multiple breeds). Somatic coding mutations occurred most frequently in the tumor suppressor TP53 (59.6% of cases) as well as two genes in the PI3K pathway: the oncogene PIK3CA (29.8%) and its regulatory subunit PIK3R1 (8.5%). The predominant mutational signature was the age-associated deamination of cytosine to thymine. As reported in human angiosarcoma, CDKN2A/B was recurrently deleted and VEGFA, KDR, and KIT recurrently gained. We compared the canine data to human data recently released by The Angiosarcoma Project, and found many of the same genes and pathways significantly enriched for somatic mutations, particularly in breast and visceral angiosarcomas. Canine hemangiosarcoma closely models the genomic landscape of human angiosarcoma of the breast and viscera, and is a powerful tool for investigating the pathogenesis of this devastating disease. IMPLICATIONS: We characterize the genomic landscape of canine hemangiosarcoma and demonstrate its similarity to human angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Megquier
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ross Swofford
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jong-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chao Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharadha Sakthikumar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mitzi Lewellen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ashley J Schulte
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Luke Borst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Noriko Tonomura
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Alfoldi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Corrie Painter
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Count Me In, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachael Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ingegerd Elvers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Vivanti A, Ozanne A, Grondin C, Saliou G, Quevarec L, Maurey H, Aubourg P, Benachi A, Gut M, Gut I, Martinovic J, Sénat MV, Tawk M, Melki J. Loss of function mutations in EPHB4 are responsible for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. Brain 2019; 141:979-988. [PMID: 29444212 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
See Meschia (doi:10.1093/brain/awy066) for a scientific commentary on this article.Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation is a congenital anomaly of the cerebral vasculature representing 30% of all paediatric vascular malformations. We conducted whole exome sequencing in 19 unrelated patients presenting this malformation and subsequently screened candidate genes in a cohort of 32 additional patients using either targeted exome or Sanger sequencing. In a cohort of 51 patients, we found five affected individuals with heterozygous mutations in EPHB4 including de novo frameshift (p.His191Alafs*32) or inherited deleterious splice or missense mutations predicted to be pathogenic by in silico tools. Knockdown of ephb4 in zebrafish embryos leads to specific anomalies of dorsal cranial vessels including the dorsal longitudinal vein, which is the orthologue of the median prosencephalic vein and the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen. This model allowed us to investigate EPHB4 loss-of-function mutations in this disease by the ability to rescue the brain vascular defect in knockdown zebrafish co-injected with wild-type, but not truncated EPHB4, mimicking the p.His191Alafs mutation. Our data showed that in both species, loss of function mutations of EPHB4 result in specific and similar brain vascular development anomalies. Recently, EPHB4 germline mutations have been reported in non-immune hydrops fetalis and in cutaneous capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Here, we show that EPHB4 mutations are also responsible for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, indicating that heterozygous germline mutations of EPHB4 result in a large clinical spectrum. The identification of EPHB4 pathogenic mutations in patients presenting capillary malformation or vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation should lead to careful follow-up of pregnancy of carriers for early detection of anomaly of the cerebral vasculature in order to propose optimal neonatal care. Endovascular embolization indeed greatly improved the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vivanti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) UMR-1169 and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Augustin Ozanne
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, National Reference Center for Paediatric Neurovascular Malformation, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Cynthia Grondin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) UMR-1169 and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Guillaume Saliou
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Loic Quevarec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) UMR-1169 and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Helène Maurey
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unit of Fetal Pathology, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Marie Victoire Sénat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Marcel Tawk
- INSERM UMR-1195, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Judith Melki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) UMR-1169 and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94276, France
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40
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Chen D, Teng JM, North PE, Lapinski PE, King PD. RASA1-dependent cellular export of collagen IV controls blood and lymphatic vascular development. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3545-3561. [PMID: 31185000 DOI: 10.1172/jci124917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined germline and somatic second hit inactivating mutations of the RASA1 gene, which encodes a negative regulator of the Ras signaling pathway, cause blood and lymphatic vascular lesions in the human autosomal dominant vascular disorder capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM). How RASA1 mutations in endothelial cells (EC) result in vascular lesions in CM-AVM is unknown. Here, using different murine models of RASA1-deficiency, we found that RASA1 was essential for the survival of EC during developmental angiogenesis in which primitive vascular plexuses are remodeled into hierarchical vascular networks. RASA1 was required for EC survival during developmental angiogenesis because it was necessary for export of collagen IV from EC and deposition in vascular basement membranes. In the absence of RASA1, dysregulated Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction in EC resulted in impaired folding of collagen IV and its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to EC death. Remarkably, the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid, and small molecule inhibitors of MAPK and 2-oxoglutarate dependent collagen IV modifying enzymes rescued ER retention of collagen IV and EC apoptosis and resulted in normal developmental angiogenesis. These findings have important implications with regards an understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CM-AVM and possible means of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joyce M Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paula E North
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philip E Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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41
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Zaballos MA, Acuña-Ruiz A, Morante M, Crespo P, Santisteban P. Regulators of the RAS-ERK pathway as therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R319-R344. [PMID: 30978703 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is mostly an ERK-driven carcinoma, as up to 70% of thyroid carcinomas are caused by mutations that activate the RAS/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily increasing for the last four decades; yet, there is still no effective treatment for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Current research efforts are focused on impairing ERK signaling with small-molecule inhibitors, mainly at the level of BRAF and MEK. However, despite initial promising results in animal models, the clinical success of these inhibitors has been limited by the emergence of tumor resistance and relapse. The RAS/ERK pathway is an extremely complex signaling cascade with multiple points of control, offering many potential therapeutic targets: from the modulatory proteins regulating the activation state of RAS proteins to the scaffolding proteins of the pathway that provide spatial specificity to the signals, and finally, the negative feedbacks and phosphatases responsible for inactivating the pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the biology of RAS/ERK regulators in human cancer highlighting relevant information on thyroid cancer and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zaballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Acuña-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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42
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The Pathogenesis of Port Wine Stain and Sturge Weber Syndrome: Complex Interactions between Genetic Alterations and Aberrant MAPK and PI3K Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092243. [PMID: 31067686 PMCID: PMC6539103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Port wine stain (PWS) is a congenital vascular malformation involving human skin. Approximately 15-20% of children a facial PWS involving the ophthalmic (V1) trigeminal dermatome are at risk for Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS), a neurocutaneous disorder with vascular malformations in the cerebral cortex on the same side of the facial PWS lesions. Recently, evidence has surfaced that advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of PWS/SWS, including discoveries of somatic genetic mutations (GNAQ, PI3K), MAPK and PI3K aberrant activations, and molecular phenotypes of PWS endothelial cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the etiology and pathology of PWS/SWS based on evidence that the activation of MAPK and/or PI3K contributes to the malformations, as well as potential futuristic treatment approaches targeting these aberrantly dysregulated signaling pathways. Current data support that: (1) PWS is a multifactorial malformation involving the entire physiological structure of human skin; (2) PWS should be pathoanatomically re-defined as "a malformation resulting from differentiation-impaired endothelial cells with a progressive dilatation of immature venule-like vasculatures"; (3) dysregulation of vascular MAPK and/or PI3K signaling during human embryonic development plays a part in the pathogenesis and progression of PWS/SWS; and (4) sporadic low frequency somatic mutations, such as GNAQ, PI3K, work as team players but not as a lone wolf, contributing to the development of vascular phenotypes. We also address many crucial questions yet to be answered in the future research investigations.
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43
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Scheffzek K, Shivalingaiah G. Ras-Specific GTPase-Activating Proteins-Structures, Mechanisms, and Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031500. [PMID: 30104198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) down-regulate the biological activity of Ras proteins by accelerating their intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis, basically by a transition state stabilizing mechanism. Oncogenic Ras is commonly not sensitive to RasGAPs caused by interference of mutants with the electronic or steric requirements of the transition state, resulting in up-regulation of activated Ras in respective cells. RasGAPs are modular proteins containing a helical catalytic RasGAP module surrounded by smaller domains that are frequently involved in the subcellular localization or contributing to regulatory features of their host proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about RasGAP structure, mechanism, regulation, and dual-substrate specificity and discuss in some detail neurofibromin, one of the most important negative Ras regulators in cellular growth control and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Scheffzek
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giridhar Shivalingaiah
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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44
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Zeng X, Hunt A, Jin SC, Duran D, Gaillard J, Kahle KT. EphrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 Signaling in Human Cerebrovascular Development and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:265-286. [PMID: 30819650 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent whole exome sequencing studies in humans have provided novel insight into the importance of the ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 signaling axis in cerebrovascular development, corroborating and extending previous work in model systems. Here, we aim to review the human cerebrovascular phenotypes associated with ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 mutations, including those recently discovered in Vein of Galen malformation: the most common and severe brain arteriovenous malformation in neonates. We will also discuss emerging paradigms of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of disease-causing ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 mutations, including the potential role of somatic mosaicism. These observations have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for patients with rare congenital cerebrovascular diseases and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ava Hunt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Gaillard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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Gu B, Li L, Li M, Wang J, Zhang G, Yao K, Wang S. U94/rep of human herpesvirus 6 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5991-6001. [PMID: 30538548 PMCID: PMC6254986 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s177777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously found the involvement of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in the pathogenesis of glioma. U94/rep, encoded by HHV-6, has been identified to play a vital role in viral gene expression and latency. Recent studies have shown its inhibition of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in endothelial cells and prostate cancer cell line PC3, respectively. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of U94/rep in the development and progression of glioma. Patients and methods Patients and methods A total of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection were used for detection of U94/rep. MTT, soft agar, propidium iodide staining, wound healing, Transwell, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assays were applied for evaluation of glioma cells’ proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, respectively. Results U94/rep transcripts could be detected in 11 out of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection. Furthermore, MTT and soft agar assays revealed that overexpression of U94/rep inhibited glioma cell proliferation and colony formation, which may be attributed to the cell cycle arrest at S phase induced by U94/rep. Further analysis demonstrated that U94/rep inhibited glioma cells’ migration and invasion and ex vivo angiogenesis. Reduced expression of proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, and type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, was detected in cells overexpressing U94/rep. These decreased factors may undermine glioma cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that U94/rep could inhibit malignant phenotypes of glioma cells, indicating that it is a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
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North PE. Classification and Pathology of Congenital and Perinatal Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2018; 51:1-39. [PMID: 29217054 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate histopathologic description in correlation with clinical and radiological evaluation is required for treatment of vascular anomalies, both neoplastic and malformative. It is important to examine current clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypical features that distinguish the major types of congenital and perinatal vascular anomalies affecting the head and neck. General discussions of pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis must also be taken into account. This article provides an overview of the features that distinguish the major types of congenital and perinatal vascular anomalies affecting the head and neck, and summarizes the diagnostic histopathologic criteria and nomenclature currently applied to these lesions.
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A novel RASA1 mutation causing capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM): the first genetic clinical report in East Asia. Hereditas 2018; 155:24. [PMID: 30026675 PMCID: PMC6048896 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-018-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) is a clinical entity newly identified in 2003 that is caused by mutation of the RASA-1 gene, which encodes the protein p120-RasGAP. To date, most of the clinical reports on CM-AVM in the literature involve samples entirely consisting of Caucasians of European and North American descent, while reports from China or East Asia are few. Here, we describe a genetic clinical report of CM-AVM. Sequencing revealed a novel stop mutation in the RASA-1 gene causing loss of function (LOF) of the RasGAP domain. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic clinical report of a CM-AVM patient in East Asia. This report may extend our understanding and support further studies of CM-AVM in East Asia.
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Duran D, Karschnia P, Gaillard JR, Karimy JK, Youngblood MW, DiLuna ML, Matouk CC, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Smith ER, Orbach DB, Rodesch G, Berenstein A, Gunel M, Kahle KT. Human genetics and molecular mechanisms of vein of Galen malformation. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2018; 21:367-374. [PMID: 29350590 DOI: 10.3171/2017.9.peds17365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are rare developmental cerebrovascular lesions characterized by fistulas between the choroidal circulation and the median prosencephalic vein. Although the treatment of VOGMs has greatly benefited from advances in endovascular therapy, including technical innovation in interventional neuroradiology, many patients are recalcitrant to procedural intervention or lack accessibility to specialized care centers, highlighting the need for improved screening, diagnostics, and therapeutics. A fundamental obstacle to identifying novel targets is the limited understanding of VOGM molecular pathophysiology, including its human genetics, and the lack of an adequate VOGM animal model. Herein, the known human mutations associated with VOGMs are reviewed to provide a framework for future gene discovery. Gene mutations have been identified in 2 Mendelian syndromes of which VOGM is an infrequent but associated phenotype: capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome ( RASA1) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( ENG and ACVRL1). However, these mutations probably represent only a small fraction of all VOGM cases. Traditional genetic approaches have been limited in their ability to identify additional causative genes for VOGM because kindreds are rare, limited in patient number, and/or seem to have sporadic inheritance patterns, attributable in part to incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability. The authors hypothesize that the apparent sporadic occurrence of VOGM may frequently be attributable to de novo mutation or incomplete penetrance of rare transmitted variants. Collaboration among treating physicians, patients' families, and investigators using next-generation sequencing could lead to the discovery of novel genes for VOGM. This could improve the understanding of normal vascular biology, elucidate the pathogenesis of VOGM and possibly other more common arteriovenous malformation subtypes, and pave the way for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with VOGM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Departments of
| | | | - Darren B Orbach
- 4Neurointerventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georges Rodesch
- 5Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; and
| | - Alejandro Berenstein
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Murat Gunel
- 1Department of Neurosurgery.,7Department of Genetics.,8Centers for Mendelian Genomics and Yale Program on Neurogenetics, and
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- 1Department of Neurosurgery.,8Centers for Mendelian Genomics and Yale Program on Neurogenetics, and.,9Department of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Inactivation of RASA1 promotes melanoma tumorigenesis via R-Ras activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23885-96. [PMID: 26993606 PMCID: PMC5029671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Ras GTPase activating proteins (RasGAPs) can activate Ras, increasing the risk for tumor development. Utilizing a melanoma whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 13 patients, we identified two novel, clustered somatic missense mutations (Y472H and L481F) in RASA1 (RAS p21 protein activator 1, also called p120RasGAP). We have shown that wild type RASA1, but not identified mutants, suppresses soft agar colony formation and tumor growth of BRAF mutated melanoma cell lines via its RasGAP activity toward R-Ras (related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog) isoform. Moreover, R-Ras increased and RASA1 suppressed Ral-A activation among Ras downstream effectors. In addition to mutations, loss of RASA1 expression was frequently observed in metastatic melanoma samples on melanoma tissue microarray (TMA) and a low level of RASA1 mRNA expression was associated with decreased overall survival in melanoma patients with BRAF mutations. Thus, these data support that RASA1 is inactivated by mutation or by suppressed expression in melanoma and that RASA1 plays a tumor suppressive role by inhibiting R-Ras, a previously less appreciated member of the Ras small GTPases.
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