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Gerig BS, Chaloner DT, Rediske RR, Paterson G, Lamberti GA. Pacific salmon as vectors of environmental contaminants: An experimental test confirms synoptic surveys in natural streams. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122355. [PMID: 37567402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon transfer large quantities of material to tributaries during their spawning migrations, including carcass tissue and labile nutrients but also persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals. We conducted a Before-After-Control-Intervention experiment by adding salmon carcasses and eggs to a Michigan (USA) stream that had never received inputs from non-native salmon to understand the bioaccumulation and persistence of biotransported contaminants. Our experimental outcomes were compared to previous studies using meta-analysis. Coincident with the introduction of salmon, the PCB and DDE burden of resident trout significantly increased. However, we did not observe changes in total mercury (Hg). Two years after the salmon addition experiment concluded, resident trout POP concentrations had returned to pre-addition levels, with no difference between the treatment and control reaches. Analysis of effect sizes suggested that the contaminant response observed in our experiment is consistent with field survey observations. Our study suggested that the consumption of salmon eggs drove the increase in POP burden of resident trout while Hg bioaccumulation was influenced by watershed sources. Critically, our study suggests that ecosystems are capable of quickly recovering from POP inputs from species migrations if contaminant sources are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gerig
- Great Rivers Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, National Park Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Dominic T Chaloner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resource Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, 49441, USA
| | - Gordon Paterson
- Great Lakes Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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2
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Bartz KK, Hannam MP, Wilson TL, Lepak RF, Ogorek JM, Young DB, Eagles-Smith CA, Krabbenhoft DP. Understanding drivers of mercury in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a top-predator fish in southwest Alaska's parklands. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121678. [PMID: 37119998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a widespread element and persistent pollutant, harmful to fish, wildlife, and humans in its organic, methylated form. The risk of Hg contamination is driven by factors that regulate Hg loading, methylation, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. In remote locations, with infrequent access and limited data, understanding the relative importance of these factors can pose a challenge. Here, we assessed Hg concentrations in an apex predator fish species, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), collected from 14 lakes spanning two National Parks in southwest Alaska, U.S.A. We then examined factors associated with the variation in fish Hg concentrations using a Bayesian hierarchical model. We found that total Hg concentrations in water were consistently low among lakes (0.11-0.50 ng L-1). Conversely, total Hg concentrations in lake trout spanned a thirty-fold range (101-3046 ng g-1 dry weight), with median values at 7 lakes exceeding Alaska's human consumption threshold. Model results showed that fish age and, to a lesser extent, body condition best explained variation in Hg concentration among fish within a lake, with Hg elevated in older, thinner lake trout. Other factors, including plankton methyl Hg content, fish species richness, volcano proximity, and glacier loss, best explained variation in lake trout Hg concentration among lakes. Collectively, these results provide evidence that multiple, hierarchically nested factors control fish Hg levels in these lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K Bartz
- National Park Service, Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, 240 West 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK, 99501, USA.
| | - Michael P Hannam
- National Park Service, Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, 240 West 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK, 99501, USA
| | - Tammy L Wilson
- National Park Service, Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, 240 West 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK, 99501, USA
| | - Ryan F Lepak
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Jacob M Ogorek
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Daniel B Young
- National Park Service, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, 240 West 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK, 99501, USA
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - David P Krabbenhoft
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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3
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Tsygankov VY, Donets MM, Gumovskiy AN, Khristoforova NK. Temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants biotransport by Pacific salmon in the Northwest Pacific (2008-2018). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114256. [PMID: 36272321 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the biotransport of POPs, including OCPs and PCBs, by Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) on the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In 2008-2012, the Amur River basin, the eastern Kamchatka, and the mainland coast of the Sea of Okhotsk received the largest amounts of pesticides. In 2018, the transport of OCPs to the Russian northwestern Pacific reached only 1 kg, and the total OCP levels in muscles of fish from this region were significantly lower than in previous years. The average concentration of PCBs for all species under study differed from that of OCPs, with the highest concentration recorded from sockeye salmon. In 2018, pink salmon brought the largest amount of PCBs to the Russian northwestern Pacific. Coastal water pollution has decreased significantly in recent years due to the ban on the use of POPs in the Northwest Pacific (according to the measurements in 2010 and 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Yu Tsygankov
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Maksim M Donets
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aleksandr N Gumovskiy
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia
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Cable AB, Willcox EV, Leppanen C. Contaminant exposure as an additional stressor to bats affected by white-nose syndrome: current evidence and knowledge gaps. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:12-23. [PMID: 34625892 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bats are exposed to numerous threats including pollution and emerging diseases. In North America, the fungal disease white-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused declines in many bat species. While the mechanisms of WNS have received considerable research attention, possible influences of contaminants have not. Herein, we review what is known about contaminant exposure and toxicity for four species whose populations have been severely affected by WNS (Myotis sodalis, M. septentrionalis, M. lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) and identify temporal and spatial data gaps. We determine that there is limited information about the effects of contaminants on bats, and many compounds that have been detected in these bat species have yet to be evaluated for toxicity. The four species examined were exposed to a wide variety of contaminants; however, large spatial and knowledge gaps limit our ability to evaluate if contaminants contribute to species-level declines and if contaminant exposure exacerbates infection by WNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh B Cable
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1610, USA
| | - Emma V Willcox
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1610, USA.
| | - Christy Leppanen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 569 Dabney Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1610, USA
- The Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
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5
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Montory M, Habit E, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Kolok AS, Barra RO, Ferrer J. Biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the southern Hemisphere by invasive Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the rivers of northern Chilean Patagonia, a UNESCO biosphere reserve. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105803. [PMID: 32563009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransport is often associated with migration patterns of species, including large, anadromous salmonids. Several studies have reported biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the Northern Hemisphere, but there is no published information on biotransport ocurring south of the equator. Chile's Patagonia is one of the last largely intact natural areas in the world. The objective of this study was to determine whether persistent organic pollutants are transported by the invasive Pacific Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia. Samples of juvenile and adult Chinook salmon were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The results revealed that concentrations of POPs in adults migrating into Patagonian rivers were significantly higher than those found in juveniles migrating seaward. A mass balance analysis indicates that Chinook salmon are a source of persistent organic pollutants to Chilean Patagonia inland waters. Capsule: Biotransport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia has been confirmed by mass balance of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Montory
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar Fernandez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Research Resources Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Ferrer
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Gerig BS, Janetski DJ, Chaloner DT, Lamberti GA. Contaminant Biotransport by Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Wang D, Zheng S, Wang P, Matsiko J, Sun H, Hao Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Que P, Meng D, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Effects of migration and reproduction on the variation in persistent organic pollutant levels in Kentish Plovers from Cangzhou Wetland, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:122-128. [PMID: 30903887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Migratory Birds have been considered biovectors of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from sources to remote areas. In the present study, Kentish Plovers (Charadrius alexandrines) were collected in different periods, including immigration, breeding and emigration, to investigate the effects of migration and reproduction on POP variations in this bird species. Significant differences were found for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations in muscles between the immigration and emigration periods (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively), which could be attributed to the higher pesticide residues in the wintering grounds of plovers. Female plovers could excrete about 20.8-42.7% of POP load into eggs. Nevertheless, the POP levels didn't exhibit great reduction during the breeding period compared with other seasons, which suggested that the breeding status had little impact on POP levels in female plovers. The estimated mean transport masses of POPs driven by plover migration were at the milligram level (range: 0.02-7.05 mg), suggesting that the migration of plovers had limited impacts on the redistributions of POPs along their migratory routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Pinjia Que
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Derong Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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8
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Gerig BS, Hermann NT, Chaloner DT, Lamberti GA. Using a dynamic bioenergetics-bioaccumulation model to understand mechanisms of uptake and bioaccumulation of salmon-derived contaminants by stream-resident fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:633-642. [PMID: 30380471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem linkages created by migratory organisms such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) facilitate the transfer of ecologically beneficial resource subsidies and environmentally damaging contaminants to recipient food webs. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, introduced Pacific salmon accumulate large contaminant burdens that they disperse to streams during spawning in the form of carcass and gametic tissue, with uncertain consequences for stream food webs. Here, we describe a coupled bioenergetics-bioaccumulation model parameterized using empirical and literature-sourced data to predict the dual effect of Pacific salmon on stream-resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) growth and contaminant bioaccumulation. Within the model, we developed four unique scenarios to ascertain how the (1) trophic pathway to contamination, (2) level of salmon egg consumption, (3) intensity and duration of salmon exposure, and (4) age of first exposure to salmon, affected growth and contaminant bioaccumulation in brook trout. Our model demonstrated that salmon egg consumption increased brook trout growth and PCB bioaccumulation while reducing Hg tissue concentrations. Other trophic pathways, including direct carcass consumption and an indirect food web pathway, did not strongly influence growth or contaminant bioaccumulation. Our model also demonstrated that variation in the magnitude and temporal duration of salmon egg consumption mostly strongly influenced the growth and contaminant concentration of younger brook trout. Overall, our model highlighted that Pacific salmon transfer energy and contaminants but this balance is dictated by the food web pathway and plasticity in the diet of stream-resident fish. Our mechanistic, model-based evaluation of salmon contaminant biotransport can be extended to predict the impact of other migratory fishes on recipient food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gerig
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, United States.
| | - Nathan T Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Dominic T Chaloner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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9
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Nilsen E, Smalling KL, Ahrens L, Gros M, Miglioranza KSB, Picó Y, Schoenfuss HL. Critical review: Grand challenges in assessing the adverse effects of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:46-60. [PMID: 30294805 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the past few decades in understanding the sources, transport, fate, and biological effects of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in aquatic ecosystems. Despite these advancements, significant obstacles still prevent comprehensive assessments of the environmental risks associated with the presence of CECs. Many of these obstacles center around the extrapolation of effects of single chemicals observed in the laboratory or effects found in individual organisms or species in the field to impacts of multiple stressors on aquatic food webs. In the present review, we identify 5 challenges that must be addressed to promote studies of CECs from singular exposure events to multispecies aquatic food web interactions. There needs to be: 1) more detailed information on the complexity of mixtures of CECs in the aquatic environment, 2) a greater understanding of the sublethal effects of CECs on a wide range of aquatic organisms, 3) an ascertaining of the biological consequences of variable duration CEC exposures within and across generations in aquatic species, 4) a linkage of multiple stressors with CEC exposure in aquatic systems, and 5) a documenting of the trophic consequences of CEC exposure across aquatic food webs. We examine the current literature to show how these challenges can be addressed to fill knowledge gaps. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:46-60. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nilsen
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Pollution, Mar del Plata University, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group, Center of Research on Desertification (CIDe), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Sun X, Ng CA, Small MJ. Modeling the impact of biota on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) fate and transport in Lake Ontario using a population-based multi-compartment fugacity approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:720-729. [PMID: 29906766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have long been treated as receptors in exposure studies of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The influences of environmental pollution on organisms are well recognized. However, the impact of biota on PCB transport in an environmental system has not been considered in sufficient detail. In this study, a population-based multi-compartment fugacity model is developed by reconfiguring the organisms as populated compartments and reconstructing all the exchange processes between the organism compartments and environmental compartments, especially the previously ignored feedback routes from biota to the environment. We evaluate the model performance by simulating the PCB concentration distribution in Lake Ontario using published loading records. The lake system is divided into three environment compartments (air, water, and sediment) and several organism groups according to the dominant local biotic species. The comparison indicates that the simulated results are well-matched by a list of published field measurements from different years. We identify a new process, called Facilitated Biotic Intermedia Transport (FBIT), to describe the enhanced pollution transport that occurs between environmental media and organisms. As the hydrophobicity of PCB congener increases, the organism population exerts greater influence on PCB mass flows. In a high biomass scenario, the model simulation indicates significant FBIT effects and biotic storage effects with hydrophobic PCB congeners, which also lead to significant shifts in systemic contaminant exchange rates between organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Sun
- Carnegie Mellon University, Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Carla A Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Mitchell J Small
- Carnegie Mellon University, Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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11
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Domingo T, Starosta K, Chester A, Williams J, Lehnert SJ, Gantner N, Alava JJ. Fukushima-derived radioactivity measurements in Pacific salmon and soil samples collected in British Columbia, Canada. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many studies that have shown minimal health risks to individuals living outside of Japan following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, there are persisting concerns regarding the consumption of Pacific seafood that may be contaminated with radioactive species from Fukushima. To address these concerns, the activity concentrations of anthropogenic 134Cs and 137Cs, as well as naturally occurring 40K, were measured in Pacific salmon collected from Kilby Provincial Park, British Columbia (BC), in 2013 and from the Quesnel River, BC, in 2014 using low-background gamma-ray spectroscopy. In addition, soil samples and a single roof-debris sample were collected and analysed to provide a record of Fukushima-derived contamination in BC. Cesium-134 was not detected in the salmon samples. Cesium-137 was not detected in any of the sockeye or chum samples, although it was detected in all of the Chinook samples. The weighted average (±1σ) 137Cs activity concentration in the Chinook salmon collected in 2013 and 2014 was 0.23 (3) and 0.20 (3) Bq/kg fresh weight, respectively. A conservative annual dose estimate for an adult who consumes the average Canadian quantity of seafood per year, contaminated with radiocesium at the maximum concentrations measured in this campaign, was calculated to be 0.054 μSv per year. Cesium-134 was detected in all but two of the soil samples. A weak positive correlation was observed between presence of 134Cs and of 7Be suggesting that the 134Cs arrived via atmospheric deposition. Cesium-137 was present in every soil sample, although the total radiocesium activity concentrations measured were significantly less than action levels set by Health Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Domingo
- Department of Chemsitry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Starosta
- Department of Chemsitry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Aaron Chester
- Department of Chemsitry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Chemsitry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Lehnert
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Gantner
- Environmental Science Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Juan José Alava
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Ocean Pollution Research Program, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada
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12
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Schofield KA, Alexander LC, Ridley CE, Vanderhoof MK, Fritz KM, Autrey BC, DeMeester JE, Kepner WG, Lane CR, Leibowitz SG, Pollard AI. BIOTA CONNECT AQUATIC HABITATS THROUGHOUT FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM MOSAICS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 2018; 54:372-399. [PMID: 31296983 PMCID: PMC6621606 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are linked at various spatial and temporal scales by movements of biota adapted to life in water. We review the literature on movements of aquatic organisms that connect different types of freshwater habitats, focusing on linkages from streams and wetlands to downstream waters. Here, streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, ponds, and other freshwater habitats are viewed as dynamic freshwater ecosystem mosaics (FEMs) that collectively provide the resources needed to sustain aquatic life. Based on existing evidence, it is clear that biotic linkages throughout FEMs have important consequences for biological integrity and biodiversity. All aquatic organisms move within and among FEM components, but differ in the mode, frequency, distance, and timing of their movements. These movements allow biota to recolonize habitats, avoid inbreeding, escape stressors, locate mates, and acquire resources. Cumulatively, these individual movements connect populations within and among FEMs and contribute to local and regional diversity, resilience to disturbance, and persistence of aquatic species in the face of environmental change. Thus, the biological connections established by movement of biota among streams, wetlands, and downstream waters are critical to the ecological integrity of these systems. Future research will help advance our understanding of the movements that link FEMs and their cumulative effects on downstream waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Schofield
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Laurie C Alexander
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Caroline E Ridley
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Melanie K Vanderhoof
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Ken M Fritz
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Bradley C Autrey
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Julie E DeMeester
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - William G Kepner
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Charles R Lane
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Scott G Leibowitz
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Amina I Pollard
- Respectively, Ecologist (Schofield), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue. NW, Mail Code 8623R, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Alexander), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; Ecologist (Ridley), National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Research Geographer (Vanderhoof), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225; Research Ecologist (Fritz), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Program Analyst (Autrey), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; Water Program Director (DeMeester), The Nature Conservancy, Durham, NC 27701; Research Ecologist (Kepner), Research Ecologist (Lane), National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268; National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89119; Research Ecologist (Leibowitz), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333; Research Ecologist (Pollard), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
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13
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Pedro S, Fisk AT, Tomy GT, Ferguson SH, Hussey NE, Kessel ST, McKinney MA. Mercury and persistent organic pollutants in native and invading forage species of the Canadian Arctic: Consequences for food web dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:229-240. [PMID: 28599207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant dynamics within Arctic marine food webs may be altered through the climate-driven northward invasions of temperate/boreal species. Here, we compare tissue concentrations of total mercury (THg) and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in native versus invading forage species sampled from 2012 to 2014 near Arviat, Clyde River, and Resolute Bay, NU, representing, low, mid- and high eastern Canadian Arctic regions, respectively. Concentrations of THg, legacy Σ-polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB) and Σ-organochlorine (ΣOC) pesticides were detected in all forage species, whereas emerging halogenated flame retardants were detected in only a few individuals. Concentrations of major contaminant groups among regions did not vary for Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), while for sculpin (Cottoidea) there was no clear latitudinal trend. Thus, considering interspecific variation, native sculpin and northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) had the highest overall concentrations of THg (0.17 ± 0.02 and 0.21 ± 0.01 μg g-1 wet weight, respectively), ΣPCB (322 ± 35 and 245 ± 25 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), respectively), and ΣOC (413 ± 38 and 734 ± 64 ng g-1 lw, respectively). Comparing the keystone native species, Arctic cod, to its 'replacement' species, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and sandlance (Ammodytes spp.), THg concentrations were higher in Arctic cod compared to capelin (p < 0.001), which was partly explained by differences in fish length. Conversely, capelin and sandlance had higher concentrations of most POPs than Arctic cod (p < 0.02). Neither feeding habitat (based on δ13C), trophic position (based on δ15N), nor fish length significantly explained these differences in POPs between Arctic cod, capelin and sandlance. Higher POPs concentrations, as well as variation in congener/compound patterns, in capelin and sandlance relative to Arctic cod seem, therefore, more likely related to a more "temperate"-type contaminant signature in the invaders. Nevertheless, the relatively small (up to two-fold) magnitude of these differences suggested limited effects of these ecological changes on contaminant uptake by Arctic piscivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pedro
- Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation Center, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation Center, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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14
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Ohji M, Harino H. Comparison of Toxicities of Metal Pyrithiones Including Their Degradation Compounds and Organotin Antifouling Biocides to the Japanese Killifish Oryzias latipes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:285-293. [PMID: 28528410 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Japanese killifish Oryzias latipes were exposed to three levels (0, 1, and 10 µg l-1) of copper pyrithione (CuPT2), zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2), six of their degradation products, and the organotin compounds tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) for 48 h at 20 °C. All individual fish exposed to 1 and 10 µg l-1 of CuPT2 or 10 µg l-1 of ZnPT2 were dead within 12 h, respectively, and at 24 h the survival rate of the fish exposed to 1 µg l-1 of ZnPT2 was 50%. All fish exposed to 10 µg l-1 of ZnPT2 showed morphological abnormalities in the form of vertebral deformity. None of the fish exposed to six of the degradation products of PTs, TBT, and TPT died during a 48-h exposure period, but various biological effects were observed in the fish exposed to these chemicals: abnormalities of respiration and swimming behavior, and decreased hatchability. Our findings suggest that O. latipes has a higher ecological risk of CuPT2 and ZnPT2 exposure than of TBT and TPT exposure during their life history. Because these antifouling biocides have been used in both freshwater and marine environments, our results highlight these biocides' deleterious effects on the freshwater fish as well as marine fish, and they indicate freshwater and marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ohji
- Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Harino
- School of Human Sciences, Kobe College, 4-1 Okadayama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Iwate, 662-8505, Japan
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15
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Earl JE, Zollner PA. Advancing research on animal‐transported subsidies by integrating animal movement and ecosystem modelling. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:987-997. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Earl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - Patrick A. Zollner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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16
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Shi W, Yu N, Jiang X, Han Z, Wang S, Zhang X, Wei S, Giesy JP, Yu H. Influence of blooms of phytoplankton on concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and snails in a hyper-eutrophic, freshwater lake. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 113:22-31. [PMID: 28187347 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of phytoplankton, which are common in freshwater ecosystems, might not only affect quality of water but also influence biogeochemical processing of pollutants. Based on three years of field observations in sediments of Tai Lake, China, concentrations of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in areas where blooms occurred were 2.4 and 3.4 times greater than concentrations in areas without blooms. Concentrations of octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in areas where blooms did not occur were 3.8, 4.4 and 2.6 times greater than concentrations in areas where blooms did occur. To explain the differences, simultaneous, seasonally determinations of the water-sediment-phytoplankton-snails disequilibria were determined empirically. Greater sinking and lesser diffusion were shown to be probable drivers of the burial of δ-HCH, 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs in surface sediments of areas in which blooms occurred, being as much as 0.58, 38 and 45 g month-1. Large biodegradation and low burial was shown to be the probable reason of the inverse proportion of NP, OP and BPA in both water and sediment to biomass which might be due to the enhanced metabolic capacity of bacterial community associated with algae blooms. These phenomena further influence the persistent hydrophobic organic chemicals in the snail species (Bellamya quadrata) being greater in winter but lesser in summer, which is probably due to the positive relationship with the concentrations in sediment when snails were dormant and with the concentrations in water after dormancy. Thus, in Tai Lake, the fate and distribution of persistent and biodegradable contaminants in sediments and snails is influenced by blooms of phytoplankton, which should be included in models of environmental fates of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection of Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Ministry Environment Protection China, Nanjing Institute Environment Science, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection of Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Azevedo-Silva CE, Almeida R, Carvalho DP, Ometto JPHB, de Camargo PB, Dorneles PR, Azeredo A, Bastos WR, Malm O, Torres JPM. Mercury biomagnification and the trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from a remote lake in the Brazilian Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:286-296. [PMID: 27517756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses mercury biomagnification and the trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from the Puruzinho Lake, Brazilian Amazon. In addition to mercury determination, the investigation comprised the calculation of Trophic Magnification Factor (TMF) and Trophic Magnification Slope (TMS), through the measurements of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in fish samples. These assessments were executed in two different scenarios, i.e., considering (1) all fish species or (2) only the resident fish (excluding the migratory species). Bottom litter, superficial sediment and seston were the sources used for generating the trophic position (TP) data used in the calculation of the TMF. Samples from 84 fish were analysed, comprising 13 species, which were categorized into four trophic guilds: iliophagous, planktivorous, omnivorous and piscivorous fish. The δ13C values pointed to the separation of the ichthyofauna into two groups. One group comprised iliophagous and planktivorous species, which are linked to the food chains of phytoplankton and detritus. The other group was composed by omnivorous and piscivorous fish, which are associated to the trophic webs of phytoplankton, bottom litter, detritus, periphyton, as well as to food chains of igapó (blackwater-flooded Amazonian forests). The TP values suggest that the ichthyofauna from the Puruzinho Lake is part of a short food web, with three well-characterized trophic levels. Mercury concentrations and δ13C values point to multiple sources for Hg input and transfer. The similarity in Hg levels and TP values between piscivorous and planktivorous fish suggests a comparable efficiency for the transfer of this metal through pelagic and littoral food chains. Regarding the two abovementioned scenarios, i.e., considering (1) the entire ichthyofauna and (2) only the resident species, the TMF values were 5.25 and 4.49, as well as the TMS values were 0.21 and 0.19, respectively. These findings confirm that Hg biomagnifies through the food web of Puruzinho Lake ichthyofauna. The migratory species did not significantly change mercury biomagnification rate in Puruzinho Lake; however, they may play a relevant role in Hg transport. The biomagnification rate (TMS value) in Puruzinho Lake was higher than the average values for its latitude, being comparable to TMS values of temperate and polar systems (marine and freshwater environments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Eduardo Azevedo-Silva
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Almeida
- Instituto Natureza e Cultura, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua 1 de Maio. Colegiado de Ciências Agrárias, Benjamin Constant, Colônia, AM, Brazil
| | - Dario P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jean P H B Ometto
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Plínio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Dorneles
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Azeredo
- Núcleo de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo, S/N, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley R Bastos
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental - Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Br 364km 9,5. Sentido Acre, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P M Torres
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Cheng W, Sun L, Kimpe LE, Mallory ML, Smol JP, Gallant LR, Li J, Blais JM. Sterols and Stanols Preserved in Pond Sediments Track Seabird Biovectors in a High Arctic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9351-9360. [PMID: 27409713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds are major vertebrates in the coastal ecosystems of the Canadian High Arctic, where they transport substantial amounts of marine-derived nutrients and pollutants from oceans to land by depositing guano and stomach oils to their nesting area, which often includes nearby freshwater ponds. Here we present novel indicators for evaluating the impact of seabirds on freshwater ecosystems. The ratio of cholesterol/(cholesterol + sitosterol) in pond sediments showed significant enrichment near a nesting colony of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and was significantly correlated with ornithogenic enrichment of sediment as determined by sedimentary δ(15)N. The sterol ratio was also correlated with several bioaccumulative persistent organic pollutants (POPs), suggesting its usefulness in tracking biovector enrichment of contaminants. Human-derived epicoprostanol was also analyzed in the sediments, and its relationship with an abandoned, prehistoric camp was recorded, suggesting its potential as a tracer of prehistoric human activities in the Arctic. Sterols and stanols preserved in sediments appear to be useful geochemical tools that will inform our understanding of migratory species and the presence of prehistoric human populations in the Arctic, and possibly other animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University , Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lauren R Gallant
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jinping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources on Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Normal University , Xining 810008, China
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Stewart EM, Michelutti N, Shenstone-Harris S, Grooms C, Weseloh C, Kimpe LE, Blais JM, Smol JP. Tracking the History and Ecological Changes of Rising Double-Crested Cormorant Populations Using Pond Sediments from Islands in Eastern Lake Ontario. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214177 PMCID: PMC4516326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Laurentian Great Lakes region, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) has seen a thousand-fold population increase in recent decades. These large colonies of birds now often conflict with socioeconomic interests, particularly due to perceived competition with fisheries and the destruction of terrestrial vegetation in nesting habitats. Here we use dated sediment cores from ponds on islands in eastern Lake Ontario that receive waste inputs from dense colonies of cormorants and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) to chronicle the population rise of these species and assess their long-term ecological impacts. Modern water chemistry sampling from these sites reveals drastically elevated nutrient and major ion concentrations compared to reference ponds not influenced by waterbirds. Geochemical tracers in dated sediment cores, particularly δ15N and chlorophyll-a concentrations, track waterbird influences over time. Fossil diatom assemblages were dominated by species tolerant of hyper-eutrophic and polluted systems, which is in marked contrast to assemblages in reference sites. In addition to establishing long-term ecological impacts, this multi-proxy paleoecological approach can be used to determine whether islands of concern have been long-term nesting sites or were only recently colonized by cormorant or ring-billed gull populations across the Great Lakes, facilitating informed management decisions about controversial culling programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Stewart
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
- * E-mail:
| | - Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Sarah Shenstone-Harris
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher Grooms
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Chip Weseloh
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3H 5T4
| | - Linda E. Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Jules M. Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - John P. Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
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Chételat J, Amyot M, Arp P, Blais JM, Depew D, Emmerton CA, Evans M, Gamberg M, Gantner N, Girard C, Graydon J, Kirk J, Lean D, Lehnherr I, Muir D, Nasr M, Poulain AJ, Power M, Roach P, Stern G, Swanson H, van der Velden S. Mercury in freshwater ecosystems of the Canadian Arctic: recent advances on its cycling and fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 509-510:41-66. [PMID: 24993511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Canadian Arctic has vast freshwater resources, and fish are important in the diet of many Northerners. Mercury is a contaminant of concern because of its potential toxicity and elevated bioaccumulation in some fish populations. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in characterizing the cycling and fate of mercury in these freshwater environments. Large amounts of new data on concentrations, speciation and fluxes of Hg are provided and summarized for water and sediment, which were virtually absent for the Canadian Arctic a decade ago. The biogeochemical processes that control the speciation of mercury remain poorly resolved, including the sites and controls of methylmercury production. Food web studies have examined the roles of Hg uptake, trophic transfer, and diet for Hg bioaccumulation in fish, and, in particular, advances have been made in identifying determinants of mercury levels in lake-dwelling and sea-run forms of Arctic char. In a comparison of common freshwater fish species that were sampled across the Canadian Arctic between 2002 and 2009, no geographic patterns or regional hotspots were evident. Over the last two to four decades, Hg concentrations have increased in some monitored populations of fish in the Mackenzie River Basin while other populations from the Yukon and Nunavut showed no change or a slight decline. The different Hg trends indicate that the drivers of temporal change may be regional or habitat-specific. The Canadian Arctic is undergoing profound environmental change, and preliminary evidence suggests that it may be impacting the cycling and bioaccumulation of mercury. Further research is needed to investigate climate change impacts on the Hg cycle as well as biogeochemical controls of methylmercury production and the processes leading to increasing Hg levels in some fish populations in the Canadian Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chételat
- Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Marc Amyot
- Centre d'études nordiques, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Paul Arp
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David Depew
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Craig A Emmerton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marlene Evans
- Environment Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mary Gamberg
- Gamberg Consulting, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 5M2, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Gantner
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Catherine Girard
- Centre d'études nordiques, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Graydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jane Kirk
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, Ontario K0L 1A0, Canada
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Mina Nasr
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Alexandre J Poulain
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pat Roach
- Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2B5, Canada
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Heidi Swanson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kallenborn R, Blais JM. Tracking Contaminant Transport From Biovectors. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Nędzarek A, Tórz A, Rakusa-Suszczewski S, Bonisławska M. Nitrogen and phosphorus release during fish decomposition and implications for the ecosystem of maritime Antarctica. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Kraus JM, Walters DM, Wesner JS, Stricker CA, Schmidt TS, Zuellig RE. Metamorphosis alters contaminants and chemical tracers in insects: implications for food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10957-65. [PMID: 25136925 DOI: 10.1021/es502970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insects are integral to most freshwater and terrestrial food webs, but due to their accumulation of environmental pollutants they are also contaminant vectors that threaten reproduction, development, and survival of consumers. Metamorphosis from larvae to adult can cause large chemical changes in insects, altering contaminant concentrations and fractionation of chemical tracers used to establish contaminant biomagnification in food webs, but no framework exists for predicting and managing these effects. We analyzed data from 39 studies of 68 analytes (stable isotopes and contaminants), and found that metamorphosis effects varied greatly. δ(15)N, widely used to estimate relative trophic position in biomagnification studies, was enriched by ∼ 1‰ during metamorphosis, while δ(13)C used to estimate diet, was similar in larvae and adults. Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were predominantly lost during metamorphosis leading to ∼ 2 to 125-fold higher larval concentrations and higher exposure risks for predators of larvae compared to predators of adults. In contrast, manufactured organic contaminants (such as polychlorinated biphenyls) were retained and concentrated in adults, causing up to ∼ 3-fold higher adult concentrations and higher exposure risks to predators of adult insects. Both food web studies and contaminant management and mitigation strategies need to consider how metamorphosis affects the movement of materials between habitats and ecosystems, with special regard for aquatic-terrestrial linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Kraus
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, MS Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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Lukyanova ON, Tsygankov VY, Boyarova MD, Khristoforova NK. Pesticide biotransport by Pacific salmon in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 456:188-190. [PMID: 24985512 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O N Lukyanova
- Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, 690950, Russia,
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25
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Does trophic structure dictate mercury concentrations in top predators? A comparative analysis of pelagic food webs in the Pacific Ocean. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Arai T. Variation in organochlorine accumulation in relation to the life history of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:186-193. [PMID: 24461693 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the catadromous eel live in various fresh, brackish and marine habitats. Therefore, these eels can accumulate organic pollutants and are a suitable bioindicator species for determining the levels of organic contaminants within different water bodies. The ecological risk for organochlorine compounds (OCs) in Anguilla japonica with various migration patterns, such as freshwater, estuarine and marine residences, was examined to understand the specific accumulation patterns. The concentrations of HCB, ∑HCHs, ∑CHLs and ∑DDTs in the silver stage (maturing) eel were significantly higher than those in the yellow stage (immature) eel, in accordance with the higher lipid contents in the former versus the latter. The OC accumulations were clearly different among migratory types in the eel. The ecological risk of OCs increased as the freshwater residence period in the eel lengthened. The migratory histories and the lipid contents directly affected the OC accumulation in the catadromous eel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Arai
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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27
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Daley JM, Paterson G, Drouillard KG. Bioamplification as a bioaccumulation mechanism for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 227:107-155. [PMID: 24158581 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutant bioaccumulation models have generally been formulated to predict bioconcentration and biomagnification. A third bioaccumulation process that can mediate chemical fugacity in an organism is bioamplification.Bioamplification occurs when an organism loses body weight and the chemical partitioning capacity occurs at a rate that is faster than the chemical can be eliminated.Although bioamplification has not been widely recognized as a bioaccumulation process, the potential consequences of this process are significant. Bioamplification causes an increase in chemical fugacity in the animal's tissues and results in there distribution of contaminants from inert storage sites to more toxicologically sensitive tissues. By reviewing laboratory and field studies, we have shown in this paper that bioamplification occurs across taxonomic groups that include, invertebrates,amphibians, fishes, birds, and mammals. Two case studies are presented, and constitute multi-life stage non-steady state bioaccumulation models calibrated for yellow perch and herring gulls. These case studies were used to demonstrate that bioamplification is predicted to occur under realistic scenarios of animal growth and seasonal weight loss. Bioamplification greatly enhances POP concentrations and chemical fugacities during critical physiological and behavioral events in an animal's life history, e.g., embryo development, juvenile stages, metamorphosis, reproduction, migration, overwintering, hibernation, and disease. Consequently,understanding the dynamics of bioamplification, and how different life history scenario scan alter tissue residues, may be helpful and important in assessing wildlife hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Daley
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, N9B 3P4,
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Beck ML, Hopkins WA, Jackson BP. Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of tree swallows: implications for trace-element exposure after habitat remediation. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:575-587. [PMID: 23695717 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Emerging aquatic insects play a key role in transporting aquatic contaminants into terrestrial ecosystems. Tree swallows are frequently the focus of studies examining this movement because they are thought to forage heavily on emerging aquatic insects when breeding in riparian areas. We examined the tree swallow diet to determine if trace elements from a recently remediated coal fly ash spill were moving into the terrestrial ecosystem. We collected bolus samples from adult tree swallows as they entered the nest box to feed their young. Despite strategically locating boxes in riparian areas, we found that the consumption of insects with an aquatic larval stage ranged from 28 to 75% of insects among colonies. We also found significant differences among colonies in the taxa found in bolus samples. Chironomidae (midges) were the primary emerging aquatic insects consumed by tree swallows, whereas Ephemeroptera were brought to nestlings infrequently. The consumption of insects with an aquatic larval stage, Chironomidae in particular, was positively correlated with exposure to trace elements from the spill. Bolus samples from the spill site contained greater concentrations of many trace elements compared with reference locations, but concentrations of most elements were lower than levels thought to cause reproductive impairment. These results support the hypothesis that emerging aquatic insects transport trace elements to terrestrial consumers and that Chironomidae play an important role in this movement. Our results also indicate that it is important to assess the composition of the diet and to not infer exposure to trace elements based on nesting location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Beck
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321, USA.
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Arai T. Bioaccumulation of organochlorines in relation to the life history in the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 67:166-176. [PMID: 23246303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of organochlorines (OCs) in the muscle tissue of sea-run (anadromous) and freshwater-resident (fluvial) white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) was determined to assess the ecological risk related to intraspecies variations in diadromous fish life history as they migrate between sea and freshwater. Generally, there were significant correlations between the accumulation of OCs such as DDTs, HCB, HCHs and CHLs. In addition, various biological characteristics, such as total length (TL), body weight (BW) and age, and number of downstream migration (NDM) were correlated. A positive correlation occurred between the lipid content and the OC concentrations. Close linear relationships were found between TL, BW and NDM and the lipid content. Although they are both the same species, the OCs concentrations in the anadromous fish were significantly higher than those in the fluvial individuals. These results suggest that anadromous S. leucomaenis have a higher ecological risk for OCs exposure than the fluvial fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Arai
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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31
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Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23197837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213408109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-functioning food webs are fundamental for sustaining rivers as ecosystems and maintaining associated aquatic and terrestrial communities. The current emphasis on restoring habitat structure--without explicitly considering food webs--has been less successful than hoped in terms of enhancing the status of targeted species and often overlooks important constraints on ecologically effective restoration. We identify three priority food web-related issues that potentially impede successful river restoration: uncertainty about habitat carrying capacity, proliferation of chemicals and contaminants, and emergence of hybrid food webs containing a mixture of native and invasive species. Additionally, there is the need to place these food web considerations in a broad temporal and spatial framework by understanding the consequences of altered nutrient, organic matter (energy), water, and thermal sources and flows, reconnecting critical habitats and their food webs, and restoring for changing environments. As an illustration, we discuss how the Columbia River Basin, site of one of the largest aquatic/riparian restoration programs in the United States, would benefit from implementing a food web perspective. A food web perspective for the Columbia River would complement ongoing approaches and enhance the ability to meet the vision and legal obligations of the US Endangered Species Act, the Northwest Power Act (Fish and Wildlife Program), and federal treaties with Northwest Indian Tribes while meeting fundamental needs for improved river management.
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McKinney MA, McMeans BC, Tomy GT, Rosenberg B, Ferguson SH, Morris A, Muir DCG, Fisk AT. Trophic transfer of contaminants in a changing arctic marine food web: Cumberland Sound, Nunavut, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9914-9922. [PMID: 22957980 DOI: 10.1021/es302761p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant dynamics in arctic marine food webs may be impacted by current climate-induced food web changes including increases in transient/subarctic species. We quantified food web organochlorine transfer in the Cumberland Sound (Nunavut, Canada) arctic marine food web in the presence of transient species using species-specific biomagnification factors (BMFs), trophic magnification factors (TMFs), and a multifactor model that included δ(15)N-derived trophic position and species habitat range (transient versus resident), and also considered δ(13)C-derived carbon source, thermoregulatory group, and season. Transient/subarctic species relative to residents had higher prey-to-predator BMFs of biomagnifying contaminants (1.4 to 62 for harp seal, Greenland shark, and narwhal versus 1.1 to 20 for ringed seal, arctic skate, and beluga whale, respectively). For contaminants that biomagnified in a transient-and-resident food web and a resident-only food web scenario, TMFs were higher in the former (2.3 to 10.1) versus the latter (1.7 to 4.0). Transient/subarctic species have higher tissue contaminant levels and greater BMFs likely due to higher energetic requirements associated with long-distance movements or consumption of more contaminated prey in regions outside of Cumberland Sound. These results demonstrate that, in addition to climate change-related long-range transport/deposition/revolatilization changes, increasing numbers of transient/subarctic animals may alter food web contaminant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A McKinney
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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Janetski DJ, Chaloner DT, Moerke AH, Rediske RR, O'Keefe JP, Lamberti GA. Resident fishes display elevated organic pollutants in salmon spawning streams of the great lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8035-8043. [PMID: 22770612 DOI: 10.1021/es301864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can transport bioaccumulated organic pollutants to stream ecosystems where they spawn and die. We quantified PCBs, DDE, and PBDEs in resident fishes from 13 Great Lakes tributaries to assess biotransport of pollutants associated with introduced Pacific salmon. Resident fishes sampled from salmon spawning reaches had higher mean pollutant concentrations than those from upstream reaches lacking salmon (93.5 and 4.1 μg x kg(-1) [PCB], 24.0 and 3.1 μg x kg(-1) [DDE], 8.5 and 1.0 μg x kg(-1) [PBDE], respectively), but differences varied substantially among lake basins. In Lake Michigan tributaries, PCB concentrations in resident fishes from salmon reaches were over four times higher than those from salmon reaches in Lake Huron and over 30 times higher than those from Lake Superior. Moreover, resident fish pollutant concentrations were better explained by pollutant inputs from salmon (μg x m(-2); R(2) = 0.76 [PCB], 0.64 [DDE], 0.64 [PBDE]) than by land development/agriculture, watershed area, resident fish species, body length, or lipid content. These results suggest that pollutant dispersal to stream ecosystems via biotransport is an often overlooked consequence of salmon stocking and historical food web contamination in the Great Lakes. Our findings have implications for Great Lakes management, including dam removal and wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Janetski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Hope BK. Acquisition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by Pacific chinook salmon: an exploration of various exposure scenarios. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:553-562. [PMID: 22253206 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, as part of an update to its state water quality standards (WQS) for protection of human health, the State of Oregon adopted a fish consumption rate of 175 g/day for freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish, including anadromous species. WQS for the protection of human health whose derivation is based in part on anadromous fish, create the expectation that implementation of these WQS will lead to lower contaminant levels in returning adult fish. Whether this expectation can be met is likely a function of where and when such fish are exposed. Various exposure scenarios have been advanced to explain acquisition of bioaccumulative contaminants by Pacific salmonids. This study examined 16 different scenarios with bioenergetics and toxicokinetic models to identify those where WQS might be effective in reducing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--a representative bioaccumulative contaminant--in returning adult Fall chinook salmon, a representative salmonid. Model estimates of tissue concentrations and body burdens in juveniles and adults were corroborated with observations reported in the literature. Model results suggest that WQS may effect limited (< approximately 2 ×) reductions in PCB levels in adults who were resident in a confined marine water body or who transited a highly contaminated estuary as out-migrating juveniles. In all other scenarios examined, WQS would have little effect on PCB levels in returning adults. Although the results of any modeling study must be interpreted with caution and are not necessarily applicable to all salmonid species, they do suggest that the ability of WQS to meet the expectation of reducing contaminant loadings in anadromous species is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Hope
- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon 97204-1390, USA.
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Arai T, Takeda A. Differences in organochlorine accumulation accompanying life history in the catadromous eel Anguilla japonica and the marine eel Conger myriaster. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1260-1271. [PMID: 22407403 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the ecological risk for organic pollutants in diadromous fish migrating between sea and freshwater, organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in the catadromous eel Anguilla japonica having marine, estuarine and freshwater residence life histories. The eels were collected in Japanese coastal areas. We also compared the OCs accumulation with the marine eel Conger myriaster, which has a similar life history as A. japonica in the marine environment. The ontogenic changes in the otolith strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were examined along the life history transect to discriminate the migration type. There were generally three different patterns, which were categorized as 'marine residence' (spent most of their life in the sea and did not enter freshwater), 'estuarine residence' (inhabited estuaries or switched between different habitats), and 'freshwater residence' (entered and remained in freshwater river habitats after arrival in the estuary) according to the otolith Sr:Ca ratio. There were generally no correlations between OCs such as Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and Chlordanes (CHLs) accumulation and each biological characteristic such as TL, BW and age in A. japonica. A positive correlation between the lipid content and concentrations of OCs were found. Additionally, the concentrations of HCB, ∑HCHs, ∑CHLs and ∑DDTs in A. japonica were significantly higher than those of C. myriaster, associating with the higher lipid contents (14% on average) in the former than the latter eels (9% on average). A negative linear relationship was found between the otolith Sr:Ca ratios and concentration of each OCs in A. japonica. The ecological risk of OCs increase as the freshwater residence period in the eel becomes longer. It is clear that migratory histories and lipid contents directly affected OCs accumulation in the anguillid eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Arai
- International Coastal Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Otsuchi, Iwate, Japan.
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Zhu C, Meng G, Huang Q, Huang Z. Vertically aligned Ag nanoplate-assembled film as a sensitive and reproducible SERS substrate for the detection of PCB-77. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 211-212:389-95. [PMID: 21871725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned Ag nanoplate-assembled film has been achieved by spin-coating Ag seeds on an ITO substrate and subsequent electrodeposition in a mixed aqueous solution of AgNO(3) and citric acid. As sufficient hot spots are located in the deep gaps between the neighboring nanoplates across the whole substrate, the Ag nanoplate-assembled film shows strong Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect, together with good signal reproducibility. Therefore, the Ag nanoplate-assembled films were tried as robust, highly sensitive and reproducible SERS substrates for the rapid detection of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) and a detection limit of about 10(-6)M was reached. For further reducing the detection limit, a layer of decanethiol was modified on the Ag nanoplate surface to capture the PCB-77 molecules efficiently, and a lower detection limit of 10(-7)M was achieved. A linear dependence was found between the logarithmic concentrations of PCB-77 and the intensities of the fingerprint peaks. Furthermore, the Ag nanoplate-assembled film can also be used as a SERS substrate to distinguish characteristic peaks of different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their mixed solutions. Therefore the vertically aligned Ag nanoplate-assembled film has potentials as effective SERS substrates in rapid and direct detection of trace PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Daley JM, Leadley TA, Pitcher TE, Drouillard KG. Bioamplification and the selective depletion of persistent organic pollutants in Chinook salmon larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2420-2426. [PMID: 22236098 DOI: 10.1021/es204003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The maternal provisioning of yolk to eggs transfers significant quantities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). As yolk utilization progresses via metabolic activity, there is a potential to realize further increases in POP concentrations if yolk lipids are depleted at a faster rate than POPs, a condition referred to as bioamplification. This study investigated the bioamplification of POPs in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) eggs and larvae. Chinook eggs were sampled from the Credit River, ON, Canada, and brought to an aquaculture facility where they were fertilized, incubated, and maintained posthatch until maternally derived lipid reserves became depleted (approximately 168 days). The loss of chemicals having an octanol-water partition coefficient (log K(OW)) greater than 5.8 was slow to negligible from days 0-135. However, during the increase in water temperatures in early spring, K(OW)-dependent elimination of POPs was observed. Bioamplification was maximized for the highest log K(OW) POPs, with an approximate 5-fold increase in lipid equivalents concentrations in 168 day old larvae as compared to newly fertilized eggs. This study demonstrates that later yolk-sac Chinook larvae (before exogenous feeding) are exposed to higher lipid equivalents POP concentrations than predicted by maternal deposition, which could lead to underestimates in the toxicity of critical life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Daley
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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Morrissey CA, Pollet IL, Ormerod SJ, Elliott JE. American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1153-1162. [PMID: 22145949 DOI: 10.1021/es2028058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2.
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Coristine LE, Kerr JT. Habitat loss, climate change, and emerging conservation challenges in Canada1This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, habitat loss has pushed many more species to the brink of extinction than expected in a region with extensive wilderness. However, species richness gradients depend strongly on climate, so species are concentrated in southern regions, where agricultural and urban land uses are both intensive and extensive. Agricultural pesticide use is associated with increasing rates of species endangerment in the south, but long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants is an emerging issue in remote northern regions. Because their distributions reflect climate so strongly, climate change threatens species throughout Canada. Evidence indicates that species’ distributions, phenologies, and interactions with pests and diseases are changing more rapidly in response to climate change than global mean values. Nevertheless, climate change is expected to impose dispersal requirements that surpass species’ maximum rates. Habitat losses may interact with climate change to impair species’ dispersal still further, creating the potential for widespread disruption of biological systems in the most diverse areas of Canada. New research is urgently needed to address questions, and the ethics, around species translocation, ecosystem engineering to anticipate future environmental conditions, and strategies to facilitate the persistence of rare species in landscapes dominated by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Coristine
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, Department of Biology, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeremy T. Kerr
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, Department of Biology, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Ohji M, Harino H, Arai T. Differences in organotin accumulation in relation to life history in the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:318-326. [PMID: 21071044 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To examine the accumulation pattern of organotins (OTs) in relation to the migration of diadromous fish, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) and their derivatives were determined in the muscle tissue of both sea-run (anadromous) and freshwater-resident (nonanadromous) types of the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. Ontogenic changes in otolith strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were examined along life history transect to discriminate migration type. Mean Sr:Ca ratio from the core to the edge of the otolith in sea-run individuals was significantly higher than those in freshwater-resident one. There were no significant correlations in S. leucomaenis between OT accumulation and various biological characteristics. It is noteworthy that TBT and TPT concentrations in sea-run type were significantly higher than those in freshwater-resident individuals, although they are both of the same species. These results suggest that sea-run S. leucomaenis have a higher ecological risk of OT exposure than freshwater-residents during their life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ohji
- Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Walters DM, Mills MA, Fritz KM, Raikow DF. Spider-mediated flux of PCBs from contaminated sediments to terrestrial ecosystems and potential risks to arachnivorous birds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2849-2856. [PMID: 20025228 DOI: 10.1021/es9023139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated aquatic insect utilization and PCB exposure in riparian spiders at the Lake Hartwell Superfund site (Clemson, SC). We sampled sediments, adult chironomids, terrestrial insects, riparian spiders (Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, and Mecynogea lemniscata), and upland spiders (Araneidae) along a sediment contamination gradient. Stable isotopes (delta(13)C, delta(15)N) indicated that riparian spiders primarily consumed aquatic insects whereas upland spiders consumed terrestrial insects. PCBs in chironomids (mean 1240 ng/g among sites) were 2 orders of magnitude higher than terrestrial insects (15.2 ng/g), similar to differences between riparian (820-2012 ng/g) and upland spiders (30 ng/g). Riparian spider PCBs were positively correlated with sediment concentrations for all taxa (r(2) = 0.44-0.87). We calculated spider-based wildlife values (WVs, the minimum spider PCB concentrations causing physiologically significant doses in consumers) to assess exposure risks for arachnivorous birds. Spider concentrations exceeded WVs for most birds at heavily contaminated sites and were approximately 14-fold higher for the most sensitive species (chickadee nestlings, Poecile spp.). Spiders are abundant and ubiquitous in riparian habitats, where they depend on aquatic insect prey. These traits, along with the high degree of spatial correlation between spider and sediment concentrations we observed, suggest that they are model indicator species for monitoring contaminated sediment sites and assessing risks associated with contaminant flux into terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walters
- National Exposure Research Laboratory and National Risk Management Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Boulevard, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA
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42
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Choy ES, Gauthier M, Mallory ML, Smol JP, Douglas MSV, Lean D, Blais JM. An isotopic investigation of mercury accumulation in terrestrial food webs adjacent to an Arctic seabird colony. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1858-1867. [PMID: 20153017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At Cape Vera (Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada), a seabird colony of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) congregates and releases nutrients through the deposition of guano to the coastal terrestrial environment, thus creating nutrient-fertilized habitats important to insects, birds, and mammals. Here we determined whether mercury was similarly enriched in various terrestrial food web components in this High Arctic coastal ecosystem due to seabird inputs. Stable isotopes (delta(15)N, delta(13)C) were used to identify trophic linkages and possible routes of contaminant transfer in the food web. Values of delta(15)N were significantly higher in lichens and certain plants collected closer to the bird colony, demonstrating a gradient of seabird influence, and were higher at Cape Vera than our reference site at Cape Herschel, on eastern Ellesmere Island, an area relatively unaffected by seabirds. In contrast, delta(13)C showed little variation among terrestrial species, suggesting minimal influence by seabirds. Concentrations of total mercury (THg) in primary producers and phyto/zooplankton were not significantly correlated with distance from the seabird colony or delta(15)N values, and were similar to other taxa from the High Arctic. Our results provide novel data on THg in several Arctic taxa where concentrations have not been reported previously. Moreover, the analyses indicate that delta(15)N is significantly enriched in the adjacent environment by guano fertilization, but our study was unable to show an enrichment of THg and delta(13)C in the terrestrial food web near the seabird colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Choy
- Program for Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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43
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Morrissey CA, Elliott JE, Ormerod SJ. Local to continental influences on nutrient and contaminant sources to river birds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1860-1867. [PMID: 20131785 DOI: 10.1021/es903084m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope and contaminant analyses revealed differences in nutrient sources and contaminant pathways in two species of dipper, Cinclus mexicanus and Cinclus cinclus in western Canada and western Britain. We collected dipper prey and eggs from relatively pristine British Columbian rivers contrasting in the presence of salmon-derived nutrients, and rural Welsh rivers with varying food-web complexity associated with stream acidity. Enriched delta(13)C and to a lesser extent delta(15)N in American dipper eggs and prey confirmed that streams with migrating Pacific salmon were enriched with marine-derived nutrients, but overall contaminant concentrations did not differ strongly in dipper eggs between rivers with and without salmon. However dipper contaminant profiles, particularly PBDEs, mercury and SigmaDDTs, were related to delta(13)C, reflecting the marine influence and greater fish consumption at salmon sites. Irrespective of catchment influences and despite feeding at a higher trophic level, American dipper eggs (n = 17) contained lower levels of organohalogens than Eurasian dippers (n = 37), but with similar PCB (153 and 138) and PBDE (47 and 99) congeners dominanating. Eurasian dipper eggs from circumneutral streams contained more dieldrin, SigmaDDT and Sigmahexachlorocyclohexanes while Sigmachlordanes, mirex, SigmaPBDEs and SigmaPCBs predominated at acid sites. Our data reveal how dippers indicate contaminant levels and sources under contrasting conditions at scales ranging from local to intercontinental, but local environmental conditions apparently alter feeding ecology and exposure pathways even in these closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Morrissey
- Catchment Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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44
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Baker MR, Schindler DE, Holtgrieve GW, St Louis VL. Bioaccumulation and transport of contaminants: migrating sockeye salmon as vectors of mercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:8840-6. [PMID: 19943655 DOI: 10.1021/es901798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological transport by migratory animals is increasingly recognized as important to the long-range dispersal of toxic contaminants. Mercury (Hg) contamination is a widespread environmental concern with serious health implications for humans and wildlife. Due to their unique life history, anadromous salmon may act as important vectors for this contaminant, transferring Hg between marine and freshwater ecosystems. Previous analyses have considered contaminant transport by salmon to be unidirectional. These studies have evaluated Hg import to freshwater by spawning adults, but have not quantitatively assessed export through the migration of juveniles to the ocean. To determine the total Hg burden to freshwater systems by sockeye salmon, we reconstructed the net transport of Hg to the Wood River System in Bristol Bay, Alaska accounting for fluxes in (via adults) and out (via juveniles) of the system. Hg concentrations were higher in juvenile than adult salmon. Hg export from freshwater systems by salmon ranged from 3 to 30% of total import. Proportional export by smolts may be higher for populations under heavy exploitation with strong density dependence in juvenile recruitment. Full consideration of contaminant loading by migratory species requires attention to the relative contaminant flux at all life history stages and the effects of density dependent growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Baker
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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45
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Michelutti N, Liu H, Smol JP, Kimpe LE, Keatley BE, Mallory M, Macdonald RW, Douglas MSV, Blais JM. Accelerated delivery of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in recent sediments near a large seabird colony in Arctic Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2769-2775. [PMID: 19477567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in sediment cores from ponds located near a large seabird colony at Cape Vera, Devon Island, Arctic Canada. Surface sediment PCB concentrations were approximately 5x greater in seabird-affected sites relative to a nearby control pond and were correlated with independent indicators of seabird activity including, sedimentary delta(15)N and lakewater chlorophyll a and cadmium concentrations. PCB fluxes were amongst the highest recorded from the High Arctic, ranging from 290 to 2400 ng m(-2) yr(-1). Despite a widespread ban of PCBs in the mid-1970s, PCB accumulation rates in our cores increased, with the highest values recorded in the most recent sediments. Possible mechanisms for the recent PCB increases include a vertical flux step driven by seabird-delivered nutrients and/or delayed loading of PCBs from the catchment into the ponds. The high PCB levels recorded in the seabird-affected sites suggest that seabird colonies are exposing coastal ecosystems to elevated levels of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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46
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Krümmel EM, Scheer M, Gregory-Eaves I, Macdonald RW, Kimpe LE, Smol JP, Finney B, Blais JM. Historical analysis of salmon-derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in lake sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:1977-1989. [PMID: 19162299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have highlighted the importance of salmon as a means to deliver biomagnifying contaminants to nursery lakes. There is a lack of studies, however, which demonstrate empirically how this source has varied through time. This is of great significance because past salmon-derived contaminant loading was potentially greater than it is today. By analyzing radiometrically dated sediment cores collected from ten lakes in Alaska and British Columbia (B.C.), we relate historical numbers of sockeye salmon spawners to SigmaPCB concentrations and delta(15)N values (a paleolimnological proxy for past salmon-derived nitrogen) in the sediments. The results confirm that sockeye salmon have provided an important route for PCBs to enter the lakes in the past, a finding that is especially evident when the data of all lakes are pooled. Significant relationships between sockeye salmon numbers and delta(15)N, as well as SigmaPCB concentrations and delta(15)N in sediments, were also found. However, it is difficult to establish relationships between salmon numbers, SigmaPCBs and delta(15)N in individual lakes. This may be due to a number of factors which may influence contaminant loadings to the lakes. The factors include: a) changing salmon contaminant loads over time resulting from a lag in the upper ocean reservoir and/or changing salmon feeding locations; b) greater importance of atmospheric transport in lakes with relatively low salmon returns; and c) increased PCB scavenging due to higher algae productivity in the lakes in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Krümmel
- Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), Canada Office, 75 Albert St., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 5E7
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Springman KR, Short JW, Lindeberg MR, Maselko JM, Khan C, Hodson PV, Rice SD. Semipermeable membrane devices link site-specific contaminants to effects: Part 1 - Induction of CYP1A in rainbow trout from contaminants in Prince William Sound, Alaska. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:477-486. [PMID: 18845333 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) deployed on beaches in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, were used to evaluate if complex contaminant mixtures from different sources can be distinguished by the resulting cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) activity in exposed test animals. Deployment sites included canneries, salmon hatcheries, and beaches where lingering oil remains from discharges during the 1964 earthquake or the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Other sites were selected at random to evaluate region-wide contaminant inputs or were located in salmon streams to evaluate contaminants carried and released by migrating salmon carcasses following reproduction. Following standard deployments of approximately 28 d, an aliquot of the accumulated contaminants was intraperitoneally injected without cleanup into juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After 2 d and 7 d, the activity of CYP1A was measured by the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay. Exposure to extracts from the oiled sites and one hatchery site with numerous creosote pilings elicited strong EROD responses, whereas fish exposed to salmon stream extracts elicited weak but significant responses during late summer compared to late spring. Responses from the other sites were not significant, indicating contaminants from these sources are unlikely to cause CYP1A induction in resident biota. Rather than simply assessing extant contaminants, this method evaluates the potency of the different sites for bringing about aryl hydrocarbon receptor responses in resident biota.
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48
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Walters DM, Fritz KM, Otter RR. The dark side of subsidies: adult stream insects export organic contaminants to riparian predators. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 18:1835-1841. [PMID: 19263881 DOI: 10.1890/08-0354.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic insects provide a critical energy subsidy to riparian food webs, yet their role as vectors of contaminants to terrestrial ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated relationships between aquatic resource utilization and contaminant exposure for a riparian invertivore assemblage (spiders and herptiles) along a stream contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Stable carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) isotopes indicated that aquatic insect utilization varied among predators, with progressive enrichment of delta13C and depletion of delta15N as predators shifted from aquatic to terrestrial prey. PCB concentrations significantly increased along these isotopic gradients; delta13C and delta15N explained 65% and 15% of the variance in predator sigmaPCBs, respectively. PCBs in predators were high, exceeding 2000 ng/g wet mass (the human-health advisory prohibiting any consumption of fish tissue) in three species. Greater consideration should be given to streams as lateral exporters rather than simply as longitudinal conduits for contaminants. Persistent contaminants are underutilized for addressing landscape-level questions in subsidy research, but our results demonstrate they are an ideal in situ tracer of stream-derived energy because they label stream organic matter and invertebrates over large distances. Likewise, riparian predators such as tetragnathid spiders have great potential as biological monitors of stream condition and as an assessment tool for risk management of contaminated aquatic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walters
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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49
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Short JW, Springman KR, Lindeberg MR, Holland LG, Larsen ML, Sloan CA, Khan C, Hodson PV, Rice SD. Semipermeable membrane devices link site-specific contaminants to effects: PART II - A comparison of lingering Exxon Valdez oil with other potential sources of CYP1A inducers in Prince William Sound, Alaska. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:487-498. [PMID: 18845332 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) on beaches for 28 days at 53 sites in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate the induction potential from suspected sources of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A)-inducing contaminants. Sites were selected to assess known point sources, or were chosen randomly to evaluate the region-wide sources. After deployment, SPMD extracts were analyzed chemically for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These results were compared with hepatic CYP1A enzyme activity of juvenile rainbow trout injected with the same extracts prior to clean-up for the chemical analyses. Increased CYP1A activity was strongly associated with PAH concentrations in extracts, especially chrysene homologues but was not associated with POPs. The only apparent sources of chrysene homologues were lingering oil from Exxon Valdez, asphalt and bunker fuels released from storage tanks during the 1964 Alaska earthquake, creosote leaching from numerous pilings at one site, and PAH-contaminated sediments at Cordova Harbor. Our results indicate that PWS is remarkably free of pollution from PAH when nearby sources are absent as well as from pesticides and PCBs generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Short
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA.
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Springman KR, Short JW, Lindeberg M, Rice SD. Evaluation of bioavailable hydrocarbon sources and their induction potential in Prince William Sound, Alaska. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:218-220. [PMID: 18403008 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To realistically evaluate the consequences of exposure to a complex mixture, we modified a passive sampler technology, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), which absorbs the bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds present in an environment. These samplers were deployed in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, at locations selected as potential sites of hydrocarbon deposition, as well as in random sites for regional assessment. Some of these sites were affected by previous human activity, such as canneries and salmon hatcheries, while others were sites of oil discharge as a consequence of the 1964 earthquake or the oil spill of T/V Exxon Valdez in 1989. The SPMDs were deployed for 27-28 d, processed, and then split, with one aliquot dedicated to chemical analysis and the other injected into juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), along with the proper controls including a solvent control, field blank, and positive control. Trout fry were sacrificed after 2 or 7d, and their livers assayed for CYP1A induction by the standard bioassay for hydrocarbon exposure, the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay. The results of this study were consistent and reproducible and showed that oil, whether deposited in 1964 or 1989, is still bioavailable as it can elicit as sustained response. Also, the same oil deposited in different sites of the same region has degraded differently, which is demonstrated by this method. Other putative sources of hydrocarbons, such as oil seeps, were dismissed as regional sources of induction agents as the responses following injection of modified SPMD extract from those sites did not differ significantly from the solvent control. This is a flexible, sensitive method that assesses the response to site-specific bioavailable contaminants and does so within the normal physiological response range of the target.
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