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Tian RR, Li T, Zhang MX, Song TZ, Zheng HY, Zheng YT. Nonnegligible Contribution of Nonlymphoid Tissue to Viral Reservoir During the Short-Term Early cART in SIVmac239-Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024. [PMID: 38535626 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS cannot be cured because of the persistence of the viral reservoir. Because of the complexity of the cellular composition and structure of the human organs, HIV reservoirs of anatomical site are also complex. Recently, although a variety of molecules have been reported to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of the viral reservoirs, or as marker of latent cells, the research mainly focuses on blood and lymph nodes. Now, the characteristics of the viral reservoir in tissue are not yet fully understood. In this study, various tissues were collected from SIVmac239-infected monkeys, and the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in them were compared with character of the anatomical viral reservoir under early treatment. The results showed that short-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) starting from 3 days after infection could significantly inhibit viremia and reduce the size of the anatomical viral reservoir, but it could not eradicate de novo infections and ongoing replication of virus. Moreover, the effects of early cART on the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in different tissues were different, which changed the size distribution of viral reservoir in anatomical site. Finally, the contribution of nonlymphoid tissues, especially liver and lung, to the viral reservoir increased after treatment, while the contribution of intestinal lymphoid to the viral reservoir significantly reduced. These results suggested that early treatment effectively decreased the size of viral reservoir, and that the effects of cART on the tissue viral reservoir varied greatly by tissue type. The results implied that persistent existence of virus in nonlymphoid tissues after short-term treatment suggested that the role of nonlymphoid tissues cannot be ignored in development strategies for AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Resource Center for Nonhuman Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Carr CR, Crawford KHD, Murphy M, Galloway JG, Haddox HK, Matsen FA, Andersen KG, King NP, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antigenic variability of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.579020. [PMID: 38370709 PMCID: PMC10871245 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.579020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Lassa virus is estimated to cause thousands of human deaths per year, primarily due to spillovers from its natural host, Mastomys rodents. Efforts to create vaccines and antibody therapeutics must account for the evolutionary variability of Lassa virus's glycoprotein complex (GPC), which mediates viral entry into cells and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. To map the evolutionary space accessible to GPC, we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how nearly all GPC amino-acid mutations affect cell entry and antibody neutralization. Our experiments define functional constraints throughout GPC. We quantify how GPC mutations affect neutralization by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and show that all antibodies are escaped by mutations that exist among natural Lassa virus lineages. Overall, our work describes a biosafety-level-2 method to elucidate the mutational space accessible to GPC and shows how prospective characterization of antigenic variation could aid design of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. Carr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H. D. Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jared G. Galloway
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hugh K. Haddox
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Lead contact
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3
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Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Bender AM, Zitzmann C, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Biphasic decay of intact SHIV genomes following initiation of antiretroviral therapy complicates analysis of interventions targeting the reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313209120. [PMID: 37844236 PMCID: PMC10614214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313209120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and precludes cure. Reservoir-targeting interventions are evaluated in ART-treated macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). Efficacy is determined by reservoir measurements before and after the intervention. However, most proviruses persisting in the setting of ART are defective. In addition, intact HIV-1 and SIV genomes undergo complex, multiphasic decay observable when new infection events are blocked by ART. Intervention-induced elimination of latently infected cells must be distinguished from natural decay. Here, we address these issues for SHIV. We describe an intact proviral DNA assay that allows digital counting of SHIV genomes lacking common fatal defects. We show that intact SHIV genomes in circulating CD4+ T cells undergo biphasic decay during the first year of ART, with a rapid first phase (t1/2 = 30.1 d) and a slower second phase (t1/2 = 8.1 mo) that is still more rapid that the slow decay observed in people with HIV-1 on long-term ART (t1/2 = 3.7 y). In SHIV models, most interventions are tested during 2nd phase decay. Natural 2nd phase decay must be considered in evaluating interventions as most infected cells present at this time do not become part of the stable reservoir. In addition, for interventions tested during 2nd phase decay, a caveat is that the intervention may not be equally effective in people with HIV on long-term ART whose reservoirs are dominated by latently infected cells with a slower decay rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithra R. Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Emily J. Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Alexandra M. Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | | | | | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD21205
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Zhang X, Chen J. HIV Reservoir: How to Measure It? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:29-41. [PMID: 37004676 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSEOF REVIEW In the current quest for a complete cure for HIV/AIDS, the persistence of a long-lived reservoir of cells carrying replication-competent proviruses is the major challenge. Here, we describe the main elements and characteristics of several widely used assays of HIV latent reservoir detection. RECENT FINDINGS To date, researchers have developed several different HIV latent reservoir detection assays. Among them, the in vitro quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) has been the gold standard for assessing latent HIV-1 viral load. The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) based on PCR also demonstrated the predominance of defective viruses. However, these assays all have some drawbacks and may still be inadequate in detecting the presence of ultralow levels of latent virus in many patients who were initially thought to have been cured, but eventually showed viral rebound. An accurate and precise measurement of the HIV reservoir is therefore needed to evaluate curative strategies, aimed to functional cure or sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Dadonaite B, Crawford KHD, Radford CE, Farrell AG, Yu TC, Hannon WW, Zhou P, Andrabi R, Burton DR, Liu L, Ho DD, Chu HY, Neher RA, Bloom JD. A pseudovirus system enables deep mutational scanning of the full SARS-CoV-2 spike. Cell 2023; 186:1263-1278.e20. [PMID: 36868218 PMCID: PMC9922669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein. Here, we describe a deep mutational scanning platform based on non-replicative pseudotyped lentiviruses that directly quantifies how large numbers of spike mutations impact antibody neutralization and pseudovirus infection. We apply this platform to produce libraries of the Omicron BA.1 and Delta spikes. These libraries each contain ∼7,000 distinct amino acid mutations in the context of up to ∼135,000 unique mutation combinations. We use these libraries to map escape mutations from neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain, N-terminal domain, and S2 subunit of spike. Overall, this work establishes a high-throughput and safe approach to measure how ∼105 combinations of mutations affect antibody neutralization and spike-mediated infection. Notably, the platform described here can be extended to the entry proteins of many other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H D Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caelan E Radford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ariana G Farrell
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Timothy C Yu
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William W Hannon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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6
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Fray EJ, Wu F, Simonetti FR, Zitzmann C, Sambaturu N, Molina-Paris C, Bender AM, Liu PT, Ventura JD, Wiseman RW, O'Connor DH, Geleziunas R, Leitner T, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Antiretroviral therapy reveals triphasic decay of intact SIV genomes and persistence of ancestral variants. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:356-372.e5. [PMID: 36809762 PMCID: PMC10583177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The decay kinetics of HIV-1-infected cells are critical to understand virus persistence. We evaluated the frequency of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells for 4 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and an assay for hypermutated proviruses revealed short- and long-term infected cell dynamics in macaques starting ART ∼1 year after infection. Intact SIV genomes in circulating CD4+T cells showed triphasic decay with an initial phase slower than the decay of the plasma virus, a second phase faster than the second phase decay of intact HIV-1, and a stable third phase reached after 1.6-2.9 years. Hypermutated proviruses showed bi- or mono-phasic decay, reflecting different selective pressures. Viruses replicating at ART initiation had mutations conferring antibody escape. With time on ART, viruses with fewer mutations became more prominent, reflecting decay of variants replicating at ART initiation. Collectively, these findings confirm ART efficacy and indicate that cells enter the reservoir throughout untreated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra M Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Po-Ting Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John D Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Thomas Leitner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Richetta C, Tu NQ, Delelis O. Different Pathways Conferring Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors Resistance. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122591. [PMID: 36560595 PMCID: PMC9785060 DOI: 10.3390/v14122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently used as the most effective therapy in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Raltegravir (RAL) and Elvitegravir (EVG), the first generation of INSTIs used successfully in clinical treatment, are susceptible to the emergence of viral resistance and have a high rate of cross-resistance. To counteract these resistant mutants, second-generation INSTI drugs have been developed: Dolutegravir (DTG), Cabotegravir (CAB), and Bictegravir (BIC). However, HIV is also able to develop resistance mechanisms against the second-generation of INSTIs. This review describes the mode of action of INSTIs and then summarizes and evaluates some typical resistance mutations, such as substitution and insertion mutations. The role of unintegrated viral DNA is also discussed as a new pathway involved in conferring resistance to INSTIs. This allows us to have a more detailed understanding of HIV resistance to these inhibitors, which may contribute to the development of new INSTIs in the future.
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8
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Dadonaite B, Crawford KHD, Radford CE, Farrell AG, Yu TC, Hannon WW, Zhou P, Andrabi R, Burton DR, Liu L, Ho DD, Neher RA, Bloom JD. A pseudovirus system enables deep mutational scanning of the full SARS-CoV-2 spike. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.10.13.512056. [PMID: 36263061 PMCID: PMC9580381 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein. Here we describe a new deep mutational scanning platform based on non-replicative pseudotyped lentiviruses that directly quantifies how large numbers of spike mutations impact antibody neutralization and pseudovirus infection. We demonstrate this new platform by making libraries of the Omicron BA.1 and Delta spikes. These libraries each contain ~7000 distinct amino-acid mutations in the context of up to ~135,000 unique mutation combinations. We use these libraries to map escape mutations from neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain, and S2 subunit of spike. Overall, this work establishes a high-throughput and safe approach to measure how ~10 5 combinations of mutations affect antibody neutralization and spike-mediated infection. Notably, the platform described here can be extended to the entry proteins of many other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H D Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Caelan E Radford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Ariana G Farrell
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Timothy C Yu
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - William W Hannon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard A. Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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9
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Demystifying Extrachromosomal DNA Circles: Categories, Biogenesis, and Cancer Therapeutics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6011-6022. [PMID: 36382182 PMCID: PMC9647416 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of sequencing technologies in the 1990s, researchers have focused on the association between aberrations in chromosomal DNA and disease. However, not all forms of the DNA are linear and chromosomal. Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are double-stranded, closed-circled DNA constructs free from the chromosome that reside in the nuclei. Although widely overlooked, the eccDNAs have recently gained attention for their potential roles in physiological response, intratumoral heterogeneity and cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the history, classifications, biogenesis, and highlight recent progresses on the emerging topic of eccDNAs and comment on their potential application as biomarkers in clinical settings.
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10
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External quality assessment of HIV-1 DNA quantification assays used in the clinical setting in Italy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3291. [PMID: 35228581 PMCID: PMC8885833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTotal cell-associated HIV-1 DNA is a surrogate marker of the HIV-1 reservoir, however, certified systems for its quantification are not available. The Italian HIV DNA Network was launched to validate HIV-1 DNA quantification methods in use at University and Hospital labs. A quality control panel including HIV-1 DNA standards, reconstructed blood samples (RBSs) and DNA from different HIV-1 subtypes was blindly tested by 12 participating labs by quantitative real-time PCR (n = 6), droplet digital PCR (n = 3) or both (n = 3). The median 95% hit rate was 4.6 (3.7–5.5) copies per test and linearity in the tested range was excellent (R2 = 1.000 [1.000–1.000]). The median values obtained across labs were 3,370 (2,287–4,245), 445 (299–498), 59 (40–81) and 7 (6–11) HIV-1 DNA copies, for the 3,584, 448, 56 and 7-copy standards, respectively. With RBSs, measured values were within twofold with respect to the median in two thirds of cases. HIV-1 subtypes were missed (CRF01_AE by 3 labs) or underestimated by > 1 log (subtypes A, C, D, F by one lab; CRF01_AE by one lab; CRF02_AG by one lab). The overall performance was excellent with HIV-1 DNA standards, however detection of different HIV-1 subtypes must be improved.
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11
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White JA, Simonetti FR, Beg S, McMyn NF, Dai W, Bachmann N, Lai J, Ford WC, Bunch C, Jones JL, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Complex decay dynamics of HIV virions, intact and defective proviruses, and 2LTR circles following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120326119. [PMID: 35110411 PMCID: PMC8833145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who start antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma virus decays in a biphasic fashion to below the detection limit. The first phase reflects the short half-life (<1 d) of cells that produce most of the plasma virus. The second phase represents the slower turnover (t1/2 = 14 d) of another infected cell population, whose identity is unclear. Using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) to distinguish intact and defective proviruses, we analyzed viral decay in 17 PLWH initiating ART. Circulating CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses include few of the rapidly decaying first-phase cells. Instead, this population initially decays more slowly (t1/2 = 12.9 d) in a process that largely represents death or exit from the circulation rather than transition to latency. This more protracted decay potentially allows for immune selection. After ∼3 mo, the decay slope changes, and CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses decay with a half-life of 19 mo, which is still shorter than that of the latently infected cells that persist on long-term ART. Two-long-terminal repeat (2LTR) circles decay with fast and slow phases paralleling intact proviruses, a finding that precludes their use as a simple marker of ongoing viral replication. Proviruses with defects at the 5' or 3' end of the genome show equivalent monophasic decay at rates that vary among individuals. Understanding these complex early decay processes is important for correct use of reservoir assays and may provide insights into properties of surviving cells that can constitute the stable latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A White
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Natalie F McMyn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Niklas Bachmann
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William C Ford
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christina Bunch
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joyce L Jones
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Department of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Department of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD 21205
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12
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Kumar G, Cottalorda-Dufayard J, Garraffo R, De Salvador-Guillouët F, Cua E, Roger PM. Raltegravir Inclusion Decreases CD4 T-Cells Intra-Cellular Viral Load and Increases CD4 and CD28 Positive T-Cells in Selected HIV Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020208. [PMID: 35053324 PMCID: PMC8773801 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir (RLT) prevents the integration of HIV DNA in the nucleus, but published studies remain controversial, suggesting that it does not decrease proviral DNA. However, there are only a few studies focused on virus-targeted cells. We aimed our study on the impact of RLT inclusion on total intra-cellular viral DNA (TID) in cellular subsets and immune effects in patients with newly acquired undetectable plasmatic viral load (UVL). Six patients having UVL using an antiretroviral combination for 6 months and CD4 T-cells > 350/mL and <500/mL were selected to receive RLT for 3 months from M0 to M3. Patients had 7 sequential viro-immunological determinations from M-1 to M5. Immune phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry and TID quantification was performed using PCR assay on purified cells. TID (median values) at the initiation of RLT in CD4 T-cells was 117 copies/millions of cells, decreased to 27.5 on M3, and remained thereafter permanently under the cut-off (<10 copies/millions of cells) in 4 out of 6 patients. This was associated with an increase of CD4 and CD4 + CD28+ T-cells and a decrease of HLA-DR expression and apoptosis of CD4 T-cells. RLT inclusion led to decreases in the viral load along with positive immune reconstitution, mainly for CD4 T-cells in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Unité 576, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France;
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(405)-271-2907; Fax: +1-(405)-271-4110
| | - Jacqueline Cottalorda-Dufayard
- Virologie, Hopital l’Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France;
| | - Rodolphe Garraffo
- Pharmacologie, Hopital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France;
| | - Francine De Salvador-Guillouët
- Infectiologie, Hopital l’Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France; (F.D.S.-G.); (E.C.)
| | - Eric Cua
- Infectiologie, Hopital l’Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France; (F.D.S.-G.); (E.C.)
| | - Pierre-Marie Roger
- Unité 576, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France;
- Infectiologie, Hopital l’Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Universite de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France; (F.D.S.-G.); (E.C.)
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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13
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Quantification of Total HIV DNA as a Marker to Measure Viral Reservoir: Methods and Potential Implications for Clinical Practice. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010039. [PMID: 35054206 PMCID: PMC8774405 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the importance of quantifying total HIV DNA to target the HIV reservoir and the clinical implications and challenges involved in its future application in clinical practice. Despite intrinsic limitations, the quantification of total HIV DNA is currently the most widely used marker for exploring the HIV reservoir. As it allows estimating all forms of HIV DNA in the infected cells, total HIV DNA load is the biomarker of the HIV reservoir that provides most of the insights into HIV pathogenesis. The clinical role of total HIV-DNA in both untreated and treated patients is extensively supported by important lines of evidence. Thus, predictive models that include total HIV DNA load together with other variables could constitute a prognostic tool for use in clinical practice. To date, however, this marker has been primarily used in experimental evaluations. The main challenge is technical. Although the implementation of droplet digital PCR could improve analytical performance over real-time PCR, the lack of standardization has made cross-comparisons of the data difficult. An effort by investigators to compare protocols is needed. Furthermore, the main effort now should be to involve the biomedical industry in the development of certified assays for in vitro diagnostics use.
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14
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Guedán A, Donaldson CD, Caroe ER, Cosnefroy O, Taylor IA, Bishop KN. HIV-1 requires capsid remodelling at the nuclear pore for nuclear entry and integration. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009484. [PMID: 34543344 PMCID: PMC8483370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid (CA) lattice of the HIV-1 core plays a key role during infection. From the moment the core is released into the cytoplasm, it interacts with a range of cellular factors that, ultimately, direct the pre-integration complex to the integration site. For integration to occur, the CA lattice must disassemble. Early uncoating or a failure to do so has detrimental effects on virus infectivity, indicating that an optimal stability of the viral core is crucial for infection. Here, we introduced cysteine residues into HIV-1 CA in order to induce disulphide bond formation and engineer hyper-stable mutants that are slower or unable to uncoat, and then followed their replication. From a panel of mutants, we identified three with increased capsid stability in cells and found that, whilst the M68C/E212C mutant had a 5-fold reduction in reverse transcription, two mutants, A14C/E45C and E180C, were able to reverse transcribe to approximately WT levels in cycling cells. Moreover, these mutants only had a 5-fold reduction in 2-LTR circle production, suggesting that not only could reverse transcription complete in hyper-stable cores, but that the nascent viral cDNA could enter the nuclear compartment. Furthermore, we observed A14C/E45C mutant capsid in nuclear and chromatin-associated fractions implying that the hyper-stable cores themselves entered the nucleus. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that although the A14C/E45C mutant capsid reached the nuclear pore with the same kinetics as wild type capsid, it was then retained at the pore in association with Nup153. Crucially, infection with the hyper-stable mutants did not promote CPSF6 re-localisation to nuclear speckles, despite the mutant capsids being competent for CPSF6 binding. These observations suggest that hyper-stable cores are not able to uncoat, or remodel, enough to pass through or dissociate from the nuclear pore and integrate successfully. This, is turn, highlights the importance of capsid lattice flexibility for nuclear entry. In conclusion, we hypothesise that during a productive infection, a capsid remodelling step takes place at the nuclear pore that releases the core complex from Nup153, and relays it to CPSF6, which then localises it to chromatin ready for integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Guedán
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Callum D. Donaldson
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eve R. Caroe
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ophélie Cosnefroy
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate N. Bishop
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of HIV-1 Persistence. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050514. [PMID: 34067608 PMCID: PMC8156729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradicating HIV-1 in infected individuals will not be possible without addressing the persistence of the virus in its multiple reservoirs. In this context, the molecular characterization of HIV-1 persistence is key for the development of rationalized therapeutic interventions. HIV-1 gene expression relies on the redundant and cooperative recruitment of cellular epigenetic machineries to cis-regulatory proviral regions. Furthermore, the complex repertoire of HIV-1 repression mechanisms varies depending on the nature of the viral reservoir, although, so far, few studies have addressed the specific regulatory mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in other reservoirs than the well-studied latently infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we present an exhaustive and updated picture of the heterochromatinization of the HIV-1 promoter in its different reservoirs. We highlight the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of the epigenetic mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, while discussing the importance of further understanding HIV-1 gene regulation for the rational design of novel HIV-1 cure strategies.
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16
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Chahine A, Koru-Sengul T, Feaster DJ, Dilworth SE, Antoni MH, Klatt N, Roach ME, Pallikkuth S, Sharkey M, Salinas J, Stevenson M, Pahwa S, Fuchs D, Carrico AW. Blue Monday: Co-occurring Stimulant Use and HIV Persistence Predict Dysregulated Catecholamine Synthesis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:353-360. [PMID: 33165125 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study examined whether co-occurring stimulant use and HIV disease processes predicted greater risk for depression via dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for neurotransmitters. METHODS In total, 110 sexual minority men (ie, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men) living with HIV who had biologically confirmed recent methamphetamine use were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. The kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) and phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T) ratios were measured over 15 months to index dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for serotonin and catecholamines. Markers of gut-immune dysregulation such as lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 (sCD14), HIV persistence in immune cells (ie, proviral HIV DNA), and stimulant use were examined as predictors. These bio-behavioral measures, including the K/T and P/T ratios, were also examined as predictors of greater risk for depression over 15 months. RESULTS Higher time-varying sCD14 levels (β = 0.13; P = 0.04) and time-varying detectable viral loads (β = 0.71; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of a higher K/T ratio. Time-varying reactive urine toxicology results for stimulants (β = 0.53; P < 0.001) and greater proviral HIV DNA at baseline (β = 0.34; P < 0.001) independently predicted an increased P/T ratio. Greater time-varying, self-reported methamphetamine use uniquely predicted higher odds of screening positive for depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.17). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing stimulant use and HIV persistence independently predict dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for catecholamines, but this did not explain amplified risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chahine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Tulay Koru-Sengul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael H Antoni
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Nichole Klatt
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Margaret E Roach
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Universit of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Universit of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Mark Sharkey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; and
| | - Jessica Salinas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; and
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; and
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Universit of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute for Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Biocentre, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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17
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Mu Y, Cory TJ. Suppression of HIV-1 Viral Replication by Inhibiting Drug Efflux Transporters in Activated Macrophages. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:128-137. [PMID: 33032513 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666201008143833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol has been shown to increase oxidative stress, drug efflux transporter expression, and promote HIV progression. Macrophages, which express drug efflux transporters, serve as an essential sanctuary site for HIV. The antiretroviral drug lopinavir, a protease inhibitor, is a substrate of the drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. The NF-κB signaling pathway is associated with inflammation and drug efflux transporter expression. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of ethanol on drug efflux transporters and HIV replication of macrophages and develop strategies to increase the efficacy of the protease inhibitor. METHODS The expression of PGP and MRP1 was examined with western blot. The NF- κB inhibition was assessed with nuclear western blot. LC-MS/MS and p24 ELISA were used to assess intracellular LPV and viral replication. RESULTS Ethanol at 40mM slightly increased drug efflux transporter PGP and MRP1 expression in activated macrophages. IKK-16, an NF- κB inhibitor, counteracted the increased transporter expression caused by ethanol exposure. MK571, an MRP1 inhibitor, and IKK-16 significantly increased intracellular LPV concentration with or without ethanol treatment. MK571 significantly increased LPV efficacy in suppressing viral replication with or without ethanol treatment. A decreasing trend and a significant decrease were observed with IKK-16+LPV treatment compared with LPV alone in the no ethanol treatment and ethanol treatment groups, respectively. CONCLUSION In activated macrophages, inhibiting drug efflux transporter MRP1 activity and reducing its expression may represent a promising approach to suppress viral replication by increasing intracellular antiretroviral concentrations. However, different strategies may be required for ethanolrelated vs. untreated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy 881 Madison, Memphis, United States
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy 881 Madison, Memphis, United States
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18
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Prolonged administration of maraviroc reactivates latent HIV in vivo but it does not prevent antiretroviral-free viral rebound. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22286. [PMID: 33339855 PMCID: PMC7749169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incurable due to latent viral reservoirs established in non-activated CD4 T cells that cannot be eliminated via antiretroviral therapy. Current efforts to cure HIV are focused on identifying drugs that will induce viral gene expression in latently infected cells, commonly known as latency reversing agents (LRAs). Some drugs have been shown to reactivate latent HIV but do not cause a reduction in reservoir size. Therefore, finding new LRAs or new combinations or increasing the round of stimulations is needed to cure HIV. However, the effects of these drugs on viral rebound after prolonged treatment have not been evaluated. In a previous clinical trial, antiretroviral therapy intensification with maraviroc for 48 weeks caused an increase in residual viremia and episomal two LTR-DNA circles suggesting that maraviroc could reactivate latent HIV. We amended the initial clinical trial to explore additional virologic parameters in stored samples and to evaluate the time to viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption in three patients. Maraviroc induced an increase in cell-associated HIV RNA during the administration of the drug. However, there was a rapid rebound of viremia after antiretroviral therapy discontinuation. HIV-specific T cell response was slightly enhanced. These results show that maraviroc can reactivate latent HIV in vivo but further studies are required to efficiently reduce the reservoir size.
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19
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Orlandi C, Canovari B, Bozzano F, Marras F, Pasquini Z, Barchiesi F, De Maria A, Magnani M, Casabianca A. A comparative analysis of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA measurement as a potential biomarker of the cellular reservoir in the blood of patients controlling and non-controlling viral replication. J Transl Med 2020; 18:204. [PMID: 32429953 PMCID: PMC7236182 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence of HIV-1 in reservoir cells is one of the major obstacles to eradicating the virus in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-1 persists in infected cells as a stable integrated genome and more labile unintegrated DNA (uDNA), which includes linear, 1-LTR and 2-LTR circular DNA. 2-LTR circle DNA, although less abundant, is considered a surrogate marker of recent infection events and is currently used instead of the other unintegrated species as a diagnostic tool. This pilot study aimed to investigate how to best achieve the measurement of uDNA. Methods A comparative analysis of two qPCR-based methods (U-assay and 2-LTR assay) was performed on the blood of 12 ART-naïve, 14 viremic and 29 aviremic On-ART patients and 20 untreated spontaneous controllers (HIC), sampled at a single time point. Results The U-assay, which quantified all unintegrated DNA species, showed greater sensitivity than the 2-LTR assay (up to 75%, p < 0.0001), especially in viremic subjects, in whom other forms, in addition to 2-LTR circles, may also accumulate due to active viral replication. Indeed, in aviremic On-ART samples, the U-assay unexpectedly measured uDNA in a higher proportion of samples (76%, 22/29) than the 2-LTR assay (41%, 12/29), (p = 0.0164). A trend towards lower uDNA levels was observed in aviremic vs viremic On-ART patients, reaching significance when we combined aviremic On-ART and HIC (controllers) vs Off-ART and viremic On-ART subjects (non-controllers) (p = 0.0003), whereas 2-LTR circle levels remained constant (p ≥ 0.2174). These data were supported by the high correlation found between uDNA and total DNA (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Conclusions The great advantage of the U-assay is that, unlike the 2-LTR assay, it allows the accurate evaluation of the totality of uDNA that can still be measured even during successful ART when plasma viremia is below the cut-off of common clinical tests (< 50 copies/mL) and 2-LTR circles are more likely to be under the quantification limit. UDNA measurement in blood cells may be used as a biomarker to reveal a so far hidden or underestimated viral reservoir. The potential clinical relevance of uDNA quantification may lead to improvements in diagnostic methods to support clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Canovari
- Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Marras
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Zeno Pasquini
- Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Barchiesi
- Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, DISSAL, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
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20
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Pallikkuth S, Bolivar H, Fletcher MA, Babic DZ, De Armas LR, Gupta S, Termini JM, Arheart KL, Stevenson M, Tung FY, Fischl MA, Pahwa S, Stone GW. A therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine reduces markers of systemic immune activation and latent infection in patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy. Vaccine 2020; 38:4336-4345. [PMID: 32387010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by chronic immune activation and the establishment of a pool of latently infected cells. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress viral load to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by standard measure, however immune activation/chronic inflammation and latent infection persist and affect quality of life. We have now shown that a novel therapeutic HIV vaccine consisting of replication-defective HIV (HIVAX), given in the context of viral suppression under ART, can reduce both immune activation/chronic inflammation and latent infection. Immune activation, as measured by percent of CD8 + HLA-DR + CD38 + T cells, approached levels of healthy controls at week 16 following vaccination. Reduced immune activation was accompanied by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and peripheral α4β7 + plasmacytoid DC (a marker of mucosal immune activation). Levels of both HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTR circles were reduced at week 16 following vaccination, suggesting HIVAX can impact HIV-1 latency and reduce viral replication. Surprisingly, reduced immune activation/chronic inflammation was accompanied by an increase in the percent of memory CD4 + T cells expressing markers PD-1 and TIM-3. In addition, evaluation of HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4 + T cells for expression of 96 T cell related genes pre- and post-therapy revealed increased expression of a number of genes involved in the regulation of immune activation, T cell activation, and antiviral responses. Overall this study provides evidence that vaccination with HIVAX in subjects under long term antiviral suppression can reduce immune activation/chronic inflammation and latent infection (Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT01428596).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hector Bolivar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary A Fletcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dunja Z Babic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lesley R De Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James M Termini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Margaret A Fischl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Differences in HIV Markers between Infected Individuals Treated with Different ART Regimens: Implications for the Persistence of Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050489. [PMID: 32349381 PMCID: PMC7290301 DOI: 10.3390/v12050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In adherent individuals, antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV replication, restores immune function, and prevents the development of AIDS. However, ART is not curative and has to be followed lifelong. Persistence of viral reservoirs forms the major obstacle to an HIV cure. HIV latent reservoirs persist primarily by cell longevity and proliferation, but replenishment by residual virus replication despite ART has been proposed as another potential mechanism of HIV persistence. It is a matter of debate whether different ART regimens are equally potent in suppressing HIV replication. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the role of ART regimens in HIV persistence, focusing on differences in residual plasma viremia and other virological markers of the HIV reservoir between infected individuals treated with combination ART composed of different antiretroviral drug classes.
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Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid performs essential functions during early viral replication and is an interesting target for novel antivirals. Thus, understanding molecular and structural details of capsid function will be important for elucidating early HIV-1 (and retroviral in general) replication in relevant target cells and may also aid antiviral development. Here, we show that HIV-1 capsids stay largely intact during transport to the nucleus of infected T cells but appear to uncoat upon entry into the nucleoplasm. These results support the hypothesis that capsids protect the HIV-1 genome from cytoplasmic defense mechanisms and target the genome toward the nucleus. A protective role of the capsid could be a paradigm that also applies to other viruses. Our findings raise the question of how reverse transcription of the HIV-1 genome is accomplished in the context of the capsid structure and whether the process is completed before the capsid is uncoated at the nuclear pore. HIV-1 infects host cells by fusion at the plasma membrane, leading to cytoplasmic entry of the viral capsid encasing the genome and replication machinery. The capsid eventually needs to disassemble, but time and location of uncoating are not fully characterized and may vary depending on the host cell. To study the fate of the capsid by fluorescence and superresolution (STED) microscopy, we established an experimental system that allows discrimination of subviral structures in the cytosol from intact virions at the plasma membrane or in endosomes without genetic modification of the virus. Quantitative microscopy of infected SupT1-R5 cells revealed that the CA signal on cytosolic HIV-1 complexes corresponded to ∼50% of that found in virions at the cell surface, in agreement with dissociation of nonassembled CA molecules from entering capsids after membrane fusion. The relative amount of CA in postfusion complexes remained stable until they reached the nuclear pore complex, while subviral structures in the nucleus of infected cells lacked detectable CA. An HIV-1 variant defective in binding of the host protein cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6) exhibited accumulation of CA-positive subviral complexes close to the nuclear envelope without loss of infectivity; STED microscopy revealed direct association of these complexes with nuclear pores. These results support previous observations indicating capsid uncoating at the nuclear pore in infected T-cell lines. They suggest that largely intact HIV-1 capsids dock at the nuclear pore in infected SupT1-R5 cells, with CPSF6 being a facilitator of nucleoplasmic entry in this cell type, as has been observed for infected macrophages.
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Laboratory surrogate markers of residual HIV replication among distinct groups of individuals under antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217502. [PMID: 31206536 PMCID: PMC6576780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual HIV-1 replication among individuals under antiretroviral therapy (ART) relates to HIV micro-inflammation. OBJECTIVES To determine the levels of residual HIV replication markers among distinct subgroups of antiretroviral-treated individuals. METHODS One hundred sixteen patients were distributed into 5 treatment groups: first-line suppressive ART with a non-nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) (n = 26), first-line suppressive ART with boosted protease inhibitors (PI-r) (n = 25), salvage therapy using PI-r (n = 27), salvage therapy with PI-r and raltegravir (n = 22) and virologic failure (n = 16). Episomal and total DNA quantitation was evaluated. ELISA was used for HIV antibody and LPS quantitation. RESULTS Episomal DNA was positive in 26% to 38% of individuals under suppressive ART, and it was higher among individuals experiencing ART virologic failure (p = 0.04). The HIV proviral load was higher among patients with detectable episomal DNA (p = 0.01). Individuals receiving initial PI-r treatment presented lower HIV antibody (p = 0.027) and LPS (p = 0.029) levels than individuals receiving NNRTI. There was a negative correlation between episomal DNA quantitation and the duration of suppressive ART (p = 0.04), CD4+ T-cell count (p = 0.08), and CD8+ T-cell count (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Residual HIV replication has been inferred among individuals under suppressive ART according to episomal DNA detection. Residual replication may decrease with longer periods of suppressive ART and higher levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The relationship between episomal DNA and total DNA suggests there is a replenishment of the proviral reservoir with impacts on HIV persistence. Lower antibody and LPS levels among patients with initial PI-r ART suggest these regimens may more effectively suppress HIV and have a higher capacity to decrease the HIV antigenic component.
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Jean MJ, Fiches G, Hayashi T, Zhu J. Current Strategies for Elimination of HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs Using Chemical Compounds Targeting Host and Viral Factors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1-24. [PMID: 30351168 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), rates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mortality, morbidity, and newly acquired infections have decreased dramatically. In fact, HIV-1-infected individuals under effective suppressive cART approach normal life span and quality of life. However, long-term therapy is required because the virus establish a reversible state of latency in memory CD4+ T cells. Two principle strategies, namely "shock and kill" approach and "block and lock" approach, are currently being investigated for the eradication of these HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Actually, both of these contrasting approaches are based on the use of small-molecule compounds to achieve the cure for HIV-1. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in designing and developing small-molecule compounds for both strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J. Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Bejarano DA, Puertas MC, Börner K, Martinez-Picado J, Müller B, Kräusslich HG. Detailed Characterization of Early HIV-1 Replication Dynamics in Primary Human Macrophages. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110620. [PMID: 30423802 PMCID: PMC6266216 DOI: 10.3390/v10110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are natural target cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Viral replication appears to be delayed in these cells compared to lymphocytes; however, little is known about the kinetics of early post-entry events. Time-of-addition experiments using several HIV-1 inhibitors and the detection of reverse transcriptase (RT) products with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) revealed that early replication was delayed in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages of several donors and peaked late after infection. Direct imaging of reverse-transcription and pre-integration complexes (RTC/PIC) by click-labeling of newly synthesized DNA further confirmed our findings and showed a concomitant shift to the nuclear stage over time. Altering the entry pathway enhanced infectivity but did not affect kinetics of viral replication. The addition of viral protein X (Vpx) enhanced productive infection and accelerated completion of reverse transcription and nuclear entry. We propose that sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine/aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) activity lowering deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pools is the principal factor delaying early HIV-1 replication in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alejandro Bejarano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maria C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Cièncias de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Cièncias de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Moragas M, Distefano M, Mecikovsky D, Arazi Caillaud S, Cernadas C, Bologna R, Aulicino P, Mangano A. Impact of the time to achieve viral control on the dynamics of circulating HIV-1 reservoir in vertically infected children with long-term sustained virological suppression: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205579. [PMID: 30352067 PMCID: PMC6198963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Determine the decay rate of HIV-1 DNA reservoir in vertically infected children during sustained viral suppression (VS) and how it is affected by the age at VS. Methods This study included 37 HIV-1 vertically infected children on suppressive antiretroviral therapy for at least 4 years. Children were grouped according to the age of antiretroviral therapy initiation (≤0.5 or >0.5 yrs) and to the age at VS (≤1.5, between >1.5 and 4, and >4 years). Decay of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA (CA-HIV-DNA) level and 2-long terminal repeats (2-LTR) circles frequency were analyzed over 4 years of viral suppression using piecewise linear mixed-effects model with two splines and logistic regression, respectively. Results CA-HIV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells had a significant decay during the first two years of VS [-0.26 (95% CI: -0.43, -0.09) log10 copies per one million cells (cpm)/year], and subsequently reached a plateau [-0.06 (95% CI: -0.15, 0.55) log10 cpm/year]. The initial decay was higher in children who achieved VS by 1.5 years of age compared to those who achieved VS between >1.5 and 4 years and those after 4 years of age: -0.51 (95% CI:-0.94, -0.07), -0.35 (95% CI:-0.83, 0.14), and -0.21 (95% CI:-0.39, -0.02) log10cpm PBMC/year, respectively. The 2-LTR circles frequency decayed significantly, from 82.9% at pre-VS to 37.5% and 28.1% at 2 and 4 years of VS, respectively (P = .0009). Conclusions These data highlight that achieving VS during the first 18 months of life limit the establishment of HIV-1 reservoirs, reinforcing the clinical benefit of very early effective therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Moragas
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Distefano
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Debora Mecikovsky
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Solange Arazi Caillaud
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cernadas
- DirecciónAsociada de Docencia e Investigación, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Bologna
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Aulicino
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mangano
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: ,
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Anderson EM, Maldarelli F. The role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper. Retrovirology 2018; 15:71. [PMID: 30352600 PMCID: PMC6199739 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. Although most cells infected with HIV are rapidly eliminated in vivo, HIV also infects long-lived cells that persist during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Cells with replication competent HIV proviruses form a reservoir that persists despite cART and such reservoirs are at the center of efforts to eradicate or control infection without cART. The mechanisms of persistence of these chronically infected long-lived cells is uncertain, but recent research has demonstrated that the presence of the HIV provirus has enduring effects on infected cells. Cells with integrated proviruses may persist for many years, undergo clonal expansion, and produce replication competent HIV. Even proviruses with defective genomes can produce HIV RNA and may contribute to ongoing HIV pathogenesis. New analyses of HIV infected cells suggest that over time on cART, there is a shift in the composition of the population of HIV infected cells, with the infected cells that persist over prolonged periods having proviruses integrated in genes associated with regulation of cell growth. In several cases, strong evidence indicates the presence of the provirus in specific genes may determine persistence, proliferation, or both. These data have raised the intriguing possibility that after cART is introduced, a selection process enriches for cells with proviruses integrated in genes associated with cell growth regulation. The dynamic nature of populations of cells infected with HIV during cART is not well understood, but is likely to have a profound influence on the composition of the HIV reservoir with critical consequences for HIV eradication and control strategies. As such, integration studies will shed light on understanding viral persistence and inform eradication and control strategies. Here we review the process of HIV integration, the role that integration plays in persistence, clonal expansion of the HIV reservoir, and highlight current challenges and outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Procopio FA, Pantaleo G, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Comparative analysis and generation of a robust HIV-1 DNA quantification assay. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:24-31. [PMID: 30326210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured due to the presence of the latent reservoir (LR). Novel cure or treatment strategies, such as "shock and kill" or therapeutic vaccination, aim to reduce or eradicate the LR. Cure strategies utilise robust DNA quantification assays to measure the change in the LR in low copy scenarios. No standard assay exists, which impedes the reliable comparison of results from different therapy and vaccine trials and HIV-1 total DNA quantification methods have not been previously compared. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) has been shown to be the best target for DNA quantification. We have analysed two HIV-1 quantification assays, both able to differentiate between the variant HIV-1 DNA forms via the use of pre-amplification and primers targeting LTR. We identify a strong correlation (r=0.9759, P<0.0001) between assays which is conserved in low copy samples (r=0.8220, P<0.0001) indicating that these assays may be used interchangeably. The RvS assay performed significantly (P=0.0021) better than the CV assay when quantifying HIV-1 total DNA in patient CD4+ T lymphocytes. Sequence analysis demonstrated that viral diversity can limit DNA quantification, however in silico analysis of the primers indicated that within the target region nucleotide miss-matches appear infrequently. Further in silico analysis using up to-date sequence information led to the improvement of primers and enabled us to establish a more broadly specific assay with significantly higher HIV-1 DNA quantification capacity in patient samples (p=0.0057, n=17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco A Procopio
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Psychosocial Correlates of Monocyte Activation and HIV Persistence in Methamphetamine Users. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:16-22. [PMID: 30046962 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the associations of psychosocial factors relevant to recovery from substance use disorders with monocyte activation and HIV persistence in a sample of 84 HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using sexual minority men with undetectable HIV viral load (<40 copies/mL). We examined if psychosocial factors were associated with decreased soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lower proviral HIV DNA. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, anti-retroviral therapy regimen, and CD4+ T-cell count. Time on ART was also included in models examining proviral HIV DNA. Greater self-efficacy for managing methamphetamine triggers and higher social support for abstinence were independently associated with lower sCD14. Greater social support for abstinence was also independently associated with lower proviral HIV DNA. Psychosocial factors relevant to recovery from substance use disorders are associated with lower monocyte activation and decreased proviral HIV DNA. Findings underscore the need for longitudinal research to identify plausible mechanisms linking psychosocial factors and substance use with biological processes relevant to HIV pathogenesis.
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Dynamics of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Two-Long-Terminal-Repeat Circles in the Presence and Absence of CD8 + Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02100-17. [PMID: 29643246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02100-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cells play a key role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, but their specific mechanism(s) of action in controlling the virus is unclear. Two-long-terminal-repeat (2-LTR) circles are extrachromosomal products generated upon failed integration of HIV/SIV. To understand the specific effects of CD8+ cells on infected cells, we analyzed the dynamics of 2-LTR circles in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) treated with an integrase inhibitor (INT). Twenty RMs underwent CD8+ cell depletion and received raltegravir (RAL) monotherapy or a combination of both. Blood, lymph nodes (LNs), and gut biopsy specimens were routinely sampled. Plasma viral loads (pVLs) and 2-LTR circles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and LN lymphocytes were measured with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). In the CD8 depletion group, an ∼1-log increase in pVLs and a slow increase in PBMC 2-LTRs occurred following depletion. In the INT group, a strong decline in pVLs upon treatment initiation and no change in 2-LTR levels were observed. In the INT and CD8+ cell depletion group, an increase in pVLs following CD8 depletion similar to that in the CD8 depletion group was observed, with a modest decline following INT initiation, and 2-LTR circles significantly increased in PBMCs and LNs. Analyzing the 2-LTR data across all treatment groups with a mathematical model indicates that the data best support an effect of CD8+ cells in killing cells prior to viral integration. Sensitivity analyses of these results confirm that effect but also allow for additional effects, which the data do not discriminate well. Overall, we show that INT does not significantly increase the levels of 2-LTR circles. However, CD8+ cell depletion increases the 2-LTR levels, which are enhanced in the presence of an INT.IMPORTANCE CD8+ T cells play an essential role in controlling HIV and SIV infection, but the specific mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Due to failed viral infection, HIV and SIV can form 2-LTR extrachromosomal circles that can be quantified. We present novel data on the dynamics of these 2-LTR forms in a SIV-infected macaque model under three different treatment conditions: depletion of CD8+ cells, administration of the integrase inhibitor in a monotherapy, which favors the formation of 2-LTR circles, and a combination of the two treatments. We used a new mathematical model to help interpret the data, and the results suggest that CD8+ cells exert a killing effect on infected cells prior to virus integration. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of CD8+ cells in SIV infection. Confirmation of our results would be an important step in understanding immune control of HIV.
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Ruggiero A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Beloukas A, Richman D, Khoo S, Phillips A, Geretti AM. Factors Associated With Persistence of Plasma HIV-1 RNA During Long-term Continuously Suppressive Firstline Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy032. [PMID: 29507867 PMCID: PMC5825920 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of plasma HIV-1 RNA during seemingly effective antiretroviral thereapy (ART) is incompletely understood. Using an ultrasensitive assay, this cross-sectional study investigated residual plasma HIV-1 RNA in subjects maintained on firstline ART with continuous viral load suppression <50 copies/mL for ≤15 years without recognized viral load blips or treatment interruptions and explored its relationship with the duration of suppressive ART, efavirenz concentrations in plasma, 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA (2-LTRc DNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation in peripheral blood. Methods Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, total HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTRc DNA were quantified by real-time and digital droplet PCR. Cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and 2-LTRc DNA were detected in 52/104 (50%) and 24/104 (23%) subjects, respectively. Among subjects with detectable HIV-1 RNA, 50/52 showed levels ≤11 copies/mL. In adjusted analyses, HIV-1 RNA levels were 0.37 log10 copies/mL higher with each log10 U/mL increase in sCD27 (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.73; P = .02). No significant association was found between residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and other explored parameters. Conclusions These findings point to an ongoing relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA and selected markers of immune activation during continuously suppressive ART. The novel direct association with levels of sCD27 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Saye Khoo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Phillips
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Martinez-Picado J, Zurakowski R, Buzón MJ, Stevenson M. Episomal HIV-1 DNA and its relationship to other markers of HIV-1 persistence. Retrovirology 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 29378611 PMCID: PMC5789633 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription of HIV-1 results in the generation of a linear cDNA that serves as the precursor to the integrated provirus. Other classes of extrachromosomal viral cDNA molecules can be found in acutely infected cells including the 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles of viral DNA, also referred as episomal HIV-1 DNA. Circulating CD4+ T-cells of treatment-naïve individuals contain significant levels of unintegrated forms of HIV-1 DNA. However, the importance of episomal HIV-1 DNA in the study of viral persistence during antiviral therapy (ART) is debatable. 2-LTR circles are preferentially observed in the effector memory CD4+ T cell subset of long-term treated subjects. Treatment intensification of standard regimens has been used to determine if more potent ART can impact viral reservoir activity. Adding a potent antiretroviral drug to a stable triple-drug regimen has no measurable impact on plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, suggesting that ongoing cycles of HIV-1 replication are not a major mechanism driving persistent plasma viremia during triple-drug ART. However, in randomized clinical trials of HIV-1-infected adults on apparently effective ART, the addition of an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir) to stable regimens resulted in a transient increase in 2-LTR circles in some patients, suggesting a pre-intensification steady-state in which the processes of virion generation and de novo infection were occurring. Mathematical modeling of 2-LTR production during integrase inhibitor intensification suggests the coexistence, at different levels, of ongoing de novo infection and de novo replication mechanisms, specifically in inflamed lymphoid drug sanctuaries. Most reports looking into potential changes in 2-LTR circles in interventional clinical studies have simultaneously assessed other potential surrogate markers of viral persistence. Transient increases in 2-LTR circles have been correlated to decreases in CD8+ T-cell activation, transient CD45RA−CD4+ T-cell redistribution, and decreases in the hypercoagulation biomarker D-dimer in ART-intensified individuals. It is difficult, however, to establish a systematic association because the level of correlation with different types of markers differs significantly among studies. In conclusion, despite suppressive ART, a steady-state of de novo infection may persist in some infected individuals and that this may drive immune activation and inflammation changes reflecting residual viral reservoir activity during otherwise apparently suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - María José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Experiment Design for Early Molecular Events in HIV Infection. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE. AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE 2018; 2017:122-127. [PMID: 29332992 DOI: 10.23919/acc.2017.7962941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent introduction of integrase inhibitors to the HIV antiviral repertoire permits us to create in vitro experiments that reliably terminate HIV infection at the point of chromosomal integration. This allows us to isolate the dynamics of a single round of infection, without needing to account for the influence of multiple overlapping rounds of infection. By measuring the various nucleic acid concentrations in a population of infected target cells at multiple time points, we can infer the rates of these molecular events with great accuracy, which allows us to compare the rates between target cells with different functional phenotypes. This information will help in understanding the behavior of the various populations of reservoir cells such as active and quiescent T-cells which maintain HIV infection in treated patients. In this paper, we introduce a family of models of the early molecular events in HIV infection, with either linear dynamics or age-structured delays at each step. We introduce an experimental design metric based on the delta AIC (Akaike Information Criteria) between a model fit for simulated data from a matching model vs a mismatched model, which allows us to determine a candidate experiment design's ability to discriminate between models. Using parameters values drawn from experimentally-derived priors corrupted with appropriate measurement noise, we confirm that a proposed sampling schedule at different time points allows us to consistently discriminate between candidate models.
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Skowronska M, McDonald M, Velichkovska M, Leda AR, Park M, Toborek M. Methamphetamine increases HIV infectivity in neural progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:296-311. [PMID: 29158267 PMCID: PMC5766929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine (METH) abuse frequently occur simultaneously and may have synergistic pathological effects. Although HIV-positive/active METH users have been shown to have higher HIV viral loads and experience more severe neurological complications than non-users, the direct impact of METH on HIV infection and its link to the development of neurocognitive alternations are still poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that METH impacts HIV infection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by a mechanism encompassing NFκB/SP1-mediated HIV LTR activation. Mouse and human NPCs were infected with EcoHIV (modified HIV virus infectious to mice) and HIV, respectively, in the presence or absence of METH (50 or 100 μm). Pretreatment with METH, but not simultaneous exposure, significantly increased HIV production in both mouse and human NPCs. To determine the mechanisms underlying these effects, cells were transfected with different variants of HIV LTR promoters and then exposed to METH. METH treatment induced transcriptional activity of the HIV LTR promotor, an effect that required both NFκB and SP1 signaling. Pretreatment with METH also decreased neuronal differentiation of HIV-infected NPCs in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Importantly, NPC-derived daughter cells appeared to be latently infected with HIV. This study indicates that METH increases HIV infectivity of NPCs, through the NFκB/SP1-dependent activation of the HIV LTR and with the subsequent alterations of NPC neurogenesis. Such events may underlie METH- exacerbated neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowronska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.
| | - Marisa McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Ana Rachel Leda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136; Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-001 Katowice, Poland.
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Cho HJ, Kuo AMS, Bertrand L, Toborek M. HIV Alters Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication in Human Brain Pericytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:410. [PMID: 29311803 PMCID: PMC5732912 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite successful control of viremia by combined antiretroviral therapy, brain infection and its resulting neurocognitive impairment remain a prevalent comorbidity in HIV infected individuals. HIV invades the brain early in the course of infection via penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While the impact of HIV on BBB astrocytes and endothelial cells is relatively well studied, the role of pericytes in BBB regulation during HIV infection remains unclear; however, it is known that a selective population of pericytes is prone to infection. In the present study, we hypothesize that injury signals are propagated from infected pericytes to neighboring cells via gap junction (GJ)-mediated intercellular communication. Among a variety of studied GJ proteins, HIV infection of human brain pericytes specifically increased expression of connexin 43 as determined by immunoblotting and immunostaining. This effect was confirmed in the brains of mice infected with EcoHIV, a mouse-specific HIV strain. In addition, HIV infection enhanced functional GJ-mediated intercellular communication in pericytes. The importance of this process was confirmed in experiments in which inhibition of GJs by carbenoxolone attenuated HIV infection. In addition to GJs, an extracellular ATP release assay revealed that HIV may also play a role in opening of connexin (Cx)-containing hemichannels (HCs). Overall, these findings indicate an important role of GJs in the propagation of HIV infection in human brain pericytes that may contribute to BBB dysfunction in brain infection and the pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alyce Mei-Shiuan Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Rozera G, Fabbri G, Lorenzini P, Mastrorosa I, Timelli L, Zaccarelli M, Amendola A, Vergori A, Plazzi MM, Cicalini S, Antinori A, Capobianchi MR, Abbate I, Ammassari A. Peripheral blood HIV-1 DNA dynamics in antiretroviral-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving directly-acting antivirals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187095. [PMID: 29077766 PMCID: PMC5659787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim was to determine the dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)- associated total HIV-1 DNA in successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA treatment and to explore possible virological hypotheses underlying the phenomenon. Methods Longitudinal, single-centre study measuring total HIV-1 DNA before the start of DAA, at the end of treatment (EOT), and 3 months after treatment. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to assess factors associated with HIV-1 DNA increase ≥0.5 Log copies/million PBMC. Episomal 2-LTR forms, residual HIV-1 viremia and proviral DNA quasispecies evolution were also investigated. Results 119 successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients were included. Median baseline HIV-1 DNA was 3.84 Log copies/million PBMC (95%CI 3.49–4.05), and no significant variation with respect to baseline was found at EOT and after 3 months of DAA termination. In 17% of cases an increase ≥0.5 Log copies/million PBMC was observed at EOT compared to baseline. HIV-1 DNA increase was independently associated with lower baseline HIV-1 DNA, longer HIV suppression, raltegravir-based ART and previous exposure to interferon/ribavirin for HCV treatment. In none of the patients with HIV-1 DNA increase, 2-LTR forms were detected at baseline, while in 2 cases 2-LTR forms were found at EOT, without association with residual HIV-1 RNA viremia. No evidence of viral evolution was observed. Conclusions In successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA, PBMC-associated total HIV-1 DNA was quite stable over time, but some patients showed a considerable increase at EOT when compared to baseline. A significantly higher risk of HIV DNA increase was found, in presence of lower cellular HIV reservoir at baseline. Activation of replicative-competent virus generating new rounds of viral replication seems unlikely, while mobilization of cell-associated HIV from tissue reservoirs could be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Fabbri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lorenzini
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mastrorosa
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Timelli
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaccarelli
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vergori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Plazzi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cicalini
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (IA); (AA)
| | - Adriana Ammassari
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (IA); (AA)
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HIV Infection in the Native and Allograft Kidney: Implications for Management, Diagnosis, and Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:2003-2008. [PMID: 28196049 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The native kidney is a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and a site of viral replication, similar to lymphoid tissue, gut-associated lymphoid tissue or semen. The ability of the virus to persist may result from either a true latency or sequestration in an anatomic site that is not effectively exposed to antiretroviral therapy. The presence of HIV in kidney epithelial cells will lead progressively to end-stage renal disease. For decades, HIV-infected patients were excluded from consideration for kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis were the only forms of treatment available to these patients. The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy has changed the overall prognosis of these patients and allowed them to benefit from kidney transplantation without an increased risk of opportunistic infections or cancer. However, we recently established that HIV-1 can infect kidney transplant epithelial cells in the absence of detectable viremia. The presence of HIV in kidney cells can manifest itself in multiple ways, ranging from indolent nephropathy and inflammation to proteinuria with glomerular abnormalities. Because the tools that are available to diagnose the presence of HIV in kidney cells are complex, the rate of infection is certainly underestimated. This finding will certainly have implications in the management of patients, particularly for HIV-positive donors. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent evidence that the allograft kidney can be infected by the virus after transplantation as well as the associated consequences.
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Total HIV-1 DNA, a Marker of Viral Reservoir Dynamics with Clinical Implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:859-80. [PMID: 27559075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 DNA persists in infected cells despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), forming viral reservoirs. Recent trials of strategies targeting latent HIV reservoirs have rekindled hopes of curing HIV infection, and reliable markers are thus needed to evaluate viral reservoirs. Total HIV DNA quantification is simple, standardized, sensitive, and reproducible. Total HIV DNA load influences the course of the infection and is therefore clinically relevant. In particular, it is predictive of progression to AIDS and death, independently of HIV RNA load and the CD4 cell count. Baseline total HIV DNA load is predictive of the response to cART. It declines during cART but remains quantifiable, at a level that reflects both the history of infection (HIV RNA zenith, CD4 cell count nadir) and treatment efficacy (residual viremia, cumulative viremia, immune restoration, immune cell activation). Total HIV DNA load in blood is also predictive of the presence and severity of some HIV-1-associated end-organ disorders. It can be useful to guide individual treatment, notably, therapeutic de-escalation. Although it does not distinguish between replication-competent and -defective latent viruses, the total HIV DNA load in blood, tissues, and cells provides insights into HIV pathogenesis, probably because all viral forms participate in host cell activation and HIV pathogenesis. Total HIV DNA is thus a biomarker of HIV reservoirs, which can be defined as all infected cells and tissues containing all forms of HIV persistence that participate in pathogenesis. This participation may occur through the production of new virions, creating new cycles of infection and disseminating infected cells; maintenance or amplification of reservoirs by homeostatic cell proliferation; and viral transcription and synthesis of viral proteins without new virion production. These proteins can induce immune activation, thus participating in the vicious circle of HIV pathogenesis.
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Thierry E, Deprez E, Delelis O. Different Pathways Leading to Integrase Inhibitors Resistance. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2165. [PMID: 28123383 PMCID: PMC5225119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), such as raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir, or dolutegravir (DTG), are efficient antiretroviral agents used in HIV treatment in order to inhibit retroviral integration. By contrast to RAL treatments leading to well-identified mutation resistance pathways at the integrase level, recent clinical studies report several cases of patients failing DTG treatment without clearly identified resistance mutation in the integrase gene raising questions for the mechanism behind the resistance. These compounds, by impairing the integration of HIV-1 viral DNA into the host DNA, lead to an accumulation of unintegrated circular viral DNA forms. This viral DNA could be at the origin of the INSTI resistance by two different ways. The first one, sustained by a recent report, involves 2-long terminal repeat circles integration and the second one involves expression of accumulated unintegrated viral DNA leading to a basal production of viral particles maintaining the viral information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Thierry
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay Cachan, France
| | - Eric Deprez
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Delelis
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay Cachan, France
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Du P, Liu A, Jiao Y, Liu C, Jiang T, Zhu W, Zhu Y, Wu H, Sun L. HIV RNA and proviral HIV DNA can be detected in semen after 6 months of antiretroviral therapy although HIV RNA is undetectable in blood. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:187-95. [PMID: 26833915 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The risk of sexual transmission of HIV is strongly correlated with amounts of genital HIV RNA. Few studies have reported amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen in HIV-infected Chinese patients undergoing antiviral treatment (ART). In this observational study, the amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen were assessed after six months of ART in HIV-infected Chinese individuals, when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood . This study included 19 HIV-infected Chinese men undergoing ART for six months. Amounts of HIV in paired semen and blood samples were assessed using real-time PCR. The C2-V5 region of the HIV envelope (env) genes was cloned and sequenced and genotype and co-receptor usage predicted based on the sequence. It was found that HIV RNA was undetectable in the plasma of most patients (17/19), whereas HIV RNA could be detected in the semen of most patients (16/19). HIV DNA could be detected in both semen and blood. Genetic diversity of HIV between the seminal and blood compartments was identified. Thus, amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA remain high in semen of HIV-infected Chinese patients after six months of ART treatment, even when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanmei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
| | | | | | - Weijun Zhu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and AIDS Research Center, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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41
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Wang X, Mink G, Lin D, Song X, Rong L. Influence of raltegravir intensification on viral load and 2-LTR dynamics in HIV patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Theor Biol 2016; 416:16-27. [PMID: 28025011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV-1 plasma viral load to below the detection limit but cannot eradicate the virus. Whether residual ongoing viral replication persists during suppressive therapy remains unclear. A few clinical studies showed that treatment intensification with an additional drug led to a lower viral load or an increase in 2-LTR (long terminal repeat), a marker for ongoing viral replication. However, some other studies found no change in the viral load and 2-LTR. In this paper, we developed multi-stage models to evaluate the influence of treatment intensification with the integrase inhibitor raltegravir on viral load and 2-LTR dynamics in HIV patients under suppressive therapy. We analyzed one model and obtained the local and global stability of the steady states. The model and its variation predict that raltegravir intensification induces a very minor decrease in the viral load and a minor increase in 2-LTR. We also compared modeling prediction with the 2-LTR data in a raltegravir intensification study. To achieve the 2-LTR increase observed in some patients, the level of viral replication needs to be substantially high, which is inconsistent with the sustained viral suppression in patients during treatment intensification. These modeling results, together with the theoretical estimate of the upper bound of the 2-LTR increase, suggest that treatment intensification with raltegravir has a minor effect on the plasma viremia and 2-LTR in patients under suppressive therapy. Other treatment strategies have to be developed for the cure or functional control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Gregory Mink
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States
| | - Daniel Lin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States
| | - Xinyu Song
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Curative strategies using agents to perturb the HIV reservoir have demonstrated only modest activity, whereas increases in viremia after standard vaccination have been described. We investigated whether vaccination against non-HIV pathogens can induce HIV transcription and thereby play a role in future eradication strategies. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial (NCT00329251) was performed to compare the effects of clinical vaccines with placebo on HIV transcription and immune activation. METHODS Twenty-six HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy were randomized to receive a vaccination schedule (n = 13) or placebo (n = 13). Cell-associated RNA and DNA were extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV was quantified by droplet digital PCR using primers for gag and 2-LTR (for HIV DNA), unspliced gag RNA (gag usRNA), multispliced tat-rev RNA (tat-rev msRNA) and polyA mRNA. RESULTS Significant increases in gag usRNA after influenza/hepatitis B vaccination (P = 0.02) and in gag usRNA (P = 0.04) and polyA mRNA (P = 0.04) after pneumococcus/hepatitis B vaccination were seen in vaccinees but not controls. HIV DNA and plasma HIV RNA did not change in either group. Increases in CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation markers (P = 0.08 and P < 0.001, respectively) and HIV-specific CD8 responses (P = 0.04 for p24 gag, P = 0.01 for p17 gag and P = 0.04 for total gag) were seen in vaccinees but not controls. CONCLUSION In this study, vaccination was associated with increases in HIV cell-associated RNA and HIV-specific responses during antiretroviral therapy. Using standard vaccines to stimulate HIV transcription may therefore be a useful component of future eradication strategies.
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Puertas MC, Noguera-Julian M, Massanella M, Pou C, Buzon MJ, Clotet B, Stevenson M, Paredes R, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J. Lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4(+) T cells on ART. Retrovirology 2016; 13:51. [PMID: 27484989 PMCID: PMC4970251 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most patients, current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens can rapidly reduce plasma viral load. However, even after years of effective treatment, a significant proportion of patients show residual plasma viremia below the clinical detection limit. Although residual viremia might be associated with increased chronic immune activation and morbidity, its origin and its potential role in the replenishment of the viral reservoir during suppressive ART is not completely understood. We performed an in-depth genetic analysis of the total and episomal cell-associated viral DNA (vDNA) repertoire in purified CD4+ T cell subsets of three HIV-infected individuals, and used phylogenetic analysis to explore its relationship with plasma viruses. Results The predominant proviral reservoir was established in naïve or memory (central and transitional) CD4+ T cell subsets in patients harboring X4- or R5-tropic viruses, respectively. Regardless of the viral tropism, most plasma viruses detected under suppressive ART resembled the proviral reservoir identified in effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cell subsets in blood, suggesting that residual viremia originates from these cells in either blood or lymphoid tissue. Most importantly, sequences in episomal vDNA in CD4+ T-cells were not well represented in residual viremia. Conclusions Viral tropism determines the differential distribution of viral reservoir among CD4+ T-cell subsets. In spite of viral tropism, the effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cells subsets are the main source of residual viremia during suppressive ART, even though their contribution to the total proviral pool is small. However, the lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4+ T cells on ART may reflect the predominance of defective plasma HIV RNA genomes. These findings highlight the need for monitoring the multiple viral RNA/DNA persistence markers, based on their differential contribution to viral persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM et Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Pou
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Buzon
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roger Paredes
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Nair M, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Sagar V. Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:202-217. [PMID: 26944096 PMCID: PMC4935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of significant advances in antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs from the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) remains a formidable task. The incapability of ARV to go across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration makes the brain one of the dominant HIV reservoirs. Thus, screening, monitoring, and elimination of HIV reservoirs from the brain remain a clinically daunting and key task. The practice and investigation of nanomedicine possesses potentials for therapeutics against neuroAIDS. This review highlights the advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology to design and develop specific size therapeutic cargo for efficient navigation across BBB so as to recognize and eradicate HIV brain reservoirs. Different navigation and drug release strategies, their biocompatibility and efficacy with related challenges and future prospects are also discussed. This review would be an excellent platform to understand nano-enable multidisciplinary research to formulate efficient nanomedicine for the management of neuroAIDS.
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Key Words
- Anti-retroviral (ARV) therapy
- Blood–brain barrier (BBB)
- Bradykinin (PubChem CID: 439,201)
- CNS drug delivery
- Enfuvirtide (PubChem CID: 16,130,199), Lamivudine & Zidovudine (PubChem CID: 160,352)
- Ferrous oxide or iron (II) oxide (PubChem CID: 14,945)
- Foscarnet sodium (PubChem CID: 44,561)
- HIV monitoring
- HIV-1
- Magnetic nanoparticle
- Mannitol (PubChem CID: 6251)
- Nanotechnology
- Neopterin (PubChem CID: 4455)
- NeuroAIDS
- Pluronic-P85 (PubChem CID: 24,751)
- Saquinavir mesylate (PubChem CID: 60,934)
- Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (PubChem CID: 6,398,764)
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Pollicita M, Ruff MR, Pert CB, Polianova MT, Schols D, Ranazzi A, Perno CF, Aquaro S. Profound Anti-HIV-1 Activity of DAPTA in Monocytes/macrophages and Inhibition of CCR5-mediated Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:285-95. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages (M/M) are strategic reservoirs of HIV-1, spreading the virus to other cells and inducing apoptosis in T-lymphocytes, astrocytes and neurons. M/M are commonly infected by R5 HIV-1 strains, which use the chemokine receptor CCR5. D-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), or Peptide T, named for its high threonine content (ASTTTNYT), is a synthetic peptide comprised of eight amino acids (185–192) of the gp120 V2 region and functions as a viral entry inhibitor by targeting selectively CCR5. The anti-HIV-1 activity of DAPTA was evaluated in M/M infected with R5 HIV-1 strains. DAPTA at 10−9M inhibited HIV-1 replication in M/M by >90%. PCR analysis of viral cDNA in M/M showed that DAPTA blocks HIV entry and in this way prevents HIV-1 infection. Moreover, DAPTA acts as a strong inhibitor and was more active than the non-peptidic CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 in inhibiting apoptosis (mediated by R5 HIV-1 strains produced and released by infected M/M) on a neuroblastoma cell line. Our results suggest that antiviral compounds which interfere with receptor mechanisms such as CCR5 could be important, either alone or in combination with other antiretroviral treatments, in preventing HIV infection in the central nervous system and the consequential neuronal damage that leads to neuronal AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pollicita
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Ranazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo-Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Persistence of integrated HIV DNA in CXCR3 + CCR6 + memory CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:1511-20. [PMID: 26807971 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV latent infection can be established in vitro by treating resting CD4 T cells with chemokines that bind to chemokine receptors (CKR), CCR7, CXCR3, and CCR6, highly expressed on T cells. OBJECTIVE To determine if CKR identify CD4 T cells enriched for HIV in HIV-infected individuals receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN A cross-sectional study of CKR expression and HIV persistence in blood from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART for more than 3 years (n = 48). A subset of 20 individuals underwent leukapheresis and sorting of specific CD4 T-cell subsets. METHODS We used flow cytometry to quantify CCR5, CCR6, CXCR3, and CXCR5 expression on CD4 T cells. HIV persistence was quantified using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction to detect total, integrated HIV DNA, 2-long terminal repeat circles and cell-associated unspliced (CA-US) HIV RNA in total CD4 T cells from blood or sorted T-cell subsets. Associations between CKR and HIV persistence in CD4 T cells in blood were determined using regression models and adjusted for current and nadir CD4 T-cell counts. RESULTS The frequency of cells harbouring integrated HIV DNA was inversely associated with current CD4 T-cell count and positively associated with CCR5+ CD4 T cells, CXCR3+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6- expression on total memory CD4 T cells (P < 0.001, 0.048, 0.015, and 0.016, respectively). CXCR3+CCR6+ CM CD4 T cells contained the highest amount of integrated HIV DNA and lowest ratio of CA-US HIV RNA to DNA compared to all T-cell subsets examined. CONCLUSION CXCR3 and CCR6 coexpression defines a subset of CD4 T cells that are preferentially enriched for HIV DNA in HIV-infected individuals on ART.
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Thierry S, Thierry E, Subra F, Deprez E, Leh H, Bury-Moné S, Delelis O. Opposite transcriptional regulation of integrated vs unintegrated HIV genomes by the NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25678. [PMID: 27167871 PMCID: PMC4863372 DOI: 10.1038/srep25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of HIV-1 linear DNA into host chromatin is required for high levels of viral expression, and constitutes a key therapeutic target. Unintegrated viral DNA (uDNA) can support only limited transcription but may contribute to viral propagation, persistence and/or treatment escape under specific situations. The molecular mechanisms involved in the differential expression of HIV uDNA vs integrated genome (iDNA) remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the expression of HIV uDNA is mainly supported by 1-LTR circles, and regulated in the opposite way, relatively to iDNA, following NF-κB pathway modulation. Upon treatment activating the NF-κB pathway, NF-κB p65 and AP-1 (cFos/cJun) binding to HIV LTR iDNA correlates with increased iDNA expression, while uDNA expression decreases. On the contrary, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway promotes the expression of circular uDNA, and correlates with Bcl-3 and AP-1 binding to its LTR region. Finally, this study identifies NF-κB subunits and Bcl-3 as transcription factors binding the HIV promoter differently depending on viral genome topology, and opens new insights on the potential roles of episomal genomes during the HIV-1 latency and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Thierry
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Eloïse Thierry
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Frédéric Subra
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Eric Deprez
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Hervé Leh
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bury-Moné
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Delelis
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
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SUN2 Overexpression Deforms Nuclear Shape and Inhibits HIV. J Virol 2016; 90:4199-4214. [PMID: 26865710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03202-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a previous screen of putative interferon-stimulated genes, SUN2 was shown to inhibit HIV-1 infection in an uncharacterized manner. SUN2 is an inner nuclear membrane protein belonging to the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex. We have analyzed here the role of SUN2 in HIV infection. We report that in contrast to what was initially thought, SUN2 is not induced by type I interferon, and that SUN2 silencing does not modulate HIV infection. However, SUN2 overexpression in cell lines and in primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells inhibits the replication of HIV but not murine leukemia virus or chikungunya virus. We identified HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains that are unaffected by SUN2, suggesting that the effect is specific to particular viral components or cofactors. Intriguingly, SUN2 overexpression induces a multilobular flower-like nuclear shape that does not impact cell viability and is similar to that of cells isolated from patients with HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia or with progeria. Nuclear shape changes and HIV inhibition both mapped to the nucleoplasmic domain of SUN2 that interacts with the nuclear lamina. This block to HIV replication occurs between reverse transcription and nuclear entry, and passaging experiments selected for a single-amino-acid change in capsid (CA) that leads to resistance to overexpressed SUN2. Furthermore, using chemical inhibition or silencing of cyclophilin A (CypA), as well as CA mutant viruses, we implicated CypA in the SUN2-imposed block to HIV infection. Our results demonstrate that SUN2 overexpression perturbs both nuclear shape and early events of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE Cells encode proteins that interfere with viral replication, a number of which have been identified in overexpression screens. SUN2 is a nuclear membrane protein that was shown to inhibit HIV infection in such a screen, but how it blocked HIV infection was not known. We show that SUN2 overexpression blocks the infection of certain strains of HIV before nuclear entry. Mutation of the viral capsid protein yielded SUN2-resistant HIV. Additionally, the inhibition of HIV infection by SUN2 involves cyclophilin A, a protein that binds the HIV capsid and directs subsequent steps of infection. We also found that SUN2 overexpression substantially changes the shape of the cell's nucleus, resulting in many flower-like nuclei. Both HIV inhibition and deformation of nuclear shape required the domain of SUN2 that interacts with the nuclear lamina. Our results demonstrate that SUN2 interferes with HIV infection and highlight novel links between nuclear shape and viral infection.
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Long Terminal Repeat Circular DNA as Markers of Active Viral Replication of Human T Lymphotropic Virus-1 in Vivo. Viruses 2016; 8:80. [PMID: 26985903 PMCID: PMC4810270 DOI: 10.3390/v8030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal expansion of human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells in vivo is well documented. Unlike human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HTLV-1 plasma RNA is sparse. The contribution of the "mitotic" spread of HTLV-1 compared with infectious spread of the virus to HTLV-1 viral burden in established infection is uncertain. Since extrachromosomal long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA circles are indicators of viral replication in HIV-1 carriers with undetectable plasma HIV RNA, we hypothesised that HTLV-1 LTR circles could indicate reverse transcriptase (RT) usage and infectious activity. 1LTR and 2LTR DNA circles were measured in HTLV-1 cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). 1LTR DNA circles were detected in 14/20 patients at a mean of 1.38/100 PBMC but did not differentiate disease status nor correlate with HTLV-1 DNA copies. 2LTR DNA circles were detected in 30/31 patients and at higher concentrations in patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases, independent of HTLV-1 DNA load. In an incident case the 2LTR DNA circle concentration increased 2.1 fold at the onset of HAM/TSP compared to baseline. Detectable and fluctuating levels of HTLV-1 DNA circles in patients indicate viral RT usage and virus replication. Our results indicate HTLV-1 viral replication capacity is maintained in chronic infection and may be associated with disease onset.
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50
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Cook LBM, Melamed A, Demontis MA, Laydon DJ, Fox JM, Tosswill JHC, de Freitas D, Price AD, Medcalf JF, Martin F, Neuberger JM, Bangham CRM, Taylor GP. Rapid dissemination of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 during primary infection in transplant recipients. Retrovirology 2016; 13:3. [PMID: 26745892 PMCID: PMC4706667 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects an estimated 10 million persons globally with transmission resulting in lifelong infection. Disease, linked to high proviral load, occurs in a minority. In established infection HTLV-1 replicates through infectious spread and clonal expansion of infected lymphocytes. Little is known about acute HTLV-1 infection. The kinetics of early HTLV-1 infection, following transplantation-acquired infection in three recipients from one HTLV-1 infected donor, is reported. The recipients were treated with two HTLV-1 enzyme inhibitors 3 weeks post exposure following the detection of HTLV-1 provirus at low level in each recipient. HTLV-1 infection was serially monitored by serology, quantification of proviral load and HTLV-1 2LTR DNA circles and by HTLV-1 unique integration site analysis. Results HTLV-1 antibodies were first detected 16–39 days post-transplantation. HTLV-1 provirus was detected by PCR on day 16–23 and increased by 2–3 log by day 38–45 with a peak proviral doubling time of 1.4 days, after which
steady state was reached. The rapid proviral load expansion was associated with high frequency of HTLV-1 2LTR DNA circles. The number of HTLV-1 unique integration sites was high compared with established HTLV-1 infection. Clonal expansion of infected cells was detected as early as day 37 with high initial oligoclonality index, consistent with early mitotic proliferation. Conclusions In recipients infected through organ transplantation HTLV-1 disseminated rapidly despite early anti-HTLV-1 treatment. Proviral load set point was reached within 6 weeks. Seroconversion was not delayed. Unique integration site analysis and HTLV-1 2LTR DNA circles indicated early clonal expansion and high rate of infectious spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B M Cook
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Anat Melamed
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Maria Antonietta Demontis
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Daniel J Laydon
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - James M Fox
- Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, UK.
| | | | - Declan de Freitas
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ashley D Price
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - James F Medcalf
- John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK.
| | - Fabiola Martin
- Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, UK.
| | - James M Neuberger
- Organ Donation and Transplantation, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK.
| | - Charles R M Bangham
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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