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Zhang M, Qiao H, Yang S, Kwok LY, Zhang H, Zhang W. Human Breast Milk: The Role of Its Microbiota and Metabolites in Infant Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10665-10678. [PMID: 38691667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of microorganisms and metabolites in human breast milk and their impact on neonatal health. Breast milk serves as both a primary source of nutrition for newborns and contributes to the development and maturation of the digestive, immunological, and neurological systems. It has the potential to reduce the risks of infections, allergies, and asthma. As our understanding of the properties of human milk advances, there is growing interest in incorporating its benefits into personalized infant nutrition strategies, particularly in situations in which breastfeeding is not an option. Future infant formula products are expected to emulate the composition and advantages of human milk, aligning with an evolving understanding of infant nutrition. The long-term health implications of human milk are still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Ren W, Wang Z, Guo H, Gou Y, Dai J, Zhou X, Sheng N. GenX analogs exposure induced greater hepatotoxicity than GenX mainly via activation of PPARα pathway while caused hepatomegaly in the absence of PPARα in female mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123314. [PMID: 38218542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Despite their use as substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid, the potential toxicities of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, commercial name: GenX) and its analogs (PFDMOHxA, PFDMO2HpA, and PFDMO2OA) remain poorly understood. To assess the hepatotoxicity of these chemicals on females, each chemical was orally administered to female C57BL/6 mice at the dosage of 0.5 mg/kg/d for 28 d. The contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα and γ) and other nuclear receptors involving in these toxic effects of GenX and its analogs were identified by employing two PPAR knockout mice (PPARα-/- and PPARγΔHep) in this study. Results showed that the hepatotoxicity of these chemicals increased in the order of GenX < PFDMOHxA < PFDMO2HpA < PFDMO2OA. The increases of relative liver weight and liver injury markers were significantly much lower in PPARα-/- mice than in PPARα+/+ mice after GenX analog exposure, while no significant differences were observed between PPARγΔHep and its corresponding wildtype groups (PPARγF/F mice), indicating that GenX analog induce hepatotoxicity mainly via PPARα instead of PPARγ. The PPARα-dependent complement pathways were inhibited in PFDMO2HpA and PFDMO2OA exposed PPARα+/+ mice, which might be responsible for the observed liver inflammation. In PPARα-/- mice, hepatomegaly and increased liver lipid content were observed in PFDMO2HpA and PFDMO2OA treated groups. The activated pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive activated receptor (CAR) pathways in the liver of PPARα-/- mice, which were highlighted by bioinformatics analysis, provided a reasonable explanation for hepatomegaly in the absence of PPARα. Our results indicate that GenX analogs could induce more serious hepatotoxicity than GenX whether there is a PPARα receptor or not. These chemicals, especially PFDMO2HpA and PFDMO2OA, may not be appropriate PFOA alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiru Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Guo
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yong Gou
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Saad B. Management of Obesity-Related Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Diseases by Medicinal Plants: From Traditional Uses to Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2204. [PMID: 37626701 PMCID: PMC10452657 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiac remodeling in the presence of persistent inflammation leads to myocardial fibrosis and extracellular matrix changes, which reduce cardiac function, induce arrhythmias, and finally, cause heart failure. The majority of current CVD treatment plans concentrate on reducing risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. One such strategy could be inflammation reduction. Numerous in vitro, animal, and clinical studies indicate that obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of medicinal plants and phytochemicals to cure and prevent obesity and inflammation. In comparison to conventional therapies, the synergistic effects of several phytochemicals boost their bioavailability and impact numerous cellular and molecular targets. Focusing on appetite, pancreatic lipase activity, thermogenesis, lipid metabolism, lipolysis and adipogenesis, apoptosis in adipocytes, and adipocyte life cycle by medicinal plants and phytochemicals represent an important goal in the development of new anti-obesity drugs. We conducted an extensive review of the literature and electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and MedlinePlus, for collecting data on the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants/phytochemicals in curing obesity and its related inflammation and CVD diseases, including cellular and molecular mechanisms, cytokines, signal transduction cascades, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Saad
- Al-Qasemi Academic College, Baqa Algharbiya 30100, Israel; or
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Arab American University, Jenin P203, Palestine
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Li DH, Liu XK, Tian XT, Liu F, Yao XJ, Dong JF. PPARG: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer and Regulation by Natural Drugs. PPAR Res 2023; 2023:4481354. [PMID: 37334066 PMCID: PMC10270765 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4481354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among females. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) can regulate the production of adipocyte-related genes and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Our aim was to investigate PPARG expression, its possible prognostic value, and its effect on immune cell infiltration in BC, and explore the regulatory effects of natural drugs on PPARG to find new ways to treat BC. Using different bioinformatics tools, we extracted and comprehensively analyzed the data from the Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, and BenCaoZuJian databases to study the potential anti-BC mechanism of PPARG and potential natural drugs targeting it. First, we found that PPARG was downregulated in BC and its expression level correlates with pathological tumor stage (pT-stage) and pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage (pTNM-stage) in BC. PPARG expression was higher in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC than in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) BC, which tends to indicate a better prognosis. Meanwhile, PPARG exhibited a significant positive correlation with the infiltration of immune cells and correlated with better cumulative survival in BC patients. In addition, PPARG levels were shown to be positively associated with the expression of immune-related genes and immune checkpoints, and ER+ patients had better responses to immune checkpoint blocking. Correlation pathway research revealed that PPARG is strongly associated with pathways, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and degradation in ER+ BC. We also found that quercetin is the most promising natural anti-BC drug among natural medicines that upregulate PPARG. Our research showed that PPARG may reduce BC development by regulating the immune microenvironment. Quercetin as PPARG ligands/agonists is a potential natural drug for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hui Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Xu-Kuo Liu
- Graduate School of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Tian
- Graduate School of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Xu-Jiong Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Moreno-Lanceta A, Medrano-Bosch M, Simón-Codina B, Barber-González M, Jiménez W, Melgar-Lesmes P. PPAR-γ Agonist GW1929 Targeted to Macrophages with Dendrimer-Graphene Nanostars Reduces Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051452. [PMID: 37242695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play essential roles during the progression of chronic liver disease. They actively participate in the response to liver damage and in the balance between fibrogenesis and regression. The activation of the PPARγ nuclear receptor in macrophages has traditionally been associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, there are no PPARγ agonists with high selectivity for macrophages, and the use of full agonists is generally discouraged due to severe side effects. We designed dendrimer-graphene nanostars linked to a low dose of the GW1929 PPARγ agonist (DGNS-GW) for the selective activation of PPARγ in macrophages in fibrotic livers. DGNS-GW preferentially accumulated in inflammatory macrophages in vitro and attenuated macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype. The treatment with DGNS-GW in fibrotic mice efficiently activated liver PPARγ signaling and promoted a macrophage switch from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. The reduction of hepatic inflammation was associated with a significant reduction in hepatic fibrosis but did not alter liver function or hepatic stellate cell activation. The therapeutic antifibrotic utility of DGNS-GW was attributed to an increased expression of hepatic metalloproteinases that allowed extracellular matrix remodeling. In conclusion, the selective activation of PPARγ in hepatic macrophages with DGNS-GW significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and stimulated extracellular matrix remodeling in experimental liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alazne Moreno-Lanceta
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Medrano-Bosch
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Simón-Codina
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Melgar-Lesmes
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Xie S, Cai Y, Chen D, Xiang Y, Cai W, Mao J, Ye J. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals heterogeneity and convergence of the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1003419. [PMID: 36685571 PMCID: PMC9845924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks second for mortality and third for morbidity among the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. We aimed to investigate the heterogeneity and convergence of tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC. Methods We analyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identified 8 major cell types and 25 subgroups derived from tumor, para-tumor and peripheral blood. Results In this study, we found that there were significant differences in metabolic patterns, immunophenotypes and transcription factor (TF) regulatory patterns among different subgroups of each major cell type. However, subgroups manifested similar lipid metabolic patterns, immunosuppressive functions and TFs module at the end of the differentiation trajectory in CD8+ T cells, myeloid cells and Fibroblasts. Meanwhile, TFs regulated lipid metabolism and immunosuppressive ligand-receptor pairs were detected by tracing the differentiation trajectory. Based on the cell subgroup fractions calculated by CIBERSORTx and bulk RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we constructed an immune risk model and clinical risk model of CRC which presented excellent prognostic value. Conclusion This study identified that the differentiation was accompanied by remodeling of lipid metabolism and suppression of immune function, which suggest that lipid remodeling may be an important trigger of immunosuppression. More importantly, our work provides a new perspective for understanding the heterogeneity and convergence of the TME and will aid the development of prognosis and immunotherapies of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangke Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Delong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianshan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zahr T, Liu L, Chan M, Zhou Q, Cai B, He Y, Aaron N, Accili D, Sun L, Qiang L. PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ) Deacetylation Suppresses Aging-Associated Atherosclerosis and Hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:30-44. [PMID: 36453279 PMCID: PMC9917767 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a medical urgency manifesting at the onset of hypercholesterolemia and is associated with aging. Activation of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) counteracts metabolic dysfunction influenced by aging, and its deacetylation displays an atheroprotective property. Despite the marked increase of PPARγ acetylation during aging, it is unknown whether PPARγ acetylation is a pathogenic contributor to aging-associated atherosclerosis. METHODS Mice with constitutive deacetylation-mimetic PPARγ mutations on lysine residues K268 and K293 (2KR) in an LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) background (2KR:Ldlr-/-) were aged for 18 months on a standard laboratory diet to examine the cardiometabolic phenotype, which was confirmed in Western-type diet-fed 2KR:Ldlr+/- mice. Whole-liver RNA-sequencing and in vitro studies in bone marrow-derived macrophages were conducted to decipher the mechanism. RESULTS In contrast to severe atherosclerosis in WT:Ldlr-/- mice, aged 2KR:Ldlr-/- mice developed little to no plaque, which was underlain by a significantly improved plasma lipid profile, with particular reductions in circulating LDL. The protection from hypercholesterolemia was recapitulated in Western-type diet-fed 2KR:Ldlr+/- mice. Liver RNA-sequencing analysis revealed suppression of liver inflammation rather than changes in cholesterol metabolism. This anti-inflammatory effect of 2KR was attributed to polarized M2 activation of macrophages. Additionally, the upregulation of core circadian component Bmal1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1), perceived to be involved in anti-inflammatory immunity, was observed in the liver and bone marrow-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ deacetylation in mice prevents the development of aging-associated atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, in association with the anti-inflammatory phenotype of 2KR macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Zahr
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Longhua Liu
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Chan
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qiuzhong Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Aaron
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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de León UAP, Vázquez-Jiménez A, Matadamas-Guzmán M, Resendis-Antonio O. Boolean modeling reveals that cyclic attractors in macrophage polarization serve as reservoirs of states to balance external perturbations from the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012730. [PMID: 36544764 PMCID: PMC9760798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic attractors generated from Boolean models may explain the adaptability of a cell in response to a dynamical complex tumor microenvironment. In contrast to this idea, we postulate that cyclic attractors in certain cases could be a systemic mechanism to face the perturbations coming from the environment. To justify our conjecture, we present a dynamic analysis of a highly curated transcriptional regulatory network of macrophages constrained into a cancer microenvironment. We observed that when M1-associated transcription factors (STAT1 or NF-κB) are perturbed and the microenvironment balances to a hyper-inflammation condition, cycle attractors activate genes whose signals counteract this effect implicated in tissue damage. The same behavior happens when the M2-associated transcription factors are disturbed (STAT3 or STAT6); cycle attractors will prevent a hyper-regulation scenario implicated in providing a suitable environment for tumor growth. Therefore, here we propose that cyclic macrophage phenotypes can serve as a reservoir for balancing the phenotypes when a specific phenotype-based transcription factor is perturbed in the regulatory network of macrophages. We consider that cyclic attractors should not be simply ignored, but it is necessary to carefully evaluate their biological importance. In this work, we suggest one conjecture: the cyclic attractors can serve as a reservoir to balance the inflammatory/regulatory response of the network under external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Avila-Ponce de León
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aarón Vázquez-Jiménez
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Meztli Matadamas-Guzmán
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica – Red de Apoyo a la Investigación - Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Tang L, Kuang C, Shan D, Shi M, Li J, Qiu L, Yu J. The ethanol extract of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn attenuates macrophage foam cell formation and atherogenesis in ApoE -/- mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1023438. [PMID: 36505350 PMCID: PMC9729707 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1023438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn is a Tibetan medicine commonly used to prepare herbal tea to alleviate the local people's metabolic diseases. However, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ethanol extract of the flower of E. gardneri (Wall.) Meisn (EEEG) and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. Methods EEEG was used to treat low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophages to detect macrophage foaminess, cholesterol binding and uptake, and lipid transport-related gene expression. eEEG treated ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to detect atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and liver and small intestine lipid transport-related gene expression. Results EEEG inhibited macrophage-derived foam cell formation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) by reducing CD36-mediated lipoprotein uptake. EEEG significantly alleviated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. EEEG treatment significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and increased collagen content. Moreover, EEEG treatment significantly downregulated mRNA expression of hepatic Srb1 and intestinal Npc1l1 and increased expression of hepatic Cyp7a1. Conclusion Our study highlighted that EEEG played a role in attenuating atherosclerotic plaque formation by reducing macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Min Shi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiangsheng Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Liang Qiu
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Jun Yu
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11
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Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Related Inflammatory Diseases by Edible and Medicinal Plants and Their Active Compounds. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, defined by excessive fat mass and its associated low-grade chronic inflammation, leads to insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunctions. The immunomodulatory properties of natural agents have gained much interest in recent decades. Some of the plant-derived agents are known to be immunomodulators that can affect both innate and adaptive immunity, e.g., thymoquinone, curcumin, punicalagin, resveratrol, quercetin, and genistein. Natural immunomodulators may contribute to the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases, as they have significant efficacy and safety profiles. The immunomodulatory effects of traditional Greco-Arab and Islamic diets and medicinal plants are well acknowledged in abundant in vitro studies as well as in animal studies and clinical trials. This review highlights the role of Greco-Arab and Islamic diets and medicinal plants in the management of inflammation associated with obesity. Although previously published review articles address the effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals on obesity-related inflammation, there is no systematic review that emphasizes clinical trials of the clinical significance of these plants and phytochemicals. Given this limitation, the objective of this comprehensive review is to critically evaluate the potential of the most used herbs in the management of obesity-related inflammation based on clinical trials.
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12
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Inhibition of miR-652-3p Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion of Macrophages to Alleviate Atherosclerosis by Improving TP53 Expression. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:9655097. [PMID: 36248191 PMCID: PMC9568360 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9655097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim was to elucidate the regulatory function of miR-652-3p on lipid metabolism and inflammatory cytokine secretion of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Methods miR-652-3p level in atherosclerosis patients, ox-LDL-treated macrophages, and their controls were monitored by Q-PCR. After ox-LDL treatment and miR-652-3p mimic, si-TP53 and their controls transfection, ELISA, and Q-PCR assays were used to detect IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. oil red O staining was processed to verify cholesterol accumulation. CE/TC and lipid metabolism were also detected. The protein levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, PPARα, CRT1, ADRP, and ALBP were detected by western blot assay. Based on the TargetScan database, the TP53 3′UTR region had complementary bases with miR-652-3p, which was also verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Finally, the regulation of miR-652-3p and TP53 was confirmed by rescue assay in atherosclerosis. Results miR-652-3p is highly expressed in atherosclerosis, miR-652-3p inhibitor decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression after ox-LDL treatment. Knockdown of miR-652-3p reduces foam formation in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. miR-652-3p inhibitor ameliorates cholesterol accumulation and lipid metabolism disorder. miR-652-3p negatively regulated TP53 in atherosclerosis. Si-TP53 rescued the effect of miR-652 inhibitor in atherosclerosis. Conclusion miR-652-3p regulates the lipid metabolism of macrophages to alleviate atherosclerosis by inhibiting TP53 expression. It might be a potential target for atherosclerosis treatment.
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13
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Tu T, Alba MM, Datta AA, Hong H, Hua B, Jia Y, Khan J, Nguyen P, Niu X, Pammidimukkala P, Slarve I, Tang Q, Xu C, Zhou Y, Stiles BL. Hepatic macrophage mediated immune response in liver steatosis driven carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:958696. [PMID: 36276076 PMCID: PMC9581256 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.958696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity confers an independent risk for carcinogenesis. Classically viewed as a genetic disease, owing to the discovery of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, genetic events alone are not sufficient to explain the progression and development of cancers. Tumor development is often associated with metabolic and immunological changes. In particular, obesity is found to significantly increase the mortality rate of liver cancer. As its role is not defined, a fundamental question is whether and how metabolic changes drive the development of cancer. In this review, we will dissect the current literature demonstrating that liver lipid dysfunction is a critical component driving the progression of cancer. We will discuss the involvement of inflammation in lipid dysfunction driven liver cancer development with a focus on the involvement of liver macrophages. We will first discuss the association of steatosis with liver cancer. This will be followed with a literature summary demonstrating the importance of inflammation and particularly macrophages in the progression of liver steatosis and highlighting the evidence that macrophages and macrophage produced inflammatory mediators are critical for liver cancer development. We will then discuss the specific inflammatory mediators and their roles in steatosis driven liver cancer development. Finally, we will summarize the molecular pattern (PAMP and DAMP) as well as lipid particle signals that are involved in the activation, infiltration and reprogramming of liver macrophages. We will also discuss some of the therapies that may interfere with lipid metabolism and also affect liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojian Tu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mario M. Alba
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aditi A. Datta
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Handan Hong
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brittney Hua
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yunyi Jia
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jared Khan
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Phillip Nguyen
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiatoeng Niu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pranav Pammidimukkala
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ielyzaveta Slarve
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qi Tang
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bangyan L. Stiles,
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14
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Li S, Wang Y, Wu M, Younis MH, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Zhu X, Cai W. Spleen-Targeted Glabridin-Loaded Nanoparticles Regulate Polarization of Monocyte/Macrophage (M o /M φ ) for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204976. [PMID: 35973230 PMCID: PMC9594991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, the infiltration of monocyte/macrophages (Mo /Mφ ) into the ischemic penumbra causes inflammatory damage but also regulates tissue repair in the penumbra. The regulation and balance of Mo /Mφ polarization is considered as a potential therapeutic target for treating cerebral I-R injury. Herein, these findings demonstrate that glabridin (Gla)-loaded nanoparticles (i.e., NPGla -5k) can effectively inhibit M1-polarization and enhance M2-polarization of Mo /Mφ . Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging shows that NPGla -5k can selectively accumulate in the spleen following intravenous injection. Spleen-targeted Cy5-NPGla -5k can co-localize with peripheral macrophages in the penumbra at 24 h after tail-vein injection. Interestingly, NPGla -5k treatment can reduce inflammatory damage, protect dying neurons, and improve nervous system function. The protective effect of spleen-targeted NPGla -5k against cerebral I-R injury in mice encourages an exploration of their use for clinical treatment of patients with cerebral I-R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaojin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Muhsin H Younis
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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15
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Ghodsian N, Yeandle A, Hock BD, Gieseg SP. CD36 down regulation by the macrophage antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin through modulation of PPAR-γ activity. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:366-377. [PMID: 36017639 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is the key scavenger receptor driving the formation of cholesterol loaded foam cells, the principal cellular component of atherosclerotic plaques. CD36 is down regulated by 7,8-dihydroneopterin, a potent superoxide and hypochlorite scavenging antioxidant generated by interferon-γ stimulated macrophages. 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulates CD36 mRNA and protein levels so inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation in vitro.We examined the mechanism of 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulation of CD36 by measuring CD36 and PPAR-γ levels by western blot analysis, in the monocyte-like U937 cells with a range of PPAR-γ stimulants and inhibitors. Lipoxygenase activity was measured by monitoring linoleic acid oxidation at 234 nm for diene formation.Between 100 and 200 μM, 7,8-dihydroneopterin decreased CD36 levels by 50% within 12 hours with levels dropping below 25% by 24 hours. CD36 levels returned to basal levels after 24 hours. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide show 7,8-dihydroneopterin had no effect on CD36 degradation rates. PPAR-γ levels were not altered by the addition of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. MAP Kinase, P38 and NF-κB pathways inhibitors SP600125, PD98059, SB202190 and BAY 11-7082 respectively, did not restore the CD36 levels in the presence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. The addition the lipophilic PPAR-γ activators rosiglitazone and azelaoyl-PAF prevented the CD36 down regulation by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-dihydroneopterin inhibited soybean lipoxygenase and reduced U937 cell basal levels of cellular lipid oxides as measured by HPLC-TBARS analysis.The data shows 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulates CD36 expression by decreasing the level of lipid oxide stimulation of PPAR-γ promotor activity, potentially through lipoxygenase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Yeandle
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barry D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand.,MARS Bioimaging Ltd., 29a Clyde Rd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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16
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Stifel U, Caratti G, Tuckermann J. Novel insights into the regulation of cellular catabolic metabolism in macrophages through nuclear receptors. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2617-2629. [PMID: 35997656 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular catabolic metabolism in immune cells has recently become a major concept for resolution of inflammation. Nuclear receptors (NRs), including peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), liver X receptors (LXRs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) and Nur77, have been identified as major modulators of inflammation, affecting innate immune cells, such as macrophages. Evidence emerges on how NRs regulate cellular metabolism in macrophages during inflammatory processes and contribute to the resolution of inflammation. This could have new implications for our understanding of how NRs shape immune responses and inform anti-inflammatory drug design. This review will highlight the recent developments about NRs and their role in cellular metabolism in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Stifel
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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18
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Christofides A, Strauss L, Yeo A, Cao C, Charest A, Boussiotis VA. The complex role of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1148-1156. [PMID: 35879449 PMCID: PMC10754321 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long recognized as an evolutionarily ancient cell type involved in tissue homeostasis and immune defense against pathogens, macrophages are being re-discovered as regulators of several diseases, including cancer. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the most abundant innate immune population in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Macrophages are professional phagocytic cells of the hematopoietic system specializing in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful micro-organisms, apoptotic cells and metabolic byproducts. In contrast to these healthy macrophage functions, TAMs support cancer cell growth and metastasis and mediate immunosuppressive effects on the adaptive immune cells of the TME. Cancer is one of the most potent insults on macrophage physiology, inducing changes that are intimately linked with disease progression. In this Review, we outline hallmarks of TAMs and discuss the emerging mechanisms that contribute to their pathophysiological adaptations and the vulnerabilities that provide attractive targets for therapeutic exploitation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Strauss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sanofi /Tidal, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan Yeo
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Cao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alain Charest
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Liu S, Cui X, Xia K, Wang D, Han J, Yao X, Liu X, Bian L, Zhang J, Li G. A Bibliometric Analysis of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis From 2001 to 2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:846480. [PMID: 35391885 PMCID: PMC8980592 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.846480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare syndrome first described by Rosen et al. in 1958. Despite our considerably evolved understanding of PAP over the past decades, no bibliometric studies have been reported on this field. We aimed to analyze and visualize the research hotspots and current trends of the PAP research field using a bibliometric analysis to help understand the future development of basic and clinical research. Methods The literature regarding PAP was culled from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Data were extracted from the relevant articles and visually analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Results Nine hundred and nine qualifying articles were included in the analysis. Publications regarding PAP increased over time. These articles mainly come from 407 institutions of 57 countries. The leading countries were the USA and Japan. University of Cincinnati (USA) and Niigata University (Japan) featured the highest number of publications among all institutions. Bruce C Trapnell exerts a significant publication impact and has made the most outstanding contributions in the field of PAP. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology was the journal with the most publications, and American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine was the most commonly cited journal. All the top 5 co-cited journals belong to Q1. Keyword citation bursts revealed that inflammation, deficiency, tissue resident macrophage, classification, autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, gm csf, high resolution ct, and fetal monocyte were the emerging research hotspots. Conclusion Research on PAP is prosperous. International cooperation is also expected to deepen and strengthen in the future. Our results indicated that the etiology and pathogenesis of PAP, current and emerging therapies, especially the novel pathogenesis-based options will remain research hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Affilated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yao
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Bian
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxi Li
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangxi Li
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20
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Bonilha I, Hajduch E, Luchiari B, Nadruz W, Le Goff W, Sposito AC. The Reciprocal Relationship between LDL Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120807. [PMID: 34940565 PMCID: PMC8708656 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance feature substantial modifications of the lipoprotein profile, including a higher proportion of smaller and denser low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In addition, qualitative changes occur in the composition and structure of LDL, including changes in electrophoretic mobility, enrichment of LDL with triglycerides and ceramides, prolonged retention of modified LDL in plasma, increased uptake by macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. These modifications affect LDL functions and favor an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic individuals. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the structural and functional changes in LDL particles in diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies targeting LDL in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bonilha
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Beatriz Luchiari
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil;
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, ICAN, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Andrei C. Sposito
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-7098; Fax: +55-19-3289-410
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Zhuang JL, Liu YY, Li ZZ, Zhuang QZ, Tang WZ, Xiong Y, Huang XZ. Amentoflavone prevents ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation by suppressing the PPARγ/CD36 signal pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115733. [PMID: 34599948 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of fat-laden foam cells plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Amentoflavone (AF) is found in various traditional Chinese medicines, such as ginkgo biloba, which are used to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aimed to explore the potential effects and mechanisms of AF on lipid accumulation, and its possible application in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Cellular models of lipid accumulation were established by treatment of HUASMCs and THP-1 cells with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Cell viability, lipid accumulation, and ox-LDL uptake were assessed. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and overexpression plasmids were used to reveal the hierarchical correlations of regulatory pathways. AF reduced the lipid accumulation and ox-LDL uptake induced by ox-LDL, and reduced the expression levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) proteins, while the expression level of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) increased. Knockdown of PPARγ or CD36 with siRNAs prevented ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation. Overexpression of CD36 or PPARγ promoted the lipid accumulation induced by ox-LDL and eliminated the effect of AF on ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation. Overall, AF prevents ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation by suppressing the PPARγ/CD36 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai 519015, China
| | - Ying-Yi Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Panyu Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qi-Zhen Zhuang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai 519015, China
| | - Yujuan Xiong
- Panyu Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Xian-Zhang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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22
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Wu X, Cheng B, Guo X, Wu Q, Sun S, He P. PPARα/γ signaling pathways are involved in Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced foam cell formation via upregulation of SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulation of ABCA1/G1. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105284. [PMID: 34767930 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis by inducing macrophage-derived foam cell formation in the presence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying Cpn-induced foam cell formation are still not fully elucidated. The present study showed that in LDL-treated THP-1-derived macrophages, Cpn not only upregulated the expression of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1) and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), but it also downregulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. These processes facilitated cholesterol accumulation and promoted macrophage-derived foam cell formation. Treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the PPARα agonist fenofibrate decreased the number of foam cells induced by Cpn, while the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, the PPARα antagonist MK886, or PPARα/γ siRNAs enhanced the effect of Cpn on foam cell formation and gene expression of SR-A1, ACAT1, and ABCA1/G1. Moreover, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone reversed the downregulation of CD36 by Cpn, while PPARγ siRNA and the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 further suppressed CD36 expression. However, the PPARα agonist, inhibitor, and siRNA all showed no effect on CD36 expression. In conclusion, the PPARα and PPARγ pathways are both involved in Cpn-induced macrophage-derived foam cell formation by upregulating SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulating ABCA1/G1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qinqin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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23
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Kim J, Kim SY, Ma SX, Kim SM, Shin SJ, Lee YS, Chang H, Chang HS, Park CS, Lim SB. PPARγ Targets-Derived Diagnostic and Prognostic Index for Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205110. [PMID: 34680260 PMCID: PMC8533916 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Through targeted next-generation sequencing of thyroid cancer-related genes in monozygotic twins with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), we identified common variants of the gene encoding peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Notably, the expression levels of PPARγ target genes were frequently deregulated in PTC compared to benign tissues and were closely associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) outcomes in a TCGA-PTC cohort. Machine learning-powered personalized scoring index comprising 10 PPARγ targets, termed as PPARGi, achieved a near-perfect accuracy in distinguishing cancers from benign tissues, and further identified a small subpopulation of patients at high-risk across different profiling platforms. Abstract In most cases, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is highly curable and associated with an excellent prognosis. Yet, there are several clinicopathological features that lead to a poor prognosis, underscoring the need for a better genomic strategy to refine prognostication and patient management. We hypothesized that PPARγ targets could be potential markers for better diagnosis and prognosis due to the variants found in PPARG in three pairs of monozygotic twins with PTC. Here, we developed a 10-gene personalized prognostic index, designated PPARGi, based on gene expression of 10 PPARγ targets. Through scRNA-seq data analysis of PTC tissues derived from patients, we found that PPARGi genes were predominantly expressed in macrophages and epithelial cells. Machine learning algorithms showed a near-perfect performance of PPARGi in deciding the presence of the disease and in selecting a small subset of patients with poor disease-specific survival in TCGA-THCA and newly developed merged microarray data (MMD) consisting exclusively of thyroid cancers and normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Shi-Xun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Seok-Mo Kim
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Refractory Thyroid Cancer, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.C.); (H.-S.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.-M.K.); (S.B.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3370 (S.-M.K.); +82-31-219-5056 (S.B.L.)
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Yong Sang Lee
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Refractory Thyroid Cancer, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.C.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Hojin Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Refractory Thyroid Cancer, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.C.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Hang-Seok Chang
- Thyroid Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Refractory Thyroid Cancer, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.C.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Cheong Soo Park
- CHA Ilsan Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Goyang-si 10414, Korea;
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-M.K.); (S.B.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3370 (S.-M.K.); +82-31-219-5056 (S.B.L.)
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24
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PAK1 Silencing Attenuated Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation and Foam Cell Formation by Increasing PPAR γ Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6957900. [PMID: 34603600 PMCID: PMC8483905 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6957900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization in response to environmental cues has emerged as an important event in the development of atherosclerosis. Compelling evidences suggest that P21-activated kinases 1 (PAK1) is involved in a wide variety of diseases. However, the potential role and mechanism of PAK1 in regulation of macrophage polarization remains to be elucidated. Here, we observed that PAK1 showed a dramatically increased expression in M1 macrophages but decreased expression in M2 macrophages by using a well-established in vitro model to study heterogeneity of macrophage polarization. Adenovirus-mediated loss-of-function approach demonstrated that PAK1 silencing induced an M2 macrophage phenotype-associated gene profiles but repressed the phenotypic markers related to M1 macrophage polarization. Additionally, dramatically decreased foam cell formation was found in PAK1 silencing-induced M2 macrophage activation which was accompanied with alternation of marker account for cholesterol efflux or influx from macrophage foam cells. Moderate results in lipid metabolism and foam cell formation were found in M1 macrophage activation mediated by AdshPAK1. Importantly, we presented mechanistic evidence that PAK1 knockdown promoted the expression of PPARγ, and the effect of macrophage activation regulated by PAK1 silencing was largely reversed when a PPARγ antagonist was utilized. Collectively, these findings reveal that PAK1 is an independent effector of macrophage polarization at least partially attributed to regulation of PPARγ expression, which suggested PAK1-PPARγ axis as a novel therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis management.
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25
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Du M, Yang L, Liu B, Yang L, Mao X, Liang M, Huang K. Inhibition of NFAT suppresses foam cell formation and the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21951. [PMID: 34551141 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100947r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular and cellular processes involved in foam cell formation is critical for us to understand the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor originally identified as a key player in the differentiation of T cells and maturation of immune system. Nowadays it has been brought into attention that NFAT also regulates multiple pathophysiological processes and targeted intervention in NFAT may be effective in the treatment of some cardiovascular diseases. However, whether NFAT is involved in foam cell formation remains elusive. NFAT in human monocyte-derived macrophage was activated by ox-LDL and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. NFAT then directly bound to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in the nucleus and negatively regulated its transcriptional activity. NFATc2 knockdown or NFAT inhibitor 11R-VIVIT increased cholesterol efflux (by activating PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 cascade) and reduced the uptake of modified lipoprotein (in a PPARγ-independent way) in macrophage, thus prevented foam cell formation. Besides, 11R-VIVIT also exerted a protective role in the development of atherosclerosis in western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. These results suggest NFAT inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Du
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Liyuan Cardiovascular Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liuye Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minglu Liang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Liyuan Cardiovascular Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Bta-miR-2400 Targets SUMO1 to Affect Yak Preadipocytes Proliferation and Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100949. [PMID: 34681048 PMCID: PMC8533534 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yak adipose tissue may have evolved a unique energy metabolism manner to accommodate the organism's seasonal growth rhythms. MiRNAs regulate multiple biological processes including systemic metabolism and energy homeostasis through post-transcriptional regulations. Rare reports have shown that miRNAs regulate lipid metabolism in domestic yaks. Therefore, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of bta-miR-2400 in modulating yak preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation. We found that bta-miR-2400 was highly expressed in adipose tissue. Overexpression of bta-miR-2400 in yak preadipocytes significantly enhanced cell proliferation, increased the number of EdU fluorescence-stained cells, and promoted the expression of proliferation marker genes (CDK2, CDK4 and PCNA). Besides, overexpression of bta-miR-2400 repressed the expression of adipogenesis-related marker genes, and the content of cellular triglyceride was substantially reduced. Conversely, inhibition of bta-miR-2400 showed opposite effects compared to those of bta-miR-2400 overexpression in yak preadipocytes. Further, luciferase reporter assays revealed that SUMO1 is a target gene of bta-miR-2400, with bta-miR-2400 being able to down-regulate SUMO1 mRNA and protein expression. In conclusion, bta-miR-2400 regulates lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in yak preadipocytes by directly targeting SUMO1 to promote cell proliferation and inhibit differentiation.
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27
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Lin X, Zhang D, Hu C, Liu J, Zhu Y, Gao A, Han H, Chai M, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zhao Y. Perivascular Adipose-Derived Exosomes Reduce Foam Cell Formation by Regulating Expression of Cholesterol Transporters. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:697510. [PMID: 34490366 PMCID: PMC8416751 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.697510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence demonstrates that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. The formation of macrophage foam cells is a central feature of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PVAT-derived exosomes (EXOs) on the lipid accumulation of macrophages and verify the anti-atherogenic characteristics of PVAT. Methods and Results: We extracted EXOs from the PVAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of wild-type C57BL/6J mice. After coincubation, the EXOs were taken up by RAW264.7 cells. Oil Red O staining revealed that macrophage foam cell formation and intracellular lipid accumulation were ameliorated by PVAT-EXOs. Flow cytometry showed that PVAT-EXOs significantly reduced macrophage uptake of fluorescence-labelled oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). In addition, high-density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux was promoted by PVAT-EXOs. Western blot analysis showed the downregulation of macrophage scavenger receptor A and the upregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1, which could be mediated by the overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and was independent of liver X receptor α. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PVAT-EXOs reduce macrophage foam cell formation by regulating the expression of cholesterol transport proteins, which provides a novel mechanism by which PVAT protects the vasculature from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xuze Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hongya Han
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Chai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
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28
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Escandon P, Vasini B, Whelchel AE, Nicholas SE, Matlock HG, Ma JX, Karamichos D. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in healthy and diseased eyes. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108617. [PMID: 34010603 PMCID: PMC8594540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that play essential roles in modulating cell differentiation, inflammation, and metabolism. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha (PPARα), PPAR-gamma (PPARγ), and PPAR-beta/delta (PPARβ/δ). PPARα activation reduces lipid levels and regulates energy homeostasis, activation of PPARγ results in regulation of adipogenesis, and PPARβ/δ activation increases fatty acid metabolism and lipolysis. PPARs are linked to various diseases, including but not limited to diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, glaucoma and atherosclerosis. In the past decade, numerous studies have assessed the functional properties of PPARs in the eye and key PPAR mechanisms have been discovered, particularly regarding the retina and cornea. PPARγ and PPARα are well established in their functions in ocular homeostasis regarding neuroprotection, neovascularization, and inflammation, whereas PPARβ/δ isoform function remains understudied. Naturally, studies on PPAR agonists and antagonists, associated with ocular pathology, have also gained traction with the development of PPAR synthetic ligands. Studies on PPARs has significantly influenced novel therapeutics for diabetic eye disease, ocular neuropathy, dry eye, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this review, therapeutic potentials and implications will be highlighted, as well as reported adverse effects. Further investigations are necessary before any of the PPARs ligands can be utilized, in the clinics, to treat eye diseases. Future research on the prominent role of PPARs will help unravel the complex mechanisms involved in order to prevent and treat ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Brenda Vasini
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Amy E Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah E Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - H Greg Matlock
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, 1000 N Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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29
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Cui J, Shan K, Yang Q, Qi Y, Qu H, Li J, Wang R, Jia L, Chen W, Feng N, Chen YQ. Prostaglandin E 3 attenuates macrophage-associated inflammation and prostate tumour growth by modulating polarization. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5586-5601. [PMID: 33982835 PMCID: PMC8184682 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polarization of macrophages regulates multiple biological processes. While M1‐polarized macrophages generally mediate rapid immune responses, M2‐polarized macrophages induce chronic and mild immune responses. In either case, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐derived lipid mediators act as both products and regulators of macrophages. Prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) is an eicosanoid derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, which is converted by cyclooxygenase, followed by prostaglandin E synthase successively. We found that PGE3 played an anti‐inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS and interferon‐γ‐induced M1 polarization and promoting interleukin‐4‐mediated M2 polarization (M2a). Further, we found that although PGE3 had no direct effect on the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro, PGE3 could inhibit prostate cancer in vivo in a nude mouse model of neoplasia. Notably, we found that PGE3 significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in a cancer cell‐macrophage co‐culture system. Experimental results showed that PGE3 inhibited the polarization of tumour‐associated M2 macrophages (TAM), consequently producing indirect anti‐tumour activity. Mechanistically, we identified that PGE3 regulated the expression and activation of protein kinase A, which is critical for macrophage polarization. In summary, this study indicates that PGE3 can selectively promote M2a polarization, while inhibiting M1 and TAM polarization, thus exerting an anti‐inflammatory effect and anti‐tumour effect in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Shan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yumin Qi
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongyan Qu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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30
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Kim D, Chung H, Lee JE, Kim J, Hwang J, Chung Y. Immunologic Aspects of Dyslipidemia: a Critical Regulator of Adaptive Immunity and Immune Disorders. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10:184-201. [PMID: 34095011 PMCID: PMC8159760 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases which represent a leading cause of death in humans. Diverse immune cells are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Conversely, dyslipidemia is known to be tightly associated with immune disorders in humans, as evidenced by a higher incidence of atherosclerosis in patients with autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that the dyslipidemia-related autoimmune diseases are caused by autoreactive T cells and B cells, dyslipidemia seems to directly or indirectly regulate the adaptive immunity. Indeed, accumulating evidence has unveiled that proatherogenic factors can impact the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. This review discusses an updated overview on the regulation of adaptive immunity by dyslipidemia and proposes a potential therapeutic strategy for immune disorders by targeting lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehong Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayeon Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junseok Hwang
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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The Aging of Adipocytes Increases Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Chronologically. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050292. [PMID: 34062781 PMCID: PMC8147339 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a significant producer of pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese and old individuals. However, there is no direct evidence of whether and how aged adipocytes enhance the production of pro-inflammatory markers. We aimed to investigate whether the aging adipocytes increase pro-inflammatory markers. Swiss mouse embryonic-tissue-derived 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes and maintained for 60 days in the conditioned medium or 35 days in the unconditioned medium. Additionally, 20-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard chow diet for 37 weeks until they were extremely aged, when ~75% of mice died because of aging. Accumulated lipids, pro-inflammatory markers, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway markers from differentiated adipocytes were analyzed. Pro-inflammatory markers and NF-κB pathway markers of epididymal white adipose tissues (EWATs) and adipocytes from EWATs were also analyzed. We found that the aging adipocytes chronologically accumulated lipids and increased pro-inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); at the same time, NF-κB p50 markers were also increased while IκBα protein was decreased significantly in conditioned medium. Similar results were observed when differentiated adipocytes were maintained in the unconditioned medium and the adipocytes from EWATs of aged mice. We demonstrated that aging augmented chronic inflammation through the NF-κB signaling pathway in adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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Wilkins HM, Wang X, Menta BW, Koppel SJ, Bothwell R, Becker AM, Anderson H, Schwartz E, Pei D, Yellapu NK, Chalise P, Gouvion CM, Haeri M, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetic and inflammatory systemic phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease APOE ε4-carriers. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13356. [PMID: 33939248 PMCID: PMC8135087 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of an APOE ε4 genotype on Alzheimer's disease (AD) subject platelet and lymphocyte metabolism. Mean platelet mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Vmax activity was lower in APOE ε4 carriers and lymphocyte Annexin V, a marker of apoptosis, was significantly higher. Proteins that mediate mitophagy and energy sensing were higher in APOE ε4 lymphocytes which could represent compensatory changes and recapitulate phenomena observed in post‐mortem AD brains. Analysis of the lipid synthesis pathway found higher AceCSI, ATP CL, and phosphorylated ACC levels in APOE ε4 lymphocytes. Lymphocyte ACC changes were also observed in post‐mortem brain tissue. Lymphocyte RNAseq showed lower APOE ε4 carrier sphingolipid Transporter 3 (SPNS3) and integrin Subunit Alpha 1 (ITGA1) expression. RNAseq pathway analysis revealed APOE ε4 alleles activated inflammatory pathways and modulated bioenergetic signaling. These findings support a relationship between APOE genotype and bioenergetic pathways and indicate platelets and lymphocytes from APOE ε4 carriers exist in a state of bioenergetic stress. Neither medication use nor brain‐localized AD histopathology can account for these findings, which define an APOE ε4‐determined molecular and systemic phenotype that informs AD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Blaise W. Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Scott J. Koppel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Rebecca Bothwell
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
| | | | - Heidi Anderson
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Erin Schwartz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Dong Pei
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Nanda K. Yellapu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Cynthia M. Gouvion
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Mohammad Haeri
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
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Yao Y, Cai X, Ren F, Ye Y, Wang F, Zheng C, Qian Y, Zhang M. The Macrophage-Osteoclast Axis in Osteoimmunity and Osteo-Related Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664871. [PMID: 33868316 PMCID: PMC8044404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunity is involved in regulating the balance of bone remodeling and resorption, and is essential for maintaining normal bone morphology. The interaction between immune cells and osteoclasts in the bone marrow or joint cavity is the basis of osteoimmunity, in which the macrophage-osteoclast axis plays a vital role. Monocytes or tissue-specific macrophages (macrophages resident in tissues) are an important origin of osteoclasts in inflammatory and immune environment. Although there are many reports on macrophages and osteoclasts, there is still a lack of systematic reviews on the macrophage-osteoclast axis in osteoimmunity. Elucidating the role of the macrophage-osteoclast axis in osteoimmunity is of great significance for the research or treatment of bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases. In this article, we introduced in detail the concept of osteoimmunity and the mechanism and regulators of the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts. Furthermore, we described the role of the macrophage-osteoclast axis in typical bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases. These provide a clear knowledge framework for studying macrophages and osteoclasts in inflammatory and immune environments. And targeting the macrophage-osteoclast axis may be an effective strategy to treat bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fujia Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Laval T, Chaumont L, Demangel C. Not too fat to fight: The emerging role of macrophage fatty acid metabolism in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:84-97. [PMID: 33559209 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While the existence of a special relationship between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and host lipids has long been known, it remains a challenging enigma. It was clearly established that Mtb requires host fatty acids (FAs) and cholesterol to produce energy, build its distinctive lipid-rich cell wall, and produce lipid virulence factors. It was also observed that in infected hosts, Mtb constantly resides in a FA-rich environment that the pathogen contributes to generate by inducing a lipid-laden "foamy" phenotype in host macrophages. These observations and the proximity between lipid droplets and phagosomes containing bacteria within infected macrophages gave rise to the hypothesis that Mtb reprograms host cell lipid metabolism to ensure a continuous supply of essential nutrients and its long-term persistence in vivo. However, recent studies question this principle by indicating that in Mtb-infected macrophages, lipid droplet formation prevents bacterial acquisition of host FAs while supporting the production of FA-derived protective lipid mediators. Further, in vivo investigations reveal discrete macrophage phenotypes linking the FA metabolisms of host cell and intracellular pathogen. Notably, FA storage within lipid droplets characterizes both macrophages controlling Mtb infection and dormant intracellular Mtb. In this review, we integrate findings from immunological and microbiological studies illustrating the new concept that cytoplasmic accumulation of FAs is a metabolic adaptation of macrophages to Mtb infection, which potentiates their antimycobacterial responses and forces the intracellular pathogen to shift into fat-saving, survival mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Laval
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lise Chaumont
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
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35
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Christofides A, Konstantinidou E, Jani C, Boussiotis VA. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses. Metabolism 2021; 114:154338. [PMID: 32791172 PMCID: PMC7736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate energy metabolism. Currently, three PPAR subtypes have been identified: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARα and PPARδ are highly expressed in oxidative tissues and regulate genes involved in substrate delivery and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of energy homeostasis. In contrast, PPARγ is more important in lipogenesis and lipid synthesis, with highest expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to tissues regulating whole body energy homeostasis, PPARs are expressed in immune cells and have an emerging critical role in immune cell differentiation and fate commitment. In this review, we discuss the actions of PPARs in the function of the innate and the adaptive immune system and their implications in immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Eirini Konstantinidou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Mt. Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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36
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Hernandez-Quiles M, Broekema MF, Kalkhoven E. PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624112. [PMID: 33716977 PMCID: PMC7953066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors. Since its identification in the early 1990s, PPARγ is best known for its critical role in adipocyte differentiation, maintenance, and function. Emerging evidence indicates that PPARγ is also important for the maturation and function of various immune system-related cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ controls cell proliferation in various other tissues and organs, including colon, breast, prostate, and bladder, and dysregulation of PPARγ signaling is linked to tumor development in these organs. Recent studies have shed new light on PPARγ (dys)function in these three biological settings, showing unified and diverse mechanisms of action. Classical transactivation-where PPARγ activates genes upon binding to PPAR response elements as a heterodimer with RXRα-is important in all three settings, as underscored by natural loss-of-function mutations in FPLD3 and loss- and gain-of-function mutations in tumors. Transrepression-where PPARγ alters gene expression independent of DNA binding-is particularly relevant in immune cells. Interestingly, gene translocations resulting in fusion of PPARγ with other gene products, which are unique to specific carcinomas, present a third mode of action, as they potentially alter PPARγ's target gene profile. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying PPARγ activity in the complex regulatory networks in metabolism, cancer, and inflammation may help to define novel potential therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Quiles
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine F. Broekema
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eric Kalkhoven,
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37
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Hadchouel A, Drummond D, Abou Taam R, Lebourgeois M, Delacourt C, de Blic J. Alveolar proteinosis of genetic origins. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/158/190187. [PMID: 33115790 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0187-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare form of chronic interstitial lung disease, characterised by the intra-alveolar accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material. Numerous conditions can lead to its development. Whereas the autoimmune type is the main cause in adults, genetic defects account for a large part of cases in infants and children. Even if associated extra-respiratory signs may guide the clinician during diagnostic work-up, next-generation sequencing panels represent an efficient diagnostic tool. Exome sequencing also allowed the discovery of new variants and genes involved in PAP. The aim of this article is to summarise our current knowledge of genetic causes of PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hadchouel
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France .,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - David Drummond
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France
| | - Rola Abou Taam
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Lebourgeois
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jacques de Blic
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Respiratoires Rares de l'Enfant, Paris, France
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38
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Wouters E, Grajchen E, Jorissen W, Dierckx T, Wetzels S, Loix M, Tulleners MP, Staels B, Stinissen P, Haidar M, Bogie JF, Hendriks JJ. Altered PPARγ Expression Promotes Myelin-Induced Foam Cell Formation in Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239329. [PMID: 33297574 PMCID: PMC7731422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role during the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. Important regulators of the metabolic and inflammatory phenotype of macrophages are liver X receptors (LXRs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Previously, it has been reported that PPARγ expression is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients. The goal of the present study was to determine to what extent PPARγ, as well as the closely related nuclear receptors PPARα and β and LXRα and β, are differentially expressed in monocytes from MS patients and how this change in expression affects the function of monocyte-derived macrophages. We demonstrate that monocytes of relapsing-remitting MS patients display a marked decrease in PPARγ expression, while the expression of PPARα and LXRα/β is not altered. Interestingly, exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy donors to MS-associated proinflammatory cytokines mimicked this reduction in PPARγ expression. While a reduced PPARγ expression did not affect the inflammatory and phagocytic properties of myelin-loaded macrophages, it did impact myelin processing by increasing the intracellular cholesterol load of myelin-phagocytosing macrophages. Collectively, our findings indicate that an inflammation-induced reduction in PPARγ expression promotes myelin-induced foam cell formation in macrophages in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Wouters
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Elien Grajchen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Winde Jorissen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Tess Dierckx
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Suzan Wetzels
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Marie Paule Tulleners
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Jeroen F.J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
| | - Jerome J.A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.W.); (E.G.); (W.J.); (T.D.); (M.L.); (M.P.T.); (P.S.); (M.H.); (J.F.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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39
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Yaparla A, Koubourli DV, Popovic M, Grayfer L. Exploring the relationships between amphibian (Xenopus laevis) myeloid cell subsets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103798. [PMID: 32745480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of distinct leukocyte subsets is governed by lineage-specific growth factors that elicit disparate expression of transcription factors and markers by the developing cell populations. For example, macrophages (Mφs) and granulocytes (Grns) arise from common granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in response to distinct myeloid growth factors. In turn, myelopoiesis of the Xenopus laevis anuran amphibian appears to be unique to other studied vertebrates in several respects while the functional differentiation of amphibian Mφs and Grns from their progenitor cells remains poorly understood. Notably, the expression of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) or CSF-3R on granulocyte-macrophage progenitors marks their commitment to Mφ- or Grn-lineages, respectively. CSF-1R is activated by the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin (IL-34) cytokines, resulting in morphologically and functionally distinct Mφ cell types. Conversely, CSF-3R is ligated by CSF-3 in a process indispensable for granulopoiesis. Presently, we explore the relationships between X. laevis CSF-1-Mφs, IL-34-Mφs and CSF-3-Grns by examining their expression of key lineage-specific transcription factor and myeloid marker genes as well as their enzymology. Our findings suggest that while the CSF-1- and IL-34-Mφs share some commonalities, the IL-34-Mφs possess transcriptional patterns more akin to the CSF-3-Grns. IL-34-Mφs also possess robust expression of dendritic cell-associated transcription factors and surface marker genes, further underlining the difference between this cell type and the CSF-1-derived frog Mφ subset. Moreover, the three myeloid populations differ in their respective tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, specific- and non-specific esterase activity. Together, this work grants new insights into the developmental relatedness of these three frog myeloid subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Daphne V Koubourli
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Milan Popovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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García-Ricobaraza M, García-Bermúdez M, Torres-Espinola FJ, Segura Moreno MT, Bleyere MN, Díaz-Prieto LE, Nova E, Marcos A, Campoy C. Association study of rs1801282 PPARG gene polymorphism and immune cells and cytokine levels in a Spanish pregnant women cohort and their offspring. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:101. [PMID: 33250050 PMCID: PMC7702670 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily functioning as transcription factors to regulate cellular differentiation, development and metabolism. Moreover, it has been implicated in the regulation of lipid metabolism, as well as the maturation of monocytes/macrophages and the control of inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the Pro12Ala (rs1808212) PPARG gene polymorphism on immune molecular and cellular components in mothers and their offspring participating in the PREOBE study. Methods DNA from maternal venous blood samples at 24, 34 and 40 gestational weeks, plus cord blood samples was extracted. Pro12Ala PPARG polymorphism genotyping was performed, and immune system markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Study findings revealed no effect of rs1808212 PPARG genotypes on innate immune parameters in mothers and their offspring; however, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio were decreased at 24 and 34 weeks in pregnant women carrying the CG (Pro12Ala) rs1808212 polymorphism, (p = 0,012 and p = 0,030; respectively). Only CD19 levels in peripheral blood were significantly higher at delivery in pregnant women carrying the CC (Pro12Pro) genotype (p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in leukocytes and neutrophils maternal levels at 34 weeks of gestation, being lower in carriers of Pro12Ala genotype (p = 0.028 and p = 0.031, respectively). Conclusions Results suggest that Pro12Ala PPARG polymorphism may have an effect on some cell and immune parameters in pregnant women during pregnancy and at time of delivery. However, newborn innate immune system does not seems to be influenced by PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism in cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria García-Ricobaraza
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibsGRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-Bermúdez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibsGRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Torres-Espinola
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Teresa Segura Moreno
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibsGRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Mathieu N Bleyere
- Department of Physiology, Haematology and Immunology, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ligia E Díaz-Prieto
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Nova
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibsGRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain. .,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Circulating Levels of CILP2 Are Elevated in Coronary Heart Disease and Associated with Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1871984. [PMID: 33204392 PMCID: PMC7652603 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1871984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Methods and Results Circulating CILP2 levels (measured by ELISA) were compared to various insulin resistance- and atherosclerosis-related parameters in normal subjects and newly diagnosed CHD patients. THP-1 cells were cultured and treated with indicated stimulators. Western blots and RT-PCR were performed to examine protein and mRNA expressions. The results showed that there were significantly higher circulating CILP2 levels in CHD patients relative to healthy controls. Circulating CILP2 correlated positively with waist-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and Gensini scores. In an in vitro study, we found that CILP2 increased oxidatively modified LDL-stimulated lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages via the upregulation of CD36 expression. Inhibition of PPARγ signaling eliminated the CILP2 regulation of CD36 expression in THP-1 macrophages. CILP2 positively regulated CD36 transcription through PPARγ-mediated action on two peroxisome-proliferator-responsive elements (PPREs) binding sites of CD36 promoter, PPRE-G, and PPRE-J. Conclusions Our findings have uncovered a novel role for CILP2 in lipid uptake and foam cell formation. This role is mediated by CD36 through the activation of PPARγ pathway.
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Cheng WL, Zhang Q, Cao JL, Chen XL, Li W, Zhang L, Chao SP, Zhao F. ALK7 Acts as a Positive Regulator of Macrophage Activation through Down-Regulation of PPARγ Expression. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:375-384. [PMID: 32641645 PMCID: PMC8147563 DOI: 10.5551/jat.54445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) acts as a key receptor for TGF-β family members, which play important roles in regulating cardiovascular activity. However, ALK7's potential role, and underlying mechanism, in the macrophage activation involved in atherogenesis remain unexplored. Methods: ALK7 expression in macrophages was tested by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence co-staining. The loss-of-function strategy using AdshALK7 was performed for functional study. Oil Red O staining was used to observe the foam cell formation, while inflammatory mediators and genes related to cholesterol efflux and influx were determined by RT-PCR and western blot. A PPARγ inhibitor (G3335) was used to reveal whether PPARγ was required for ALK7 to affect macrophage activation. Results: The results exhibited upregulated ALK7 expression in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) induced bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), isolated from ApoE-deficient mice, while ALK7's strong immunoreactivity in BMDMs was observed. ALK7 knockdown significantly attenuated pro-inflammatory, but promoted anti-inflammatory, macrophage markers expression. Additionally, ALK7 silencing decreased foam cell formation, accompanied by the up-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 involved in cholesterol efflux but the down-regulation of CD36 and SR-A implicated in cholesterol influx. Mechanistically, ALK7 knockdown upregulated PPARγ expression, which was required for the ameliorated effect of ALK7 silencing macrophage activation. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ALK7 was a positive regulator for macrophage activation, partially through down-regulation of PPARγ expression, which suggested that neutralizing ALK7 might be promising therapeutic strategy for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jian-Lei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Xi-Lu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Sheng-Ping Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
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Gao Q, Wei A, Chen F, Chen X, Ding W, Ding Z, Wu Z, Du R, Cao W. Enhancing PPARγ by HDAC inhibition reduces foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105059. [PMID: 32621955 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a risky cardiovascular disease with limited treatment options. Various pan or type-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are reportedly atheroprotective against atherosclerosis (AS); however, the key effectors and the main cellular processes that mediate the protective effects remain poorly defined. Here, we report that PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), a transcription factor actively involved in lipid metabolism with strong tissue protective and anti-inflammation properties, is a critical mediator of the anti-AS effects by HDAC inhibition. We showed that a well-known pan-HDAC inhibitor TSA (Trichostatin A) reduced foam cell formation of macrophages that is accompanied by a marked elevation of PPARγ and its downstream cholesterol efflux transporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding membrane cassette transport protein A1) and ABCG1. In an AS model of ApoE-/- mice fed on high-fat diet, TSA treatment alleviated AS lesions, similarly increased PPARγ and the downstream cholesterol transporters and mitigated the induction of inflammatory cytokine TNFα and IL-1β. Exploring the potential cause of PPARγ elevation revealed that TSA induced the acetylation of C/EBPα (CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha), the upstream regulator of PPARγ, through which it increased PPARγ transactivation. More importantly, we generated a strain of PPARγ/ApoE double knockout mice and demonstrated that lack of PPARγ abrogated the protective effects of TSA on foam cell formation of peritoneal macrophages and the AS pathogenesis. Taken together, these results unravel that C/EBPα and PPARγ are the HDAC-sensitive components of an epigenetic signaling pathway mediating foam cell formation and AS development, and suggest that targeting C/EBPα/PPARγ axis by HDAC inhibitors possesses therapeutic potentials in retarding the progression of AS and the related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ai Wei
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xingren Chen
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ronghui Du
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Vazquez MM, Gutierrez MV, Salvatore SR, Puiatti M, Dato VA, Chiabrando GA, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Bonacci G. Nitro-oleic acid, a ligand of CD36, reduces cholesterol accumulation by modulating oxidized-LDL uptake and cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101591. [PMID: 32531545 PMCID: PMC7287307 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the early stages of atherosclerosis development; they excessively accumulate cholesterol in the cytosol in response to modified Low Density Lipoprotein (mLDL). The mLDL are incorporated through scavenger receptors. CD36 is a high-affinity cell surface scavenger receptor that facilitates the binding and uptake of long-chain fatty acids and mLDL into the cell. Numerous structurally diverse ligands can initiate signaling responses through CD36 to regulate cell metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. Nitro-fatty acids are endogenous electrophilic lipid mediators that react with and modulate the function of multiple enzymes and transcriptional regulatory proteins. These actions induce the expression of several anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes and limit pathologic responses in experimental models of atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to explore the actions of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) on macrophage lipid metabolism. Pure synthetic NO2-OA dose-dependently increased CD36 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and this up-regulation was abrogated in BMDM from Nrf2-KO mice. Ligand binding analysis revealed that NO2-OA specifically interacts with CD36, thus limiting the binding and uptake of mLDL. Docking analysis shows that NO2-OA establishes a low binding energy interaction with the alpha helix containing Lys164 in CD36. NO2-OA also restored autophagy flux in mLDL-loaded macrophages, thus reversing cholesterol deposition within the cell. In aggregate, these results indicate that NO2-OA reduces cholesterol uptake by binding to CD36 and increases cholesterol efflux by restoring autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias M Vazquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria V Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Actis Dato
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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ALK7 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Phenotypic Modulation by Negative Regulating PPARγ Expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76:237-245. [PMID: 32467530 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a receptor for transforming growth factor-β, nodal and activin, activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) previously acts as a suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis, which has emerged to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the potential effect and molecular mechanism of ALK7 on vascular smooth muscle cells' (VSMCs) phenotypic modulation have not been investigated. Using cultured mouse VSMCs with platelet-derived growth factor-BB administration, we observed that ALK7 showed a significantly increased expression in VSMCs accompanied by decreased VSMCs differentiation marker genes. Loss-of-function study demonstrated that ALK7 knockdown inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced VSMCs phenotypic modulation characterized by increased VSMCs differentiation markers, reduced proliferation, and migration of VSMCs. Such above effects were reversed by ALK7 overexpression. Notably, we noticed that ALK7 silencing dramatically enhanced PPARγ expression, which was required for the attenuated effect of ALK7 knockdown on VSMCs phenotypic modulation. Collected, we identified that ALK7 acted as a novel and positive regulator for VSMCs phenotypic modulation partially through inactivation of PPARγ, which suggested that neutralization of ALK7 might act as a promising therapeutic strategy of intimal hyperplasia.
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Sangphech N, Keawvilai P, Palaga T. Notch signaling increases PPARγ protein stability and enhances lipid uptake through AKT in IL-4-stimulated THP-1 and primary human macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1082-1095. [PMID: 32274896 PMCID: PMC7262939 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling and nuclear receptor PPARγ are involved in macrophage polarization, but cross talk between them has not been reported in macrophages. In this study, the effect of Notch signaling on PPARγ in IL‐4‐stimulated human macrophages (M(IL‐4)) was investigated using THP‐1‐derived macrophages and human monocyte‐derived macrophages as models. Human M(IL‐4) increased the expression of JAGGED1 and activated Notch signaling. Overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NIC1) increased PPARγ expression, while inhibiting Notch signaling decreased PPARγ levels in M(IL‐4). NIC1 overexpression in THP‐1‐derived macrophages increased PPARγ protein stability by delaying its proteasome‐mediated degradation, but did not affect its mRNA. Phosphorylation of AKT was enhanced in NIC1‐overexpressing cells, and a specific AKT inhibitor reduced the level of PPARγ. NIC1‐overexpressing THP‐1 cells exhibited increased CD36 levels via activation of PPARγ, resulting in enhanced intracellular lipid accumulation. In summary, this study provides evidence linking Notch signaling and PPARγ via AKT in M(IL‐4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naunpun Sangphech
- Inter-disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornlapat Keawvilai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Sui Y, Meng Z, Park SH, Lu W, Livelo C, Chen Q, Zhou T, Zhou C. Myeloid-specific deficiency of pregnane X receptor decreases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:696-706. [PMID: 32170024 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. PXR thereby functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate host responses to xenobiotics by transcriptionally regulating many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. We have previously reported that PXR has pro-atherogenic effects in animal models, but how PXR contributes to atherosclerosis development in different tissues or cell types remains elusive. In this study, we generated an LDL receptor-deficient mouse model with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR-/-) to elucidate the role of macrophage PXR signaling in atherogenesis. The myeloid PXR deficiency did not affect metabolic phenotypes and plasma lipid profiles, but PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice had significantly decreased atherosclerosis at both aortic root and brachiocephalic arteries compared with control littermates. Interestingly, the PXR deletion did not affect macrophage adhesion and migration properties, but reduced lipid accumulation and foam cell formation in the macrophages. PXR deficiency also led to decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 and impaired lipid uptake in macrophages of the PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Further, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that treatment with a prototypical PXR ligand affects the expression of many atherosclerosis-related genes in macrophages in vitro. These findings reveal a pivotal role of myeloid PXR signaling in atherosclerosis development and suggest that PXR may be a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Christopher Livelo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Qi Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. mailto:
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Schubert M, Becher S, Wallert M, Maeß MB, Abhari M, Rennert K, Mosig AS, Große S, Heller R, Grün M, Lorkowski S. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)- γ Antagonist 2-Chloro-5-Nitro-N-Phenylbenzamide (GW9662) Triggers Perilipin 2 Expression via PPAR δ and Induces Lipogenesis and Triglyceride Accumulation in Human THP-1 Macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:212-225. [PMID: 31871304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, playing pivotal roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammation. While characterizing potential PPARγ ligand activity of natural compounds in macrophages, we investigated their influence on the expression of adipophilin [perilipin 2 (PLIN2)], a well-known PPARγ target. To confirm that a compound regulates PLIN2 expression via PPARγ, we performed experiments using the widely used PPARγ antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662). Surprisingly, instead of blocking upregulation of PLIN2 expression in THP-1 macrophages, expression was concentration-dependently induced by GW9662 at concentrations and under conditions commonly used. We found that this unexpected upregulation occurs in many human and murine macrophage cell models and also primary cells. Profiling expression of PPAR target genes showed upregulation of several genes involved in lipid uptake, transport, and storage as well as fatty acid synthesis by GW9662. In line with this and with upregulation of PLIN2 protein, GW9662 elevated lipogenesis and increased triglyceride levels. Finally, we identified PPARδ as a mediator of the substantial unexpected effects of GW9662. Our findings show that: 1) the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 unexpectedly activates PPARδ-mediated signaling in macrophages, 2) GW9662 significantly affects lipid metabolism in macrophages, 3) careful validation of experimental conditions and results is required for experiments involving GW9662, and 4) published studies in a context comparable to this work may have reported erroneous results if PPARγ independence was demonstrated using GW9662 only. In light of our findings, certain existing studies might require reinterpretation regarding the role of PPARγ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are targets for the treatment of various diseases, as they are key regulators of inflammation as well as lipid and glucose metabolism. Hence, reliable tools to characterize the molecular effects of PPARs are indispensable. We describe profound and unexpected off-target effects of the PPARγ antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662) involving PPARδ and in turn affecting macrophage lipid metabolism. Our results question certain existing studies using GW9662 and make better experimental design of future studies necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Stefanie Becher
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Marten B Maeß
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Masoumeh Abhari
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Knut Rennert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Silke Große
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Michael Grün
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
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Cox N, Geissmann F. Macrophage ontogeny in the control of adipose tissue biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31670115 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are found in large numbers in the adipose tissue where they closely associate with the adipocytes and the vasculature. Adipose tissue macrophages are a heterogenous population of cells with 'hard wired' diversity brought upon by distinct developmental lineages. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief history of macrophages in control of adipose tissue metabolism with the emphasis on the importance of macrophage ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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50
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Yang D, Wan Y. Molecular determinants for the polarization of macrophage and osteoclast. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:551-563. [PMID: 31506868 PMCID: PMC6815265 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest that macrophage and osteoclast are two competing differentiation outcomes from myeloid progenitors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the polarization of macrophage and osteoclast. These include nuclear receptors/transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), their transcription cofactor PPARγ coactivator 1-β (PGC-1β), metabolic factors such as mitochondrial complex I (CI) component NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase iron-sulfur protein 4 (Ndufs4), as well as transmembrane receptors such as very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). These molecular rheostats promote osteoclast differentiation but suppress proinflammatory macrophage activation and inflammation, by acting lineage-intrinsically, systemically or cross generation. These findings provide new insights to the understanding of the interactions between innate immunity and bone remodeling, advancing the field of osteoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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